Minds are like parachutes : they only function when open! So, USE YOUR BRAINS! Nobody can do it for you!!!

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Erin Harvey
5 years ago
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1 Minds are like parachutes : they only function when open! So, USE YOUR BRAINS! Nobody can do it for you!!!

2 Aucun énoncé ne peut exister s il ne comporte au moins un groupe SUJET et tout ce qu on en dit le prédicat qui vient sous forme de Groupe Verbal avec ou sans ses compléments directs, indirects ou circonstanciels : This document is an ad / a black and white photocopy of an ad It was produced by the CCF, a Swiss charitable N.G.O. They are based in Geneva, Switzerland. On emploie les pronoms personnels dans le but d éviter toute répétition inutile il faut qu il existe un rapport logique évident entre le pronom et son référentr rent (ce qu il remplace, à quoi il réfère) The CCF produced it but we don t know who made it, or when and where it was published

3 En Anglais, aucun verbe ne peut apparaître DEVANT un sujet Inversion ni s accoler «n t», marque de base de négation. Seuls les auxiliaires ont ces capacités : There isn t any date of publication or medium mentioned, but since the text wasn t written in French but in English and the currency is the $, we can infer it was published in a US press medium, can t we? And since the page number we can see in the bottom right corner is 67, we can also think it came from a magazine : newspapers seldom have that many pages, do they? The CCF produced it but we don t know who made it, or when and where it was published The CCF is an NGO that is located in Geneva, Switzerland, they aim at helping poor starving kids worldwide.

5 Present Preterit MODAL Modalité 1 Modalité 2 BE am was CAN capacité is COULD capacité conditionnel are were MUST devoir MAY Possibilité (1/2) HAVE have had MIGHT éventualité has WILL Vrai futur WOULD Conditionnel DO do did SHALL Obligation futur does SHOULD Devoir/obligation Conditionnel DO et HAVE peuvent également n être que Verbes : I ll have a piece of cake je prendrai un morceau de gâteau You didn t do the shopping this morning, did you? BE et HAVE permettent de composer des aspects : You are reading [be + ing] ou aspect progressif / continu votre lecture est en cours, entre début et fin au moment où j en parle Present continu. You were watching TV when I came au moment où je suis entré, tu regardais la télé je parle d une action qui était en cours à un moment précis du passé preterit continu. You have finished your work [have + participe passé] ou aspect dit parfait vous avez fini, terminé votre travail (peu importe quand, seul le résultat compte ici) present perfect. You hadn t finished your work when I came in à ce moment précis du passé (preterit simple) tu n avais pas fini ton travail (qui fut commencé bien avant) past perfect ou plu perfect, correspondant à notre plus-que-parfait. You have been reading this document for 20 minutes, now tu lis ce document, tu ne l as pas terminé, bien que ça fasse 20 minutes de lectures present (tu lis) perfect (tu as lu) continu (tu n as pas fini, donc ta lecture est en cours, non?) BE permet également de construire le PASSIF, comme en Français : You are being watched tu es sous surveillance (# on te surveille, déjà depuis un certain temps )

6 Methodology : how to make an oral presentation of a document in 5 steps. S 1 : Nature S 2 : Localisation S 3 : Contents / composition S 4 : Commentaire / message / problems behind. S 5 : Personal opinion

7 Methodology S1 (step 1) : Nature The 1st information you are to deliver is the nature of the document the examiner chose. There is a paradoxe : the answer to «what is it?» doesn t appear at first glance! We ll often have to analyze the doc. before we can determine its true nature. However, this preliminary work will be done in class, long before you take the exam, so on that day, you will be able to start with the nature, that is if you worked regularly... In order to determine the nature of a doc., you ll have to first make out the various elements that may compose it. Bear in mind that a given doc. can be text only (poem, song..) picture only (photo, painting, sign ) or a mix of both text and picture (ad, film poster, magazine cover )!

8 Methodology S1 (step 1) : Natures

9 Methodology S2 (step 2) : Localisation Localising here means telling about the author (who created) the producer (who paid), medium (in which it was published) & when it was published. MIND!!! You will not necessarily be given all these data! It will often happen that some will be missing : who designed the ad for the CCF? In that case, you will have to show you noticed the missing data using «we don t have the name of the creator» or «the author s name isn t mentioned» or But show you noticed! If the date of publication and the medium are given to you, quote them, otherwise, mention they are missing. If you can, show you can suggest what you aren t shown : this ad could not be on a street since there is too much text, it is printed too small and there is a coupon

10 Methodology S3 (step 3) : Content & composition The document is composed of 6 elements : A catchline A photo 2 columns of text An inset A logo A coupon 2 other elements give further info The origins The bottom of the frame of the article above

Methodology S3 (step 3) : Content & composition A

caught Everything in this catchline shows that the

11 Methodology S3 (step 3) : Content & composition A catchline spreads across the top of the document. It is printed in huge white capital letters on a black background, so that the reader s eye must be caught Everything in this catchline shows that the document must appear below an article the reader was reading.

12 Methodology S3 (step 3) : Content & composition A black and white photo spreads across the bottom of the document. It is used as a background on which other some other elements will be added. It lies below the catchline. It is the photo of a young African child. He / she is staring at the reader, as he/she is holding a plate that is almost empty. The right part of the photo has been lightened, but one can still guess a second child s head to the right. The child represents all the starving children of today s world.

text. The text explains what to sponsor a child consists in and

13 Methodology S3 (step 3) : Content & composition To the top right of the photo, just below the catchline, there are 2 columns of text. The text explains what to sponsor a child consists in and why it is so urgent that more affluent people consider sponsoring.

The real aim is to get affluent US readers to commit

14 Methodology S3 (step 3) : Content & composition An inset was inserted between the 2 columns to the top. The real aim is to get affluent US readers to commit themselves to paying $21/month for some years so as to help a kid live decently.

15 Methodology S3 (step 3) : Content & composition At this point, if you feel concerned, you need to know more about the CCF NGO and the procedure to sponsor a child. So, the logo of CCF was inserted in the bottom right corner of the text, and a coupon filled the bottom right corner of the document.

Negative sentence structures

Negative sentence structures So far, when making negative sentences, we only used the structure ne pas. There are actually other ways to make negative sentences and to convey other meanings with negative sentences. In this lesson,