History 220 History of Europe Prof. C. R. Friedrichs Ms. Stefanie Ickert Mr. John Dingle TERM PAPER ASSIGNMENT

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1 TERM PAPER ASSIGNMENT History 220 History of Europe Prof. C. R. Friedrichs Ms. Stefanie Ickert Mr. John Dingle In this assignment, you are asked to select one major political figure who was active in Europe between 1450 and 1789 and discuss one or two critical decisions or policies adopted by that person in the course of his or her political career. After briefly describing the person concerned and identifying the critical decision(s) or policy/policies you have chosen to discuss, you should explain the significance and consequences of the decision(s) or policy/policies concerned. Finally, you should assess the degree to which the decision(s) or policy/policies you have chosen corresponded to the arguments about the appropriate actions for politically powerful persons presented by Niccolò Machiavelli in The Prince. Some examples of political figures appropriate for this analysis are listed on the next page. You may also suggest a different political figure of the period 1450 to 1789, but make sure to get the approval of your tutorial instructor. In writing this paper, you must make use of at least three secondary sources in addition to The Prince. One source must be a full-length biography of the person concerned. The other sources can be whole books, portions of books, or scholarly articles. Articles from reference works and brief internet web pages are not appropriate sources. However, you may of course use scholarly articles by reputable authors which you have accessed via the internet. If you are in doubt about the suitability of any of your sources, consult your tutorial instructor. In addition to the secondary sources, you may use primary sources if you wish, but this is not required or expected. Paper requirements A brief statement listing the decision/policy you will consider and at least two of the sources you have already looked at and plan to use must be submitted in the tutorial on October 27/28. The paper itself is due in the lecture hour on Tuesday, November 22. The paper should be approximately 2,000 words in length. In writing the paper, pay close attention to the attached guidelines. If you want even more detailed information about appropriate footnoting practices, consult the Footnote Guide which is provided on the course website. Your paper will be graded on a percentage basis. Except in cases of medical or family emergencies, there will be late penalty of 1 per cent a day for papers not submitted on time.

2 Suggested persons: -2- Queen Isabella of Castile Pope Julius II Henry VIII of England Emperor Charles V Sir Thomas More Mary I of England Elizabeth I of England Mary Queen of Scots Ivan the Terrible of Muscovy Catherine de Medici William the Silent Philip II of Spain Henry III of France Henry of Navarre (Henry IV of France) Cardinal Richelieu Cardinal Mazarin Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden Queen Christina of Sweden Louis XIV of France Charles I of England Oliver Cromwell James II of England William of Orange (William III) Queen Anne of England Peter the Great of Russia Catherine the Great of Russia Frederick the Great of Prussia Maria Theresa of Austria William Pitt, Earl of Chatham

3 -3- GUIDELINES FOR WRITING THIS PAPER 1. Structure Most well-written history papers have an introduction, a body and a conclusion. The introduction explains why the topic of the paper is of interest and indicates what questions the paper will examine; the introduction may also give the thesis of the paper. The body of the paper presents the evidence in an orderly and systematic fashion, answering the questions posed in the introduction. The conclusion summarizes the findings or thesis of the paper and may also include some generalizations about the broader significance of these findings. 2. Style Correctness of grammar, spelling and punctuation as well as overall clarity of expression are essential ingredients of all historical writing. Grammar, spelling and style will therefore count significantly in the instructor's evaluation of your paper. Be especially careful to avoid misplaced modifiers, sentence fragments and non-parallel structure. Make sure to proofread your paper carefully before submitting it. 3. Using Source Material in a Responsible Manner The basic principle of writing analytical essays is to use appropriate source material to get whatever information you need in order to write about the topic in your own words. When you want to show exactly how your source worded something, you should use a direct quotation and provide a footnote or endnote. Occasionally it is useful to paraphrase something; this is acceptable if you indicate the source clearly in a footnote or endnote. But most of the time you should express things in your own words. Remember that only direct quotations should be put in quotation marks. If you paraphrase something from your source, do not put it in quotation marks--but of course any paraphrase, like any direct quotation, must be properly footnoted. 4. Footnotes Footnotes or endnotes are used to give credit where credit is due. The basic rule is this: all quotations, paraphrases, statistics, interpretations and significant phrases taken from books and articles must be carefully and correctly cited in footnotes. On the other hand, obvious facts on which all authors would agree do not have to be footnoted. There are many styles of footnoting, but generally in writing history papers you should use the form of footnoting most frequently used in writing about history. In this style, you put a superscript like this² in the text and put the publication data in a numbered footnote at the bottom of the page or in an endnote at the end of the paper. The first time you refer to any book or article, give the author, complete title and other publication data. But do not repeat the full publication data over and over again each time you refer to the same source. After the first time, simply give the author's last name, a short version of the title, and the page number. If the footnote refers to the source cited in the immediately preceding footnote, just write ibid. and give the page number. See the examples on the next page.

4 -4- Remember that if you use an article or chapter from a book that includes selections by many authors, you must give the author and title of the article or chapter and also the publication data for the book as a whole. See the example in footnote 7 below. Here are some examples of standard footnoting style for writing about history. For more detailed advice about footnotes, see the Footnote Guide on the course website.. 1. Lorna Jane Abray, The People s Reformation: Magistrates, Clergy and Commons in Strasbourg, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985), pp Ibid., p Peter Blickle, Obedient Germans? A Rebuttal: A New View of German History, trans. by Thomas A. Brady, Jr. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1997), p Margo Todd, Puritan Self-Fashioning: The Diary of Samuel Ward, Journal of British Studies, 31 (1992), Abray, People s Reformation, pp Ibid,. p Thomas M. Safley, Civic Morality and the Domestic Economy, in: R. Po-chia Hsia, ed., The German People and the Reformation (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988), p Todd, Self-Fashioning, Safley, Civic Morality, pp Bibliography Your paper should have a bibliography listing all the sources you used, including those you did not refer to in any footnotes. Bibliographies are arranged in alphabetical order. Therefore a bibliography, in contrast to footnotes, lists each author by last name first. Always give the full title of each book, including the subtitle if there is one. If you are listing an article from a book or journal, include the page numbers of the whole article. Here are some examples of the standard style for bibliographies: Abray, Lorna Jane. The People s Reformation: Magistrates, Clergy and Commons in Strasbourg, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985). Blickle, Peter. Obedient Germans? A Rebuttal: A New View of German History, trans. by Thomas A. Brady, Jr. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1997). Safley, Thomas M. Civic Morality and the Domestic Economy, in: R. Po-chia Hsia, ed., The German People and the Reformation (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988), Todd, Margo. Puritan Self-Fashioning: The Diary of Samuel Ward, Journal of British Studies, 31 (1992), Legibility, Orderliness and Backup Copies $ Your paper must be submitted as a hard copy, not by . $ The text should be double-spaced with standard (1-inch) margins. $ Last-minute corrections should be made neatly in ink. $ Number the pages of your paper. (If there is a title page, the first page of actual text is p. 1.) $ Staple or otherwise securely fasten the paper. Don't use paper clips! $ Save the final text of your paper on your computer.

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