From Research to Manuscript

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1 Michael Jay Katz From Research to Manuscript A Guide to Scientific Writing Springer

2 Contents Acknowledgements v Part I Tools and Techniques 1 The Standards of a Scientific Paper 3 1. A Stereotyped Format 3 2. Precise Language 3 3. A Single, Clear Direction 4 4. Reviewed and Made Available to Others 4 2 Scientific Words, Sentences, and Paragraphs 5 1. Scientific Text Needs Exactness and Clarity Write with Precision Scientific Use of Tenses 7 2. The Paragraph Is the Unit of Exposition Each Paragraph Makes One Point Inside a Scientific Paragraph Connect Succeeding Paragraphs 10 3 Writing Scientific Text Begin to Write While You Experiment Start Broadly, Work on the Details Later A Magnified View of the Writing Process Use the Skeletal Outlines Pile in Ideas Collect Information from Outside Resources Form Rough Sentences Arrange the Sentences into Themes Make Your Themed Lists into Rough Paragraphs Take a Break and Clear Your Mind Put Together One Paragraph for Each Topic Shape a Working Draft Smooth Transitions 26 vii

3 Vlll Polishing When to Stop Writing Advice to Speakers of Other Languages 34 4 Presenting Numerical Data Tables Organize Your Data Inside Tables Use Numerical Order Examples Statistics Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics and Hypothesis Testing Use Statistics Thoughtfully 57 5 Constructing Scientific Figures Basic Guidelines Figure Legends Numerical Figures Graphs Relationships Between Variables Aesthetics of Numerical Figures Preparation for Submission to a Journal Scientific Patterns Should Be Reproducible 70 Part II Writing a Research Paper 1 Writing During Research Keep a Computerized Notebook The Diary Record Your Work Notes References Archive Your Sources Begin a Draft Early 78 2 Composing the Sections of a Research Paper Materials and Methods Recipes Writing Your Materials and Methods Section An Example of a Complete Materials and Methods Section Commit to a Few Key Variables Appendix Results Carving Out Your Results from Your Observations Exploratory Data Analysis Writing the Results 105

4 Contents ix 3.4. An Example of a Complete Results Section Discussion Recap Your Results Archive Your Results Try to Make a Proposal An Example of a Complete Discussion Section Conclusion Limitations of This Study Introduction Define the Gap Begin with the Known Take a Direct Path to the Unknown Summarize Your Plan-of-Attack A Sampler of Introductions An Example of a Complete Introduction Section Abstract The Simple Abstract The Abstract with Subsections Key Words and the List of Nonstandard Abbreviations Keywords Alphabetical List of Nonstandard Abbreviations Title Footnotes Acknowledgements References Cite Original Sources Don't Cite Incomplete Sources Find the Appropriate Citation Formats Use Bibliographic Software Check Your Text Citations and Your Reference List 162 Part III Preparing a Manuscript for Submission 1 Choosing a Journal Make a List of Candidate Journals Consider Open Access Publishing Rank the Journals by Quality Aim for the Best and Toughest Journal Style Rules A Final Rewrite Get a Friendly Critique Read the Paper Backwards Recheck the Spelling 174

5 x Contents 3 Preparing and Submitting the Manuscript Print and Page Format The Manuscript Packet Page One Page Two Page Three Page Four The Last Pages The Introductory Letter Responding to Editors and Referees Homework The Comment-by-Comment Letter Stay Calm 181 Appendix A Words That Are Often Misused 183 Appendix В Simplifying Wordy, Redundant, and Awkward Phrases Appendix С Standard Scientific Abbreviations 191 Basic Rules 191 Appendix D Typical Bibliographic Formats Formats for Text Citations Bibliographic Formats for the References Section 195 I. Articles 195 II. Books 196 III. Other 197 Appendix E Additional Reading 199 Appendix F Software Suggestions 201 Index 203

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