Appendix B Referencing Styles (MLA Version)

Transcription

1 Appendix B Referencing Styles (MLA Version) A number of widely used reference styles are available for documenting the sources of information used in report writing. Two of the more popular style manuals for business writing are as follows: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed., Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, Joseph Gibaldi, MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th ed., New York: Modern Languages Association of America, The MLA Handbook is designed for high school and undergraduate college students; the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, 2nd ed. (1998) is designed for graduate students, scholars, and professional writers. These sources, commonly referred to as the APA and MLA styles, provide general rules for referencing and give examples of the citation formats for various types of source materials. This appendix reflects the rules along with examples for the MLA style. Whenever you are not required to use a particular documentation style, choose a recognized one and follow it consistently. Occasionally, you may need to reference something for which no general example applies. Choose the example that is most like your source and follow that format. When in doubt, provide more information, not less. Remember that a major purpose for listing references is to enable readers to retrieve and use the sources. This appendix illustrates citation formats for some common types of information sources and refers you to various electronic sites that provide further detailed guidelines for preparing electronic citations. In-Text Parenthetical Citations T he MLA Handbook supports the use of in-text citations. Abbreviated information within parentheses in the text directs the reader to a list of sources at the end of a report. The list of sources at the end contains all bibliographic information on each source cited in a report. This list is arranged alphabetically by the author s last name or, if no author is provided, by the first word of the title. The in-text citations contain minimal information needed to locate the source in the complete list. The MLA style includes the author s last name and the page number for both quotes and paraphrases, but not the date of publication. Note the format of the in-text parenthetical citations shown in MLA style in Figure B-1. Appendix B Referencing Styles (MLA Version) B-1

2 Figure B-1 Guide to Preparing In-Text Citations in MLA (6th Edition) Style One author not named in the text, direct quotation A recent survey... shows that more and more companies plan to publish their annual reports on the Internet (Prinn 13). Direct quotation, no page number on source According to James, traditional college students have a perspective that is quite different from adult consumers Use par. 2 in place of missing page number only if paragraphs are numbered in original text. Multiple authors for sources not named in the text wording Globalization is becoming a continuous challenge for managers... (Tang and Crofford 29). For all its difficulty, teamwork is still essential... (Nunamaker et al. 163). For sources by more than three authors, use et al. after the last name of the first author or include all last names. Do not underline or italicize et al. More than one source documenting the same idea... companies are turning to micromarketing (Heath 48; Roach 54). More than one source by the same author documenting the same idea Past research (Taylor, Performance Appraisal 6, Frequent Absenteeism 89) shows... Reference to author(s) or date in the text wording Kent Spalding and Brian Price documented the results... In 2006, West concluded... (E2). Omit a page number when citing a one-page article or nonprint source. No author provided... virtues of teamwork look obvious ( Teams Triumph in Creative Solutions 61). Include full title or shortened version of it. One of two or more works by the same author(s) in the same year Zuidema and Kleiner ( New Developments in Self-Directed Work 79) advocated... Include full title of work. Works Cited The works cited page located at the end of your document contains an alphabetized list of the sources used in preparing a report, with each entry containing publication information necessary for locating the source. A researcher often uses sources that provide information but do not result in citations. If you want to acknowledge that you have consulted these works and provide the reader with a comprehensive reading list, include these sources in the list of works cited and refer to list as Works Consulted. Your company guidelines may specify whether to list works cited only or works consulted. If you receive no definitive guidelines, use your own judgment. If in doubt, include all literature cited and read, and label the page with the appropriate title so that the reader clearly understands the nature of the list. B-2 Appendix B Referencing Styles (MLA Version)

3 To aid the reader in locating sources in lengthy bibliographies, you may include several subheadings denoting the types of publications documented, for example, books, articles, unpublished documents and papers, government publications, and nonprint media. Check your reference manual to determine if subheadings are allowed. Formats for Print and Recorded References Reference styles for a variety of print and recorded sources prepared using the MLA style are shown in Figure B-2. Note that the following rules apply for MLA works cited. Indention and spacing Author names Date Capitalization Italicizing and quotation marks Page notations Begin first line of each entry at at left margin and indent subsequent lines one-half inch. While the MLA style manual specifies double spacing within and between entries, common practice in preparing reports is to single space each entry and double space between entries. List last name first for first author only. Use and before final author s name. Place date at end of citation for books and after periodical title and volume for articles. Months are abbreviated. In titles of books, periodicals, and article titles, capitalize all main words. Italicize titles of books, journals, and periodicals (or underline if directed). Place titles of articles within quotation marks. Omit the use of p. or pp. on all citations. Formats for Electronic References Referencing Internet and other electronic sources can be somewhat challenging, since electronic information and publication environments continue to evolve. The Modern Language Association offers some online support for the MLA method in its Frequently Asked Questions about MLA Style available at style_faq. A number of additional websites are available that provide information about electronic citations in various styles. One of the more comprehensive ones is the OWL site developed by Purdue University, which also provides general guidelines for using MLA style and referencing various types of sources. You can access this site at resource/557/01/. Appendix B Referencing Styles (MLA Version) B-3

4 Figure B-2 Guide to Preparing References for Print and Recorded Sources in MLA (6th Edition) Style Book reference with subtitle and two authors Clark, Boyd, and Ron Crossland. The Leader s Voice: How Your Communication Can Inspire Action and Get Results. New York: Select Books, Note: For more than three authors, use et al. (meaning and others ) after the name of the first author or include the name of each author. Edited book Webster, Sally, and Frank W. Connolly, eds. The Ethics Kit. New York: McGraw Hill, Chapter in a book or section within a reference book Clark, James L., and Lyn R. Clark. Electronic Messaging. How 11: A Handbook for Professionals. 11th ed. Mason, OH: South-Western College Publishing, Unisys Corporation. Standard & Poor s Standard Corporation Descriptions. New York: Standard & Poor s, Report, brochure, or book from a private organization, corporate author Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Annual Report. Bentonville, AR: Wal-Mart Stores, Asahi Japan Collectibles. Communication Habits of Americans and Japanese. Kensington, CT: Asahi Japan Collectibles, Article in a scholarly journal with separate pagination in each issue Moe, Wendy W. A Field Experiment to Assess the Interruption Effect of Pop-Up Promotions. Journal of Interactive Marketing 20.1 (2006): Note: 20.1 signifies volume 20, issue 1. Article in a scholarly journal with more than three authors and continuous pagination (page numbers do not start over with each issue) Kirkman, Bradley L., et al. Enhancing the Transfer of Computer-Assisted Proficiency in Geographically Distributed Teams. Journal of Applied Psychology 87 (2006): Note: For more than three authors, use et al. after the first author or include name of each author. Issue number is omitted when page numbers continue across issues; initial page number digit is assumed for ending page. Periodical article without an author On Hold. PC Magazine 8 Aug. 2006: 20. Note: For magazine articles, do not include volume and issue. Article in a newspaper Solnik, Claude. Events that will Float Your Boat. Long Island Business News 29 July 2005: B47. Government publication United States Dept. of Education. Office of Student Financial Assistance. Federal Student Financial Aid Handbook. Report No. ED 1.45/4: Washington, DC: Student Financial Assistance Programs, United States Dept. of Homeland Security. Preparing Makes Sense: Get Ready Now. Washington: GPO, Note: Use GPO as the publisher for documents published by the U.S. Government Printing Office. Unpublished interviews, memos, and letters Arceneaux, Joshua D. Personal interview. 9 July Note: For in-text citation, include only author name, as no page number applies. Computer software Practica Musica 5. Redmond, WA: Ars Nova Software, LLC., Films, filmstrips, slide programs, and video recordings Breaking the Barriers: Improving Communication Skills. DVD. Films for the Humanities and Sciences, B-4 Appendix B Referencing Styles (MLA Version)

5 When referencing an electronic source, include as many of the following items as possible: 1. Author (if given) 2. Date of publication 3. Title of article and/or name of publication 4. Electronic medium (such as online or CD-ROM) 5. Volume; series; page, section, or paragraph; and Internet address 6. Date you retrieved or accessed the resource Examples of referencing formats for various electronically retrieved documents are illustrated in Figure B-3. Figure B-4 illustrates a sample page from a report prepared in MLA style, along with an accompanying reference page. You may also review portions of a formal report in MLA style that is part of the Chapter 11 content on the text support site ( The report was prepared using MLA documentation with annotations that conveniently highlight appropriate in-text citations and reference list entries. Additionally, software products are availble that assist in the preparation of documents using MLA referencing style. StyleEase is one such product that works with Microsoft Word to provide help in formatting references, headings, and other features. Figure B-3 Guide to Preparing References for Electronic Sources in MLA (6th edition) Style Article from an organization's website Windows XP and Office XP: Collaborate in Real Time to Perfect a Presentation. Oct Microsoft Corporation. 2 Nov < Article from online periodical Pirttiaho, Lauri. Sound Engineering Practices and Ethics in Technology Business. Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies 8 (2003). 29 July 2006 < Article from online database January, John. Simple Best Practices for Podcasts. B to B Apr. 2006: 52. Business & Company Resource Center. University of Houston Lib. 29 July 2006 < Note: Include database name, as well as name of library or library system. Article on CD-ROM Fiber Optics. Encarta Encyclopedia Plus CD-ROM. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, Message posted to online forum or discussion group Bridges, Keith. Top Ten Rules of International Communication. Online posting. 1 Aug International Communication Discussion Group. 27 Aug < internationalcommunication/message/31>. message DuFrene, Debbie D. Re: Netiquette Guidelines. to Carol M. Lehman. 23 Jan Appendix B Referencing Styles (MLA Version) B-5

6 Figure B-4 Sample Report and Works Cited Pages in MLA (6th Edition) Style Writer s Last Name 2 A 2002 survey commissioned by the Men s Apparel Alliance showed that 19 percent of over 200 companies with more than $500 million in annual revenues were returning to formal business attire (Egodigwe and Alleyne 59). A 2003 survey by Kurt Salmon Associates revealed that only 24 percent of all businesses currently offered casual days down from 87 percent in 2000 during the height of the trend (Brody). According to Brody, although most employees understand terms such as business dress and business professional, others may need more graphic definitions, such as traditional suits and ties. In reversing its business casual policy, Lehman brothers detailed its requirements in a memo to employees. Business dress for men is a suit and tie, and for women, a suit with either a skirt or slacks, a dress, or other equivalent attire (Egodigwe and Alleyne 59). Many find the new requirements much more straightforward than the vagary of business casual. A paralegal of a law firm reversing its business casual dress code expressed relief at the elimination of confusion: Now I don t have to guess what I should and shouldn t wear to work (Egodigwe and Alleyne 59). Advantages of Conservative Business Dress Various positive outcomes have been attributed to the implementation of business dress policies: Improved attitudes. According to Koestner, people tend to behave in ways that complement their clothing. They are more likely to act like professionals if they are wearing a suit and tie. Increased productivity. Improvements in the overall quality of work, professional commitment, and company loyalty have been reported by Hudson and others when business dress was enforced. Enhanced image. The clothing people wear can affect their careers, as well as the organization s image ( Best Business Attire ). Writer s Last Name 5 Works Cited Best Business Attire. Executive Communications Group May 2006 < Brody, Mary. Dress codes: 'Business Conservative' is Making a Comeback. HR Briefing 1 Mar. 2003: 7. Egodigwe, Laura, and Sonya Alleyne. Here Come the Suits. Black Enterprise Mar. 2003: Hudson, Repps. 'Business Casual' on the Wane. St. Louis Post Dispatch 15 Apr May 2006 < Jones, Clark. Experts Discuss Ways to Dress in Business Attire for Summer. Las Vegas Review 8 June Business and Company Resource Center. University of Houston Lib. 29 July 2006 < Koestner, Maury. What Exactly is Business Casual? The News-Herald 7 May General Businessfile. Texas A & M lib. 31 May 2006 < Molloy, John T. Executives Find as Dress Gets Sloppier, Attitudes Slip. The Houston Chronicle 9 December 2005: D2. White, Ronald. D. Clashing Dress Styles. Careerbuilder 26 Aug June 2006 < B-6 Appendix B Referencing Styles (MLA Version)