2 Books. Library sources may consist of: Books. Magazines. Journals WWW. Newspapers

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1 General Reference Works Reference sources that can help you in your search for information on a specific topic are kept in the library. There are various kinds of sources available in the library and each of these fulfills a specific purpose. The type of information you need will change depending on the question you are trying to answer. You have to be able to identify the types or sources that will provide you with the information you need, determine where you will find these sources, and estimate how much time you will need to do your research. In order to obtain the greatest benefit from the library and its sources as a central part of your studies, or at least to supplement your studies, it is essential to master the basic library and information skills that will enable you to make optimal use of the available sources. Library sources may consist of: Books Journals Magazines Newspapers WWW 2 Books To find information in a library can be a daunting task. However, if you know your way around the library and know the use of the different sources available, finding information can be a very exciting and interesting experience. Once you have decided on or have been given a subject to research, you will have to follow a route to obtain the necessary information. 2.1 Dictionaries Language dictionaries and subject dictionaries are good sources to consult when you start an assignment. Using a dictionary will help you to understand the different words related to your assignment that you would come across in the books you consult. A dictionary is a list of the words of a language or languages, or a list of words relating to a specific subject. The words are arranged systematically, usually alphabetically. Dictionaries contain various kinds of information. They may provide the correct spelling, guidelines on the

2 pronunciation, meaning and examples of how to use the word. They may also provide synonyms (words with the same meaning) and the history of the word. Types of dictionaries General language dictionaries A general language dictionary provides information on the spelling, meaning, usage and origin of words in a specific language. Therefore, if you use a general English language dictionary the meaning of the word will be given in English. Some general language dictionaries are very comprehensive and come in several volumes. We refer to these extensive dictionaries as unabridged dictionaries. An abridged dictionary, on the other hand may only be a single volume and the amount of information given about each word will be less detailed. Most of the dictionaries we use are abridged and sufficient for everyday purposes. Oxford English Dictionary Ref 423 OXF Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal Ref WOO Bilingual or multilingual dictionaries Bilingual or multilingual dictionaries provide the equivalent words of one language in another language. These dictionaries are very useful in a country like South Africa with its eleven official languages. Examples of such dictionaries are Xhosa-English, English-Afrikaans or Zulu-Sotho dictionaries or even a dictionary that gives the English, Xhosa, Zulu, Afrikaans and Sotho equivalent of a specific word. These dictionaries do not usually include the meaning of the word but only give the word itself in another language. The purpose of the dictionary is not to define words but to translate them.

3 Trilingual Legal Dictionary Ref HIE

4 Subject dictionaries A subject dictionary lists words, terms or phrases that relate to a specific subject field only, and defines or explains these words. Subject dictionaries are especially useful for students who want to establish the correct meaning of specialist terms not included in general language dictionaries. Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage Ref GAR Encyclopaedias An encyclopaedia will provide basic information on your topic. An encyclopaedia is a reference source that provides concise, factual overviews on a vast number of subjects, or alternatively extensive information on a limited subject field. The information is arranged in a systematic manner, usually alphabetically.

5 General encyclopaedias General encyclopaedias attempt to supply information on all aspects of knowledge. They are in some ways similar to dictionaries but they provide far more information. Once you have found the definition of a topic or subject in a general language dictionary, you can consult an encyclopaedia. This will help you to obtain an overview of the topic and place it in context. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica Ref 032 New Subject encyclopaedias The aim of a subject encyclopaedia is to provide extensive information on a particular subject field. The great advantage of a subject encyclopaedia is the amount of information that may be found on a topic. A topic, which might be dealt with in a few brief paragraphs, or not at all, in a general encyclopaedia, will be covered in far more detail in a subject encyclopaedia. The Law of South Africa Ref LAW

6

7 2.3.3 Yearbooks A yearbook is a publication that records the activities of a particular year. The information may relate to a specific subject or cover many subjects, and the scope may be national or international. Yearbooks are published annually. They are reasonably up to date and therefore they are popular reference sources. They are used to find the most recent information about a country, personality or subject. Even when a yearbook is no longer current, it is still a useful source of retrospective information if you want details of events that took place in a particular year. Yearbooks may be general or specific as far as subject coverage is concerned. An international yearbook has broader coverage than a national yearbook in that an international yearbook covers the whole world or certain regions, whereas a national yearbook is devoted entirely to one country. Both international and national yearbooks contain information that is specific to particular countries: their physical features, history, political structures and leaders, legislature, economy, etc. Subject yearbooks cover a subject and are published annually to update previous editions. Stateman s Yearbook Ref320 STA South Africa Yearbook Ref310 SOU The South African Race Relations Survey P320 SOU covers all aspects of race relations in South Africa Geographical sources

8 A geographical reference source provides information about the earth, its countries and places, in a pictorial, graphic or written form. Most geographical sources provide information about places and physical features such as mountains. Types of geographical sources: Maps The most basic geographical reference source is a map. A map is a graphic representation of the features of the land. For instance, a map of South Africa illustrates the shape of the country by showing where its boundaries are, where the land meets the sea and where neighbouring countries meet. Atlases An atlas is a collection of maps. These maps are arranged in a logical order An atlas may be international, national or regional. There are different types of atlases such as general, historical, modern and thematic atlases. You may consult an atlas if you need to locate a specific place or country or if you need up to date geographical information. An atlas has an index, which lists all the countries, cities, towns, rivers, mountains etc that are named in the maps of the atlas alphabetically. The page where you can find the place appears as well as the lines of latitude and longitude. Types of atlases General atlases General atlases are either international in scope or devoted to one country or region. Philips New World Atlas 912 PHI Thematic atlases Thematic atlases focus on a specific theme Travel Guides Atlas of Medieval Europe MAT A travel guide is a source that provides basic information about a place or places. The guide provides information for the traveler on how to get there, where to stay and what to see.

9 Blue Guide to England Ref ENG

10 2.3.5 Statistical sources Statistical sources provide information in the form of numerical facts. Statistics are facts that are depicted in numerical form. If you need to know what the average age of the matriculation pupils is, you need statistical information. In South Africa the government collects most of its required primary statistics via the Central Statistical Services. Statistics may be found in virtually any type of reference source. Bulletin of statistics Ref310 SOU Biographical sources A biography is a written description of the events in a person's life. It provides the details of the life of the person but is not written by the subject of the biography him or herself. Individual biographies An individual biography describes the life of a single person in detail. It may be written by somebody else or by the person himself, in which case it is called an autobiography. Long walk to freedom by Nelson Mandela. Ref MAN

11 Collected biography A collected biography is a reference source that contains information on the lives of a number of people. Dictionary of African Biography Ref DIC This biography focuses on persons who played a major role in South Africa, Botswana Lesotho and Swaziland Handbooks A handbook provides basic information on a specific subject. Basic information is that information which is constant, and not subject to very regular change. Handbooks give an overview of a subject and cover various aspects of the subject. Handbooks may be found for all fields of study and they contain information that does not become quickly outdated. Handbooks are not updated as regularly as other types of reference sources

12 2.3.8 Directories A directory is a systematic list of persons, organisations or services. The most common directory is the telephone directory, which lists names, addresses and telephone numbers of persons and organisations. World of Learning Ref 060 WOR Almanacs An almanac contains a variety of miscellaneous current information, interesting facts and statistical information. Almanacs concentrate on information and statistics relating to countries and their officialdom, general personalities and major news events of the world. Whitaker's Almanac This almanac places emphasis on information relating to the British Commonwealth. GREF 300 WHI

13 3 Summary In this unit the following was discussed: the different reference works 4 Possible test and examination questions Discuss four of the following reference works Dictionaries (5) Yearbooks (5) Atlases (5) Encyclopedias (5)

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