1 c/o VARTC Trust. BP 231. Luganville. Santo. Vanuatu /

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1 Wan catalog makem long Septemba 2002 Sophie CAILLON 1 (Studen blong University long ranis wetem IRD 2 mo CIRAD 3 ) mo Chief Eli ield MALAU 4 (Kastom Chief blong Vetuboso vilej mo field assistant blong Kultural Centre 5 ) Wetem wan translesen blong: TIATA SILEYE (Assistant Researcher blong Kokonas long VARTC-Trust) 1 c/o VARTC Trust. BP 231. Luganville. Santo. Vanuatu / sophie.caillon@orleans.ird.fr 2 (ex-orstom) Institut de Recherche pour le Développement. 3 Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement. 4 Vetuboso. West coast Vanua-Lava. Torba Province. Vanuatu 5 Vanuatu National Cultural Council. BP 880. Port Vila. Efate. Vanuatu 1

2 Acknowledgments: Catalog i save realise wetem help blong every Kastom Chief mo Church Lida blong Vetuboso, especially Chief Hosia Waras we i laitem mifala wetem save we hemi gat long ol plant mo Kastom. Mifala i laekem blong expresem gratitude i go long everywan we i assistim mifala long stadi ia. Long olgeta ia mifala i particularly wantem talem bigfala thankio i go long Chief rédérique Quar i, Ata Malvanvan, Louis W³rvetel, Thomas Resevaglor, John Körkör, Lilian David, Doran Rörösoq, Johana Rörösoq, Kali Malau, Armstrong Malau wetem ol respective warm family blong olgeta. Tankio blong help blong Jean-Pierre Labouisse, Vincent Lebot, Sabine Hess mo Tiata Silaye. Stadi ia yumi no save achivim without motivation blong Kultural Centre mo funding sapot we i kam long IRD, CIRAD mo VARTC. Kontent blong Table I. Calenda blong ol season p.3 II. Kokonas blong Weskos Vanua Lava : origin, fasin we hemi divelop mo i kro, ol kaen kokonas wetem ol kastom storian p.4 rom wanem wan catalog? Ol aim blong project ia i blong faenem solutions blong enhancem ol people blong conservem mo tu impruvum namba blong ol varieties long karen mo plantations blong olgeta. Blong reachim target ia, Chief Eli ield blong Vetuboso i helpem Sophie Caillon, wan student, blong andastanem olsem wanem ol pipol long vilej blong hem i plan, faenem mo usum every different kaen blong kokonas mo taro. I gat 30 kaen blong kokonas mo 96 kaen taros. Survey i bin tekem ples long Vetuboso mo Vatrata, wea tufala lanwis we oli toktok long hem, Vurës mo Vera'a. Tuls blong rid : Catalog i stap long bislama. ulap long important words we mifala i translatem i kam long lanwis blong Vetuboso mo, taem hemi available, long lanwis blong Vatrata i specify long bracket olsem {Vera'a}. Wan complete catalog we mifala i writem long Englis mifala i editim tu. III. Taros blong West Coast Vanua Lava : origin mo fulap kaen wetem kastom stories p.11 2

3 SEASONAL CALENDA Long lanwis blong Vurës, wan seasonal calenda we ol pipol i folem, tankio long Chief Hosia Waras mo Eli ield blong Vetuboso. Calenda ia i base folem fasin blong gru blong narara (rar, Erythrina spp.), wild cane mo yam (dëm {dom}). Blong hemi isi blong ritim, ol authors oli traem blong stackem manis mo season long wan fasin we i use tedei. Sortan M³ g³ t (January) (ebruary) Mësëwëw R stektaqan (December) (March) S l gdëm (November) V³ r³ rmal (October) Kalv³l³v³l (September) Laå eser (August) Rartu CYCLONE NO CYCLONE r Lamseg dordor (July) Vuserer (April) Seservulb t (May) Uvsial (June) Rart an Rarw ulog Hariken risk No hariken risk Rar (winter) Hariken risk Season Monis Wetaem Hemi taem blong M³g³t (autumn) Rartan : - Rartan i gat flaoa - woman i colcol Rartur : - laoa blong Narara i open Rarwulog: - laoa Narara i drae - ol man oli colcol Dodo (spring) Mësëwëw (summer) M³g³t (ebruary) R stektaqan (March) Vuserer (April) Seservulb t (May) Uvsial (June) Lamsegdordor (July) Laåeser (August) Kalv³l³v³l (September) V³r³rmal (October) S l gdëm (November) Mësëwëw (December) Wild cane i gat bel be yumi no luksave Wild cane i gat bel be yumi no luksave laoa blong wild cane i kamaot Wind i tekem flaoa blong wild cane we i ready i go olbaot Wind i blu long flaoa blong wild cane we i drae laoa blong willd cane i fodaon. Wind i blow through ol spicklets Spiklets blong wild cane i brok from we wind i blow strong tumas. Yam i kro i go antap pos Yam i go daon long pos. Lif blong yam i kam dark green olgeta Sapos i gat hariken, i gat fulap kakai be taem hariken i kilim yumi kakai i hard Kakai yam Kakai breadfruit sapos no hariken Kakai navele Kakai yam Kakai yam Kakai yam Kakai breadfruits Clinim karen Bonem karen Bonem karen Planem karen Planem yam Kakai nangae Kakai navele Kakai nangae 3

4 Sortan (January) Wild cane no gat flaoa; stem i clin Kakai bredfrut taem i no gat hariken 4

5 KOKONAS BLONG WESKOS VANUA LAVA Kokonas : origin mo use Kokonas, we oli singaotem se m³t³ long Vurës mo mi'ig long Vera a, i stap finis long ol aelan blong Vanuatu bifo ol fes man i kam. Long fes ples, kokonas i helpem olgeta blong settle from i providem kakai, wota mo shelter. Be long ol vilej blong Bankis, ol olfala oli stap talem wan narafala stori long ol bubu blong olgeta. Long olgeta ia, mifala i jusum stori blong olfala woman, Ansen, blong Mota : " Wan dei long shore blong Vanua Lava, wan woman namaraï i bonem wan nice gel. Tufala i live long wan kave kolosap long solwota. Smol gel ia i stap bigwan, mo hemi stap kilim ol crab blong rif mo kivim long mama blong hem blong i kakai. Everi dei namaraï i talem long gel blong hem se hemi no mas mekem ol man oli luk hem mo hemi no mas go kolosap long vilej, ol man ia bae oli save kilim hem from se hemi no nice. Taem we gel ia stap hunting crabs, hemi lukim nice face blong hem long wota mo hemi realisem se mama blong hem i stap kiaman nomo long hem. Gel ia i rubem body blong hem wetem ol lif blong plant we i smell gud bifo i go blong danis long vilej. Long ples ia hemi fraet blong go insaet mo hemi hide long wan karen blong taro nao wan man i faenem hem. Man ia i askem hem wea ples hemi kam long hem mo hemi stap lif wea be, girl ia i no even talem wan toktok. Hemi no wan samting, man ia i tekem hem i go long haos blong hem. Mo afta we sam yia i pas, tufala i gat wan smol gel. Wan dei, niufala mama ia i wantem soem long smol gel ia bubu woman blong hem, namaraï. Woman ia i traem everi way blong hem blong mekem se man blong hem i no kam lukluk mama blong hem, hemi se "mama blong mi fasin blong hem i nogud" be man blong hem i folem tufala. Long kave taem namaraï i stap smelem body blong smol gel ia papa i no agri long fasin ia mo i bonem namaraï ia wetem faea we hemi laitem long wan tradition fasin (rabem tu wud wanples). Quik taem nomo, wan samting i gru long ae blong namaraï ia. Twenty dei afta, smol gel mo mama blong hem i kam back long ples ia mo faenem fruit i hang long tree ia. Wan stampa blong namele i talem long tufala blong tekem wan frut. Papa blong hem i karem aot skin mo stickim ae blong kokonas ia hemi sek long wota we i kamaot mo taste blong hem i swit. Taem hemi stap drink wota blong frut ia, woman i talem long hem se " yu stap drink blad blong mama blong mi "mo taem hemi kakai kakai blong frut ia, woman blong hem i se "yu stap kakai mit blong body blong mama blong mi". 5

6 Description blong kokonas Steps we kokonas i folem taem i gru dödöu (smol lif) taw si { awas} (flaoa) vele { ara} (maot we lif kam out) m t {ma a} (ae) Ol pipol blong Vetuboso mo Vatrata i gat wan bigfala save long fasin we kokonas i gru. Oli save talemaot ol diferent steps long taem we kokonas i gru folem divelopmen blong flaoa mo fruit. Vötu (stret stamba) qitegi (raon stamba) qul {qersu} (bandel) ge ri (r us) do { labav} (lif) lambevi { d r s} (big bun) vink regör { vinga} (sel) vinti {vingi} (skin) albumen: -wie{wow } (kakai) sol { sul³ } - t i i { i igi} (wota) (kakai blong navara) qöt u { qi i} (pat antap) v titn {ven gi} (medel pat ) k r { kere} (botom pat) N Stage name Description 1 S³l {Sul³} Nem blong navara. Sapos hemi swit mo strong, yumi talem se s³lvet 2 Woqian {Woqian} Navara we kakai blong hem i smol yet 3 Gölör ki {Goloriki} Navara we i gat green leaves 4 Bar {Bara} Olfala navara we i nomo gat kakai insaet long frut 5 R³wsiag {R³sag} Kokonas we russ blong hem i holem gud graon 6 w {Uw³} o Sigeg qötu³w Kokonas we i stat blong givim fruit mo fes flaoa i kamaot 7 Webeges {W³v s} es flaoa envlop i open 8 Taw si {'Awasgi} es flaoa i kamaot 9 W sust g r rut we i no gat wota long hem 10 Mël {Åol} rut we i gat wota be i no gat mit long hem 11 V³sgargarteqërët rut we sel i sopsop mo i gat kakai 6

7 {Vusåalkaqara'} blong hem mo wota 12 V³s {Vus³} rut we sel i strong mo i gat kakai blong hem mo wota. 13 Mian / Q³t³ {Q³t³} Kolosap everi drae frut i gat gaz long olgeta 14 G bibiag Kakai is strong be skin i green yet 15 Mere o Matab³b³t {mara } 16 Solqetqet {Sulkeke'} or Drae frut i hang yet long stamba blong kokonas ([mere ] drae) rut we i drae, i gru mo i hang yet long stampa blong kokonas mo mit blong hem i swit. 17 Åës {Åes} Drae frut we i jes foldaon 18 Q³t³nög³s³w / Wewe {Wowe } or 1 S³l {Sul³} rut we i gru Empty full sel we yumi save luk afta we skin i roten mo kakai insaet i nomo gat taem hemi no gru Ol kaen blong Kokonas Long catalog ia, bai yumi difinem wan 'kaen' olsem wan grup blong kokonas we oli gat sem caracteristics we ol fama i givim wetem local nem we ol community i luk save. Nem ia hemi compose long wan kokonas nem long lanwis olsem M³t³ {Mi'ig} mo term we i relate long caracteristic we i soemaot ol diferen kaen blong kokonas. Long Weskos Vanua Lava, i gat 30 kaen blong kokonas we mifala i recordem. Wan survey long Vanuatu i soemaot se i gat wan mean blong 11 kaen long 21 vilejs we i spread long 11 aelans. Ol kaen kokonas we bai mifala i tokabaot oli bin clasifiem folem fasin we pipol long vilej oli nemem mo discripem ol. Long wan wan long olgeta, mifala i traem providem wan translation, wan description mo olsem wanem yumi yusum. Kala blong frut 1. M³t³ mam {Mi'ig gam m e} : Red kokonas. Ol frut oli red brown ([gamam, {gam m e}] red). Ius : Kastom, meresin olsem mixim wota blong hem wetem lif meresin mo givim long man we i sik. 2. M³t³ g³t³t³r³g {Mi'ig u'urug³} : Green Kokonas. 7

8 Ol frut oli laet green ([g³t³t³r³g, {ga'u'urug³}] green). Ius : Kastom, meresin olsem mixim wota blong hem wetem lif meresin mo givim long man we i sik. 3. M³t³ g³t³t³r³gqö qö : Kokonas we i dark green Ol frut oli dark green o khaki ([g³t³t³r³g] green, [qö ] dark). Ius : Yumi yusum blong curem urinary infections. Long East saet blong stamba yumi sikrasemaot skin we i black mo yumi sikrasem waet skin i go long wan lif. Afta yu squeesim aot wota blong waet skin ia. Yumi givim wota long sickman afta we yumi sevemaot toty long blanket blong kokonas. 4. M³t³ malgias {Mi'ig malgese} : Kokonas we kala blong hem i mix Ol frut oli brown o wan saet i green, wan saet i red ([malgias] middle, i no green, i no red). 5. M³t³ gaa a {Mi'ig o oro} : Kokonas we i yala Ol frut mo ol lif oli yala. Yumi save singaotem tu se albinos kokonas ([gaa a, {ga o oro}] yala). Ius : Yumi usum blong flasem area nomo. Sam pipol blong vilej i no planem from se water blong hem i no swit. 6. M³t³ wulm {Mi'ig wulm e} : Kokonas we ae blong hem i red. Hemi kokonas blong faea olsem we frut blong hem i gat wan pink ring round long ae blong hem. Ius : Taem everi frut i green, wota blong hem oli yusum long meresine. Yumi mixim wota blong hem wetem hemia blong lif o yusum blong wasem body blong man we i sik. Blong passem fes step, rang blong Soq, nem blong hem Salgor, man ia i no allow blong swim long 100 dei we hemi passem insaed long nakamal. Taem we bai hemi kam aotside, wan man i mas stap long top blong yang kokonas mo washem hem wetem wota blong kokonas we oli talem se mël {åol}. rut mo size blong nut 7. S³gs³g {S³gs³g} : Kokonas we frut i smol Ol frut oli smol smol mo oli fulap. Ius : Wota blong kokonas blong dring i swit mo yumi yusum long Kastom ceremoni mo olsem present blong mared 8. M³t³ geluw³ {Garsil} : rut blong kokonas i bigfala olgeta. Ol frut oli bigwan mo kakai blong hem i bigwan mo i tick ([geluw³] bigwan; [{Garsil}] nem blong wan man). Ius : Bigfala quantity blong mit i gud blong mekem copra mo bigfala sel oli yusum olsem container. 9. M³t³ vingaq³ {Mi'ig s³vinqi} : Wan kiaman bigfala frut blong kokonas 8

9 Ol frut oli bigwan be wetem bigfala skin nomo ([vin, {vin}] skin; [gaq³] thick). Ius : Bifo, ol man oli wifim ol smol rops blong skin blong hem blong mekem bigfala rops blong fasem kenu o rigging blong kenu. Tedei ol man long vilej oli yusum rop blong waetman, olgeta i nomo selectem mo planem tumas from se i no gud tumas blong mekem copra. Yumi save faenem few stamba nomo long ol plantation mo karen. Shape blong frut mo nut 10. M³t³ gemetestes : rut blong kokonas we i sharp Ol frut oli longwan mo i gat point long end. Oli collem tu se M³t³samsam o M³t³elvet ([testes] sharp; [elvet] long; [{ili}] egg). Ius : Ol olfala chiefs oli drink kava long hem mo afta oli stanemap sel i go long graon taem oli finis. 11. M³t³ meteröwö {Mi'ig ma'ar³w³} : Kokonas we i olsem fish Sel blong nut ia i olsem face blong fish (2 ae mo 1 bigfala mouth). Ples we gru i kamaot long hem i bigwan mo i isi blong stickim ([röwö] kaen blong fish). Ius : Yumi yusum wota blong mekem kastom meresin blong treatim ae infection. 12. M³t³ wesuåolo {Mi'ig ilimala} : Kokonas we i olsem ek Ol frut oli gat shape blong ek blong wan taktak we nem blong em, emi Åolo. Quality blong frut 13. M³t³ seseser {Mi'ig serser} : Kokonas we skin blong hem i sopsop Yumi save remuvum skin blong hem wetem hand nomo ([seseser] pulum (ex. hair)). Ius : Bifo yumi yusum hair blong skin blong mekem rops blong kenu be tedei ol pikinini oli laikem mo from se olgeta oli save karemaot skin wetem hand nomo blong oli save dring. 14. M³t³ d nd r s {Mi'ig d nd r s} : Swit kokonas Wota blong hem, mit mo navara blong hem oli swit we i swit mo ([d nd r s] swit) ol taem. 15. M³t³ us : Kokonas we i sopsop mo swit Mit blong hem i sopsop mo i swit. Ius : Mit blong drae kokonas yumi save kakai olsem nomo wetem tubers (taros, bredfrut ). 16. M³t³ mölumlum {Mi'ig gaamulumlum} : Mit blong kokonas i sopsop 9

10 Mit i sopsop mo hemi save kamaot isi long sel blong hem. Hemi gat smol wota mo i no swit tumas olsem hemia yumi luk antap ([mölumlum] soft, [{mulumlum}] slow). Ius : Sam pipol long vilej oli laikem blong mekem copra long hem from se hemi isi blong selaot be samfala i complain se i tekem taem blong i drae taem oli draemap. 17. M³t³ gagrak : Kokonas we i isi blong selaotem Sam man long vilej i talem se taem yu splitim frut blong kokonas wetem akis mit blong hem i jamaot hemwan. Be olfala nem hemi M³t³ mölumlum ([gagrak] terem). Ius : Sam pipol long vilej i laikem blong mekem copra long hem from se i isi blong selaotem. 18. M³t³ vet {Mi'ig v } : Strong kokonas Kakai blong hem i strong tumas mo taem hemi drae i olsem stone ([vet] stone). Ius: blong hem i tick mo i gud blong mekem nalot mo laplap. Sam pipol long vilej oli laikem blong mekem copra long hem from se hemi i drae harryap, be samfala i no laikem from se i strong tumas blong selaotem. Caracteristic blong lif mo flaoa 19. M³t³ silat {Mi'ig kala'a} : Kokonas we i slak Lif blong hem i slak mo flaoa i givim smol namba blong frut ([silat, kala'a] nangalat). Pipol i no selectem. 20. M³t³ lak : Kokonas we i stap danis Ol lif blong kokonas ia oli muvmuv oltaem even taem we win i nogat. Ius : es samting, yumi yusum blong helpem ol pikinini we oli gat 2 yia finis be oli no walkbaot yet. Papa i mas tekem 4 smolsmol lif long wan lif blong kokonas mo i passem wanwan long foret blong pikinini stat long hed kasem long leg mo passem wanwan bakeken long back blong pikinini stat long hed kasem long leg. Pikinini ia mama blong hem i mas karem hem. Nambatu samting, yumi yusum blong givim mo save long saet blong ol plant, animol ol singsing mo ol danis long ol man we bai yumi singaotem olgeta se 'manar'. Yumi graonem ol smol smol lif mo squeezim aot wota blong hem mo sevem wota blong hem long plancket blong kokonas (d nir) bifo man i drink. 21. M³t³ tak(tak) {Mi'ig akake} : Kokonas we frut i foldaon taem yu stonem Ol frut blong hem oli fulap mo hang stret long main axe blong ol flaoa. Ius : Ol frut oli no hang strong olsem ol narafala kaen. Taem yu stonem ol frut oli save foldaon isi nomo; i no need blong man i climb. Samfala man oli no wantem planem from se i save predictim death : sapos namba blong ol frut we oli hang i 10

11 semak long namba blong ol sisters mo brothers blong man we i planem kokonas ia mo sapos wan frut i foldaon hemi i minim se bai wan long olgeta bai death i no longtaem. Caracteristic blong gru 26. M³t³ varam : Twin kokonas 2 o 3 shoots i gru aot long wan nut. No mas gat confusen wetem M³t³ bal ([varam] twin). 22. M³t³ reqe or M³t³ m tigw {Mi'ig r n } : Woman kokonas 27. M³t³ bal {Mi'ig garu³} : Kokonas we i olsem jaw blong Woman kokonas i prodiusum flaoa quick taem nomo, hemi kro slow mo pig givim fulap frut ([reqe, {r n }] woman). Tu nut i bin kro kolosap mo fomem Ius : Yumi usum plante blong mekem copra from se wan stamba i givim high production level blong copra. 23. M³t³ m tigtis : Kokonas we i selfish Kokonas ia i kro harry ap mo hemi i givim smol frut we taem hemi falfaldaon, hemi roten long kraon nomo, olsem no save gat pikinini. wan X shape mo i luk olsem jaw blong pig ([gabal] stick blong tekemaot hot stone). Taem i gat 2 stem nem blong em, emi M³t³baloro, be taem 3 kokonas i kro kolosap, nem blong em, emi M³t³balt³l. Ius : Ol frut blong hem oli yusum long kastom ceremoni mo ol kastom Chiefs nomo i allow blong pikimap ol frut ia. 24. M³t³ atå n {Mi'ig aåan} : Man kokonas 28. M³t³ vanvan : Kokonas we i stap wokbaot Man kokonas i kro harry ap be i givim ol smol smol frut nomo ([atå n, {aåan}] man). Pipol long vilej i no laikem blong planem. 25. M³t³ åat {Mi'ig åa'a} : Snake kokonas Stamba blong hem i tantanem hem olsem snake from se hemi bin kamaot long hed blong namaraï (cf. stori blong fes kokonas). Kaen kokonas ia hemi wan long fes kokonas blong Vanua Lava. I gat tu stamba nomo i stap tedei long wes mo saot kos blong Vanua Lava : wan long Vetuboso mo narawan long Mosina ([åat, {åa'a}] snake). Hemi givim frut 6 manis nomo long wan yia ([van] wokbaot). Stori blong M³t³vanvan Chief Eli ield mo Chief Hosia Waras blong Vetuboso vilej i talem : "Long long taem bifo kokonat tri mo banana tri i gru tugeta long Vanua Lava. Wan dei kokonas i talem long banana se bambai hemi weit long hem. Hem i go long Reef Aelans blong kasem niu wota be banana i weit gogo i taet mo hemi go pikimap ol sells long solwota, hemi fasem ol sell ia mo hagem raon long hem. Long everi sell ia wan niufala gru i kamaot long hem. Six manis afta, kokonas i 11

12 kamback long Vanua Lava mo i go visitim fren blong hem, Banana. Taem we hemi luk fren blong hem nao i luk se hemi difren kokonas tree ia i toktok kros nomo long Banana from se naoia bai everi yia bai hemi ded be kokonas bai laef long fulap yia. Everi 6 manis, Kokonat tree i stap go back long Reef Aelan blong mekem wota blong hem i swit mo. Use : Sam pipol long vilej we oli stap mekem copra oli no laikem. Origin 29. M³t³ sialm {Mi'ig salma} : Kokonas we i flot long solwota i kam Kokonas ia frut blong hem i bin kamaot long wan narafala aeland mo flot long solwota i kam. Tedei nem ia yumi yusum blong singaotem everi kaen kokonas we i kam long narafala aelan even olgeta we i kam long plane ([sial] i flot [vanm ] i kam). Ius : Pipol i selectem navara ia long sandbis from se frut blong hem i bigwan. 30. M³t³ qet : Kokonas blong Qet Taem we Qet i lego Vanua Lava, hemi promess se bai hemi kamback long taem we aeland blong Mosina i join wetem Vanua Lava. Hemi bin planem wan kokonas we i stap yet tedei. Sam long ol pipol blong vilej oli tekem ol frut blong hem mo planem. Tedei wan stampa i stap long plantation blong John Kerker long Ranranvut. TAROS BLONG WESKOS VANUA LAVA Taro : origin mo use Taro we long lanwis nem hemi qiat {q 'e} hemi bin born may be long wan large region we i stap between Myanmar, Papua New Guinea (PNG) mo North Australia. Olgeta blong West Coast, oli gat 2 kastom stories we oli relate long creation blong ples blong planem taro. Lakakeris {Lakakris}, we hemi tribe blong Beut, i spirit we i createm ol place blong planem taro long q l raon long weskos Vanua Lava. rom se brata blong hem i tekemaot woman blong hem long hem, Lakakeris i livim Beut mo lukaotem wan narafala woman blong hem. Be long ol vilej ia Beut, Wasaga mo Medir, i nogat wan woman we i laikem hem, Lakakeris i mekem graon i drae bifo i go lukaotem wan woman blong hem long Towetam, long medel bush. Long place ia wan woman nem blong hem R³r³nolav we i kamaot long tribe blong L³ i acceptem hem. Blong pleasim woman blong hem, Lakakeris i createm t (wea N lum, Vetmowor mo Te tur oli part insaet), Valgerow, Valgesar mo afta Q³m. Long narasaet blong hem, Sereba, B t m, Bokrat, Vebal mo Rotlu³ ol pipol blong West Coast oli makem. W³m³d³ we i no gat mama, I no gat papa, hemi sore long wan gel nem blong hem Ragav g, we i go washem wan kaen 12

13 yam (webew {w³bew}) blong i karemaot posen blong hem long wan smol river, Medir (saot-wes blong Vetuboso folem sea). Taem we gel ia i luk W³m³d³, hemi wantem stap wetem hem be man ia i no wantem from se hem wan nomo mo hemi no gat wan haos. Blong helpem gel ia hemi mekem wota i kamaot long ples we hemi stanap long hem mo wan river i ron behind long hem. Hemi givim taros tu long gel ia nem blong olgeta Ta evs³s, Bulalef, Burmatan mo Qiatg³l, blong hemi planem long niufala mat. Description blong taro dödöu {dudugi} (lif) lamb vi {labavgi} (1 stamba + 1 lif) ili qiat { öl q e} (st em mo lif blong t aro) wie qiat { w³ w q e} { öl q e (kakai blong taro) mölöqiat {molo} (olfala lif blong taro) sili { sili} (pikinini) geri {g³ ri} (rus) m t { ma a} (ae) rev {rov} (pikinini we i save wokboat) m t (pat antap) v titne (medel pat) w r (botom pat) 13

14 Ol kaen blong Taro Throughaot long yia, ol pipol blong vilej blong West Coast Vanua Lava oli selectem 96 kaen blong taro we i stap long end blong text mo i stap long alphabetical order. Long wan wan long olgeta mifala i traem blong providem translation name, origin, ol particularities, wan quick description (folem form) mo sex blong hem : ol woman taros oli smol, oli producium fulap pikininis mo oli tekem taen blong oli redi be ol man taro oli longfala mo oli gat wan bigfala kakai nomo mo oli kro quick taem. Category we oli stap long hem mifala i putum tu. Taros blong Nalot (5) : I gat 5 taros we oli save gud from taem yu kakai hem i olsem 'lastic'. Oli usum blong mekem nalot we hemi traditional meal blong ol man Bankis. ulap taem oli mixim wetem taro we i smol sopsop (cf. laplap taros) be oli no mekem hemwan oltaem narafala reason blong mas mixim hemi blong mekem se hemi isi afta blong kilim. Ol taros blong Nalot yumi no salem olsem hemia blong mekem laplap mo yumi no save rusum long faea from se oli drae tumas, oli strong mo save kakai hand mo mouth blong man. Hemi tekem longtaem blong wan taro we yumi kukum blong i tan gud. Rov {Rovsaåul} hemi nambawan mo gudfala taro long Weskos Vanua Lava; everi famili i planem. Taros blong Laplap (10) : I gat 10 taros we ol pipol oli slectem throughaot long ol yia we i pass from i no sikrasem hand long woman taem hemi preparem laplap. Be yumi no save rusum from se i gat tumas wota long hem. (Wa)Santo {Santoqagqaga} hemi taro we ol pipol blong vilej oli preferem blong mekem laplap long hem mo Lantar hemi top taro blong mixim wetem Rov blong mekem se hem isi blong kilim ol taros long taem blong preparem nalot. Taros blong Rusum (9) : I gat 9 taros we i kam long sem family, Mar, we ol man oli save se oli namba wan blong rusum. Ol taro ia ol tan quick taem nomo mo oli sopsop from se i no gat tumas wota long hem mo oli no strong. Long family blong taro ia everi wan oli ol man taro mo stamba blong hem i kruket lelibet mo hand mo lif blong hem oli black. Wasalav {M r wasalava}, we oli planem raonem q l, hemi popula wan from se hemi kro mo ready quick taem nomo. Taros blong Kastom (3) : I gat three taros we wan man i bin tekem i kam long Vetuboso mo Vatrata, bigfala tankio i go long last man, Tabelea Bes, we i bin kam daon long hill. Taem wan man i sik tumas mo i stap go blong i ded from se samfala i bin posenem hem, hemi mas solem pices taros we i no tan blong taro ia Dogon {Dogon} : sapos hemi traot bai hemi ded be sapos no bambai hemi kam oraet bakeken. Sapos wan man i wantem karen fes rang blong hem, we oli singaotem Salgor, long hierarchy blong Soq, hemi mas, wetem ol nara samting bakeken, spendem 100 dei long nakamal mo 14

15 hemi kakai nomo Mako {Mako} mo Tortor {Tortor} we oli rusum. Ol Olfala taros (14) : Oli ol fes taro we oli planem long area blong t. ulap taem oli bin kamaot folem sam kastom stori we i stap antanit: Qiatqet o Qiatqö {Q 'e boloneqo'}, ol God blong ol man bankis i offerem long olgeta, Qet, long wan taem we full family i kam wanples blong preparem kakai, fulap long ol kakai s oli putum wanples blong preparem nalot. Brata blong hem i laugh long hem taem we Qet i kamtru wetem wan taro nomo. Be taem oli mixim taro ia wetem ol narafala wan, full nalot kala blong hem i change i kam red mo ol narafala kala blong ol narafala taro i lus. Nao, Qet hem wan nomo i kakai full nalot. Wan dei, pijin we lanwis nem i Åatek (Purple Swamphen) i stap kakai seeds blong wan taro we kala blong kakai i yala nem blong taro ia hemi (We)menriver {Menriver} mo tekem i kam long Vanua Lava. Narafala nem blong taro ia hemi Åatekmegërsurletes. ųv³l {Ganå³vul³}, R g t {Rug t} mo Was, symbol blong tufala is still stap yet long wan stone silip long solwota bitwin Medir mo Tanv³n³. Long taem bifo, wan bigfala woman pig i stap kakai ol man mo woman. Biliag, wan yang man, i wantem blong kilim bigfala woman pig ia. Bifo hemi livim ol parents blong hem, hemi givim wan taro long tufala mo i talem se "sapos mi ded bai kala blong taro bai i jenis". Long fes vilej we hemi kamtru long hem, hemi no luk wan man nating. Pig ia i kilim everiwan. Long namba tu vilej, hemi faenem wan man nomo. Taem Biliag i askem long hem se " yu wan nomo yu stap long ples ia?" Man ia i ansa long hem i se " yestedei mitufala tu be pig ia i kilim fren blong mi mo i kakai long naet" mo hemi talem long hem se i gud bai hemi stap wetem hem. Be Biliag i talem long hem se hemi mas go kilim pig ia. Long namba tri vilej, i gat tu man i stap liv long hem be long yestedei blong olgeta tri ia be pig ia i kilim ded wan mo i kakai. Tufala ia i talem se bai hemi stap wetem tufala be tingting blong hem i strong se bai hemi mas go kilim pig ia mo hemi aot. Hemi mekem sem fasin taem hemi go through long narafala vilej. Long namba 11 vilej i kat 10 man i stap. Wetem bow mo 10 arrows blong hem, Biliag i go insaet long cave we bigfala pig ia i stap long hem mo i luk bigfala samting ia i stap silip. Insaet long cave ia i smell nogud tumas, from se pig ia i saksakem o haf bun blong man insaet. Biliag i shut long fes arrow i kasem right side blong animal ia. Pig ia i muv i kamaot lelibet. Nambatu i kasem left side blong hem. Animal ia i tanem back saet blong hem i allawem Biliag blong putum namba tri arrow long trot blong hem mo namba four arrow long hed blong hem. Be pig ia still laeve yet. Tufala i faet nao pig ia i wantem kakai hem be Biliag i putum 3 arrow bakeken long heart blong pig ia mo namba 8 back saet blong neck blong hem mo kilim pig ia i ded. Long sem taem Biliag ded. Ol parents blong hem oli save se boe blong tufala i ded from se oli luk taro we hemi bin givim long olgeta i jenisim kala blong hem i kam red. Afta long two dei, ol tenfala man ia oli realisem se pig ia i ded from se oli no mo lukim blong i kam kamaot long vilej blong olgeta. Oli singaot 3 taem Biliag 15

16 be long end hemi no ansa from se hemi kill nogud. Ol man ia oli lukaotem gud hem gogo so blong hem i finis mo hemi kam oraet bakeken mo oli proposem long hem se bai hemi stap olsem ia bambai oli 11 be hemi no wantem hemi wantem go back long haos blong ol parents blong hem. Afta we hemi kakai gud hemi aot mo go long narafala vilej we i kat 9 man long hem. Long ples ia hemi refusim blong stap wetem olgeta, mo i kakai gud finis mo aot bakeken. Hemi folem ol vilej gogo i kam long vilej we i nogat man long hem. Ol parents blong hem oli sapraes tumas taem oli lukim taro ia we hemi bin givim long olgeta i jenisem kala blong hem backeken mo oli luk hem i kamtru nao hemi talem strorian ia long olgeta wan nao i bin hapen. Hemia i stori blong taro we lanwis nem blong hem i Wederebiliag {W³derebalag}. Chief Hosia Waras i talem storia ia. Taro we i specific (10) : I gat 10 taros we i nidim wan particular fasin mo wan special environment blong planem ol. Yumi tekem wan example, Sesta {Sesa a} hemi taro we i save givim plante kakai taem yumi planem long mat be i nidim sam kastom lif taem yumi planem long q l. Ol olfala i mekem competition long hem taem oli planem : man we i succeed blong planem long q l bai everi memba blong comiunity bai oli admirem hem. Wild taros (6) : I gat 6 taros we oli wild from se pikininis blong olgeta I save wokbaot : " oli no save ded ". Qiatrev hemi wan famili we gat insaet wan bigfala diversity blong taro wetem fulap kala mo shape tu long hem. Taro we oli niu (29) : Ol taro ia i bin kro long q l we wan fama i jes brasem mo bonem grass long ples oli no plan long hem yet (over long 100 years). Even tedei, sapos ol grass oli no bonem oltaem long q l, ol olfala stap mekem fasin ia oltaem. fala taro we bai kro i kamaot bai i karem nem blong man we i faenem mo wea ples oli faenem. Long olgeta ia, 13 we oli bin faenem longtaem bifo mo 9 long last five years, we Chief Hosia Waras long N lum mo Jonis Paul long hill blong Towetam, tufala nao i faenem. Taro we i stap jenis (6) : Taem ol fama oli replanem top blong taro we oli save gud kaen blong hem, taro ia taem hemi kro hemi save jenis. Blong putum wan niufala nem long niu taro, bai farma we i planem, i save adem ap long original nem wan smol nem ontap blong specifaem wanem i jenis. Lamkör o mal oli yusum taem kala blong stem blong taro i dark mo, qagqag hemi opposite blong hem. Taem we corm blong hem i gat laen long hem, we i diferent long kala blong kakai blong hem, oli kolem se gatgat, be taem i gat ol point long hem nomo oli kolem se lörlör. Samtaem man we i faenem se taro i jenis long karem blong hem hemi i putum nem blong hem long taro ia. Story blong (Mar )Wasalav {M r wasalava} hemi interesting from se hemi jenis three taem. Wasalav hemi nem blong fes wan we i jenis be narfala man i talem hemi kam long Gaua. Long Å l gl g's q l, Wasalav hemi givim wan niufala 16

17 nem long taro taem we oli replanem bakeken; oli putum nem blong fama we i planem. Long end blong hem, (Wotmin)W rirtel {Wirirtel} i born aot long man we i planem. Ol narafala wan (7) : I gat 6 taros, mifala i no faenemaot stret se oli bin kro long wan olfala ples blong mekem karen o oli bin jenis taem man i planem gru blong olgeta. Mo Burmatan hemi bin lusum fes nem blong hem mo tekem nem blong man we i planem oltaem. Taro we i kam aotsaet (21) : I gat 21 kaen taros we ol man mo woman oli bin tekem i kam long West Coast Vanua Lava taem oli travel i go aot long vilej. 10 taro we i kam long Bankis (Ureparapara, Gaua mo N Nem blong Taro long Vurës mo {Vera'a} Translation long Vurës 1 Agricalja Long ol yia 70's, wan kroup blong ol selected cultivars blong ol narafala aeland blong Vanuatu oli bin tekem i kam long Vanua Lava 2 Biliag [biliag] wan kaen pigin Mere Lava), three we i kam long aeland blong Santo, two long Maewo mo wan long aeland blong Tanna. Even 2 taro i kam aotsaet olgeta, wan long Norfolk islands mo narawan long iji. Tedei, (Wa)Santo {Santo} we i wan long ol popula taro long West Coast Vanua Lava we Anetus (tribe Qö ), blong Vetuboso, i bin karem long aelan blong Santo 50 yia i pass. Ol taro we oli lus (4) : I gat 4 kaem taro we yumi nomo faenem long Vetuboso tedei from se ol man oli nomo wantem planem, from se taste blong olgeta i nomo gud tumas mo from se oli preferem blong planem ol niufala kaen. Origin Particularities Stem / lif / kakai description Sex Category Long ol yia 90's, Manas (tribe Seber), man Vatrata, i faenem long Vetmowor Hemi kroupem more long 5 taros 3 Böl Taro ia i save kro wild long Tanvono 4 Bulalef [Bulalef] nem blong wan man 5 Burmatan [Burmatan] nem blong wan man Long taem bifo, W³m³d³ i givim long woman Ragav g long Medir. Bulalef (tribe Naåal) blong Angus (long Sasara bush) i faenem afta we i bonem karen blong hem Long taem bifo, W³m³d³ i givim long woman Ragav g long Medir. Long graon, kakai i kro i thin long middle mo afta i Everi kala mo everi shape M Aotsaed Stem i dark red o Jenis Stem i waet Lus M M Story Story Habit 17

18 6 (Bus) r {Nir } o W l b ³r [³r] naura / [l b ] pincer 7 Dinvenqiat [Din] nem blong wan man, [ven] blong, [qiat] taro Long taem bifo, Burmatan man we i save olsem wanem blong jenisem weather, from se hemi stap planem oltaem hemi i putum nem blong hem long taro ia. Long ol yia 90's, Jonis Paul Susdenle, man blong Wasaga, i faenem long q l blong Towetam. Hemi putum nem blong pikinini blong hem long taro ia 8 Dogon Long ol yia 80's, Tabelea Bes, last man we i kamdaon long hill, i karem i kam long Vetuboso mo Vatrata solap mo raon gud antap (w³teq) Hemi gat kala blong finga blong naura Stem i laet red wetem long top blong hem i gat laet green stripes Kakai i Kakai i strong Nalot Taem wan man kolosap i ded from oli posenem hem, hemi mas solem kakai blong taro ia Dogon we i no tan. Sapos hemi no draot long hem bai hemi lif be sapos hemi draot aot long hem bai hemi ded. Stem i green Kastom 18

19 9 Ermame [Ermame] nem blong wan ples 10 Götö {G³t³} [götö] nakato mo nem blong wan man 11 Lakakeris [Lakakeris] wan god blong Banks we i createm ples blong taro 12 (Lantar) Lamkör [Lantar] nem blong wan man; [lan] wan step insaed long Nakamal, [tar] thousands, [lam] deep; [kör] black 13 Lantar (malgias) {Lat'ar} [Lantar] nem blong wan man; [lan] wan step insaed long Nakamal, [tar] thousands, [malgias] i no red, i no green 14 Lomonwer [Lomower] nem blong fist man blong Vanua Lava 15 Å w {Maewo} Long ol yia 90's, Jonis Paul Susdenle, man blong Wasaga, i faenem long q l blong Towetam. Hemi putum nem blong ples wea hemi faenem taro ia. Götö (tribe Veran) blong Lemerig (bush bong Leon Bay) i faenem taro ia long wan boak long Tevur (kolosap long Kerepeta) mo afta i tekem i kam long home blong hem. Long ol yia 90's, Jonis Paul Susdenle, man Wasaga, i faenem long q l blong Towetam. Hemi collem taro ia wetem nem blong god we i createm ples blong planem taro. Hemi jenis from Lantar malgias i kam dark mo. Lantar (tribe L³) blong Mës (kolosap long Sasara) i wan man we i kakai long tabu faea. Hemi faenem taro ia long q l blong hem long Narnarig afta we hemi bonem rabis grass Long ol yia 90's, Jonis Paul Susdenle, man Wasaga, i faenem long q l blong Towetam. Kakai i sopsop mo i bigwan mo longfala gogo Stem i laet green wetem waet laenes Stem i black. Kakai i waet mo i gat red points long hem (lörlör) M M Stem i black Jenis Laplap Stem i laet purple mo long top blong hem hemi laet green Stem i laet red wetem waet laens [Å w] Maewo Stem i purple. Lif i wavy mo veins i black andanit 16 {Magl e} Taro blong Vatrata Laplap Aotsaed 19

20 17 Mako Long ol yia 80's, Tabelea Bes, last man we i kamdaon long bush i tekem i kam long Vetuboso mo Vatrata 18 Malmaleilantar {Malelat'ar} o Mens k 19 (Mar )Wasalav o Mar {M r wasalava} 20 (Mar )Wasalav mam {M r wasalava m m e} [Lantar] nem blong wan man; [lan] wan step insaed long Nakamal, [tar] thousands [Wasalav] taem i kro longfala, [mar ] namarae [Wasalav] kro tall, [mar ] namarae, [mam ] red Hemi jenis from Lantar malgias i kam dark mo Wendew (tribe Qö ) blong Vetuboso i givim wan niufala nem long taro we i jenis. rom se taem taro i stap kro, kakai blong hem i stap longfala olsem namarae nao hemi putum nem ia long taro ia. Narfala man i talem hemi kam long Gaua long foot blong wan tree Nabanga (Bak) afta garden i burn. 21 Master Long ol yia 70's, Ating oli bin karem i kam long aelan through long wan project blong agrikalja Mens k See Malmaleilantar 22 Mesmam {Mesm m e} [mes] fish; [mam ] red; [mesmam ] wan kaen fish 23 M³lk l [M³lk l] nem blong wan man o kamback Åatekmegërsur-letes See (We)Menriver Taro blong ol man we oli wantem passem salgor (fes step blong ol soq) i mas kakai we oli rusum, long 100 days Hemi blong Lantar family. Hemi gat taste blong Lantar I blong family blong Mar. Kakai i drae. Afta 4 manis kakai i stick aot long 3 cm be hemi no taste olsem wan 'true' taro. Afta 1 yia, bai i jes taste olsem taro I blong family blong Mar. Kakai i drae. Bottom i red, mo top stem i green I gat plenty stems long hem. Bottom i dark green mo i laet green long top blong stem. Ol kakai i smol smol nomo mo i isi blong rutumaot mo fulap russ i kaveremap. Bottom i waet, mo top blong stem i laet brown. Ae blong lif i black M M Kastom Rusum Jenis Jenis o o Aotsaed Rusum Stem i red. Kakai i waet Rusum Stem i waet mo i red long bottom Stem i red Aotsaed 20

21 24 Å rlav [Å rlav] Mere Lava Long ol yia 70's, Hanington Gestelvilgen (tribe Vanatur) blong Vetuboso i faenem taro ia long Ambae we oli talem se i kam long Maewo Longfala stem i dark red. Kakai i bigwan mo i laet red 25 {Å rsul} I kam long aelan blong Maewo Stem i green mo i gat waet stripes long bottom 26 Å vinvian Taem bebet i kakai, so i no save kam bigwan 27 ųv³l {Ganå³vul³} Wan ston we symbolisem, i silip long solwota between Medir mo Tanv³n³ 28 Nalumlum Long ol yia 90's, Louis W³rvetel i karem taro ia long West Coast Santo taem hemi stap wok olsem wan field assistant blong agrikalja. Hemia nao original nem 29 Novok o Novkalan [Novkalan] Novok islands Long ol yia 60's, John Wasarak (tribe Merlav) blong Vetuboso i tekem long Norfolk Islands taem we hemi stap long ship "Polynesia". Hemi planem long Santo mo afta Basil blong Vetuboso i karem i kam long Vanua Lava Hemi sem family olsem Lantar. Kakai i strong mo long Lantar Hemi save mekem plenty pikinini mo i save walkboat Stem i laet green wetem laet red stripes. Kakai i laet red Stem i laet purple olsem Lantar. Shape blong ol leaf i raon Stem i black (olsem W v ) wetem stripes long hem Stem i brown mo i longfala olsem Wasalav 30 Orbarbar Long ol yia 60's, Noël Sigir (tribe R vi) i tekem long Ureparapara Olsem R sim hemi gat forks Aotsaed 31 {Qasgamal} I blong Qiatqet family Stem i laet red. Kakai i dark red. 32 {Quar i} [Quar i] nem blong wan man Long yia 2000, Chief rédérique blong Vatrata i karem i kamback long Mota Lava ples we i appear long karen blong papa blong hem. 33 Qiatg³l [g³l] half dead Long taem bifo, W³m³d³ i givim long Ragav g long Medir Qiatl l See Qiatminwog I blong Mar family. Kakai i drae. I gat 2 kaen. Stem i laet green. Ol leaf oli slak M M M Aotsaed Aotsaed Story Aotsaed Wild Aotsaed Aotsaed Story Rusum 21

22 Qiatmingala See Te tur 22

23 34 (Qiatmin)L³kreg [qiat] taro; [min] blong; [L³kreg] nem blong wan man 35 (Qiatmin)L³kreg mam 36 Qiatminwog {Qemewog} o Qiatl l 37 Qiat qet o Qiat qö {Q 'e boloneqo'} [qiat] taro; [min] blong; [L³kreg] nem blong wan man, [mam ] red [qiat] taro; [matl l ] nem blong wan man; [Wog] nem blong wan man [qiat] taro; [qet] Wan god blong Banks; [qö ] i dark tumas 38 Qiatrev [qiat] taro; [rev] i no save finis, runners 39 Qötuq³ [qötu] head blong; [q³] pig 40 Regeltëv [Regeltëv] nem blong fist woman blong Vanua Lava 41 (Re)Lenman [lenman] stripes oli waet mo green olsem watermelon 42 (Re)Mesv³lv³l {Mesvulvul³} [mesvolvol] wan kaen fish blong solwota Long taem bifo, Wog (tribe Beut) i faenem long matl l we W³m³d³ i mekem long Medir Long taem bifo, God ia we oli singaotem se Qet i karem blong oli mekem nalot long hem. Long taem bifo, wam man i kakai wan pig mo afta hemi hangem bune blong head blong pig ia long wan branch blong wan tree sam dei i pas wan taro i kro aot long hem. Long ol yia 90's, Jonis Paul Susdenle, man Wasaga, i faenem long q l blong Towetam. Kakai i strong. Stem i dark brown mo i gat stripes we i laet green Nalot Kakai i strong. Stem i red Nalot King blong ol taro from hemi longfala. Oli yusum blong mekem se kala blong nalot i kam red Oli planem nomo long Kakai i drae land Hemi blong famili grup we i save mekem plenty pikinini I save mo walkboat Kakai i sopsop Stem i green Stem i black Story Specific Hemi gat everi kala mo everi shapes. Stem i black wetem waet laen Stem i green wetem brown wings Stem i green mo i gat waet o yellow stripes Stem i green M + M Wild Laplap 23

24 43 R g t {Rug t} [R get] Nem blong wan woman blong Vatrata Wan stone i silip long solwota between Medir mo Tanv³n³ i representem taro ia Oli se hemi fes taro long Vetuboso M Olfala Story 24

25 44 R l gt l {Q kalkal} R n mal 45 R sim {Rosim} [R l gt l] Nem blong wan woman See Wotl qit davaqal 46 R wurweg [r wurweg] clinim o nem blong wan woman 47 Rov {Rovsaåul} [Rovtelsöm] nem blong wan man, [saåul] ten Long taem bifo, R l gt l blong Liw³n³ (i stap long solwota, between Beut mo Kerepeta) i faenem long karen (wonwon) blong hem I blong Wotliev's family I kam long Ureparapara Hemi putumaot plenty pikinini mo I save walkboat. Hemi kro gud mo long sopmat. Sapos yumi planem kolosap long source blong water bai hemi kam wan man taro Long taem bifo, hemi jenis from Tewesqeqel i go long Rov's q l kolosap long Sasara. Kakai i strong. Hemi no kro gud tumas long mat Top i purple mo i red long bottom blong stem Bottom blong stem i laet red mo top blong stem i red. Kakai i laet red Stem i laet brown. I gat plenty russ long kakai Stem i waet mo i gat red mark andanit long leaf. I gat Red veins andanit long leaf 48 R³v³l I blong ųv³l family Bottom i waet mo top stem i red. I gat red laen andernit long lif 49 Römöwuler {R³m³wuler} 50 Sar {Sarere} 51 Sesta {Sesa a} [Römöwuler] nem blong wan woman [Sar ] nem blong wan man [Sestan] nem blong wan man Long taem bifo, Römöwuler, wan man we i neva tired blong wok, hem nao i faenem Sar blong Liw³n³ i faenem long wan boak. rom hemi planem fulap long ol kaen taro ia, oli givim nem blong hem long taro ia Sestan, blong Veutoboso, i faenem long sopmat long Görut (kolosap long t) Oli se i wan long ol fes taro blong Vetuboso I blong Qiatrev family, taro ia i save mekem plenty runners. Kakai i sopsop mo i tan quicktaem. Kakai i sopsop. I kro bigwan nomo long sopmat o i nidim sam kastom leaf blong i save kro long q l. Hemi wan taro blong competition. Stem i dark we i dark red o Jenis Aotsaed Wild Specific Jenis Nalot o Jenis Olfala Stem i dark waet M Wild Longfala laet green stem wetem red stripes long hem Kakai i bigwan M Laplap Specific 25

26 52 Siag g t [siag g t] i squat Taem i kro hemi tin tin (w³teq) Stem i laet red wetem waet laen 26

27 53 Silegtel [silegtel] move Long ol yia 90's, Jonis Paul Susdenle, man Wasaga, i faenem long q l blong Towetam. Hemi putum nem ia from hemi jenis ples blong live ol taem mo planem taro blong plenti q l. 54 Siritimiat {Siriama'} [siri] bones; [timiat] devil 55 Susdenle [Susdenle] nem blong wan man 56 Suwb [suw] swim {olfala lanwis}; [b ] wota / riva 57 Taltal [tal] I confuse {Balwen} Long ol yia 60's, Noël Sigir (tribe R vi) i tekem long Ureparapara Long ol yia 90's, Jonis Paul Susdenle, man Wasaga, i faenem long q l blong Towetam. Hemi putum kastom nem blong em. I blong Mar family. Kakai i drae. Stem i waet wetem red wings Smol stem i dark red. Ae blong lif I black. Kakai i red Stem i red wetem waet laens long bottom M Aotsaed Rusum Hemi kamaot long Wotanaval I kro nomo long mat Stem i waet Jenis Specific Long ol yia 60's, Noël Sigir (tribe R vi) i karem long Ureparapara 58 Tanna Long ol yia 80's, Anna Mobiskila (tribe L³) i tekem long aelan blong Tanna afta inter-district games 59 Ta evs³s [Ta ] wan kaen wood, [ev] faea, [sos] fasin blong startem faea wetem tu pieces wood 60 Te tur o Qiatmingala {Gala'e lur} 61 Tewesqeqel {'Awasqiqil } [Te tur] Nem blong wan ples blong planem taro; [qiat] taro; [min] blong; [Gala] nem blong wan man we i left hand [tewes] flawa; [qeqel] wan kaen Long taem bifo, W³m³d³ i givim long woman Ragav g long Medir. Long time bifo, i born aot long wood we pipol i yusum blong startem fire Long taem bifo, Tik Renal (tribe L³) we nickname blong hem i Gala, man ia we i wan left hand, i faenem taro ia long Te tur. rom se hemi stap planem kaen taro ia nomo, taro ia i karem nem blong hem Long taem bifo, wan man, Rov, blong Leon Bay i clinim mo bonem I blong Rov family Stem i black. I gat yellow Aotsaed spots long lif Stem i dark red Aotsaed Bottom i laet green mo top i laet brown M Story Stem i laet green o Jenis Bottom i waet mo top blong stem i red Nalot 27

28 wood we i kro kolosap long solwota flawa blong wan wood. Taro ia i kro aot long ashes 28

29 62 Tewestaåal [taåal] wild cabbage 63 Teweswër {'Awasver} [tewes] flawa; [vër] burao 64 Titiritowetam [Towetam] wan hill long West Coast Vanua Lava Long late 90's, Jonis Paul Susdenle, wan man Wasaga, i faenem long wan q l blong Towetam. Taro ia i karem nem blong ples we hemi faenem taro ia long hem 65 Tortor Long ol yia 80's, Tabelea Bes, last man we i kam antap long bush i karem i kam long Vetuboso mo Vatrata 66 Varvars³å {Varvarsuå³} 67 Vinmötöl {Vinm³'³l} 68 Wakata (mam ) {W³kata} 69 Wakataqagqag {W³kata- -gaqagqaga} [var] puruput long graon; [varvar] wan kaen tree; [s³m] wan kaen fish [vin] skin; [mötöl] thick; [mötöltöl] i thick tumas [kata] nem blong boat we i karem taro long Gaua, [gamam ] red [kata] nem blong wan boat we i karem taro long Gaua; [qagqag]] waet Long ol yia 60's, M³r³, wan man blong Vetuboso, i karem long wan boat "kata" from Gaua Long ol yia 60's, M³r³, wan man blong Vetuboso, i karem long boat "kata" from Gaua Taro blong ol man we oli wantem passem salgor (fes step long soq hierarchy) oli mas kakai, hemia we oli rusum nomo, long 100 days I blong Bulalef mo Ta evs³s family. Hemi fes taro blong Vetuboso. Kakai i drae. Taro we i gat thick skin mo i isi blong peelim. I kro isi Kakai i sopsop Stem i green. Ae blong lif i laet black I luk olsem taro blong Tanna taem i kro bigwan. Stem i red. Ae blong lif i black Bottom i waet mo top blong stem i red Bottom i red mo top stem i green Stem i green. Ae blong lif i laet black Lus Rusum Kastom Rusum Stem i black Olfala Rusum Stem i red mo i longfala mo i gat waet stripes long bottom. Kakai i waet Aotsaed Laplap Stem i waet. Kakai i waet M Aotsaed 70 Wakatagatgat [Wakata] nem Long taem bifo, Wakata i faenem Stem i waet. Kakai i waet o Commentaire [c1]: Neisosperma oppositifolia 29

30 30 blong wan man long q l blong hem long Te tur wetem red fibres long hem Jenis

31 71 Wamal [Wamal] kaen pigin blong kilim faol o nem blong wan man 72 Waras [Waras] nem blong wan man 73 (Wa)Santo {Santoqagqag} 74 (Wa)Santo mam {(Wa)Santo m m e} [gamam ] red 75 Was [was ] wan brown mo black bird we namba blong olgeta i no bigwan tumas long Vanua Lava Long taem bifo, Wamal, we i strong olsem pigeon blong faol, i faenem Long yia 2000, Hosea Waras, wan man blong Vetuboso, i faenem long N lum Long ol yia 40's, Anetus, (tribe Qö ), i tekem long Santo. Robian i original nem blong taro. Long ol yia 40's, Anetus, (tribe Qö ), i tekem long Santo. Wan stone we i symbolizem i stap long solwota between Medir mo Tanv³n³. Kakai i sopsop. I kat tu kaen Kakai i sopsop mo i bigwan gogo Oli se hemi wan long ol fes taro blong Vetuboso emale: bottom i waet mo stem i red long top blong hem. Male: Stem i purple. Ae blong lif i black. Kakai i waet mo i gat red points (lörlör) long hem + M M o Jenis Laplap Stem i waet Aotsaed Laplap Stem i waet mo junction wetem kakai i red. Kakai i waet mo i gat red laen tu Stem i laet black mo i gat brown stripes long hem tu 76 Was malrara I jenis aot long Was I blong Was family Jenis 77 Wederebiliag {W³derebalag} Kakai i drae. I blong Mar family. Hemi kro isi. M Story Rusum [dere] blood; [biliag] wan kaen pigin we i brown mo waet 78 Wegeretqon [wegeretqon] wan bird we oli kolem se qon, [qon] wan kaen pigin 79 (We)Menriver {Menriver} o Åatekmegërsurletes [menriver] man blong riva (bislamar) / åatek] wan kaen pigin we i stap kakai blong taro; [megër] i swim Biliag, man we i kilim wild pig, i givim long ol parents blong hem blong i warnem olgeta sapos hemi ded Taro we Lakakeris i tekem long aeland blong Geret long volcano blong Gaua Pijin Åatek i tekem seed long Menriver mo karem i kam long Vanua Lava. Long ol yia 40's, ol pipol blong Vetuboso i tekem long Sereba (East Coast) Stem i dark waet mo i gat red stripes tu. Kakai i save longwan gogo taem i kro Aotsaed Laplap Story Olfala Hemi kro gud mo long boak Stem i laet brown Story Specific I kro gud mo long mat. Stem i black. Kakai i yellow Story Aotsaed Specific 31

32 80 W bigq³ {W³birq³} from; [surletes] lake [w big] kakai wetem; [q³] pig 81 W bigq³ mam [w big] kakai wetem; [q³] pig; [gamam ] red 82 (W )Å l gl g [å leg] nem blong wan man mo wan kaen pigin 83 W v {W³vi } [w v ] nem blong wan man 84 W v lamkör [w v ] nem blong wan man, [lam] deep, [kör] black 85 (W )Viti [Viti] idji {Vidji} our generations i pass, hemi jenis aot long Wasalav taro long Å l gl g's q l long Rotlu³. Man ia oli kolem hem olsem from se taem hemi born hemi wan smol man nomo mo hemi toktok tumas W v (tribe Beut) blong Serebiliag i faenem long q l blong hem afta we hemi bonem rabis grass. I jenis aot long W v mo dark mo long hem Long ol yia 60's, John Wasarak (tribe Merlav) blong Vetuboso i tekem long Norfolk Islands taem we hemi stap wok long ship Polynesia. Hemi planem long Santo nao Basil blong Vetuboso i tekem i kam long Vanua Lava Taste blong hem i save improve sapos yumi planem long boak Belong to W bigq³ family. Taste blong hem i mo gud long boak I blong Mar family Kakai i sopsop. Hemi kro gud long mat mo kakai i save bigwan I blong W v family Stem i laet brown Specific Stem i red Specific Hemi waet mo long Wasalav. Top i dark red, mo bottom blong stem i waet. Ae blong lif i black. Stem i black mo i gat waet stripes long hem. Kakai i yellow I dark mo long W v. Stem i black Stem i longfala mo i dark red stem be ol young shoot oli purple. Kakai i small mo i laet red 86 Wotal bak Stem i green Lus 87 Wotalisor Kakai i strong Lus 88 Wotanaval [wot] born; [naval] ples long Vetuboso 89 Wotk r vor [k r ] bottom, [vor] volcano Walter Listis (tribe Veram) i faenem long mat long Naval (kolosap long Kerepeta) I born long long leg blong volcano. Long ol yia 40's, ol pipol blong Vetuboso oli tekem long Seremba Jenis Laplap Jenis Aotsaed I kro nomo long mat Stem i green Specific Kakai i gat sem texture olsem Lantar : oli mixim wetem Rov blong mekem nalot. I kro gud Stem i black M Aotsaed Specific Wild 32

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