ARISTOTLE ON SCIENTIFIC VS NON-SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE. Philosophical / Scientific Discourse. Author > Discourse > Audience

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "ARISTOTLE ON SCIENTIFIC VS NON-SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE. Philosophical / Scientific Discourse. Author > Discourse > Audience"

Transcription

1 1 ARISTOTLE ON SCIENTIFIC VS NON-SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE Philosophical / Scientific Discourse Author > Discourse > Audience A scientist (e.g. biologist or sociologist). The emotions, appetites, moral character, personal identity, etc. of the scientist ought, ideally, to have no influence on his/her thesis. A scientific treatise, normally in written form (e.g biology or sociology). The socio-historical context in which the treatise was produced ought, ideally, to have no bearing on his/her argument (e.g. the fact that a scientist is Jamaican or that his experiment occurs in and/or his treatise is published there neither supports nor undermines his/her argument). Most often fellow scientists (e.g. biologists or sociologists). The scientist ought, ideally, not to tailor his/her argument to the emotions, appetites, moral character, personal identity, etc. of the members of a scientific audience but, rather, to appeal solely to their reason.

2 2 The Scientific Method: in science (scientia), the proper gathering of sound empirical evidence and the logic (logos) of the reasoning which infers conclusions from the data acquired are the only factors that matter. All reasoning takes the form, ideally, of syllogisms (syllogismos). In science, these are most often inductive in nature: universals are inferred from (or necessitated by, or derived from, or entailled by) the existence of particulars; to put this another way, generalised laws are inferred from limited samples of empirical data gathered. Technically, induction is defined as any process of reasoning in which the particular premises of an argument are believed to support a conclusion of a general nature but do not ensure it (e.g. the specific proposition 'this ice is cold' is used to infer that all ice is cold ). However, even in the best, or strongest, cases of inductive reasoning, the truth of the premises does not guarantee the truth of the conclusion. For example, Premise: The sun has risen in the east every morning up until now. Conclusion: The sun will also rise in the east tomorrow. Reasoning can also be deductive: a conclusion concerning some particular fact (e.g. that a cuckoo is a bird) is inferred from previously known facts (or premises) of a more general nature (e.g. all birds have wings). Technically, deduction is defined as any process of reasoning in which an assertion concerning some particular fact (the conclusion) is necessitated by, or derived from, or entailled by previously known facts of a more general nature (the premises). In deduction, the conclusion is just as certain as the premises. For example, Premise 1: All humans are mortal. Premise 2: Socrates is a human. Conclusion: Socrates is mortal. In other words, if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. In short, the name of the game is facts although, in the case of induction, the facts may be highly but not definitively provable. Scientists believe that the so-called plain style, i.e. using language in literal or concrete ways that eschew figures of speech (except for purposes of clarification or illustration) avoids the embellishments that are common in literature but which may distort the presentation of the unvarnished truth. The goal of the syllogism is to demonstrate (or show) that the truth of the conclusion inferred possesses iron-clad certainty. The main criterion of judgment is veracity, i.e. whether or not the truth-claim made is factual. Field of Study: Logic is the name assigned today to the academic discipline which examines the validity of scientific reasoning. Aristotle s term for it was Analytic, arguably because it is the field of study which analyses truth-claims by breaking them into their component elements (see his Prior Analytic and Posterior Analytic). Non-Scientific (e.g. Political, Legal, Ceremonial, Etc.) Discourse Author > Discourse > Audience

3 3 A speaker or writer (e.g. a politician, a lawyer, someone celebrating or criticising a person, thing or event, etc.). Ethos: the speaker s / writer s emotions, appetites, personal identity, etc. inevitably shape his/her discourse, but it is in particular his/her moral character which lends credibility to or undermines his/her argument. A spoken or written text (e.g. a political speech, a legal plea, a eulogy, etc.); According to Aristotle, there are three branches of rhetorical discourse: the deliberative (legislative or political), the judicial (legal) and the epideictic (panegyric). Kairos: the socio-historical context (e.g. a particular place and time, a courtroom, a parliament, a birthday celebration, the year 1905, etc.) in which the text was produced inevitably determines the nature of the argument advanced. Though such discourses are aimed at particular targets (e.g. the members of an electorate, a jury, the relatives of the deceased, etc.), potentially anyone may be exposed to them. Pathos: their appetites, personal identity, moral character, etc. inevitably shape how members of the audience respond to the discourse in question, but it is their emotions in particular which are ripe for exploitation and which speakers/writers accordingly target.

4 4 The logic which informs the arguments advanced by a politician, lawyer, etc. normally consists in diluted or attenuated forms of deduction (what Aristotle terms the enthymeme, an abridged syllogism one stage of which is not explicitly stated but implied as a result of which part of the argument is missing because it is assumed) and induction (i.e. examples). Aristotle argues that political, legal and ceremonial discourse is distinguished from scientific discourse by the fact that the former places great emphasis on invention (heurisis [Greek]; inventio [Latin]), that is, the finding of those topics (topoi) or argumentative strategies appropriate to the situation at hand which are known to be effective and for which reason they have been handed down from generation to generation by tradition. He identifies two kinds in this regard, those special topics applicable only to a specific area of knowledge (e.g. the field of Physics) and those that are universally applicable regardless of the subject-matter in question (the so-called common places [koinoi topoi; loci communes]). Aristotle lists 28 valid commonplaces (e.g. to argue from authority) and 10 invalid ones (such as the use of indignant language). Aristotle believes that conclusions inferred from inherited opinions (premises) concerning aspects of the humanly-made social world (e.g. Money is the root of all evil ) rather than irrefutable natural facts (e.g. the sun is shining right now ) is necessarily open to dispute and leads to the establishment of at best probable truths. As a result, in the realm of human affairs, we have to be satisfied with possible or even probable truths rather than the absolute knowledge which is possible with regard to the natural world. In short, the name of the game here is not facts but, at best, interpretations. Arrangement (taxis; dispositio), i.e. the precise order in which points are made and the argument thereby developed, is another important factor contributing to the effectiveness of such discourse. The style (lexis; elocutio), which comprises both diction (the choice of particular words) and composition (their combination in specific sequences to form sentences and paragraphs), is another crucial component of arguments. The use in particular of figures of speech (metaphors, similes, etc.) has a huge impact on the conceptualisation of objects: e.g. comparing a woman to a witch most often has pejorative connotations, thereby shaping the audience s understanding of and reaction to the woman in question. Delivery (hypocrisis; pronuntiato/actio), which refers especially to voice (e.g. intonation) and gesture, and Memory (mneme; memoria), because speeches were traditionally often made without written or other aids, though this is not necessarily the case today, are extremely important in the case of arguments presented orally. The goal of all arguments is to persuade the audience to adopt the speaker s/writer s point of view and, where necessary, to act in accordance therewith. The main criterion of judgement is, accordingly, not veracity but effectiveness, that is, the success or failure of the attempt at persuasion. Fields of Study: the allied fields of study which examine the precise nature of the argumentation informing non-scientific discourses are Dialectic (dialetik ) and Rhetoric (rhetorik ) (Dialectic is specifically described by Aristotle as the counterpart [antistrophe] of Rhetoric). For Aristotle, Dialectic (see his work entitled Topics in particular) centres around the memorisation and use on appropriate occasions of certain tried and tested argumentative strategies or modes of persuasion found over many years to be effective. Rhetoric, according to Aristotle (see his Rhetoric), employs elements of Analytic (deduction in the form of the enthymeme and induction in the form of examples) as well as Dialectic (in the form of the topics).

5 5

Richard L. W. Clarke, Notes RHETORIC

Richard L. W. Clarke, Notes RHETORIC 1 RHETORIC Rhetoric (from Greek rhêtôr, orator, teacher, which is derived in turn from the Greek eiro, I say) is the field of study concerned with the production of discourse, whether oral, written or

More information

Rhetoric - The Basics

Rhetoric - The Basics Name AP Language, period Ms. Lockwood Rhetoric - The Basics Style analysis asks you to separate the content you are taking in from the methods used to successfully convey that content. This is a skill

More information

Claim: refers to an arguable proposition or a conclusion whose merit must be established.

Claim: refers to an arguable proposition or a conclusion whose merit must be established. Argument mapping: refers to the ways of graphically depicting an argument s main claim, sub claims, and support. In effect, it highlights the structure of the argument. Arrangement: the canon that deals

More information

An Introduction to Rhetoric. copyright 2007 James Nelson

An Introduction to Rhetoric. copyright 2007 James Nelson An Introduction to Rhetoric copyright 2007 James Nelson 1 Quickwrite: Why might someone create such a photo? What point might he be attempting to make? copyright 2007 James Nelson 2 copyright 2007 James

More information

The Three Elements of Persuasion: Ethos, Logos, Pathos

The Three Elements of Persuasion: Ethos, Logos, Pathos The Three Elements of Persuasion: Ethos, Logos, Pathos One of the three questions on the English Language and Composition Examination will often be a defend, challenge, or qualify question. The first step

More information

RHETORICAL DEVICES. Rhetoric: the art of effective, persuasive speaking or writing

RHETORICAL DEVICES. Rhetoric: the art of effective, persuasive speaking or writing RHETORICAL DEVICES Rhetoric: the art of effective, persuasive speaking or writing Ethos, Pathos, and Logos are terms coined by the Greek Philosopher Aristotle (they are also known as the Aristotelian Appeals)

More information

Is Everything an Argument? A Look at Argument, Persuasion, and Rhetoric

Is Everything an Argument? A Look at Argument, Persuasion, and Rhetoric Is Everything an Argument? A Look at Argument, Persuasion, and Rhetoric Argumentation-Persuasion Everyone has experience arguing Do it. Why? Because I said so. You can t possibly expect me to believe what

More information

The art and study of using language effectively

The art and study of using language effectively The art and study of using language effectively Defining Rhetoric Aristotle defined rhetoric as the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion. Rhetoric is the art of communicating

More information

Classical Rhetoric. Martin Cothran Instructor

Classical Rhetoric. Martin Cothran Instructor Classical Rhetoric Martin Cothran Instructor Lesson II The definition and division of rhetoric The definition of rhetoric The faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion What

More information

Argumentation and persuasion

Argumentation and persuasion Communicative effectiveness Argumentation and persuasion Lesson 12 Fri 8 April, 2016 Persuasion Discourse can have many different functions. One of these is to convince readers or listeners of something.

More information

Rhetoric. an introduction

Rhetoric. an introduction Rhetoric an introduction W2 Definitions: The art or strategy (science) of persuasion Written or spoken language designed to have an impressive/persuasive effect on its audience Aristotle called it "the

More information

Rhetoric. - my favorite students. Henrik Juel. To all the bright and intelligent students gathered here today in this workshop

Rhetoric. - my favorite students. Henrik Juel. To all the bright and intelligent students gathered here today in this workshop Rhetoric Henrik Juel To all the bright and intelligent students gathered here today in this workshop - my favorite students How we use the word rhetoric The politician had nothing to offer but rhetoric

More information

SECTION EIGHT THROUGH TWELVE

SECTION EIGHT THROUGH TWELVE SECTION EIGHT THROUGH TWELVE Rhetorical devices -You should have four to five sections on the most important rhetorical devices, with examples of each (three to four quotations for each device and a clear

More information

Ausley s AP Language: A Vocabulary of Literature & Rhetoric (rev. 10/2/17)

Ausley s AP Language: A Vocabulary of Literature & Rhetoric (rev. 10/2/17) 1. abstract Conceptual, on a very high order concrete 2. allegory Work that works on a symbolic level symbol 3. allusion Reference to a well-known person, place, event, or work of art. An allusion brings

More information

What is Rhetoric? Grade 10: Rhetoric

What is Rhetoric? Grade 10: Rhetoric Source: Burton, Gideon. "The Forest of Rhetoric." Silva Rhetoricae. Brigham Young University. Web. 10 Jan. 2016. < http://rhetoric.byu.edu/ >. Permission granted under CC BY 3.0. What is Rhetoric? Rhetoric

More information

Style (How to Speak) February 19, Ross Arnold, Winter 2015 Lakeside institute of Theology

Style (How to Speak) February 19, Ross Arnold, Winter 2015 Lakeside institute of Theology Style (How to Speak) February 19, 2015 Ross Arnold, Winter 2015 Lakeside institute of Theology Communications & Homiletics (CL2) Jan. 29 Introduction to Rhetoric Feb. 5 Invention (finding the meaning)

More information

Glossary alliteration allusion analogy anaphora anecdote annotation antecedent antimetabole antithesis aphorism appositive archaic diction argument

Glossary alliteration allusion analogy anaphora anecdote annotation antecedent antimetabole antithesis aphorism appositive archaic diction argument Glossary alliteration The repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables. allusion An indirect reference, often to another text or an historic event. analogy

More information

Introduction to Rhetoric and Argument

Introduction to Rhetoric and Argument Introduction to Rhetoric and Argument * These notes are intended to introduce key concepts we will work with, and are not intended as an alternative to doing the readings. You need to complete the readings

More information

How Appeals Are Created High School Lesson

How Appeals Are Created High School Lesson English How Appeals Are Created Lesson About this Lesson For studying appeals, advertisements can provide an easy, accessible, and fun way to look at how rhetoric can be used to manipulate the audience.

More information

The Rhetorical Triangle

The Rhetorical Triangle The Rhetorical Triangle When you read a text, start asking three questions: Who is the author of the text? What is revealed in the text by the writing about the author (background, biases, purpose, education,

More information

The Art of Persuasion: Intro to Rhetorical Analysis

The Art of Persuasion: Intro to Rhetorical Analysis + The Art of Persuasion: Intro to Rhetorical Analysis + What is Rhetoric? + What is Rhetorical Analysis? While the term "rhetorical analysis" is, at first, rather intimidating for many people, it is easily

More information

Practical Intuition and Rhetorical Example. Paul Schollmeier

Practical Intuition and Rhetorical Example. Paul Schollmeier Practical Intuition and Rhetorical Example Paul Schollmeier I Let us assume with the classical philosophers that we have a faculty of theoretical intuition, through which we intuit theoretical principles,

More information

AP LANGUAGE & COMPOSITION SUMMER ASSIGNMENT

AP LANGUAGE & COMPOSITION SUMMER ASSIGNMENT 2017-2018 AP LANGUAGE & COMPOSITION SUMMER ASSIGNMENT Below you will find an outline of the summer component of the AP Language and Composition. Please carefully read through these instructions. Your completed

More information

International Journal of English and Education

International Journal of English and Education 111 A Proposed Framework for Analyzing Aristotle s Three Modes of Persuasion Dr. Abdulrahman Alkhirbash Department of English, Faculty of Arts and Human Science, Jazan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

More information

AP English Language and Composition Summer Assignment: Analysis

AP English Language and Composition Summer Assignment: Analysis Reading Log: Take notes in the form of a reading log. Read over the explanation and example carefully. It is strongly recommended you have completed eight log entries from five separate sources by the

More information

An Introduction to Rhetoric: Using the Available Means

An Introduction to Rhetoric: Using the Available Means An Introduction to Rhetoric: Using the Available Means Follow along with your notes from the PowerPoint. Add to the notes to reinforce the concepts presented. Assignment Key Elements of Rhetoric Rhetoric

More information

21W.016: Designing Meaning

21W.016: Designing Meaning 21W.016: Designing Meaning 1 Cultural, Historical and Social Context Text--Logos Speaker/Writer-Ethos Audience-Pathos All images are in the public domain. 2 Audience s initial position Logos Ethos Pathos

More information

W H A T I S R H E T O R I C?

W H A T I S R H E T O R I C? WHAT IS RHETORIC? THE ART OF PERSUASION USING THE AVAILABLE MEANS OF PERSUASION TO CRAFT AN ARGUMENT SOME OF ARISTOTLE S IDEAS The Triad -PATHOS, ETHOS, LOGOS Kairos the perfect moment for decision or

More information

English III Honors 2018 Summer Assignment

English III Honors 2018 Summer Assignment English III Honors 2018 Summer Assignment Part I: Terminology for AP Language and Composition Directions: Familiarize yourself with these terms. Please be prepared for a series of quizzes over the course

More information

Freshman Composition Format and Length Requirements for Your Papers

Freshman Composition Format and Length Requirements for Your Papers Freshman Composition If you are taking Freshman Composition (English 1310 and English 1320), then you are developing writing techniques that you can use in your other college courses. In both courses,

More information

Advanced Placement English Language and Composition 2018 Summer Assignment

Advanced Placement English Language and Composition 2018 Summer Assignment Advanced Placement English Language and Composition 2018 Summer Assignment Part I: Terminology for AP Language and Composition Directions: Familiarize yourself with these terms. Please be prepared for

More information

SpringBoard Academic Vocabulary for Grades 10-11

SpringBoard Academic Vocabulary for Grades 10-11 CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.CCRA.L.6 Acquire and use accurately a range of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and career

More information

Get Your Own Top-Grade Paper

Get Your Own Top-Grade Paper The Three Appeals of Rhetoric: Ethos, Pathos, and Logos Aristotle lived in Ancient Greece in the fourth century B.C. He was interested in many subjects including philosophy, science, poetry, ethics, rhetoric,

More information

Eagle s Landing Christian Academy Literature (Reading Literary and Reading Informational) Curriculum Standards (2015)

Eagle s Landing Christian Academy Literature (Reading Literary and Reading Informational) Curriculum Standards (2015) Grade 12 Grade 11 Grade 10 Grade 9 LITERATURE (British) (American with foundational historical documents and standardized testing passages) (World and more emphasis on poetry and drama as genre/persuasive

More information

If the only tool you have in your toolbox is a hammer, you tend to treat everything as if it were a nail. -Abraham Maslow

If the only tool you have in your toolbox is a hammer, you tend to treat everything as if it were a nail. -Abraham Maslow If the only tool you have in your toolbox is a hammer, you tend to treat everything as if it were a nail. -Abraham Maslow Rhetorical Strategies: Ethos, Logos, and Pathos Rhetoric is the art of ruling the

More information

Aristotle. By Sarah, Lina, & Sufana

Aristotle. By Sarah, Lina, & Sufana Aristotle By Sarah, Lina, & Sufana Aristotle: Occupation Greek philosopher whose writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics,

More information

A Lesson on Rhetorical Devices: Ethos, Pathos, Logos. How do argument and persuasion play a role in your academic life? In your personal life?

A Lesson on Rhetorical Devices: Ethos, Pathos, Logos. How do argument and persuasion play a role in your academic life? In your personal life? A Lesson on Rhetorical Devices: Ethos, Pathos, Logos How do argument and persuasion play a role in your academic life? In your personal life? What is Rhetoric? Rhetoric (n) - the art of persuasive speech

More information

Glossary of Rhetorical Terms*

Glossary of Rhetorical Terms* Glossary of Rhetorical Terms* Analyze To divide something into parts in order to understand both the parts and the whole. This can be done by systems analysis (where the object is divided into its interconnected

More information

4. Rhetorical Analysis

4. Rhetorical Analysis 4. Rhetorical Analysis Rhetorical Analysis 4.1 Appeals 4.2 Tone 4.3 Organization/structure 4.4 Rhetorical effects 4.5 Use of language 4.6 Evaluation of evidence 4.1 Appeals Appeals Rhetoric involves using

More information

Aristotle's Rhetoric. surrounded by rhetorical works and even written speeches of other Greek and Latin authors, and was seldom interpreted in

Aristotle's Rhetoric. surrounded by rhetorical works and even written speeches of other Greek and Latin authors, and was seldom interpreted in Open access to the SEP is made possible by a world-wide funding initiative. Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free Aristotle's Rhetoric First published Thu May 2, 2002; substantive revision

More information

IB Analysis and Fundamentals of Composition Guide

IB Analysis and Fundamentals of Composition Guide The 10 Commandments of IB Analysis: IB Analysis and Fundamentals of Composition Guide #1: Despite the vagueness or the complexity of a given analysis prompt, assume that analytical prompts are essentially

More information

Literature Cite the textual evidence that most strongly supports an analysis of what the text says explicitly

Literature Cite the textual evidence that most strongly supports an analysis of what the text says explicitly Grade 8 Key Ideas and Details Online MCA: 23 34 items Paper MCA: 27 41 items Grade 8 Standard 1 Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific

More information

ENGL S092 Improving Writing Skills ENGL S110 Introduction to College Writing ENGL S111 Methods of Written Communication

ENGL S092 Improving Writing Skills ENGL S110 Introduction to College Writing ENGL S111 Methods of Written Communication ENGL S092 Improving Writing Skills 1. Identify elements of sentence and paragraph construction and compose effective sentences and paragraphs. 2. Compose coherent and well-organized essays. 3. Present

More information

Advanced Placement English Language & Composition Summer Reading Assignment

Advanced Placement English Language & Composition Summer Reading Assignment Advanced Placement English Language & Composition Summer Reading Assignment Thank You for Arguing covers the core rhetorical teachings of Aristotle and Cicero, but Heinrichs does so using modern examples,

More information

Logical Fallacies. Good or Bad?

Logical Fallacies. Good or Bad? Logical Fallacies Good or Bad? Period 4 Class Discussion What did you learn? 1. The fallacies used in act 3 attacked the personalities of the characters instead of the positions or arguments being said

More information

Mr. Cunningham s Expository text

Mr. Cunningham s Expository text Mr. Cunningham s Expository text project Book due Now _You will have turn in dates on Tunitin.com for some of the more important sections to see how you are doing. These will be graded. October 19 First1/4

More information

PHL 317K 1 Fall 2017 Overview of Weeks 1 5

PHL 317K 1 Fall 2017 Overview of Weeks 1 5 PHL 317K 1 Fall 2017 Overview of Weeks 1 5 We officially started the class by discussing the fact/opinion distinction and reviewing some important philosophical tools. A critical look at the fact/opinion

More information

Rhetorical Analysis Strategies and Assignments Randy S. Gingrich, Ph.D. Fulton County Schools

Rhetorical Analysis Strategies and Assignments Randy S. Gingrich, Ph.D. Fulton County Schools Rhetorical Analysis Strategies and Assignments Randy S. Gingrich, Ph.D. Fulton County Schools gingrich@fultonschools 1 Article Analysis (Formative 50 points) Dr. Gingrich, AP Lang and Comp, Spring 2017

More information

December 12th Book done : two best examples of section eight through twelve

December 12th Book done : two best examples of section eight through twelve Mr. Cunningham s Expository text project Book due September 16 17 _You will have turn in dates on Tunitin.com for some of the more important sections to see how you are doing. These will be graded. October

More information

AP Language And Composition Chapter 1: An Introduction to Rhetoric

AP Language And Composition Chapter 1: An Introduction to Rhetoric AP Language And Composition Chapter 1: An Introduction to Rhetoric The Rhetorical Situation Appeals to Ethos, Logos, and Pathos Rhetorical Analysis of Visual Texts Determining Effective and Ineffective

More information

University of Illinois College of Law

University of Illinois College of Law University of Illinois College of Law Law and Economics Working Papers Year 2007 Paper 75 Classical Rhetoric, Explanatory Synthesis, and the TREAT Paradigm Michael D. Murray University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

More information

Advanced Placement English Language and Composition 2014 Summer Assignment

Advanced Placement English Language and Composition 2014 Summer Assignment Advanced Placement English Language and Composition 2014 Summer Assignment Welcome to AP Language and Composition and AP Combined Studies! In order to prepare for AP Language and Composition, you will

More information

What is rhetoric/oratory? It is the art of speech for persuasive purposes.

What is rhetoric/oratory? It is the art of speech for persuasive purposes. What is rhetoric/oratory? It is the art of speech for persuasive purposes. The three types of rhetoric Forensic/judicial: speeches in law courts Deliberative/political: speeches on political matters Epideictic/ceremonial:

More information

Grade 6. Paper MCA: items. Grade 6 Standard 1

Grade 6. Paper MCA: items. Grade 6 Standard 1 Grade 6 Key Ideas and Details Online MCA: 23 34 items Paper MCA: 27 41 items Grade 6 Standard 1 Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific

More information

Correlation to Common Core State Standards Books A-F for Grade 5

Correlation to Common Core State Standards Books A-F for Grade 5 Correlation to Common Core State Standards Books A-F for College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Reading Key Ideas and Details 1. Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to

More information

Warm-Up: Rhetoric and Persuasion. What is rhetoric?

Warm-Up: Rhetoric and Persuasion. What is rhetoric? Warm-Up: Rhetoric and Persuasion Brainstorm the meaning of these words: civil, effective, manipulative, and deceptive. Please set your homework on your desk. Make sure your name is on both articles. What

More information

A.P. Language and Composition Rhetorical Terms & Glossary

A.P. Language and Composition Rhetorical Terms & Glossary A.P. Language and Composition Rhetorical Terms & Glossary Abstract Allegory Anecdote Annotation Antithesis Aphorism Apostrophe refers to language that describes concepts rather than concrete images ( ideas

More information

AP LANGUAGE SUMMER WORK ASSIGNMENT 2017 ASSIGNMENT 1: BRING TO CLASS ON THE FIRST DAY OF SCHOOL

AP LANGUAGE SUMMER WORK ASSIGNMENT 2017 ASSIGNMENT 1: BRING TO CLASS ON THE FIRST DAY OF SCHOOL TRHS AP English Language and Composition Summer Packet for the 2017-2018 School Year Instructor: Mrs. Patty Deyermond email: patty.deyermond@timberlane.net or patty.deyermond@gapps.timberlane.net AP LANGUAGE

More information

Eleventh Grade Language Arts Curriculum Pacing Guide

Eleventh Grade Language Arts Curriculum Pacing Guide 1 st quarter (11.1a) Gather and organize evidence to support a position (11.1b) Present evidence clearly and convincingly (11.1c) Address counterclaims (11.1d) Support and defend ideas in public forums

More information

Year 13 COMPARATIVE ESSAY STUDY GUIDE Paper

Year 13 COMPARATIVE ESSAY STUDY GUIDE Paper Year 13 COMPARATIVE ESSAY STUDY GUIDE Paper 2 2015 Contents Themes 3 Style 9 Action 13 Character 16 Setting 21 Comparative Essay Questions 29 Performance Criteria 30 Revision Guide 34 Oxford Revision Guide

More information

Introduction to Rhetoric. The Language of Composition Chapter 1

Introduction to Rhetoric. The Language of Composition Chapter 1 Introduction to Rhetoric The Language of Composition Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Vocabulary AUDIENCE: The person(s) receiving the message CONTEXT: The time and place in which a message is given PURPOSE: The goal

More information

AP Language and Composition Summer Assignment, 2018

AP Language and Composition Summer Assignment, 2018 AP Language and Composition Summer Assignment, 2018 Instructor: Ms. C. Young Email: courtney.young@pgcps.org Google Classroom Code: y7if1p Hello! Welcome to AP Language and Composition. These summer assignments

More information

Hornet Toolbox. Handbook for Analytical Reading and Academic Writing

Hornet Toolbox. Handbook for Analytical Reading and Academic Writing Hornet Toolbox Handbook for Analytical Reading and Academic Writing Enterprise High School 3411 Churn Creek Rd, Redding, CA 96002 www.enterprisehornets.com (530) 222-6601 TABLE OF CONTENTS Resource Page

More information

Taking a Second Look. Before We Begin. Taking Second Looks! 9/29/2017

Taking a Second Look. Before We Begin. Taking Second Looks! 9/29/2017 Before We Begin Taking Second Looks! Taking a Second Look Often, we miss things the first time we look at things. This is especially true when we analyze texts of any kind. Taking a second look requires

More information

LOGOS PATHOS ETHOS KAIROS

LOGOS PATHOS ETHOS KAIROS LETTERS FROM A BIRMINGHAM JAIL ELEMENTS OF PERSUASION LOGOS Logos refers to using logic, reasoning, and evidence to make a case. PATHOS Pathos refers to the use of emotion, style, and humor to persuade.

More information

Grade 7. Paper MCA: items. Grade 7 Standard 1

Grade 7. Paper MCA: items. Grade 7 Standard 1 Grade 7 Key Ideas and Details Online MCA: 23 34 items Paper MCA: 27 41 items Grade 7 Standard 1 Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific

More information

MODULE 4. Is Philosophy Research? Music Education Philosophy Journals and Symposia

MODULE 4. Is Philosophy Research? Music Education Philosophy Journals and Symposia Modes of Inquiry II: Philosophical Research and the Philosophy of Research So What is Art? Kimberly C. Walls October 30, 2007 MODULE 4 Is Philosophy Research? Phelps, et al Rainbow & Froelich Heller &

More information

Comparative Rhetorical Analysis

Comparative Rhetorical Analysis Comparative Rhetorical Analysis When Analyzing Argument Analysis is when you take apart an particular passage and dividing it into its basic components for the purpose of examining how the writer develops

More information

Humanities Learning Outcomes

Humanities Learning Outcomes University Major/Dept Learning Outcome Source Creative Writing The undergraduate degree in creative writing emphasizes knowledge and awareness of: literary works, including the genres of fiction, poetry,

More information

Marya Dzisko-Schumann THE PROBLEM OF VALUES IN THE ARGUMETATION THEORY: FROM ARISTOTLE S RHETORICS TO PERELMAN S NEW RHETORIC

Marya Dzisko-Schumann THE PROBLEM OF VALUES IN THE ARGUMETATION THEORY: FROM ARISTOTLE S RHETORICS TO PERELMAN S NEW RHETORIC Marya Dzisko-Schumann THE PROBLEM OF VALUES IN THE ARGUMETATION THEORY: FROM ARISTOTLE S RHETORICS TO PERELMAN S NEW RHETORIC Abstract The Author presents the problem of values in the argumentation theory.

More information

Theories of linguistics

Theories of linguistics Theories of linguistics András Cser BMNEN-01100A Practical points about the course web site with syllabus, required and recommended readings, ppt s uploaded (under my personal page) consultation: sign

More information

Rhetorical Analysis. AP Seminar

Rhetorical Analysis. AP Seminar Rhetorical Analysis AP Seminar SOAPS The first step to effectively analyzing nonfiction is to know certain key background details which will give you the proper context for the analysis. An acronym to

More information

Advanced Placement English Language and Composition Mrs. Ellie Kenworthy 2016 Summer Reading Assignment

Advanced Placement English Language and Composition Mrs. Ellie Kenworthy 2016 Summer Reading Assignment Advanced Placement English Language and Composition Mrs. Ellie Kenworthy ellie.kenworthy@gmail.com 2016 Summer Reading Assignment Welcome to AP Language and Composition! In order to prepare for AP Language

More information

Comparing Neo-Aristotelian, Close Textual Analysis, and Genre Criticism

Comparing Neo-Aristotelian, Close Textual Analysis, and Genre Criticism Gruber 1 Blake J Gruber Rhet-257: Rhetorical Criticism Professor Hovden 12 February 2010 Comparing Neo-Aristotelian, Close Textual Analysis, and Genre Criticism The concept of rhetorical criticism encompasses

More information

ENGLISH I STAAR EOC REVIEW. Reporting Category 1 Understanding and Analysis across Genres

ENGLISH I STAAR EOC REVIEW. Reporting Category 1 Understanding and Analysis across Genres ENGLISH I STAAR EOC REVIEW Reporting Category 1 Understanding and Analysis across Genres E1.1A SS determine the meaning of grade-level technical academic English words in multiple content areas (e.g.,

More information

Defining the profession: placing plain language in the field of communication.

Defining the profession: placing plain language in the field of communication. Defining the profession: placing plain language in the field of communication. Dr Neil James Clarity conference, November 2008. 1. A confusing array We ve already heard a lot during the conference about

More information

Analytical: the writer s reaction to a body of work through a critical lens) Literary analysis: analyzes one aspect of the text (i.e.

Analytical: the writer s reaction to a body of work through a critical lens) Literary analysis: analyzes one aspect of the text (i.e. Analytical: the writer s reaction to a body of work through a critical lens) Literary analysis: analyzes one aspect of the text (i.e. imagery, mood, etc.) to uncover the piece s theme Rhetorical analysis:

More information

Language & Literature Comparative Commentary

Language & Literature Comparative Commentary Language & Literature Comparative Commentary What are you supposed to demonstrate? In asking you to write a comparative commentary, the examiners are seeing how well you can: o o READ different kinds of

More information

Rhetorical Review 4:1 (February 2006) 7

Rhetorical Review 4:1 (February 2006) 7 Rhetorical Review 4:1 (February 2006) 7 _ Michael H. Frost: Introduction to Classical Legal Rhetoric. A Lost Heritage (Applied Legal Philosophy) Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2005

More information

Critique. Tradition of Humanism. Sakabe Kei

Critique. Tradition of Humanism. Sakabe Kei Critique and the Tradition of Humanism Sakabe Kei Critique and Tradition of Humanism In the last class, we reviewed Foucault s s critique about Kant s idea of Anthropology. Anthropology. Contrary to Kant

More information

12th Grade Language Arts Pacing Guide SLEs in red are the 2007 ELA Framework Revisions.

12th Grade Language Arts Pacing Guide SLEs in red are the 2007 ELA Framework Revisions. 1. Enduring Developing as a learner requires listening and responding appropriately. 2. Enduring Self monitoring for successful reading requires the use of various strategies. 12th Grade Language Arts

More information

Ideas of Language from Antiquity to Modern Times

Ideas of Language from Antiquity to Modern Times Ideas of Language from Antiquity to Modern Times András Cser BBNAN-14300, Elective lecture in linguistics Practical points about the course web site with syllabus and recommended readings, ppt s uploaded

More information

What Is Rhetoric? Rhetoric and Argumentation

What Is Rhetoric? Rhetoric and Argumentation What Is Rhetoric? While the official title to this course is Advanced Placement Language and Composition, it really should be called Rhetoric and Composition. Rhetoric, very broadly, refers to the study

More information

Students will understand that inferences may be supported using evidence from the text. that explicit textual evidence can be accurately cited.

Students will understand that inferences may be supported using evidence from the text. that explicit textual evidence can be accurately cited. Sixth Grade Reading Standards for Literature: Key Ideas and Details Essential Questions: 1. Why do readers read? 2. How do readers construct meaning? Essential cite, textual evidence, explicitly, inferences,

More information

Cite. Infer. to determine the meaning of something by applying background knowledge to evidence found in a text.

Cite. Infer. to determine the meaning of something by applying background knowledge to evidence found in a text. 1. 2. Infer to determine the meaning of something by applying background knowledge to evidence found in a text. Cite to quote as evidence for or as justification of an argument or statement 3. 4. Text

More information

If the only tool you have in your toolbox is a hammer, you tend to treat everything as if it were a nail. -Abraham Maslow

If the only tool you have in your toolbox is a hammer, you tend to treat everything as if it were a nail. -Abraham Maslow If the only tool you have in your toolbox is a hammer, you tend to treat everything as if it were a nail. -Abraham Maslow Rhetorical Strategies: Ethos, Logos, and Pathos Rhetoric is the art of ruling the

More information

Aristotle s Rhetoric and the Cognition of Being: Human Emotions and the Rational-Irrational Dialectic. Brian Ogren

Aristotle s Rhetoric and the Cognition of Being: Human Emotions and the Rational-Irrational Dialectic. Brian Ogren Aristotle s Rhetoric and the Cognition of Being: Human Emotions and the Rational-Irrational Dialectic Abstract Within the second book of his Rhetoric, intent upon the art of persuasion, Aristotle sets

More information

Scientific Philosophy

Scientific Philosophy Scientific Philosophy Gustavo E. Romero IAR-CONICET/UNLP, Argentina FCAGLP, UNLP, 2018 Philosophy of mathematics The philosophy of mathematics is the branch of philosophy that studies the philosophical

More information

Arkansas Learning Standards (Grade 12)

Arkansas Learning Standards (Grade 12) Arkansas Learning s (Grade 12) This chart correlates the Arkansas Learning s to the chapters of The Essential Guide to Language, Writing, and Literature, Blue Level. IR.12.12.10 Interpreting and presenting

More information

Colonnade Program Course Proposal: Explorations Category

Colonnade Program Course Proposal: Explorations Category Colonnade Program Course Proposal: Explorations Category 1. What course does the department plan to offer in Explorations? Which subcategory are you proposing for this course? (Arts and Humanities; Social

More information

Persuasive Rhetoric. Rhetoric is the art of communicating ideas.

Persuasive Rhetoric. Rhetoric is the art of communicating ideas. Persuasive Rhetoric Rhetoric is the art of communicating ideas. Persuasive Rhetoric consists of reasoned arguments in favor of or against a particular action. To be effectively persuasive, a work generally

More information

Dialectic: Not Just a Game for Schoolboys. James M. Tallmon, Ph.D.

Dialectic: Not Just a Game for Schoolboys. James M. Tallmon, Ph.D. Dialectic: Not Just a Game for Schoolboys James M. Tallmon, Ph.D. 2016 Schoolboys 2 Boethius De topicis differentiis i (De topicis) contributes a great deal to the attempts by modern rhetoricians to revive

More information

SWU Aesthetics for Life W5: Aesthetics and Philosophy. 1 Introduction

SWU Aesthetics for Life W5: Aesthetics and Philosophy. 1 Introduction SWU 252 - Aesthetics for Life W5: Aesthetics and Philosophy 1 Introduction The poet speaks more of the universal, while the historian speaks of particulars. Next Week s Class: 30-min Debates 1. Divide

More information

Rhetorical Analysis. Today s objective: To understand key concepts for rhetorical analysis

Rhetorical Analysis. Today s objective: To understand key concepts for rhetorical analysis Rhetorical Analysis Today s objective: To understand key concepts for rhetorical analysis What do we mean by analysis? What do we mean by analysis? Miriam-Webster provides the following definition: a careful

More information

The Embedding Problem for Non-Cognitivism; Introduction to Cognitivism; Motivational Externalism

The Embedding Problem for Non-Cognitivism; Introduction to Cognitivism; Motivational Externalism The Embedding Problem for Non-Cognitivism; Introduction to Cognitivism; Motivational Externalism Felix Pinkert 103 Ethics: Metaethics, University of Oxford, Hilary Term 2015 Recapitulation Expressivism

More information

Chapter 2: Reading for the Main Idea and Author s Purpose

Chapter 2: Reading for the Main Idea and Author s Purpose Chapter 2: Reading for the Main Idea and Author s Purpose Topic + Controlling Idea= Main Idea Topic is like a title or who or what the passage is about (underline once). Controlling Idea is a descriptive

More information

English III: Rhetoric & Composition / AP English Language & Composition. Summer Reading Assignment. Sr. Scholastica, O.P.

English III: Rhetoric & Composition / AP English Language & Composition. Summer Reading Assignment. Sr. Scholastica, O.P. English III: Rhetoric & Composition / AP English Language & Composition Summer Reading Assignment Sr. Scholastica, O.P. Email: srscholastica@stcecilia.edu This summer, all rising Juniors must read the

More information

(mĕtŏn ĭmē) A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is

(mĕtŏn ĭmē) A term from the Greek meaning changed label or substitute name, metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is (mĕtŏn ĭmē) A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with

More information

Rhetorical Analysis. The Basics

Rhetorical Analysis. The Basics Rhetorical Analysis The Basics Today, we are going to take the first step in developing a similar skill: rhetorical analysis. You will use rhetorical analysis in both academic settings and in your everyday

More information

Rhetorical Analysis Terms and Definitions Term Definition Example allegory

Rhetorical Analysis Terms and Definitions Term Definition Example allegory Rhetorical Analysis Terms and Definitions Term Definition Example allegory a story with two (or more) levels of meaning--one literal and the other(s) symbolic alliteration allusion amplification analogy

More information