A STUDY OF AMERICAN NEWSPAPER READABILITY
|
|
- Eric Arnold
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 THE JOURNAL OF COMMWNICATION Vol. 19, December 1969, p A STUDY OF AMERICAN NEWSPAPER READABILITY TAHER A. RAZE Abstract This paper is based on a study of American newspaper readability in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between front page readability level of metropolitan and non-metropolitan newspapers. The metropolitan newspaper was easier to read. There was a significant difference in readability level between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan newspaper articles. With the exception of the local news, the non-metropolitan means were higher for each of these classifications. There was no significant difference between metropolitan and non-metropolitan Associated Press articles. However, there was a significant difference between United Press International metropolitan and non-metropolitan articles. United Press International articles in non-metropolitan papers were more difficult to read. Any reader knows he can understand some materials more easily than others. This level of readability significantly affects the reader's choice of reading material, reading speed, and degree of comprehension. The two primary variables that influence the nature of the reading material are style and subject matter. Style includes such factors as vocabulary level, method of sentence and paragraph construction, and format. Variables attributable to the reader are individual interests, educational experiences, and intelligence level. It would be an arduous task to obtain measures of all the variables affecting the readability of a particular passage. Most methods for measuring readability have concentrated on measuring word difficulty and sentence length. While this approach neglects such factors as the complexity of ideas, sentence and paragraph construction, and individual differences, Taher A. Razik is Associate Professor of Education at the State University of New York at Buffalo. He received his PbD. from Ohio State University in 1W3. During this academic year, he is spending his sabbatical leave as a consultant to the International Institute for Educational Planning, UNESCO, Paris. In this capacity he is developing a system approach to Education for Developing Countries.
2 318 The Journal of Communication, Vol. 19, December 1969 it has proved to be a relatively valid measure of readability, if the teachers, reading specialists, and librarians judgements are used as the criteria [5]. The concept of readability has generated a great deal of interest among educators. J. B. Conant [2] has suggested that all students who have successfully completed the ninth grade should be able to read and understand the front page of a newspaper. As the newspaper is one of the most important means of mass communication, this recommendation is certainly appropriate. However, Conant s suggestion presumes that newspapers are written, at most, on the ninth grade reading level. The author questioned this presumption and undertook a study of newspaper readability level. In reviewing the literature, no directly relevant studies were found. Specifically, the problems considered were : what is the readability level of the front page of American metropolitan and non-metropolitan newspapers? Does readability level vary for different types of articles and for articles prepared by various news agencies? Hypotheses The hypotheses tested were: 1. There are no articles on the front pages of American newspapers written above the ninth grade reading level. 2. Front page newspaper articles pertaining to space and international and national non-political news are written above the ninth grade readability level. 3. Front page newspaper articles related to crime, tragedy, and features are written below the ninth grade readability level. 4. There is no statistically significant difference (.05 level) in readability between front page articles of Associated Press or United Press International appearing in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan newspapers. Method Sample The population of American newspapers was defined as those American published newspapers that concentrate on general coverage of local, state, national, and international news. Denominational, tabloid, scandal, race-oriented, professional, and highly specialized newspapers were omitted from the target popu-
3 Razik: Newspaper Readability 319 lation. The population was divided into two strata: those newspapers serving a metropolitan area and those serving a nonmetropolitan area. A metropolitan area was defined as a city with a population of at least 50,000, as determined by the 1960 census. From the 212 metropolitan cities in the United States, 50 cities were selected by simple random sampling. Ayers Dictionary of Newspapers was utilized to construct a list of all the newspapers published in each of these 50 cities. Simple random sampling was employed to select one newspaper from each. For the non-metropolitan strata, Ayers Dictionary was again utilized to create a list of all non-metropolitan areas with newspapers. Fifty areas were selected by simple random sampling procedures. Generally, each of these non-metropolitan areas had only one newspaper which, therefore, became a sample element. In an area with more than one newspaper, simple random sampling was employed to choose one paper from the area. A newspaper was obtained from each of the 50 metropolitan and 50 nonmetropolitan publishers. All the newspapers were dated within a two week period. Articles on the front pages of each of the newspapers were topically classified into the following categories : crime, Cuba, American economy, feature, international, local, national nonpolitical, national political, state political, state non-political, space, tragedy, and weather.l Articles containing lists of names or numbers, society news, brief situational highlights, advertisements, and articles of less than 100 words were omitted from the sample. Utilizing simple random sampling, six articles per newspaper were chosen from the classified front page articles. Each of these 600 articles was subdivided into continuous 100 word sampling units and one 100 word sample was selected by simple random sampling from each article. Procedure The Dale-Chall formula was chosen to predict readability. Studies [ 11 have indicated that this formula provides reasonably valid results. It is based on two variables: proportion of words not included on the Dale Vocabulary list and average sentence length. The Dale Vocabulary list contains 3,000 words found to This study was conducted during the 1962 Cuban crisis.
4 320 The JournaE of Communicatio.n, Val. 19, December 1969 be familiar to at least 80 per cent of fourth grade children. To utilize this formula, the number of words in a 100 word sample not appearing on the Dale List are counted. The average sentence length is determined by dividing the number of sentences in the sample into 100. Knowing these two values, the sample readability raw score can be read directly from a table [4] and the corresponding readability grade level interval read from the Dale-Chall correction table [3]. Each of the 600 samples was analyzed in the above manner. Raw score means and standard deviations were computed for the article classifications studied in both the metropolitan and nonmetropolitan newspapers. The t test was used to determine significance of differences between metropolitan and non-metropolitan means. Results The results indicated that there was a significant difference (.05 level) between front page readability level of metropolitan and non-metropolitan newspapers. The metropolitan newspaper was easier to read than the non-metropolitan paper. Considering the specific types of articles studied, there was a significant difference in readability level between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan newspaper articles. With the exception of the local news, the non-metropolitan means were higher than the metropolitan means for each of these classifications. There was no significant difference between metropolitan and non-metropolitan Associated Press articles. However, there was a significant difference between United Press International metropolitan and non-metropolitan articles. United Press International articles in non-metropolitan papers were more difficult to read than those in metropolitan papers. Table 1 presents the raw score means and standard deviations. It should be noted that level of readability and numerical score is a linearly increasing function. A conversion of these mean raw scores to corresponding grade level intervals of reading difficulty revealed that the metropolitan newspaper articles concerning crime, Cuba, features, local news, national political news, tragedy, and weather were written at or below the ninth-tenth grade level. Articles pertain-
5 Razik: Newspaper Readubility 321 Table 1 Metropolitan and Non-Metropolitan Newspaper Readability Scores Metropolitan Non-Metropolitan Type of Article Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Crime Cuba Economy Feature International * Local * National Non-Political * Political-National * -State Space State Non-Political Tragedy Weather * TOTAL * Associated Press United Press International * No Data *t test indicated a significant difference (.05 level) between metropolitan and nonmetropohtan newspapers. ing to economy, space, international news, and state and national non-political news were written at the eleventh-twelfth grade level. In the non-metropolitan newspapers, the number of articles written above the ninth-tenth grade level was even greater than in the metropolitan papers. Only articles about weather, tragedy, local news, and features were written at or below the ninthtenth grade level. Inspection of the total readability grade levels indicated that the least difficult articles to read were those concerning crime, features, local news, tragedy, and weather. Table 2 presents the converted grade level readability scores. Discussion As mentioned in the introduction, Conant asserted that students who have successfully completed the ninth grade should be able to read and understand the front page of an American newspaper. This study indicated that the only articles appearing on the front pages of American newspapers concomitant with a
6 ~ 322 The Journal of Communication, Vol. 19, December 1969 Table 2 Metropolitan and Non-Metropolitan Newspaper Readability Grade-Level Intervals TYD~ of Article MetroDolitan Non-MetroDolitan Total Crime 9-10th grade Cuba 9-10 Economy Feature 9-10 International Local 9-10 National Non-Political Political-National 9-10 ll-12th grade State No data Space State Non-Political Tragedy Weather TOTAL th-10th grade ninth grader's readability level were articles related to crime, features, local news, tragedy, and weather. One can safely assume that these types of articles were not the entire subject matter Conant believed ninth graders should be able to read and understand. Further, the median level of education completed by persons 25 years and over in the United States is 10.6 years [6]. This implies that, for this sample, some important articles (i.e. international and national news) were written above the reading level of at least 50 per cent of the adult population. Articles on crime, tragedy, features, and local news may be interesting; however, they contribute little to an individual's awareness of national and international affairs. Thus, if the newspaper is to be an effective means of mass communication, either the schools must intensify the teaching of reading skills or the newspapers must lower the reading difficulty level of their articles. Other factors which may be relevant are differences in intellectual abilities and the holding power of schools. Tests of hypothesis four indicate rejection of two parts and acceptance of one part. This hypothesis asserted that there was no significant difference in readability level between articles
7 Razik: Newspaper Readability 323 appearing on the front pages of metropolitan and non-metropolitan newspapers. The results of Table 1 indicated that a significant difference in readability level existed between metropolitan and non-metropolitan papers. The corresponding converted grade levels revealed that the metropolitan papers were written at the ninth-tenth grade level and the non-metropolitan papers were written at the eleventh-twelfth grade level. No significant difference in Associated Press readability level was found between articles appearing in metropolitan and non-metropolitan papers. However, there was a significant difference between United Press International articles in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan newspapers. There are several possible explanations of the above results. Metropolitan newspapers must frequently compete with other newspapers in the area. Therefore, these newspapers might tend to capitalize on the more exciting news events, i.e., crime and tragedy, for front page headlines and news stories. The rationale would be to attract the potential buyer s attention at a newsstand. This hypothesis could be tested by means of circulation indices. Non-metropolitan newspapers frequently have no competition from other newspaper publishers. Therefore, these nonmetropolitan publishers might not realize the same need to attract customers with the lurid and sensational. Further, the non-metropolitan publisher, being a surveyor of the few local, written, mass communication media, may assume more responsibility toward keeping his readers abreast of international and national conditions than might the metropolitan publisher. Another possible explanation of this difference in readability level between metropolitan and non-metropolitan papers might be attributed to the size differences in the editorial staffs. Metropolitan newspapers generally have large editorial staffs and can, therefore, readily have press agency articles rewritten to lower readability levels. Small newspapers with few editors may have to print press releases as they are received from the agencies. This may also explain the difference in readability level of United Press International articles in metropolitan and non-metropolitan newspapers. However, if this is true, then one would also have expected the same difference in Associated Press articles. Thus, these results indicated the need for a follow-up study
8 324 The Journal of Communication, Vol. 19, December 1969 that would ascertain the type and frequency of articles being written by each of the major press agencies, and survey newspaper publishers to determine the degree of control placed over newspaper readability level. There also appeared to be readability level differences between the rural non-metropolitan and the suburban non-metropolitan newspapers. Further researchers might thus construct three strata based on newspaper circulation. Within each stratum, future divisions based on geographic area might also be made. If the newspaper is to be utilized to its greatest advantage as a means of mass communication it must be reviewed in the educational as well as the journalistic context. Summa y The average front page article readability level was equivalent to the ninth-tenth grade school achievement level. Significant differences in readability level were discovered between metropolitan and non-metropolitan newspapers. International news items were written at a higher readability level than articles describing local events, crimes, and tragedies. REFERENCES 1. Chall, Jeanne S. Readability: An Appraisal of Research and Application. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University, Conant, J. B. Education in the Junior High School Years. Princeton: Educational Testing Service, Dale, E. and Jeanne S. Chall. A Formula for Predicting Readability: Instructions. Educational Research Bulletin 27:37-54, Klare, G. R. A Table for Rapid Determination of Dale-Chall Readability Scores. Educational Research Bulletin 31(2) :4347, Spache, G. D. Good Reading for Poor Readers. Champaign, Illinois: Gerrard Publishing Co., U.S. Census of Populations Detailed Characteristics. United SWs Sturnmay. Final Report PC (1)-1C-Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963, Table 76, p. 2.07
BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS PRODUCTION FOR THE PEROID JANUARY - SEPTEMBER 2010 AND CONTINUED EDITIONS IN 2010
BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS PRODUCTION FOR THE PEROID JANUARY - SEPTEMBER 2010 AND CONTINUED EDITIONS IN 2010 The National Statistical Institute represents data on the publishing production in the country (books
More informationPUBLISHING PRODUCTION IN 2016 (PUBLISHED BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS AND CONTINUED EDITIONS)
PUBLISHING PRODUCTION IN 2016 (PUBLISHED BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS AND CONTINUED EDITIONS) The National Statistical Institute annual publishes data for issued books and pamphlets, continued editions (newspapers,
More informationPUBLISHING PRODUCTION (PUBLISHED BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS AND CONTINUED EDITIONS IN 2012)
PUBLISHING PRODUCTION (PUBLISHED BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS AND CONTINUED EDITIONS IN 2012) The National Statistical Institute provides data for the published books and pamphlets, continued editions (newspapers,
More informationSample APA Paper for Students Interested in Learning APA Style 6 th Edition. Jeffrey H. Kahn. Illinois State University
Running head: SAMPLE FOR STUDENTS 1 Sample APA Paper for Students Interested in Learning APA Style 6 th Edition Jeffrey H. Kahn Illinois State University Author Note Jeffrey H. Kahn, Department of Psychology,
More informationPUBLISHING PRODUCTION IN 2013 (PUBLISHED BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS AND CONTINUED EDITIONS) 1. Published books and pamphlets in 2013
PUBLISHING PRODUCTION IN 2013 (PUBLISHED BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS AND CONTINUED EDITIONS) The National Statistical Institute provides data for the published books and pamphlets, continued editions (newspapers,
More informationexpressed on operational issues are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the U.S. Census Bureau.
Quality Control of Data Entry for the American Community Survey and the Impact of Errors on Data Quality 1 Andre Williams, Dale Garrett and Rita Petroni Andre Williams, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington,
More informationMargin of Error. p(1 p) n 0.2(0.8) 900. Since about 95% of the data will fall within almost two standard deviations, we will use the formula
Name Margin of Error A survey of a sample population gathers information from a few people and then the results are used to reflect the opinions of a larger population. The reason that researchers and
More informationBARB Establishment Survey Annual Data Report: Volume 1 Total Network and Appendices
BARB Establishment Survey Annual Data Report: Volume 1 Total Network and Appendices Apr 2017 to Mar 2018 BARB ESTABLISHMENT SURVEY OF TV HOMES Page 1 DATA PERIOD: ANNUAL Apr 2017 - Mar 2018 Contents Page
More informationAlgebra I Module 2 Lessons 1 19
Eureka Math 2015 2016 Algebra I Module 2 Lessons 1 19 Eureka Math, Published by the non-profit Great Minds. Copyright 2015 Great Minds. No part of this work may be reproduced, distributed, modified, sold,
More informationSampling Plans. Sampling Plan - Variable Physical Unit Sample. Sampling Application. Sampling Approach. Universe and Frame Information
Sampling Plan - Variable Physical Unit Sample Sampling Application AUDIT TYPE: REVIEW AREA: SAMPLING OBJECTIVE: Sampling Approach Type of Sampling: Why Used? Check All That Apply: Confidence Level: Desired
More informationEstimating. Proportions with Confidence. Chapter 10. Copyright 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Estimating Chapter 10 Proportions with Confidence Copyright 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Principal Idea: Survey 150 randomly selected students and 41% think marijuana should be
More informationBARB Establishment Survey Quarterly Data Report: Total Network
BARB Establishment Survey Quarterly Data Report: Total Network Jan 2018 to Mar 2018 BARB ESTABLISHMENT SURVEY OF TV HOMES DATA PERIOD: QUARTERLY Jan - Mar 2018 Page 1 Contents Page Total Network (All Areas)
More informationMATH 214 (NOTES) Math 214 Al Nosedal. Department of Mathematics Indiana University of Pennsylvania. MATH 214 (NOTES) p. 1/3
MATH 214 (NOTES) Math 214 Al Nosedal Department of Mathematics Indiana University of Pennsylvania MATH 214 (NOTES) p. 1/3 CHAPTER 1 DATA AND STATISTICS MATH 214 (NOTES) p. 2/3 Definitions. Statistics is
More informationBefore the Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) REPORT ON CABLE INDUSTRY PRICES
Before the Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554 In the Matter of Implementation of Section 3 of the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992 Statistical Report
More informationChoral Sight-Singing Practices: Revisiting a Web-Based Survey
Demorest (2004) International Journal of Research in Choral Singing 2(1). Sight-singing Practices 3 Choral Sight-Singing Practices: Revisiting a Web-Based Survey Steven M. Demorest School of Music, University
More informationWHAT'S HOT: LINEAR POPULARITY PREDICTION FROM TV AND SOCIAL USAGE DATA Jan Neumann, Xiaodong Yu, and Mohamad Ali Torkamani Comcast Labs
WHAT'S HOT: LINEAR POPULARITY PREDICTION FROM TV AND SOCIAL USAGE DATA Jan Neumann, Xiaodong Yu, and Mohamad Ali Torkamani Comcast Labs Abstract Large numbers of TV channels are available to TV consumers
More informationIntroduction: Use of electronic information resources
Introduction: Use of electronic information resources This guide highlights some of the most important general reference resources available both in hardcopy in the University Library and via our electronic
More informationThe History of the Comité de Cooperación entre Bibliotecas Universitarias (CCBU) in Guatemala
The History of the Comité de Cooperación entre Bibliotecas Universitarias (CCBU) in Guatemala Presented by Dr. Samuel Berberián during the celebration of CCBU's XX Anniversary. Guatemala, May 2003. Transcribed
More informationChapter 7: RV's & Probability Distributions
Chapter 7: RV's & Probability Distributions Name 1. Professor Mean is planning the big Statistics Department Super Bowl party. Statisticians take pride in their variability, and it is not certain what
More informationCOMP Test on Psychology 320 Check on Mastery of Prerequisites
COMP Test on Psychology 320 Check on Mastery of Prerequisites This test is designed to provide you and your instructor with information on your mastery of the basic content of Psychology 320. The results
More informationWhy t? TEACHER NOTES MATH NSPIRED. Math Objectives. Vocabulary. About the Lesson
Math Objectives Students will recognize that when the population standard deviation is unknown, it must be estimated from the sample in order to calculate a standardized test statistic. Students will recognize
More informationThe Historian and Archival Finding Aids
Georgia Archive Volume 5 Number 1 Article 7 January 1977 The Historian and Archival Finding Aids Michael E. Stevens University of Wisconsin Madison Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/georgia_archive
More informationAutomatic Analysis of Musical Lyrics
Merrimack College Merrimack ScholarWorks Honors Senior Capstone Projects Honors Program Spring 2018 Automatic Analysis of Musical Lyrics Joanna Gormley Merrimack College, gormleyjo@merrimack.edu Follow
More informationPierson Middle School Summer Reading
Pierson Middle School Summer Reading Summer is a great time to relax, have fun and read a good book. Reading over the summer is critical to helping maintain good reading skills. Below you can find Pierson
More informationSAMPLE COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT POLICY
This is an example of a collection development policy; as with all policies it must be reviewed by appropriate authorities. The text is taken, with minimal modifications from (Adapted from http://cityofpasadena.net/library/about_the_library/collection_developm
More information22-27 August 2004 Buenos Aires, Argentina
World Library and Information Congress: 70th IFLA General Conference and Council 22-27 August 2004 Buenos Aires, Argentina Programme: http://www.ifla.org/iv/ifla70/prog04.htm Code Number: 041-E Meeting:
More informationSTAT 113: Statistics and Society Ellen Gundlach, Purdue University. (Chapters refer to Moore and Notz, Statistics: Concepts and Controversies, 8e)
STAT 113: Statistics and Society Ellen Gundlach, Purdue University (Chapters refer to Moore and Notz, Statistics: Concepts and Controversies, 8e) Learning Objectives for Exam 1: Unit 1, Part 1: Population
More informationThe Genrefication of an Elementary School Library
The Genrefication of an Elementary School Library Saskatchewan School Library Association THE MEDIUM SPRING/SUMMER 2018 Sophie Long St. Bernadette School The Genrefication of an Elementary School Library
More informationGlossary of Rhetorical Terms*
Glossary of Rhetorical Terms* Analyze To divide something into parts in order to understand both the parts and the whole. This can be done by systems analysis (where the object is divided into its interconnected
More informationDissertation proposals should contain at least three major sections. These are:
Writing A Dissertation / Thesis Importance The dissertation is the culmination of the Ph.D. student's research training and the student's entry into a research or academic career. It is done under the
More informationMR. PLINY, that most ancient of encyclopedists,
By WALTER YUST The Revision of Encyclopedias The editor of the "Encyclopaedia Britannica," gave the Reference Librarians Subsection of the A.C.R.L.j at the Chicago midwinter conference, an inside view
More informationA QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF CATALOG USE
Ben-Ami Lipetz Head, Research Department Yale University Library New Haven, Connecticut A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF CATALOG USE Among people who are concerned with the management of libraries, it is now almost
More informationRunning head: COMMUNITY ANALYSIS. Community Analysis: Wheaton Public Library Sarah Breslaw Towson University
Running head: 1 Community Analysis: Wheaton Public Library Sarah Breslaw Towson University 2 Community Analysis Wheaton Public Library The Wheaton library, also known as Wheaton Regional Library, is located
More informationBox Plots. So that I can: look at large amount of data in condensed form.
LESSON 5 Box Plots LEARNING OBJECTIVES Today I am: creating box plots. So that I can: look at large amount of data in condensed form. I ll know I have it when I can: make observations about the data based
More informationDesign Document Ira Bray
Description of the Instructional Problem In most public libraries volunteers play an important role in supporting staff. The volunteer services can be varied, some involve Friends of the Library book sales
More informationsecundaria EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM YEAR PROGRAM FOR 9 TH GRADE The mountain s eyes 10 arts movements you should know
secundaria EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM YEAR 2015-2016 PROGRAM FOR 9 TH GRADE The mountain s eyes 10 arts movements you should know 2 PURPOSES In accordance with Decreto Foral 25/2007, 19th of March, this educational
More informationPublic Perceptions About Artists A Report of Survey Findings for the Nation and Nine Metropolitan Areas
Public Perceptions About Artists A Report of Survey Findings for the Nation and Nine Metropolitan Areas Princeton Survey Research Associates for The Urban Institute Artists in the U.S. have an image problem.
More informationReviews of earlier editions
Reviews of earlier editions Statistics in medicine ( 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Statist. Med., 16, 2627Ð2631 (1997) STATISTICS AT SQUARE ONE. Ninth Edition, revised by M. J. Campbell, T. D. V. Swinscow,
More informationDear Rising Eighth Grade Students,
Dear Rising Eighth Grade Students, During the past year, all of you have worked diligently and produced outstanding work, from your main lesson books to your independent research projects and puppet show.
More informationOpen access press vs traditional university presses on Amazon
Open access press vs traditional university presses on Amazon Rory McGreal (PhD),* Edward Acqua** * Professor & Assoc. VP, Research at Athabasca University. ** Analyst, Institutional Studies section of
More informationin the Howard County Public School System and Rocketship Education
Technical Appendix May 2016 DREAMBOX LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT GROWTH in the Howard County Public School System and Rocketship Education Abstract In this technical appendix, we present analyses of the relationship
More informationNorthern Ireland: setting the scene
Northern Ireland: setting the scene Key facts about Northern Ireland Figure Nation UK Population 1,779m (mid-2009 estimate); population is estimated to have risen by 5.6%, or 94,000 people, since 2001
More informationPeriodical Usage in an Education-Psychology Library
LAWRENCE J. PERK and NOELLE VAN PULIS Periodical Usage in an Education-Psychology Library A study was conducted of periodical usage at the Education-Psychology Library, Ohio State University. The library's
More informationCopper Valley Community Library COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT POLICY
Copper Valley Community Library COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT POLICY I. Purpose The purpose of this collection development policy is to ensure that the collection, materials and electronic access, supports and
More informationDear Parents: Students may select a novel from a variety of sources, including:
Dear Parents: Your student has requested the 6th Grade Pre-AP English course for the upcoming school year. The purpose of this course is to offer promising students challenging work that will prepare them
More information2 Books. Library sources may consist of: Books. Magazines. Journals WWW. Newspapers
General Reference Works Reference sources that can help you in your search for information on a specific topic are kept in the library. There are various kinds of sources available in the library and each
More informationMENC: The National Association for Music Education
MENC: The National Association for Music Education Teaching Clarinet Fingerings with Teaching Machines Author(s): Leslie E. Woelflin Reviewed work(s): Source: Journal of Research in Music Education, Vol.
More informationThe Urbana Free Library Patron Survey. Final Report
The Urbana Free Library Patron Survey Final Report CIRSS Center for Informatics Research in Science and Scholarship Graduate School of Library and Information Science University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
More informationContent analysis of daily newspapers in the eighth and ninth governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran in terms of books and reading
Humanities and Social Sciences 2014; 2(6): 143-147 Published online October 20, 2014 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/hss) doi: 10.11648/j.hss.20140206.12 ISSN: 2330-8176 (Print); ISSN: 2330-8184
More informationNorthern Dakota County Cable Communications Commission ~
Northern Dakota County Cable Communications Commission ~ Cable Subscriber Survey April 2014 This document presents data, analysis and interpretation of study findings by Group W Communications, L.L.C.
More informationGrade 4. Physical Science Module. Physics of Sound
Grade 4 Physical Science Module Physics of Sound In a code such as 5.2.4.D.1, the 5 indicates the science standards, the 2 indicates the physical science standard within the set of science standards, the
More informationACTIVITY: Scavenger Hunts - 12 Life Skill Topics. Competency Area: All
ACTIVITY: Scavenger Hunts - 12 Life Skill Topics Competency Area: All Activity Objective: Students use scanning skills to locate specific items in the newspaper. Newspaper section: All SPL Level: 2, 3,
More informationMore About Regression
Regression Line for the Sample Chapter 14 More About Regression is spoken as y-hat, and it is also referred to either as predicted y or estimated y. b 0 is the intercept of the straight line. The intercept
More informationBBC Trust Review of the BBC s Speech Radio Services
BBC Trust Review of the BBC s Speech Radio Services Research Report February 2015 March 2015 A report by ICM on behalf of the BBC Trust Creston House, 10 Great Pulteney Street, London W1F 9NB enquiries@icmunlimited.com
More informationSerial Publications [ PAUL L. BERRY
Serial Publications PAUL L. BERRY WITHINLIBRARY TECHNOLOGY, serial publications have been considered traditionally as a separately distinguishable library resource because there are differences in their
More informationRagyor Readability Estimate
Across Five Aprils By Irene Hunt (Berkley JAM edition, 2002) Ragyor Readability Estimate PURPOSE OF THE STRATEGY Devised by Alton Raygor (1977), this readability formula is designed specifically for middle/secondary
More informationDepartment of American Studies M.A. thesis requirements
Department of American Studies M.A. thesis requirements I. General Requirements The requirements for the Thesis in the Department of American Studies (DAS) fit within the general requirements holding for
More informationThe state of Television Stringers in India
26 July 2010/Bhubaneswar/Odisha/India Questions asked by: Answered by: An international media researcher. Mr. Nilambar Rath, General Manager- News, Kanak TV, Eastern Media Group, Bhubaneswar (Odisha).
More informationGuidelines for Manuscript Preparation for Advanced Biomedical Engineering
Guidelines for Manuscript Preparation for Advanced Biomedical Engineering May, 2012. Editorial Board of Advanced Biomedical Engineering Japanese Society for Medical and Biological Engineering 1. Introduction
More informationWhat is Statistics? 13.1 What is Statistics? Statistics
13.1 What is Statistics? What is Statistics? The collection of all outcomes, responses, measurements, or counts that are of interest. A portion or subset of the population. Statistics Is the science of
More informationComparing Books Held by Japanese Public Libraries: Outsourcing versus Local Government Management
Comparing Books Held by Japanese Public Libraries: Outsourcing versus Local Government Management Yuhiro Mizunuma Graduate School of Library, Information and Media Studies, University of Tsukuba, Japan
More informationMAYWOOD PUBLIC SCHOOLS Maywood, New Jersey. LIBRARY MEDIA CENTER CURRICULUM Kindergarten - Grade 8. Curriculum Guide May, 2009
MAYWOOD PUBLIC SCHOOLS Maywood, New Jersey LIBRARY MEDIA CENTER CURRICULUM Kindergarten - Grade 8 Curriculum Guide May, 2009 Approved by the Maywood Board of Education, 2009 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Mission
More informationCollection Development Policy
Collection Development Policy Policy Statement This policy serves to assist library staff in building a diverse collection of materials that meets the reading, listening and viewing needs of its patrons.
More informationREACHING THE UN-REACHABLE
UNITED STATES REACHING THE UN-REACHABLE 5 MYTHS ABOUT THOSE WHO WATCH LITTLE TO NO TV SHIFT HAPPENS. IT S WELL DOCUMENTED. U.S. HOMES IN MILLIONS Cable Telco Satellite We Project MVPDs Will Lose About
More informationUsing computer technology-frustrations abound
42 Spring Joint Computer Conference, 1969 into a manual system; but it is hard to see how savings can be effectuated by a computer at this point unless we can get machine readable input ready-made from
More information1. MORTALITY AT ADVANCED AGES IN SPAIN MARIA DELS ÀNGELS FELIPE CHECA 1 COL LEGI D ACTUARIS DE CATALUNYA
1. MORTALITY AT ADVANCED AGES IN SPAIN BY MARIA DELS ÀNGELS FELIPE CHECA 1 COL LEGI D ACTUARIS DE CATALUNYA 2. ABSTRACT We have compiled national data for people over the age of 100 in Spain. We have faced
More informationRequirements and editorial norms for work presentations
Novedades en Población journal Requirements and editorial norms for work presentations These requirements and norms aim to standardize the presentation of articles that are to be submitted to the evaluating
More informationThe Financial Counseling and Planning Indexing Project: Establishing a Correlation Between Indexing, Total Citations, and Library Holdings
The Financial Counseling and Planning Indexing Project: Establishing a Correlation Between Indexing, Total Citations, and Library Holdings Paul J. Kelsey The researcher hypothesized that increasing the
More informationThe EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive and its transposition into national law a comparative study of the 27 Member States
The EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive and its transposition into national law a comparative study of the 27 Member States Member State: France Act relative to audio-visual communication and to the
More informationAnnotated Bibliography
Annotated Bibliography You will be creating an annotated bibliography pertaining to the topic you have chosen to research. This bibliography will consist of a minimum of 5 sources and annotations. Your
More informationLIBRARY SKILLS MIDTERM. 1. Review the first five units. Read the review material for the midterm.
LIBRARY SKILLS MIDTERM 1. Review the first five units. Read the review material for the midterm. 2. Complete the Midterm by logging into Blackboard from the Library Skills webpage. Instructions are available
More informationHow to write & publish your research results
How to write & publish your research results S. Wahyuni, MD, PhD Dept. Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Hasanuddin University How to write and publish research article / SWahyuni/2015 1 A well-written
More informationTerm Paper Handout: America Afire, by Bernard Weisberger
1 Term Paper Handout: America Afire, by Bernard Weisberger The Basics In Weeks 10 and 11 there are two special class discussions of your term paper book, America Afire, by Bernard Weisberger. Come to class
More informationLesson 7: Measuring Variability for Skewed Distributions (Interquartile Range)
: Measuring Variability for Skewed Distributions (Interquartile Range) Student Outcomes Students explain why a median is a better description of a typical value for a skewed distribution. Students calculate
More informationThumbs Down 2018: Film Critics and Gender, and Why It Matters
Thumbs Down 2018: Film Critics and Gender, and Why It Matters by Martha M. Lauzen, Ph.D. Copyright 2018 All rights reserved. First conducted in 2007, Thumbs Down is the most comprehensive and longest-running
More information(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2005/ A1
(19) United States US 20050008347A1 (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2005/0008347 A1 Jung et al. (43) Pub. Date: Jan. 13, 2005 (54) METHOD OF PROCESSING SUBTITLE STREAM, REPRODUCING
More informationAligned with Reading Comprehension Skills
Question Stems Aligned with Reading Comprehension Skills 5.1 (A) Balance fiction/literature with informative/expository text. 5.2 (A) *In paragraph of this story, what does the word mean? *Wha is the root
More informationAutomatic Classification of Reference Service Records
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2013) 000 000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia 3 rd International Conference on Integrated Information (IC-ININFO)
More informationThe Influence of Visual Metaphor Advertising Types on Recall and Attitude According to Congruity-Incongruity
Volume 118 No. 19 2018, 2435-2449 ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.ijpam.eu ijpam.eu The Influence of Visual Metaphor Advertising Types on Recall and
More informationDistribution of Data and the Empirical Rule
302360_File_B.qxd 7/7/03 7:18 AM Page 1 Distribution of Data and the Empirical Rule 1 Distribution of Data and the Empirical Rule Stem-and-Leaf Diagrams Frequency Distributions and Histograms Normal Distributions
More informationfolder marker book folder notebook box of index cards binder scissors pencil eraser SCHOOL SUPPLIES
SCHOOL SUPPLIES Beginning Vocabulary Directions: Draw a line to match each word with the correct picture. Then write the name of the school supply next to the picture. marker folder book folder notebook
More informationTHE CLOZE PROCEDURE AS A MEASURE OF THE READING COMPREHENSION OF POETRY
THE CLOZE PROCEDURE AS A MEASURE OF THE READING COMPREHENSION OF POETRY Item type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Edwards, Robert Durgin, 1930- Publisher Rights The University of Arizona.
More informationREQUIREMENTS FOR MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY CLINICAL/COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY
Francis Marion University Department of Psychology PO Box 100547 Florence, South Carolina 29502-0547 Phone: 843-661-1378 Fax: 843-661-1628 Email: psychdesk@fmarion.edu REQUIREMENTS FOR MASTER OF SCIENCE
More information2009 Review of the Anti-Siphoning Scheme
23 October 2009 Sport on Television Review Commercial Broadcasting Section Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy By email: sportontvreview@dbcde.gov.au 2009 Review of the Anti-Siphoning
More informationWhat Is an APA-Style Essay?
http://bellevuecollege.edu/asc/writing What Is an APA-Style Essay? APA (American Psychological Association) style is used mostly for writing in the social sciences, but especially in psychology courses.
More informationMUSIC AND MEMORY. Jessica Locke Megan Draughn Olivia Cotton James Segodnia Caitlin Annas
MUSIC AND MEMORY Jessica Locke Megan Draughn Olivia Cotton James Segodnia Caitlin Annas INTRODUCTION Purpose: Does listening to music while studying affect recall ability? Independent Variable: music condition
More informationAnalysis of data from the pilot exercise to develop bibliometric indicators for the REF
February 2011/03 Issues paper This report is for information This analysis aimed to evaluate what the effect would be of using citation scores in the Research Excellence Framework (REF) for staff with
More informationWales. BBC in the nations
Wales The BBC s expenditure in Wales during /16 was 177.7 million across all services and platforms. Total expenditure represents an increase of 8.5 million on network content and 1.7 million on local
More informationRunning head: THIS IS THE RUNNING HEAD IN 50 CHARACTERS OR LESS
Running head: THIS IS THE RUNNING HEAD IN 50 CHARACTERS OR LESS (The running head is what gets printed across the top of journal pages. It literally begins with the words "Running head." The 50 characters
More informationCalifornia High School Exit Examination. Writing REMINDERS
REMINDERS Write your response to the writing task below. You may give your writing a title if you like, but it is not necessary. You may NOT use a dictionary. If you do not know how to spell a word, sound
More informationCollege to. a University Library
ROBERT P. HARO Soine Probleins in the Conversion of a College to. a University Library While the statistical planning process involved in converting a college to a university library has been described
More informationGovernment Unit 3 Performance Task Analysis and Argumentative Writing: Foreign Affairs Paragraph
Government Unit 3 Performance Task Analysis and Argumentative Writing: Foreign Affairs Paragraph Step # 1: Choose a foreign affairs topic from the list below, or suggest an alternative with Mr. H. Step
More informationJournal of the American Helicopter Society
Journal of the American Helicopter Society AHS Journal Manuscript Specifications (For final submissions to the Journal) Length Final manuscripts for the Journal must be a concise as possible and, unless
More informationFifth Grade Summer Reading
AcadeMir Charter Schools Fifth Grade Summer Reading DUE DATE: First Day of School FIFTH GRADE CHOOSE ONE These books are for students who are entering Fifth Grade. Book report is due the first day of school.
More informationTRAC Library E-book Services for Teenagers. A Pilot Awareness and Attitude Market Research Survey. May 2015
Library E-book Services for Teenagers A Pilot Awareness and Attitude Market Research Survey. May 2015 About TRAC TRAC (Teen Reading Action Campaign) is a small charity created in 2014 to promote reading
More informationDon t Skip the Commercial: Televisions in California s Business Sector
Don t Skip the Commercial: Televisions in California s Business Sector George Jiang, Tom Mayer, and Jean Shelton, Itron, Inc. Lisa Paulo, California Public Utilities Commission ABSTRACT The prevalence
More informationA Review of Turabian 8th Edition Changes From the Turabian 7th Edition
A Review of Turabian 8th Edition Changes From the Turabian 7th Edition The majority of the changes in the Turabian 8th Edition are in regard to formatting online resources. Additionally, many subsections
More informationFrequently Asked Questions
Frequently Asked Questions General Information 1. Does DICTION run on a Mac? A Mac version is in our plans but is not yet available. Currently, DICTION runs on Windows on a PC. 2. Can DICTION run on a
More informationCOLLECTION DEVELOPMENT
10-16-14 POL G-1 Mission of the Library Providing trusted information and resources to connect people, ideas and community. In a democratic society that depends on the free flow of information, the Brown
More informationStudent Guide to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association Vol. 5
APA Short Guide 1 Student Guide to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association Vol. 5 1. Use margins of 1 inch (2.54 cm) on all sides and a line length of no more than 6.5 in (16.51
More information