3. Green OA (self-archiving) needs to be mandated

Transcription

1 1. The Journal Affordability Problem The Research Accessibility Problem 2. Open Access Open Access Publishing (Gold OA) 3. Green OA (self-archiving) needs to be mandated (the research community itself says so, repeatedly and decisively) Green OA needs to precede Gold OA (publishing) (if and only if subscriptions prove unsustainable, then and only then, institutional cancellations will provide the windfall savings to pay for institutional Gold OA publishing costs)

2 Open Access: What? Free, Immediate Permanent Full-Text On-Line Access

3 Open Access: To What? 2.5 million annual research articles In 24,000 peer-reviewed journals (conferences)

4 Open Access: Why? To maximise: Research visibility Research usage Research uptake Research applications Research impact Research productivity Research progress Research funding By maximising Research access

5 Citation impact for articles in the same journal and year are consistently higher for articles that have been self-archived by their authors. (Below is a comparison for Astronomy articles that are and are not in ArXiv.)

6 By discipline: total articles (OA+NOA), gray curve; percentage OA: (OA/(OA+NOA)) articles, green bars; percentage OA citation advantage: ((OA-NOA)/NOA) citation, red bars, averaged across and ranked by total articles. All disciplines show an OA citation advantage (Hajjem et al. IEEE DEB 2005)

7 By country: total articles (gray curve), percent OA articles (green bars), and percent OA citation advantage (red bars); averaged across all disciplines and years ; ranked by total articles. (Hajjem et al. IEEE DEB 2005)

8 By year: total articles (gray curve), percent OA articles (green bars), and percent OA citation advantage (red bars): , averaged across all disciplines. No yearly trend is apparent in the size of the OA citation advantage, but %OA is growing from year to year. (Hajjem et al. IEEE DEB 2005)

9 OA Advantage OAA = EA + QA + UA + (CA) + (QB) EA: Early Advantage: Self-archiving preprints before publication increases citations (higher-quality articles benefit more) QA: Quality Advantage: Self-archiving postprints upon publication increases citations (higher-quality articles benefit more) UA: Usage Advantage: Self-archiving increases downloads (higher-quality articles benefit more) (CA: Competitive Advantage): OA/non-OA advantage (CA disappears at 100%OA) (QB: Quality Bias): Higher-quality articles are selfselectively self-archived more (QB disappears at 100%OA)

10 Raw citation counts Multiple Regression Analysis reveals 4 independent influences on citation counts (overall, and in all subsets): 1. article age 2. journal impact factor 3. number of authors 4. open access (Biology, , 2003, 442,750 articles) Log citation counts

11 OA c /NOA c ratio (across all disciplines and years increases as citation count (c) increases (r =.98, N=6, p<.005). Percentage of articles is relatively higher among NOA articles with Citations = 0; it becomes higher among OA articles with citations = 1 or more. The more cited an article, the more likely that it is OA. (Hajjem et al. IEEE DEB 2005)

12 Self-Selected Self-Archiving vs. Mandated Self-Archiving II: Within-Journal Citation Ratios (for 2004, all fields). S = citation counts for articles self-archived at institutions with (Sm) and without (Sn) self-archiving mandate. N = citations for non-archived articles at institutions with (Nm) and without (Nn) mandate (i.e., Nm = articles not yet compliant with mandate). Grand average of (log) S/N ratios ( articles; 279 journals) is the OA advantage (18%); this is about the same as for Sn/Nn (27972 articles, 48 journals, 18%) and Sn/N (17%); ratio is higher for Sm/N (34%), higher still for Sm/Nm (57%, 541 articles, 20 journals); and Sm/Sn = 27%, so self-selected selfarchiving does not yield more citations than mandated; rather the reverse. (All six within-pair differences significant: correlated sample t-tests.)

13 ScientoMetrics in and Open Access World Citations (C) CiteRank Co-citations Downloads (D) C/D Correlations Hub/Authority Chronometrics: Latency/Longevity Endogamy/Exogamy Semiometrics

14 The G-factor International University Ranking measures the importance of universities as a function of the number of links to their websites from the websites of other leading international universities. Why is Southampton ranked 3rd highest in the UK and 25th in the world, above Columbia (27th) and Yale (51st)? Copyright Peter Hirst, 2006.

15 Changing Citation Behaviour The peak latency between a paper being deposited and then cited has reduced over the lifetime of arxiv.org: This means that papers are being read and cited sooner, both as preprints and as postprints.

16 Changing citation behaviour Time taken to be cited for articles in the arxiv database Numbers Months from publication

17 Lost citations, lost impact Only around 15% of research is Open Access... so 85% is not.. and we are therefore losing 85% of the 50% increase in citations (conservative end of the range) that Open Access brings (= 42.5%)

18 National economies UK scientists: 130,000 articles per year Number of citations: 761,600 If all had been OA, there would have been (42.5% more) 1,085,280 citations That s 323,680 citations lost Since the UK Government invests 3.5 bn in S&T each year.. This means lost impact worth 1.5 bn to the UK economy

19 Diamond, Jr., A. M. (1986) What is a Citation Worth? Journal of Human Resources 21: y1988.pdf marginal dollar value of one citation in 1986: $50-$1300 (US), depending on field and number of citations. (an increase from 0 to 1 citation is worth more than an increase from 30 to 31; most articles are in citation range 0-5.) Updating by about 170% for inflation from : $85.65-$

20 Barriers to Open Access For at least 10 years now, keystrokes have been the only barrier to 100% Open Access Hence what is now needed is A mandatory keystroke policy

21 Open Access: How? Mandate the deposit of all peer-reviewed final drafts, accepted for publication (postprints) In Institutional OAI-compliant Repositories (IRs) Immediately upon acceptance for publication (no exceptions, no delays)

22 Keystroke Mandate The metadata and the accepted, peerreviewed final draft need to be deposited immediately upon acceptance for publication. Access can be set as Open Access or as Closed Access (during any embargo period)

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25 Publisher policies 29% 6% 65% Green publishers Pale green publishers Grey publishers

26 Deposit what? The postprint : (The author s final, accepted, revised peer-reviewed draft: no need for the publisher s proprietary PDF.)

27 Deposit: Where? In the author s own OAI-compliant Institutional Repository (IR)

28 Deposit: When? Immediately upon acceptance for publication

29 Compliance with a mandate Would not comply Would comply reluctantly Would comply willingly Data from Key Perspectives Ltd % respondents

30 University of Tasmania Actual documents DEST publications Jun-04 Jul-04 Aug-04 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Data courtesy of Arthur Sale

31 University of Queensland Total documents DEST documents Documents 03/02/ /03/ /04/ /05/ /06/ /07/ /08/ /09/ /10/ /11/ /12/ /01/ /02/ /03/ /04/ /05/ /06/ /07/ /08/ /09/ /10/2005 Data courtesy of Arthur Sale

32 Queensland University of Technology Documents DESTreportable Data courtesy of Arthur Sale Documents 24/05/ /06/ /07/ /08/ /09/ /10/ /11/ /12/ /01/ /02/ /03/ /04/ /05/ /06/ /07/ /08/ /09/2005

33 EC STUDY RECOMMENDATION A1: GUARANTEE PUBLIC ACCESS TO PUBLICLY-FUNDED RESEARCH RESULTS SHORTLY AFTER PUBLICATION Establish a European policy mandating published articles arising from EC-funded research to be available after a given time period in open access archives