Referencing. A guide to Harvard referencing Suitable for all students except those studying a Higher Education course linked with a partner university

Transcription

1 Bridgwater & Taunton College Learning Resources Centre Referencing A guide to Harvard referencing Suitable for all students except those studying a Higher Education course linked with a partner university April 2015

2 Contents Introduction 1 Who is this guide suitable for? What is referencing? Why do I need to reference? What do I need to reference? How does the Harvard Scheme work? Citing in the text 2 Quotations Pagination (page numbers) Other examples of citing in the text Harvard in action! 5 Constructing a bibliography/reference list 6 at the end of your work Examples of printed resources 6 Examples of online/digital/electronic resources 11 Reference list or bibliography? 15 Example reference list 15 Further information 16 Index 17

3 Introduction 1. Who is this guide suitable for? This guide has been written for students studying: Further Education courses at Bridgwater College EdExcel HE courses It is not suitable for Plymouth University, Oxford Brookes University, UWE or UCLAN students. These students should refer to the guides printed by their own universities. 2. What is referencing? It is a system that allows you to indicate where you have used ideas, theories, quotes and information, originally produced by someone else, in your own essays or assignments. 3. Why do I need to reference? Referencing makes sure you give credit to the sources and authors you have used to support your own work. It helps to avoid plagiarism (this is using someone else s work as if it were your own- which is basically a form of stealing). Referencing your sources provides evidence of the amount of work you have done. It allows other people to refer to the same sources you have used. Marks are often allocated for referencing. 4. What do I need to reference? Anything you use in your own work which was originally produced by someone else needs to be acknowledged by referencing it correctly. The following are a few examples: Quotations Paraphrased text (where you have taken someone else s words but have changed them into your own) Summarised text (listing the main points of someone else s work) Theories and ideas Statistics Images, photographs, pictures, graphs, Videos (e.g Youtube, Ted talks), podcasts Broadcasts and films Music 1

4 5. How does the Harvard Scheme work? There are two places in your work where you need to show that you have used the work of others: In the main part of your work (called in-text referencing or citing), where you indicate the exact point where you have referred to the work of someone else. At the end of your work, in a bibliography or reference list. This is where you list all of the sources you have used and give full details so others can find the sources for themselves if they wish to. Citing in the text This applies to all resources, both print and online. In the Harvard System all you need to do is refer to the author, date of publication and page numbers (if appropriate) in the main text of your work. Whoever reads your work will then be able to locate the full details of the items you have used by looking at the alphabetical list of references (your reference list or bibliography) at the end. For example: In the text of your essay or assignment According to Bell (2003) the most important part of the research process is. In the bibliography at the end Bell, J. (2003) Doing your research project. 3 rd edition. Buckingham: Open University Press. If you are referring to the ideas of another author but the name of the author does not occur naturally in your work, as in the example above, then it can be added in brackets with a date at the end of a sentence. It should always appear before the full stop. For example: Customer compatibility management emphasises the controllability of customer interaction in the higher education environment (Rowley, 1996). 2

5 Quotations If you are quoting directly from a text (using exactly the same words as the author) you must use double quotation marks. If the quote is less than a line long it may be included in the main body of your work (a). Longer quotations (b), usually more than two lines, should be separated from your text by indenting it, using single spacing and also using double quotation marks. For example: a) As Woods (1999, 21) said good practices must be taught and so we. Pagination (page numbers) When using a quotation from a specific page of a resource, the relevant page number must be given in the citation. For example: (Wood, 1998, 149) when referring to a single page (Wood, 1998, ) when referring to a range of pages For ereaders, where pagination is rarely present, use chapter headings instead. When citing webpages, pagination is not required. Paraphrases or summaries Insert the citation where it occurs naturally or at the end of the relevant sentence or paragraph. Page numbers are not required. Diagrams, illustrations, photographs These should be referenced in the same way as quotations therefore page numbers should be included after the date. Diagrams, illustrations etc. are usually listed in a piece of work by figure number. Other examples of citing in the text a) If there are 2 authors, both surnames should be used For example: b) Talk to young children tends to be stimulated by and contingent upon the child s perceived level of understanding and interest (Wood, 1998, 149) Recent research carried out by Wilson and Davies (2011) shows clearly the decline in... 3

6 b) Where there are more than 2 authors the surname of the first author should be given followed by et al: For example: The most effective way of learning is by doing (Kirby et al. 1998, 36). c) Websites If the page has an author (or authors) proceed in the same way as citing books. If it is a corporate website, use the corporate author (usually the name of the website itself). For example: Eighty per cent of the earth s forests have been destroyed and those that remain are under threat (Greenpeace, 2012). IMPORTANT Do not insert the web address (or URL) into the text of your work. d) Citing more than one work by the same author, published in the same year These can be distinguished by adding lower case letters (a, b, c, d etc.) after the year and within the brackets. For example: Jenkins states quite clearly that (1998a) Jenkins states quite clearly that (1998a) e) If more than one reference is given at the same point in the text, they should be listed chronologically. For example: Recent research would seem to indicate that (Williams, 2008; Leigh, 2010; Potter, 2012) 4

7 Harvard in Action! Below is an example of the Harvard scheme in action. Here you can see where the author is indicating (in-text citation or citing) where they have referred to (or quoted) the ideas or works of others by inserting the names and dates of publication of the works they have used. Sometimes, both the names and dates will appear in brackets. On other occasions, only the date is in brackets because the author of the original work has been directly referred to in the text. These names will then coincide with the alphabetical bibliography or reference list at the end of the text. Leadership is complex, comprising many definitions and qualities (Grimm, 2010). One definition of leadership is a multifaceted process of identifying a goal, motivating other people to act, and providing support and motivation to achieve mutually negotiated goals (Porter-O Grady, 2003). Leadership, specifically in clinical practice, has been defined as direct involvement in clinical care while constantly influencing others to improve the care they provide (Cook, 1999). The Department of Health (2007) suggests that the essence of clinical leadership is to motivate, to inspire, to promote the values of the National Health Service (NHS), to empower and create a consistent focus on the needs of the patients being served. A leader s role is to elicit effective performance from others. This involves leading and influencing the development of shared values, vision and expectations to enhance their organisation s planned goals and overall effectiveness (Feather, 2009). Traditionally, leaders were seen as having different personality traits from those of followers (Winkler, 2010). Grimm (2010) described these traits as confidence, purpose, courage, ethical fitness and ability to prioritise. Reference List Cook, M. J. (1999) Improving care requires leadership in nursing. Nurse Education Today. 19 (4) Department of Health (2007) Our NHS, Our Future. The Stationary Office. Feather, R. (2009) Emotional intelligence in relation to nursing leadership: does it matter? Journal of Nursing Management. 17 (3) Grimm, J. W. (2010) Effective leadership; making the difference. Journal of Emergency Nursing. 36 (1) Porter-O Grady, T (2003) A different age for leadership, part 1: new context, new content. Journal of Nursing Administration. 33 (2) Winkler, I. (2010) Contemporary leadership theories. Heidelberg: Springer (The above is an excerpt from Giltinane, C. L. (2013) Leadership styles and theories. Nursing Standard, 27 (41) ) 5

8 Constructing a bibliography/reference list at the end of your work Examples of printed sources Printed books Information for book references should be taken from the title page (front and back) of the book and not the front cover as these can sometimes vary slightly. The information required for a book reference is:- Author(s), editor(s) or the organisation responsible for writing the book. Year of publication in round brackets. If more than one edition has been published, give the year of the edition you are using. Title (and subtitle if any). The title (and subtitle) should be in italics Edition (if not the first) Place of publication (the city or town). If more than one place is listed, use the first. Name of publisher Title Publisher & place of publication Edition Author(s) Date of publication Publisher Front of title page Back of title page 6

9 Book with one author Author s Surname, INITIALS. (Year of publication) Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher. Dunbar, R. (2004) The human story: a new history of mankind s evolution. London: Faber and Faber. Book with two authors Author s Surname, INITIALS. and Author s Surname, INITIALS (Year of publication) Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of Publication: Publisher. Gregory, P. and Mursell, I. (2010) Manual of clinical paramedic procedures. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Book with three or more authors All of the author's names should be included in the reference list at end of your work. They should be listed in the same order they appear on the title page. Insert and before the last named author. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2012) Research methods for business students. 6 th edition. Harlow: Pearson Education. 7

10 Book with an editor Editor s Surname, INITIALS. (ed.) (Year of publication) Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher. Beckley, P. (ed.) (2012) Learning in early childhood. London: Sage. Publication from a corporate body (e.g. a government Department or other organisation Name of issuing body (Year of publication) Title of Publication. Place of publication: Publisher, Report number (where relevant). Office for National Statistics (2005) Family spending: a report on the Expenditure and Food Survey. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Contribution or chapter in a book Contributing Author s Surname, INITIALS. (Year of Publication) Title of contribution. In: Surname, INITIALS. of author (or editor of publication followed by ed. or eds. if appropriate). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, Page number(s) of contribution. Lomax, J. (2011) Coaching in adventure education. In: Berry, M. and Hodgson, C. (eds.) Adventure education: an introduction. Abingdon: Routledge,

11 Printed journal and magazine articles The information required for a journal or magazine article reference is as follows: Author(s) of the article, in the order they are given in the article Year of publication in round brackets Title of the article Title of the journal in italics Volume and issue number/month/season (issue number, month or season should be in round brackets) Pages of the article The information can usually be found on the cover of the journal or magazine, on the spine or on the editorial page (usually the first page after the cover). Journal/magazine article (paper format) Author s Surname, INITIALS. (Year of publication) Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume number (part number) Page numbers of article. Main, J. (2012) Biological treatments for mental disorders. Psychology Review, 17 (4) 2-5. Some magazines do not have volume numbers and may have issue numbers and/or other time indicators such as a month. In such cases proceed as follows: Kimberley,W. (2012) Hitting a moving target. Race Tech International (August 142)

12 Newspaper article (paper format) Author s Surname, INITIALS. (Year of publication) Title of article. Title of newspaper, Day Month Year, Page number/s Harvey, F. (2012) Resurgence of coal puts climate change at risk. The Guardian, 29 October, 25. Printed maps Originator s Surname, INITIALS., (Year of publication) Title, [map] Series (if applicable), Scale (should normally be given as a ratio). Place of publication: Publisher. Ordnance Survey (2005) Weston-super-Mare, Bridgwater and Wells. [map] Landranger series, sheet 272, 1: Southampton: Ordnance Survey. Thesis (dissertations & projects) Author s Surname, INITIALS. (Year of publication) Title of thesis. Qualification level. Name of institution. Examples of type of qualification = PhD, BSc, MA, Diploma (Dip.) Tucker, S. A., (1994) Design and installation of a staff appraisal scheme in a health care company. (Dip). University of the West of England, Bristol. 10

13 Conference papers/proceedings Author s Surname, INITIALS. (Year of publication) Title of conference paper. Followed by In: Surname, INITIALS., of editor of proceedings (if applicable) followed by ed. or eds. if relevant. Title of conference including date and place of conference. Place of publication: Publisher, Page numbers of contribution. Holst, B. (1999) What is a world without enrichment? In: Hare, V. J., Worley, K. E. and Myers, K. Proceedings of the fourth international conference on environmental enrichment, 29 th August - 3 September 1999 Edinburgh Zoo, Scotland. San Diego, CA: Shape of Enrichment, Examples of online/digital/electronic resources The information required for references to online/electronic sources of information are very similar to printed sources; for example, author, title, date of publication and publisher details. However, extra information is given to indicate that the source was accessed online. This would usually be the URL address and the date the resource was last accessed. The examples below give details of how to reference the most commonly used online resources. Electronic books (ebooks): Author s/editor s Surname, INITIALS. (Year of publication) Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher. Available from: core URL [Accessed date]. Bennett, P., Kendall, A. and McDougall, J. (2011) After the media: culture and identity in the 21 st century. London: Routledge. Available from: [Accessed 17 Aug 2012]. 11

14 ebook downloaded to an e-reader Author s/editor s Surname, INITIALS. (Year of publication) Title. Edition (if not the first). [Type of E-reader]. Place of publication: Publisher. Ollin, R. and Tucker, J. (2012) The vocational assessor handbook: including a guide to the QCF units for assessment and internal quality assurance (IQA). 5 th edition. [Kindle]. London: Kogan Page. Journal article (online) If you reference an article downloaded from a journal database use the core URL of the database. For all other online articles, quote the full URL. Author s Surname, INITIALS. (Year of publication) Title of article. Journal title, volume (issue), page numbers (if available). Available from: core URL [Accessed date]. Jones, T. (2010) Warehousing & storage safety. Professional Safety, 55 (6) Available from: [Accessed 22 May 2012]. Newspaper article (online) If the newspaper article is from a journal database use the core URL. If it is from any other source, quote the full URL. Author s Surname, INITIALS. (or Newspaper title) (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of newspaper, Day and month, Page number/s. Available from: core URL [Accessed date]. Hughes, F. (2008) Chilling memories. The Times, 10 March, 2. Available from: [Accessed 11 March 2008]. 12 2

15 Documents and ebooks in PDF format Author s/editor s Surname, INITIALS. (Year of Publication). Title. Place of publication: Publisher (if ascertainable). Available from: URL [Accessed date]. Carr-West, J. (2012) Plugging the gap: the social core challenge. London: Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. Available from: data/assets/pdf_file/0006 /921516/RSA_PTG_The_social_care_challenge.pdf [Accessed: 2 November 2012]. Web pages/sites in HTML format If the webpage has a personal author use this as you would for any other type of resource. If there is no personal author, use the corporate author, or name of website. Author s/editor s Surname, INITIALS. (or name of website) (Year.) Title. Place of publication: Publisher (if ascertainable). Available from: URL [Accessed date]. Aitken, I. (2012) Documentary: Britain s greatest contribution to cinema? London: BFI Screenonline. Available from: Mobile index.html apps [Accessed 2 November 2012] Finding the publisher details and year can sometimes be difficult for websites. Try looking at the About Us or Contact pages of the website. The year can often be found at the very bottom of a webpage. Alternatively, right click on the page and look at the properties of the site. Often the date the page was last updated can be found here. IMPORTANT Citing websites in your text/work Do not include web addresses in the text of your work. You should cite the author of a webpage or the name of the website and year of publication exactly as you would for a book or magazine/journal article. 13

16 Video sharing websites (e.g. Youtube) Contributor or person responsible for uploading the video (Year of upload) Video title. Available from: URL [Accessed date] University of Derby (2012) A guide to Harvard Referencing. Available from: [Accessed 6 October 2014]. Podcasts Broadcaster s Surname, INITIALS. (or corporate author) (Year of broadcast) Title of podcast. [podcast] 28 October. Available from: [Accessed 29 October]. BBC Radio 4 (2014) Law in action: the spywatcher. [podcast] 28 October. Available from: _ a.mp3 [Accessed 29 October 2014]. 14

17 Reference list or bibliography? You will be asked to provide either a reference list or bibliography at the end of your work. Reference list this is a list of the resources you have cited (or referred to) in you text by placing in brackets the author s surname, year of publication and page numbers (if applicable) Bibliography This is a list of all the resources you have read whether you have cited any of them or not. Check with your teacher which method they prefer you to use. Some teachers like you to provide both; firstly a list of references (what you have actually cited) and then a bibliography of additional reading. Regardless of what you are asked to provide, the list should be in alphabetical order by author surname. If a resource doesn t have an author (either personal or corporate) then the title is used it must coincide with how you have cited your resources in your work. Important: The resources should not be split up into different types; it should be one list of all resources. Below is an example of a reference list using a selection of resources used in this guide. Reference List Aitken, I. (2012) Documentary: Britain s greatest contribution to cinema? London: BFI Screenonline. Available from: index.html [Accessed 2 November 2012] BBC Radio 4 (2014) Law in action: the spywatcher. [podcast] 28 October. Available from: [Accessed 29 October 2014]. Harvey, F. (2012) Resurgence of coal puts climate change at risk. The Guardian, 29 October, 25. Jones, T. (2010) Warehousing & storage safety. Professional Safety, 55 (6) Available from: [Accessed 22 May 2012]. Main, J. (2012) Biological treatments for mental disorders. Psychology Review, 17 (4) 2-5. Office for National Statistics (2005) Family spending: a report on the Expenditure and Food Survey. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2012) Research methods for business students. 6 th edition. Harlow: Pearson Education. 15

18 Further information If you need further information and guidance on how to reference there are many books, websites and apps available. For example:- Books (both available in the LRC) Williams, K and Carroll, J. (2009) Referencing and understanding plagiarism. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 9 th edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Websites Cite this for me A reference generator. Harvey the cat an interactive referencing tutorial from the University of Northampton. University of Lincoln Harvard Referencing Handbook - FEB2014.pdf Apps University of Lincoln Referencing Handbook an excellent app available for Apple and Android. RefMe an automatic reference generator. Scan books and Journals to automatically create citations, reference lists and bibliographies. Available for Apple and Android. 16

19 Index Bibliographies 2,5,15 Books Chapter in a book 7 ebook 11 ereaders 12 With authors 7 With editors 8 Citation 2-5 Citing 2 authors 3 Citing more than 2 authors 4 Example of citation 5 Websites 4,13 Conference proceedings/paper 11 Dissertations/Thesis 10 Journal articles Online/electronic 12 Printed 9 Magazine articles (see journal articles) Maps 10 Newspapers Online/electronic 12 Printed 10 Online resources (examples of bibliography entry) Printed resources (examples of bibliography entry) 6-11 PDF documents and books 13 Podcasts 14 Reference lists 2,5,15 YouTube 14 Websites/webpages 13 17