Palgrave Literary Dictionaries. General Editors: Brian G. Caraher and Estelle Sheehan Founding Editor: Malcolm Andrew

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1 Palgrave Literary Dictionaries General Editors: Brian G. Caraher and Estelle Sheehan Founding Editor: Malcolm Andrew This series provides readers with concise and reliable guides to individual authors or groups of authors. Entries are arranged alphabetically and include topics and issues on literary works, fictional characters, place, historical, political and social contexts, intellectual influences, genre and critical traditions. Entries are cross-referenced as appropriate. Each Dictionary will include a practical introduction, bibliography of recommended further reading and a chronology of key events. Titles include: Malcolm Andrew THE PALGRAVE LITERARY DICTIONARY OF CHAUCER Valerie Purton and Norman Page THE PALGRAVE LITERARY DICTIONARY OF TENNYSON Forthcoming: Martin Garrett THE PALGRAVE LITERARY DICTIONARY OF BYRON Palgrave Literary Dictionaries Series Standing Order ISBN (Hardback) (Paperback) (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

2 Also by Malcolm Andrew THE POEMS OF THE PEARL MANUSCRIPT (edited with Ronald Waldron) THE GAWAIN-POET: An Annotated Bibliography TWO EARLY RENAISSANCE BIRD POEMS (editor) VARIORUM CHAUCER: The General Prologue (edited with Charles Moorman & Daniel J. Ransom) GEOFFREY CHAUCER: The Canterbury Tales (revised version of edition by A.C. Cawley)

3 Palgrave Literary Dictionaries The Palgrave Literary Dictionary of Chaucer Malcolm Andrew

4 Malcolm Andrew 2006 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published in hardback 2006 First published in paperback 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St. Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Andrew, Malcolm. The Palgrave literary dictionary of Chaucer / Malcolm Andrew. p. cm. (Palgrave literary dictionaries) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Chaucer, Geoffrey, d Encyclopedias. 2. Poets, English Middle English, Biography Encyclopedias. I. Title. II. Series. PR1903. A dc

5 Contents Series Editors Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations Chronology vi vii ix x xiv Entries, A Z 1 Bibliography 311 v

6 Series Editors Foreword The purpose of the Palgrave Literary Dictionaries is to provide the reader with immediate access to reliable information on some of the major authors of literature written in the English language. These books are intended for a readership including students, graduate students, teachers, scholars, and advanced general readers. Each volume will be dedicated either to an individual author or to a group of authors. It will offer a concise reference guide, consisting mainly of entries presented under headwords arranged in alphabetical order. The entries will vary in length from about 10 to about 3000 words, depending on the significance of the particular topic. The topics will include the literary works, individuals, fictional characters, genres, traditions, events, places, institutions, editors, and scholars most relevant to a full and sophisticated understanding and appreciation of the author (or authors) in question. The more substantial entries will include suggestions for further reading, full particulars of which will be supplied in a selective bibliography. Access to information will be facilitated by extensive cross-referencing. We trust that volumes in this series will be judged by their effectiveness in providing quick, clear, and convenient access to reliable and scholarly information. BRIAN G. CARAHER & ESTELLE SHEEHAN SERIES EDITORS QUEEN S UNIVERSITY BELFAST vi

7 Preface This book is intended to provide the reader with swift and convenient access to scholarly information about the works, life, and times of Geoffrey Chaucer, presented in succinct and cogent form. It consists mainly of about 720 entries, arranged under headwords in alphabetical order. These headwords have been carefully chosen. They cover topics and issues which include the following: each of Chaucer s works; major fictional characters in these works; writers who influenced Chaucer or were influenced by him; people and places of significance in Chaucer s life and works; relevant genres and literary traditions; the most significant manuscripts and editions; the most distinguished scholars and editors (up to c. 1950); and historical, social, and political contexts. The selection of the topics and issues covered in the entries has, inevitably, been limited by the relatively compact scale of this book; it is also at least somewhat subjective. It has, however, been carefully and consistently related to the texts of Chaucer s works and to the events of his life and times. An outline of the latter is provided in the brief chronology (pp. xiv xvi). Access to the information contained in the entries is facilitated by crossreferences of two distinct kinds. Nearly 300 headwords serve only as crossreferences to one or more relevant entries. Within each entry, asterisks are used to indicate the existence of another potentially relevant entry on a related topic. (The latter method is not used to indicate the existence of entries on Chaucer or any of his works, since it will hardly be necessary to draw these to the reader s attention.) Each entry begins with a brief definition. While this comprises the whole entry in a minority of cases, in most it introduces an account which varies in length from a few dozen to three thousand words. The length of any particular entry is intended to be appropriate to the relative significance and complexity of its topic. Plentiful allusions to Chaucer s works are provided. These make use of abbreviated titles, as listed in the table of abbreviations (pp. x xiii). In order to avoid any potential confusion, all abbreviated titles appear in italics (whatever the length of the work in question). Line references are provided whenever allusions are made to specific passages, lines, or words. While these refer specifically to the text printed in The Riverside Chaucer, they should allow the reader to locate the relevant passage in any good edition. Translations of the titles of works in Latin are provided, but vii

8 viii Preface only in the main entry in which they are cited (normally that on the author of the work in question). The longer entries and those on the more significant topics end with suggestions for further reading. These refer to the brief selective bibliography, with which this book concludes.

9 Acknowledgements The genesis of the Palgrave Literary Dictionary of Geoffrey Chaucer has been somewhat strange and notably protracted. About fifteen years ago, a publisher contacted me to ask whether I thought there was a need for a handbook on Chaucer. After reviewing the relevant publications then available, I responded by observing that the term handbook was used to describe books of several different kinds, and that (in my view) the most useful addition to these would be a Chaucer dictionary. When the publisher proceeded to ask me whether I wished to submit a proposal for such a volume, my answer was negative essentially because I was then both involved in other projects and carrying a heavy burden of management duties in my university. During the following years, I found, nonetheless, that the idea of such a volume slowly took shape in my mind. I discussed it with several scholars in the field, and gradually compiled a list of potential headwords. When I happened to meet Eleanor Birne then a commissioning editor with Palgrave in the autumn of 2000, and mentioned the idea to her, she responded with enthusiasm. The outcome, five years later, is not only the present volume but also a fledgling series. In the early stages of this project, Queen s University provided me with a part-time research assistant, Lisa English, to help me keep my research alive during a year of particularly heavy management duties. As well as assisting with another project, she did some valuable work on my list of headwords and created some computer files which served me very well. During the early stages of the project, I also benefited from the support and advice of various scholars, especially Al David, Tony Edwards, and the late David Burnley. Several other colleagues have kindly provided specific information: thanks are due to James Binns, Bruce Campbell, Brian Caraher, Kevin De Ornellas, Rosalind Field, Judith Green, Stephen Kelly, Linne Mooney, Desmond O Rawe, Derek Pearsall, Estelle Sheehan, Karen Smyth, and John Thompson. I have enjoyed working with three Palgrave editors first Eleanor Birne, then Emily Rosser, and finally Paula Kennedy. Throughout this project and, indeed, throughout my career I have been exceptionally fortunate in the support I have received from my wife and family. I am particularly grateful to my wife, Lena, not only for taking care of me so well, but also for granting me the space to get on with my work. MALCOLM ANDREW QUEEN S UNIVERSITY BELFAST ix

10 Abbreviations 1. Works by Chaucer ABC Adam Anel Ariadne Astr Bal Compl BD Bo Buk CkP CkT Cleopatra ClP ClT Compl d Am CT CYP CYT Dido Equat For Form Age FranP FranT FrP FrT Gent GP HF Hypermnestra Hypsipyle Hypsipyle and Medea An ABC Chaucers Wordes Unto Adam, His Owne Scriveyn (also known as Adam Scriveyn) Anelida and Arcite The Legend of Ariadne (LGW) A Treatise on the Astrolabe A Balade of Complaint The Book of the Duchess Boece Lenvoy de Chaucer a Bukton The Cook s Prologue The Cook s Tale The Legend of Cleopatra (LGW) The Clerk s Prologue The Clerk s Tale Complaynt d Amours The Canterbury Tales The Canon s Yeoman s Prologue The Canon s Yeoman s Tale The Legend of Dido (LGW) The Equatorie of the Planetis Fortune The Former Age The Franklin s Prologue The Franklin s Tale The Friar s Prologue The Friar s Tale Gentilesse The General Prologue The House of Fame The Legend of Hypermnestra (LGW) The Legend of Hypsipyle (LGW) The Legend of Hypsipyle and Medea (LGW) x

11 Abbreviations xi KnT Lady LGW LGWP Lucrece MancP MancT Mars Medea Mel MelP MercB MerE MerP MerT MilP MilT MkP MkT MLE MLIntro MLP MLT NPE NPP NPT PardIntro PardP PardT ParsP ParsT PF Philomela Phyllis PhyT Pity Prov PrP PrT Purse The Knight s Tale A Complaint to His Lady The Legend of Good Women The Prologue to the Legend of Good Women The Legend of Lucrece (LGW) The Manciple s Prologue The Manciple s Tale The Complaint of Mars The Legend of Medea (LGW) The Tale of Melibee The Prologue to the Tale of Melibee Merciles Beaute The Epilogue to the Merchant s Tale The Merchant s Prologue The Merchant s Tale The Miller s Prologue The Miller s Tale The Monk s Prologue The Monk s Tale The Epilogue to the Man of Law s Tale The Introduction to the Man of Law s Tale The Man of Law s Prologue The Man of Law s Tale The Epilogue to the Nun s Priest s Tale The Nun s Priest s Prologue The Nun s Priest s Tale The Introduction to the Pardoner s Tale The Pardoner s Prologue The Pardoner s Tale The Parson s Prologue The Parson s Tale The Parlement of Foules The Legend of Philomela (LGW) The Legend of Phyllis (LGW) The Physician s Tale The Complaint unto Pity Proverbs The Prioress s Prologue The Prioress s Tale The Complaint of Chaucer to His Purse

12 xii Abbreviations Ret Rom Ros RvP RvT Scog ShT SNP SNT SqIntro SqT Sted SumP SumT Th Thisbe ThP Tr Truth Ven WBP WBT Wom Nobl Wom Unc Chaucer s Retraction The Romaunt of the Rose To Rosemounde The Reeve s Prologue The Reeve s Tale Lenvoy de Chaucer a Scogan The Shipman s Tale The Second Nun s Prologue The Second Nun s Tale The Introduction to the Squire s Tale The Squire s Tale Lak of Stedfastnesse The Summoner s Prologue The Summoner s Tale The Tale of Sir Thopas The Legend of Thisbe (LGW) The Prologue to Sir Thopas Troilus and Criseyde Truth The Complaint of Venus The Wife of Bath s Prologue The Wife of Bath s Tale Womanly Noblesse Against Women Unconstant 2. Books of the Bible Acts Cor. Dan. Eccles. Exod. Gen. Jer. Macc. Matt. Sam. Song of Sol. Acts of the Apostles Epistle of St Paul to the Corinthians Daniel Ecclesiastes Exodus Genesis Jeremiah Maccabees (Apocrypha) Gospel according to St Matthew Samuel Song of Solomon

13 Abbreviations xiii 3. Miscellaneous c. circa d. died fl. flourished m. metrum (in Bo) MED Middle English Dictionary MS Manuscript OED Oxford English Dictionary p. prosa (in Bo) RR La Roman de la Rose (references are to the edition of Langlois: see Bibliography) STC A Short Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland, & Ireland , ed. A.W. Pollard and G.R. Redgrave. Second edn, rev. W.A. Jackson, F.S. Ferguson, and Katharine F. Pantzer, 3 vols (London: Bibliographical Society, ).

14 Chronology c Birth of Chaucer s father, John Chaucer Birth of Boccaccio Death of Dante Accession of Edward III Edward III marries Philippa of Hainault The Hundred Years War between England and France Completion of Boccaccio s Il Filostrato (main source for Tr). early 1340s Birth of Chaucer, probably in London Completion of Boccaccio s Teseide (main source for KnT) England ravaged by the Black Death Chaucer in service as a page in the household of Elizabeth, Countess of Ulster, wife of Prince Lionel Chaucer experiences military service in the retinue of Lionel in France; ransomed after being captured at the siege of Reims Peace between England and France, following the Treaty of Brétigny. c Chaucer marries Philippa Roet, eldest daughter of Sir Paon de Roet and sister of Katherine (later Katherine Swynford, eventually the third wife of John of Gaunt) Death of Chaucer s father, John Chaucer Birth of Richard of Bordeaux, later Richard II. by 1367 Chaucer in service as an esquire in the household of Edward III. c Birth of Chaucer s elder son, Thomas. late 1360s Chaucer translates all or part of Le Roman de la Rose, as Rom Death of Blanche, Duchess of Lancaster (September), subsequently commemorated by Chaucer in BD Death of Queen Philippa (August). 1369, 1370 Chaucer experiences military service with John of Gaunt in northern France. 1370s Chaucer writes ABC, Anel, HF, and the stories which later became SNT and MkT Philippa Chaucer in service in the household of Constance, second wife of John of Gaunt. xiv

15 Chronology xv Chaucer travels to Genoa and Florence on dipomatic business; this visit to Italy probably brings him into contact with works by Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio Chaucer appointed controller of customs for hides, skins, and wools in the port of London; granted lease for a dwelling above Aldgate; granted a daily pitcher of wine by Edward III and an annuity by John of Gaunt. Death of Petrarch Death of Boccaccio Death of Edward, the Black Prince ( June) Death of Edward III ( June); accession of Richard II Chaucer travels to Lombardy on diplomatic business. Richard II confirms Chaucer s annuities Chaucer released from threat of legal action regarding a potential accusation of rape by Cecily Champain. Birth of his younger son, Lewis. early 1380s Chaucer writes PF and Palamon and Arcite (which became KnT) Death of Chaucer s mother. Marriage of Richard II and Anne of Bohemia (May); the Peasants Revolt ( June). mid-1380s Chaucer translates the De consolatione philosophiae of Boethius (as Bo) and writes Tr and LGW Chaucer becomes a Justice of the Peace for Kent and is appointed to the county s commission of the peace Chaucer retires from his position as controller of customs and relinquishes his lease on the dwelling above Aldgate. Serves as member of parliament for Kent. Gives testimony in the legal action between Sir Richard Scrope and Sir Robert Grosvenor Period during which the powers of Richard II are curbed, and Chaucer appears to be out of favour Death of Chaucer s wife, Philippa. c Chaucer writing CT Chaucer appointed clerk of the king s works Chaucer resigns clerkship of the king s works; appointed deputy forester of North Petherton (Somerset); writes Astr Composition of Equat (possibly by Chaucer) Death of Queen Anne. Chaucer granted a royal annuity; revises LGWP Thomas Chaucer marries Maud Burghersh.

16 xvi Chronology 1396 Richard II marries the French princess Isabella (aged 6). John of Gaunt marries Katherine Swynford Chaucer granted a tun (272 gallons) of wine yearly by Richard II Deposition of Richard II; accession of Henry IV, who confirms Chaucer s annuities. Chaucer leases a house in the precinct of Westminster Abbey Chaucer dies; buried in Westminster Abbey. His remains are subsequently moved to Poet s Corner.