Tzovaras, P. (2017); A Journey from the Unconscious to the Cosmos: Rethinking the Symbolic Function of the Ship in the Minoan World

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Tzovaras, P. (2017); A Journey from the Unconscious to the Cosmos: Rethinking the Symbolic Function of the Ship in the Minoan World"

Transcription

1 Tzovaras, P. (2017); A Journey from the Unconscious to the Cosmos: Rethinking the Symbolic Function of the Ship in the Minoan World Rosetta 21:

2 A Journey from the Unconscious to the Cosmos: Rethinking the Symbolic Function of the Ship in the Minoan World Panos Tzovaras Everything that is dead quivers. Not only the things of poetry, stars, moon, wood, flowers, but even a white trouser button glittering out of a puddle in the street... Everything has a secret soul, which is silent more often than it speaks. Wassily Kandinsky (Selbstbetrachtungen, Dokumente. Berlin: 1913: 89) 1. Introduction As Wassily Kandinsky succinctly stated, everything has a secret soul which can be identified into every object of our material reality, trying to be externalised through images, artefacts etc. However, since every artefact is a product of ours, a part of ourselves, this secret soul of things can be perceived as our conscious or unconscious desire to project beliefs and thoughts that they have been repressed because they go beyond the logical rigour and cannot be verbally articulated or as thoughts that are considered immoral because they do not comply to the rules of social decorum. The only link between these thoughts and objects is the ability of symbolisation. Inevitably, one of the most important products of our material reality, the ship, apart from its technical acquired a symbolic function as well, something attested by the abundance of its representations in various forms of art, from very early in prehistory. Thus, the ship in the Minoan world could not be an exception owing to its vital role in the formation of the so-called Minoan thalassocracy. The Minoans, perceived the ship not only as a medium of their physical world but as a symbol as well, that transcends reality and connects their world with another reality. Hence, the iconography of Minoan ship, in a religious and funerary context has opened up a window allowing us to comprehend their perception of the cosmos. However, in order to understand how and why the ship acquired such an important meaning, it would be necessary to examine what is a symbol, its social implications 50

3 and the role of the unconscious in symbolisation 1. Afterwards, a reference will be made to ship s physical and no-physical goals. Furthermore, the context into which the Minoan ship emerged during the Early Minoan III (EM) - Late Minoan IB (LM) it will be defined as well as some case studies that prove its significance. Finally, I will attempt to offer an exegesis of ship s symbolic role through a metaphorical journey to cosmos and our unconscious world. 2. What is a symbol after all? 2.1. It is a symbol not a sign: defining the symbol and its multivocality One of the most difficult questions that must be answered is what is a symbol and how we can define it? Undeniably, many scholars, 2 agree that anything we refer to as a symbol can be any object derived from our material culture, whose original function has been changed by the actor, considering always the social parameters. 3 Therefore, albeit different, by being connected with something visible and tangible it acquires a similar function to a sign. 4 However, the role of a sign is to signify a thing of our physical world, by simply replacing it. So, its character is purely univocal. 5 On the other hand, symbols are far more complex and intricate. It is believed that although they are too part of the physical world, they exceed them by denoting and representing something hidden, a different reality, inaccessible and inexpressible due to the inability to be verbally articulated. 6 In order to make it simple, we can imagine a symbol as a bridge, mainly constructed by emotions, that connects the physical with the metaphysical via imagination. This symbolic bridge (as any bridge), that connects two or more opposites, is not only a universal phenomenon, but a particular one as well, 7 so its form (its meaning) can vary, depending on human s perception of reality in an individual and communal level. Thus, a symbol can have a variety of meanings and thereby acquires a multivocal character, only understood in respect to the cultural context into which have been emerged Symbolism and its social implications Implicit in the above, the formation of a symbol is not just a one-man show, but a 1 At this point it should be stated that human palaeopsychology is an obsolete interpretive method of research as well as beyond archaeology. Although we can spot symbolic practices in it, the determination of meaning and intent in many prehistoric contexts is extremely complex and difficult. 2 Facchini 2000: 542, 544; Jaffe 1964: 232; Kobylinski 1995: Jung 1964: 92; Kobylinski 1995: Kobylinski 1995: 9. 5 Jung 1964: 20; Ricoeur 1970: 19, distinguishes between univocal and equivocal symbols. 6 Kobylinski 1995: 9-10; Elliade 1952: ; Jung 1964: 20-21, Diel 1986: Kobylinski 1995: 12-13; Jung 1964:

4 social process profoundly affected by the social norms of each society. Jung, 9 suggests that every symbol came to this world as the individual s projection of their psyche and unconscious world, which has been inevitably affected and adapted (or distorted) to various social (and technological) aspects. 10 So, it is also the society which needs and sustains not only symbols, but a whole system of a symbol formation, because through it, it can communicate to its members ideologies, and render specific values necessary for its proper function, socially accepted. Therefore, symbols are a useful medium through which society gains stability by controlling and directing individuals. 11 Besides, this notion can be underpinned by Bower s 12 theory of the split-brain and how the two cerebral hemispheres which are responsible for different modes of thinking, can dominate one another according to how much different cultures differentially reinforce right-and left-hemisphere-dominated cognitive process. 13 This results in the human thought (and subsequently the ability to form symbols) being culturally determined. 3. A psychoanalytic approach of the symbol formation 3.1. Deciphering the unconscious In order to have a complete view of symbols and their functions, it would be necessary to view this process from a psychoanalytic perspective. We can easily name the study of symbols as the psychology of the unconscious, because what Freud stated about the mythological view of the world they are nothing more but psychology projected into the external world, 14 can be easily associated with symbols. As it has been stated, 15 the symbols are located in our unconscious, and they are nothing more than repressed thoughts that used to be conscious. 16 Additionally, Shnier posits that their repression in our unconscious is the result of what we individually or communally deem as immoral and illicit, but these thoughts never cease to exist, because they remain in our unconscious in an inertial state and the only way to be conscious again is by taking the form of symbol. 3.2a. The therapeutic function of symbolisation Nevertheless, one may ask what is that that stimulate unconscious to disguise a repressed thought into a symbol so as to find its way into their conscious world? At 9 Jung 1964: Facchini 2001: Kobylinski 1995: Bower 1970: Paredes and Hepburn 1976: Freud 1914: Jung 1964: Schnier 1953:

5 this point a parenthesis should be made in order to reject notions clearly affected by cultural evolutionism, such as psychic unity and state that symbols are not inherited archetypal images into our unconscious, as it has been stated by Jung 17 On the other hand, as it is argued by the ability of symbolisation is probably inherited, and is something that answers the aforementioned question. Returning to it, we can infer that there is an esoteric need in creating symbols, because their hidden meaning allows us to endure reality simply by denying it. This esoteric need can be translated into our need for something that will give a wider meaning into our lives and help us find a place into the cosmos. 18 An interesting theory has been proposed by Roheim and widely adopted by other scholars 19 is that an object by acquiring a symbolic function and a wider meaning deriving from our unconscious fantasy, is a cultural phenomenon, a defence system. Hence, this defence system can be quite effective and provide us with protection from the external reality and its emotional burdens. 3.2b. Symbols and the psychology of ego Moreover, we can seek for an answer into the psychoanalytic ego psychology. According to Freud, 20 the ego performs the rational thinking and employs a mechanism of defence so as to be protected by dangerous thoughts. Amongst others, Merkur and Segal 21 identified as parts of this defensive mechanism the process of reaction-formation, repression and projection, which are aspects of symbolisation. To put it simple, the ego turns the irrational into rational by incorporating it into its organisation in the form of a symbol. In other words, it performs an adaptation to the symptom by making the irrational predictable and stabilizing the ego. Pfister 22 believes that because the meaning of the symbols is coherent to the unconscious superego, they acquire a therapeutic function. Thereby, according to Cox, Eggan and Adams 23 an individual can identify themselves into their wider meaning, use it as a personal fantasy and get an insight about their situation. 4. Physical and non-physical functions of an object: The symbolic function of the ship Ineluctably, all these notions lead to the question of how an object with technical function, a vessel whose main goal is aquatic mobility, acquired a symbolic value. 17 Jung 1964: Jung 1964: Arlow 1981: ; Boyer 1981: ; Roheim 1943: Freud 1926: 87-98; Freud 1923: Merkur and Segal 2005: Pfister 1932: Cox 1948:94; Eggan 1955: 447; Adams 1990:

6 According to Wedde 24, it is a common mistake to relate the artefacts of our material world only with the achievement of physical goals and subsequently examining only the construction features, propulsion etc. of a vessel and nothing more. An artefact can perform a number of different functions and thus it is able to achieve nonphysical goals as well. Thereby, artefacts can be classified according to the functions that are assigned to them by their actors and the context within they both interact, into three subclasses of the material culture: technical, social and ideological 25 (or all three at the same time). Their social and ideological function can easily include the symbolic one. Furthermore, according to Kobylinski the distortion of the pragmatics of a vessel that causes this shift in the function, can be found in the importance of the ship in any religion. 26 The ability of every artefact to attract and accumulate emotions that can later acquire a religious form, can be observed much more in ships and therefore, they become an almost universal symbol. 27 In that way, actual ships or in a miniature form can be spotted as gifts in burials, as images that decorate artefacts charged with cultic meaning, 28 or accompanied by ritual symbols that they change their meaning etc. 5. The ship as symbol in the Minoan World 5.1. The classification of the symbolic ship in Minoan iconography and its ambiguity Similarly, the ship in the Minoan world had a very prominent role and meaning not only as a means of transportation that connects and allows trade or as a manifestation of social status, but in the perception of the spiritual world and cosmos too. This explains why it became a key aspect in various rites and a constant trait in Minoan iconography. According to Wedde it can be classified as a religious image when has an explicit relation with religion, as a cultic when its use is related with the communication with the deities, ritual when its involvement is explicit in the act of communication and finally both cultic and ritual as a medium that transcends the existence reality. 29 Again, this multivocality of symbols and the ambiguity of the Minoan art in general, 30 it is more than obvious, so we ought to be very careful when we try to provide an exegesis into a very different perception of reality which for the cultures of the past used to be a sort of natural part of their lives, 31 and always take into consideration their ideology and their mentalité. 24 Wedde 2000: Binford 1962: 219; Crilly 2010: Kobylinski 1995: Schnier 1953: Kobylinski 1995: Wedde 2000: Koehl 2016: Henderson 1964:

7 5.2. Aspects of religion: demarcating the religious context into which ship s symbolism emerged There are various examples that prove the ship s importance as a medium which goes beyond the worldly existence and its role in the perception of the cosmos during the EM III to LM IB, but before we examine them more specifically, it would be vital to demarcate some of the basic aspects of the Minoan religious system and its external influences. To begin with, it is difficult to talk about the formation of the Aegean religion in general, but it is widely accepted that to some extent share many similarities with these of the Near East cultures owing to the similar agrarian background that they derived from, which gave rise to supernatural unexplained phenomena, related to fertility, death etc., controlled by a deity or deities somehow needed to be appeased. 32 During the first and second Palatial period the raise of the palaces, which Marinatos 33 accurately named as the backbones of the religious system and proposed that these gave rise to a sacerdotal class whose responsibilities exceeded the religion matters with a surging desire in the depiction of ritual activities and epiphanies of a deity through iconography, propagating an official ideology. Additionally, it can be easily inferred that the augmentation of contacts with Egypt and especially that of the 18 th Dynasty, had an impact in the Minoan religion. This, can be noticed in the similarities between the Egyptian solar cult and the Minoan Great goddess who gives life to everything, and embodies all the aspects of the cosmos as well as in the emphasis in fertility, death, regeneration, the after-death voyage to the Isles of the Blessed via a watercraft etc The ship combined with other symbols Having meticulously examined what a symbol is and its various facets as well as the classification of the ship as a symbol in the Minoan iconography and the context into which emerged, it is time to delve into the various pictorial examples during the EM III to LM IB. However, the depiction of the ship alone may mean nothing, thus we should analyse them in correlation with the contexts within which they are found as well as with the various symbols that were accompanied with and together formed a very special meaning. The ship and the floating objects There are many depictions of ships, accompanied by objects that they do not stand on the ground but floating above them. Some of the most characteristic examples are two gold signet rings, the Kandia (LM I) and the Minos ring (LM IA) (figure 1; 32 Dickinson 1994: Marinatos 1993: ; 34 Marinatos 1933: , 242; Marinatos 2015: , 149; Marinatos 2016: 3; Nilson 1950: ; Vermuele 1979:

8 figure 2). Above the ship, a floating person with an extended arm has been identified. A similar floating person has been identified on the New Poros and Isopata ring (figure 3a- b) and although there is no ship, which according to Kyriakidis, they have the same form and direction. 35 Furthermore, in his work Unidentified Floating Objects on Minoan Seals Kyriakidis identified more floating objects above ships such as arrows, double axes, wheat, rayed objects, spirals (figure 4a - d) etc. Nilson 36, concluded that the floating persons represent epiphanies. Of course, we could not argue against that, but a more convincing explanation is again this of Kyriakidis 37 that they represent constellations because Nilson s suggestion does not explain the similarity in form, their stable relative position and direction, as well as the rest of the floating objects with which they share the same attributes. The ship and the tree A more complex combination is the ship accompanied by a tree. There are various examples, such as a gold signet ring found in a burial at Mokchlos (figure 5) with a tree growing onto a shrine or a planter (LM IB), 38 a seal from Makrygialos (LM I) with a tree at the place where the mast would have been, according to Wedde, 39 next to an ikrion or a shrine (figure 6), the Ring of Minos with a tree onto a similar construction, but not into the ship (figure 2; figure 7) etc. So, was the tree so important? The answer is yes. Apart from the existence of tree sanctuaries, according to Evans in Minoan iconography the tree marks the presence of the deity, 40 or according to Nilson the tree represents the embodiment of the goddess. 41 Furthermore, Marinatos suggests that those devises on the boat were used so as to transport the sacred tree and then to be placed onto a shrine inferring that the tree within the ship demonstrates the arrival of the goddess and together a period of regeneration and fertility. 42 The ship and the deities The previous linkage between tree and ship, inevitably leads to the association of the ship with temples and ensuingly as sites of epiphanies and a medium that transports the deity. 43 Therefore the indirect presence of the goddess into a ship via the sacred trees, the pose of figures as on Mokchlos ring (figure 5), the emblems of the solar goddess with which the ships of the Theran miniature freeze (LM IA) are decorated 35 Kyriakidis 2005: Nilson 1950: Kyriakidis 2005: 146, Marinatos 1993: Wedde 2000: Evans 1901: Nilson 1950: 262, Marinatos 1993: , Griffith 2002: ; Marinatos 1993:

9 with (figure 8), 44 signifying that the ships are under divine protection (through the presence?) of the goddess, 45 can be suggested or direct where the deity is being transported by a ship as on the Ring of Minos (figure 2), the ring from Mokchlos (figure 5), on a seal from AgiaTriada (figure 9), etc. Moreover, according to Griffith the notion of the ship as a temple can be consolidated by the fact that the proto- Greek word naswos (νηός in ancient Greek, which means temple) has as a verbal reflex the word nas-jo, which means to dwell, and its root is similar to the genitive νηός (ship) that derives from the proto-greek nawos. 46 Finally, we can spot a similarity with the Egyptian religion, which according to it many deities arrived by a boat. 6. Exegesis 6.1. A journey to the cosmos So far, we can identify three basic features of the ship, one in regard to constellations (that gives you the ability to transcend), the ship where the goddess dwell (the ship as a temple) and the ship that transports the goddess (connected with renewal). Here, we can add its use in a funerary context, implicitly linked with the transcendence of the soul to the Isles of Blessed ἐς Ἠλύσιον πεδίον καὶ πείρατα γαίης (Hom. Od., 4, 563), In this case I would like to use some more examples. The first one is the depictions of ships, connected with the transportation of the soul to the world of the afterlife. This is implied by a Middle Minoan III (MM) seal from Anemospilia (figure 10), found in the wrist of a man. 47 On it, a figure is depicted that uses the polling as a mode of propulsion, which can be associated with the myth of Charon, who transports the souls of the dead. 48 Of similar significance is the ring of Minos (figure 2) which Wedde, 49 compares with some of the scenes of the book of the Dead, where Horemheb is depicted polling a bow. Two more examples are the ship on the larnax from Gazi (LM IIIB) (figure 11), implying the death as a journey through the ocean to another existence, or the presentation scene from the sarcophagus of AgiaTriada (LM IIIA) (figure 12), where a boat is offered to the deceased, and has been regarded as a funerary barque. 50 Finally, we should mention the ships onto the so-called frying pans (Early Cycladic II) (figure 13), discovered in the Khalandriani cemetery of Syros and the fact that they have been found in such a context can possibly link them with a funerary ritual. Nevertheless, the most important trait of these ships is that they are accompanied by another 44 Marinatos 2015: 156; Marinatos 2016: Televantou 1994: , Griffith 2002: Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakelaraki 1981: Wedde 2000: Wedde 1997, 2000: Marinatos 1933:

10 important symbol, the spirals. Although sometimes in Minoan iconography their role was decorative, 51 in Egypt, one of their meanings is that they represent the depth of the nocturnal sky and its constellations, 52 or according to Cirlot, 53 the cosmic forces in motion, which at the same time are related with the water and its ability to transit, regenerate and dissolve. This is in line with the cosmogony of the pre-socratic philosopher Thales, that the water is the source of everything. This ability to dissolve is what secures the transition of the soul to the world of beyond. 54 Therefore, there is the ship, a medium that can be navigated by and through constellations. This medium is used by the goddess who transports her from a metaphysical to a physical world in order to appear as an epiphany to the people and regenerate the whole nature or as a medium that helps souls to transcend into a different existence which can be associated with their rebirth. So, the ship is the linkage between the existence reality and the one that goes beyond it and vice versa and can be used by the Goddess or the dead ones. In other words, the ship is able to be navigated into the havoc of the celestial ocean and reach to its destination, which can be double: the physical and the metaphysical world and thus securing a constant connection and interaction between these two. In that way, the symbolism of the ship is related to its inherited ability to transport, transcend as well as connect and played a prominent role in the cosmology of the Minoans. It is this iconography and symbolism that this new sacerdotal class exploited so as to propagate the belief that their authority had a divine origin, and the ship due to its prominent role in every island civilisation could not been absent from this equation A journey to the unconscious At this point it would be interesting to briefly examine the deep meaning of the disguised unconscious thoughts that find their way into the consciousness and normality through the symbol of the ship and can be understood only through our unconscious mind. Having in mind the Freudian Oedipal complex and that most of our ability to form symbols is connected with the child-mother relationship, 55 we can presume that the ship, unconsciously becomes the symbol of mother s womb. As Schnier 56 notices, the shape, its relation with the water and its rhythmic movement and the tendency to attach to it a female identity, consolidates this notion. Therefore, onto some of the frying pans from Khalandriani above the two handles and bellow the ship there is a depiction of female genitalia (figure 13, figure 14), 57 which allows us to connect the death as a journey through labour s water to mother s womb, a 51 Marinatos 2016: Marinatos 2015: 117; Marinatos 2016: Cirlot 2001: 305, Kobylinski 1995: Roheim 1950: Schnier 1973: Wachsmann 1998:

11 feature that has been attributed to the symbol of ship by many scholars 58. According to the theory of Primary Return-to-Womb Craving, 59 every human since birth craves returning to this state of complete happiness and protection that the mother offered them when they were embryos, a desire connected with our need in creating the same conditions during stressful periods: loneliness, darkness, a warmth bath etc. 60 Thus, unconsciously the ship on the frying pans is related to the trauma of birth, and symbolises the medium that will fulfil human s desire to return back to the place of their birth. 7. Conclusion All in all, the ability to form symbols and the tendency to give symbolic functions into objects can be understood as our innate need to communicate and externalise deeper feelings and thoughts. It is true that this ability has a therapeutic quality because it can fill the emptiness of our lives by offering a disguised rational explanation of the cosmos and by removing the feeling of anxiety that stems from the vanity of loneliness. Minoan s perception of the cosmos fulfilled exactly this need, which can be seen through their art. For them, there was a unity in the cosmos and a constant communication between the physical and the metaphysical world, something that provided them with a security they yarned for. However, there was only one way that this linkage could be made possible, and this was the journey by a ship. A ship that connects opposites such as land with sea, life with death, physical with metaphysical. A ship with a secret soul that embarks from our unconsciousness and transcends consciousness into the unexplored oceans of cosmos. 58 Kobylinski 1995: 13; Schnier 1953: Bowlby 1958: Schnier 1953:

12 List of Figures Figure 1. Gold signet ring from Kandia(LMI). Floating person. Oxford, Ashmolean Museum 1938 no Figure 2. The ring of Minos. Gold signet ring from Knossos (LM IA). Floating person. (Copy of the original, which has been lost or destroyed). 60

13 Figure. 3. a) The New Poros ring (LM). Floating person. Archaeological Museum of Herakleion no b) The Isopata ring from Isopata grave, Knossos (LM). Floating person.archaeological Museum of Herakleion, no a b c d Figure 4. a) Flat-ended prism-shaped clay lamp with seal impression from Malia (MM II). Double axe and arrow. Archaeological Museum of Herakleion, no b) Clay seal impression from Knossos (MM III). Wheats Archaeological Museum of Herakleion, no. 206a c) Oval impression on clay lamp. Palace of Phaistos, Room 25 (MM IB-IIA). Rayed object. Archaeological Museum of Herakleion. d) Three-sited steatite prism (MM I). Spirals. Oxford Ashmolean Museum 1925 no

14 Figure 5. Gold signet ring from Mokchlos (LM IB). Tree onto a shrine or planter (stolen). Figure 6. Seal from Makrygialos (LM I). Tree next to a shrine or ikrion. Archaeological Museum of Agios Nikolaos, no Figure 7. The ring of Minos (detail). Gold signet ring from Knossos (LM IA). A tree onto a shrine (Copy of the original, which has been lost or destroyed). 62

15 Figure 8. South wall, West House Room 5, Akrotiri, Thera (LM IA) (detail). National Archaeological Museum of Athens, Thera Room, BE Figure 9. Clay seal impression from AgiaTriada (LM I). Archaeological Museum of Herakleion. 63

16 Figure 10. Four-sided cylindrical agate seal from Anemospilia (MM III) (detail). Archaeological Museum of Herakleion no Figure 11. Painted clay larnax from Skaphidara near Gazi. (LM IIIB) The one side which is covered with a ship. Archaeological Museum of Herakleion no

17 Figure 12. Clay larnax with painted scenes from AgiaTriada (LM IIIA). Presentation scene. Archaeological Museum of Herakleion. Figure 13. Clay frying pan with incised and impressed decoration from Chalandriani cemetery, Syros. A typical Cycladic paddled longboat with a fish effigy and a tassel, surrounded by running spirals. Athens, National Archaeological Museum

18 Figure 14. Clay frying pans from Khalandriani, Syros (ECyc II, Keros-Syros culture) (detail). The female genitalia on the frying pans.. List of Images Figure 1. Gold signet ring from Kandia(LMI). Floating person. Oxford, Ashmolean Museum 1938 no Source: Kyriakidis 2005: Fig. 2c. Figure 2. The ring of Minos. Gold signet ring from Knossos (LM IA). Floating person. (Copy of the original, which has been lost or destroyed). Source: Retrieved from Figure 3. a) The New Poros ring (LM). Floating person. Archaeological Museum of Herakleion no Source: Kyriakidis 2005: Fig. 2a. Figure 3. b) The Isopata ring from Isopata grave, Knossos (LM). Floating person. Archaeological Museum of Herakleion, no Source: Kyriakidis 2005: Fig. 2b. Figure 4. a) Flat-ended prism-shaped clay lamp with seal impression from Malia (MM II). Double axe and arrow. Archaeological Museum of Herakleion, no Source: Wedde 2000: Fig.829. Figure 4. b) Clay seal impression from Knossos (MM III). Wheats Archaeological Museum of Herakleion, no. 206a. Source: Wedde 2000: Fig Figure 4. c) Oval impression on clay lamp. Palace of Phaistos, Room 25 (MM IB-IIA). Rayed object. Archaeological Museum of Herakleion. Source: Wedde 2000: Fig

19 Figure 4. d) Three-sited steatite prism (MM I). Spirals. Oxford Ashmolean Museum 1925 no 57. Source: Wedde 2000: Fig Figure 5. Gold signet ring from Mokchlos (LM IB). Tree onto a shrine or planter. (Stolen). Source: Wedde 2000: Fig Figure 6. Seal from Makrygialos (LM I). Tree next to a shrine or ikrion. Archaeological Museum of Agios Nikolaos, no Source: Wedde 2000: Fig Figure 7. The ring of Minos (detail). Gold signet ring from Knossos (LM IA). A tree onto a shrine (Copy of the original, which has been lost or destroyed). Source: Retrieved from: Figure 8. South wall, West House Room 5, Akrotiri, Thera (LM IA) (detail). National Archaeological Museum of Athens, Thera Room, BE Source: Televantou 1994: Table 58. Figure 9. Clay seal impression from AgiaTriada (LM I). Archaeological Museum of Herakleion. Source: Wedde 2000: Fig Figure 10. Four-sided cylindrical agate seal from Anemospilia (MM III) (detail). Archaeological Museum of Herakleion no Source: Wedde 2000: Fig Figure 11. Painted clay larnax from Skaphidara near Gazi. (LM IIIB) The one side which is covered with a ship. Archaeological Museum of Herakleion no Source: Wedde 2000: Fig.608. Figure 12. Clay larnax with painted scenes from AgiaTriada (LM IIIA). Presentation scene. Archaeological Museum of Herakleion. Source: Spathari 1995: Fig. 28. Figure 13. Clay frying pan with incised and impressed decoration from Chalandriani cemetery, Syros. A typical Cycladic paddled longboat with a fish effigy and a tassel, surrounded by running spirals. Athens, National Archaeological Museum Source: Photograph taken by author. Figure 14. Clay frying pans from Khalandriani, Syros (Early Cycladic II, Keros- Syros culture) (detail). The female genitalia on the frying pans. Source: Coleman 1985: Ill

20 Bibliography Primary Sources Homer, Odyssey, trans. A. T. Murray [Loeb Classical Library] (Harvard, 1995). Kandinsky, W Selbstbetrachtungen, Dokumente. Berlin. Secondary Literature Adams, L The myth of Athena and Arachne: some oedipal and pre-oedipal aspects of creative challenge in women and their implications for the interpretation of Las Meninas by Velazquez, International journal of Psycho-analysis: 71 (4) Arlow, J. A Discussion of "Apache lore of the bat", in Muensterberger and Boyer (eds.), The Psychoanalytic study of society, New York: Psychohistory Press, Binford, L. R Archaeology as anthropology, American Antiquity 28 (2), Bower, G. H Analysis of a mnemonic device, American Scientist 58 (5), Bowlby, J The nature of the child s tie to his mother, International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 39 (5), Boyer, R. M. and Boyer, L. B Apache lore of the bat, in Muensterberger and Boyer (eds.), The Psychoanalytic study of society, New York: Psychohistory Press, Cirlot, J. E A dictionary of symbols (trans. J. Sage). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. Coleman, J. E Frying pans of the Early Bronze Age Aegean, American Journal of Archaeology 89 (2), Cox, H.L The place of mythology in the study of culture, American Imago 5 (2), Crilly, N The roles that artefacts play: technical, social and aesthetic functions Design Studies 31(4), Dickinson, O [1994]. Αιγαίο Εποχή του Χαλκού (trans. T. Xenos). Athens: Ινστιτούτο του βιβλίου Α. Καρδαμίτσα. Diel, P [1975]. Symbolism in the Bible: The Universality of Symbolic Language and its Psychological Significance (N. Marans, Trans.). San Francisco: Harper & Row. Eggan, D The personal use of myth in dreams, The Journal of American Folklore 68 (270), Elliade, M Images et symboles. Essais sur le symbolisme magico-religieux, Revue des Sciences Religieuses 30 (2), Evans, A. J., Sir Mycenaean tree and pillar cult and its Mediterranean relations The Journal of Hellenic Studies 21, Facchini, F Symbolism in prehistoric man, Collegium Antropologicum 24 (2),

21 Freud, S [1901]. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (trans. A. A. Brill). New York: The Macmillan Company. Freud, S Das Ich und das Es. Leipzig, Wien, Zurich: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag. Freud, S Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety (trans. A. Strachey). London: Hogarth. Griffith, R. D Temple as Ship in Odyssey The American Journal of Philology 123 (4), Henderson, J. L Ancient myths and modern man in Jung and von Franz (eds.), Man and his symbols. New York: Anchor Press, Jaffe, A Symbolism in the visual arts, in Jung von Franz (eds.), Man and his symbols. New York: Anchor Press, Jung, C. G Approaching the unconscious in Jung and von Franz (eds.), Man and his symbols. New York: Anchor Press, Kobylinski, Z Ships, society, symbols and archaeologists in Crumlin- Pedersen and Thye (eds.), The ship as a symbol in prehistoric and medieval Scandinavia. Papers from an international research seminar at the Danish National Museum, Copenhagen, 5 th -7 th May Copenhagen: The National Museum, Koehl, R. B The Ambiguity of the Minoan Mind in Alram-Stern, Blakolmer, Deger-Jalcolzy, Laffineur, and Weilhartner, (eds.), Metaphysis: Ritual, myth and symbolism in the Aegean Bronze Age. Aegeum 39. Proceedings of the 15th International Aegean Conference, Vienna, Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology, Aegean and Anatolia Department, Austrian Academy of Sciences and Institute of Classical Archaeology, University of Vienna, April Liège: Peeters Leuven, Kyriakidis, E Unidentified Floating Objects on Minoan Seals, American Journal of Archaeology 109 (2), Marinatos, N Minoan religion: Ritual, image and symbol. South Carolina: University of South Carolina. Marinatos, N Akrotiri Thera and the East Mediterranean. Athens: TROIA EKDOTIKI EMPORIKI S.A. Marinatos, N Myth, ritual, symbolism and the Solar Goddess in Thera, in Alram-Stern, Blakolmer, Deger-Jalcolzy, Laffineur, and Weilhartner (eds.) Metaphysis: Ritual, myth and symbolism in the Aegean Bronze Age. Aegeum 39. Proceedings of the 15th International Aegean Conference, Vienna, Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology, Aegean and Anatolia Department, Austrian Academy of Sciences and Institute of Classical Archaeology, University of Vienna, April Liège: Peeters Leuven, Marinatos, S La marine créto-mycénienne Bulletin de correspondence hellénique 57 (1), Mercur, D. and Segal, R. A Theorists of Myth: Psychoanalytic Approaches to Myth. New York and London: Routledge. Nilson, M. P [1927]. The Minoan-Mycenaean religion and its survival in Greek religion. Lund: Biblo & Tannen Publishers. 69

22 Paredes, J. A The Split Brain and the Culture-and-Cognition Paradox, Current Anthropology 17 (1), Pfister, O Instinctive psychoanalysis among the Navahos, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 76 (3), Ricoeur, P [1965]. Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation (trans. D. Savage). New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Roheim, G The origin and function of culture. New York: Nervous and Mental Disease Monographs. Roheim, G Psychoanalysis and Anthropology: Culture, personality and the unconscious. New York: International University Press. Sakellarakis, I. A. And Sapouna-Sakelaraki, E Drama of death in a Minoan temple, National Geographic 159 (2), Schnier, J Art Symbolism and the Unconscious, The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 12 (1), Special issue on symbolism and creative imagination, Spathari, E Αρμενίζοντας στο Χρόνο. Το πλοίο στην ελληνική τέχνη. Αθήνα: Εκδόσεις Καπόν. Televantou, C. A Ακρωτήρι Θήρας. Οι τοιχογραφίες της Δυτικής Οικίας. Αθήναι: Βιβλιοθήκη της εν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας. Vermuele, E Aspects of death in early Greek art and pottery. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. Wachsmann, S Seagoing ships and seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant. London: Chatham Publishing. Wedde, M The intellectual stowaway: on the movement of ideas within exchange systems A Minoan case study, in Laffineur and Betancourt (eds.), TEXNH. Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age / Artisanat et artisans en Égée à l'âge du Bronze. Aegeum 16. Proceedings of the 6th International Aegean Conference / 6e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Philadelphia, Temple University, April Liège/ Austin: Université de Liège, Histoire de l' art et archéologie de la Grèce antique/university of Texas at Austin, Program in Aegean Scripts and Prehistory, Wedde, M Towards a hermeneutics of Aegean Bronze Age ship imagery. Manheim and Möhnesee: Bibliopolis. 70

HOUSEHOLD GODS: PRIVATE DEVOTION IN ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME BY ALEXANDRA SOFRONIEW

HOUSEHOLD GODS: PRIVATE DEVOTION IN ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME BY ALEXANDRA SOFRONIEW Read Online and Download Ebook HOUSEHOLD GODS: PRIVATE DEVOTION IN ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME BY ALEXANDRA SOFRONIEW DOWNLOAD EBOOK : HOUSEHOLD GODS: PRIVATE DEVOTION IN ANCIENT Click link bellow and free

More information

Deconstruction is a way of understanding how something was created and breaking something down into smaller parts.

Deconstruction is a way of understanding how something was created and breaking something down into smaller parts. ENGLISH 102 Deconstruction is a way of understanding how something was created and breaking something down into smaller parts. Sometimes deconstruction looks at how an author can imply things he/she does

More information

New Criticism(Close Reading)

New Criticism(Close Reading) New Criticism(Close Reading) Interpret by using part of the text. Denotation dictionary / lexical Connotation implied meaning (suggestions /associations/ - or + feelings) Ambiguity Tension of conflicting

More information

Big Idea 1: Artists manipulate materials and ideas to create an aesthetic object, act, or event. Essential Question: What is art and how is it made?

Big Idea 1: Artists manipulate materials and ideas to create an aesthetic object, act, or event. Essential Question: What is art and how is it made? Course Curriculum Big Idea 1: Artists manipulate materials and ideas to create an aesthetic object, act, or event. Essential Question: What is art and how is it made? LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1.1: Students differentiate

More information

in order to formulate and communicate meaning, and our capacity to use symbols reaches far beyond the basic. This is not, however, primarily a book

in order to formulate and communicate meaning, and our capacity to use symbols reaches far beyond the basic. This is not, however, primarily a book Preface What a piece of work is a man, how noble in reason, how infinite in faculties, in form and moving how express and admirable, in action how like an angel, in apprehension how like a god! The beauty

More information

Visit guide for teachers. Living with gods peoples, places and worlds beyond 2 November April 2018

Visit guide for teachers. Living with gods peoples, places and worlds beyond 2 November April 2018 Visit guide for teachers Living with gods peoples, places and worlds beyond 2 November 2017 8 April 2018 Large wooden model of a juggernaut for bringing deities out of a temple into the community. India,

More information

WRITING A PRÈCIS. What is a précis? The definition

WRITING A PRÈCIS. What is a précis? The definition What is a précis? The definition WRITING A PRÈCIS Précis, from the Old French and literally meaning cut short (dictionary.com), is a concise summary of an article or other work. The précis, then, explains

More information

Literary Theory and Criticism

Literary Theory and Criticism Literary Theory and Criticism The Purpose of Criticism n Purpose #1: To help us resolve a difficulty in the reading n Purpose #2: To help us choose the better of two conflicting readings n Purpose #3:

More information

Lowe, A. (2015); David T. Sugimoto (ed.); Transformation of a Goddess: Ishtar Astarte Aphrodite; Friboug, Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 2014

Lowe, A. (2015); David T. Sugimoto (ed.); Transformation of a Goddess: Ishtar Astarte Aphrodite; Friboug, Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 2014 Lowe, A. (2015); David T. Sugimoto (ed.); Transformation of a Goddess: Ishtar Astarte Aphrodite; Friboug, Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 2014 Rosetta 17: 162 166 http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue17/lowe.pdf

More information

Literary Theory and Criticism

Literary Theory and Criticism Literary Theory and Criticism The Purpose of Criticism n Purpose #1: To help us resolve a difficulty in the reading n Purpose #2: To help us choose the better of two conflicting readings n Purpose #3:

More information

UNIT SPECIFICATION FOR EXCHANGE AND STUDY ABROAD

UNIT SPECIFICATION FOR EXCHANGE AND STUDY ABROAD Unit Code: Unit Name: Department: Faculty: 475Z022 METAPHYSICS (INBOUND STUDENT MOBILITY - JAN ENTRY) Politics & Philosophy Faculty Of Arts & Humanities Level: 5 Credits: 5 ECTS: 7.5 This unit will address

More information

Bas C. van Fraassen, Scientific Representation: Paradoxes of Perspective, Oxford University Press, 2008.

Bas C. van Fraassen, Scientific Representation: Paradoxes of Perspective, Oxford University Press, 2008. Bas C. van Fraassen, Scientific Representation: Paradoxes of Perspective, Oxford University Press, 2008. Reviewed by Christopher Pincock, Purdue University (pincock@purdue.edu) June 11, 2010 2556 words

More information

THE STRUCTURALIST MOVEMENT: AN OVERVIEW

THE STRUCTURALIST MOVEMENT: AN OVERVIEW THE STRUCTURALIST MOVEMENT: AN OVERVIEW Research Scholar, Department of English, Punjabi University, Patiala. (Punjab) INDIA Structuralism was a remarkable movement in the mid twentieth century which had

More information

1/8. The Third Paralogism and the Transcendental Unity of Apperception

1/8. The Third Paralogism and the Transcendental Unity of Apperception 1/8 The Third Paralogism and the Transcendental Unity of Apperception This week we are focusing only on the 3 rd of Kant s Paralogisms. Despite the fact that this Paralogism is probably the shortest of

More information

Truth and Method in Unification Thought: A Preparatory Analysis

Truth and Method in Unification Thought: A Preparatory Analysis Truth and Method in Unification Thought: A Preparatory Analysis Keisuke Noda Ph.D. Associate Professor of Philosophy Unification Theological Seminary New York, USA Abstract This essay gives a preparatory

More information

of Indian ragamala painting. Heidegger s theories address the idea that art can allow people

of Indian ragamala painting. Heidegger s theories address the idea that art can allow people Ali Dubin Thesis Proposal Department of Art History, CAS September 30, 2010 1. Title: Mending the Strife between Earth and World: A Heideggerian Reading of Central Indian Painting 2. Abstract: Martin Heidegger

More information

Faience Goddesses and Ivory Bull-Leapers: The Aesthetics of Sexual Difference at Late Bronze Age Knossos

Faience Goddesses and Ivory Bull-Leapers: The Aesthetics of Sexual Difference at Late Bronze Age Knossos Framingham State University Digital Commons at Framingham State University Sociology Faculty Publications Sociology Department 1-1-2001 Faience Goddesses and Ivory Bull-Leapers: The Aesthetics of Sexual

More information

S/A 4074: Ritual and Ceremony. Lecture 14: Culture, Symbolic Systems, and Action 1

S/A 4074: Ritual and Ceremony. Lecture 14: Culture, Symbolic Systems, and Action 1 S/A 4074: Ritual and Ceremony Lecture 14: Culture, Symbolic Systems, and Action 1 Theorists who began to go beyond the framework of functional structuralism have been called symbolists, culturalists, or,

More information

THESIS MASKS AND TRANSFORMATIONS. Submitted by. Lowell K.Smalley. Fine Art Department. In partial fulfillment of the requirements

THESIS MASKS AND TRANSFORMATIONS. Submitted by. Lowell K.Smalley. Fine Art Department. In partial fulfillment of the requirements THESIS MASKS AND TRANSFORMATIONS Submitted by Lowell K.Smalley Fine Art Department In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Fine Art Colorado State University Fort Collins,

More information

Archaeology. The Palace of Minos

Archaeology. The Palace of Minos C A M B R I D G E L I B R A R Y C O L L E C T I O N Books of enduring scholarly value Archaeology The discovery of material remains from the recent or the ancient past has always been a source of fascination,

More information

What is literary theory?

What is literary theory? What is literary theory? Literary theory is a set of schools of literary analysis based on rules for different ways a reader can interpret a text. Literary theories are sometimes called critical lenses

More information

History Admissions Assessment Specimen Paper Section 1: explained answers

History Admissions Assessment Specimen Paper Section 1: explained answers History Admissions Assessment 2016 Specimen Paper Section 1: explained answers 2 1 The view that ICT-Ied initiatives can play an important role in democratic reform is announced in the first sentence.

More information

Religion 101 Ancient Egyptian Religion Fall 2009 Monday 7:00-9:30 p.m.

Religion 101 Ancient Egyptian Religion Fall 2009 Monday 7:00-9:30 p.m. Dr. Allen Richardson Curtis Hall, Room 237 #3320 arichard@cedarcrest.edu Fax (610) 740-3779 Religion 101 Ancient Egyptian Religion Fall 2009 Monday 7:00-9:30 p.m. The following objectives will be used

More information

imialbisbshbisbbisil IJJIffifigHjftjBjJffiRSSS

imialbisbshbisbbisil IJJIffifigHjftjBjJffiRSSS imialbisbshbisbbisil IJJIffifigHjftjBjJffiRSSS We are very grateful that Miss Senta Taft of Sydney, who has carefully collected most of these objects on her travels in Melanesian areas, should so generously

More information

The Polish Peasant in Europe and America. W. I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki

The Polish Peasant in Europe and America. W. I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki 1 The Polish Peasant in Europe and America W. I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki Now there are two fundamental practical problems which have constituted the center of attention of reflective social practice

More information

Sample Curriculum Fundamentals of Psychoanalysis I (offered in odd years)

Sample Curriculum Fundamentals of Psychoanalysis I (offered in odd years) Sample Curriculum Fundamentals of Psychoanalysis I (offered in odd years) Unit I: What is Psychoanalysis? October 2017 (Faculty: Mirta Berman-Oelsner, LMHC) The psychoanalytic method; from hypnosis to

More information

SocioBrains THE INTEGRATED APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF ART

SocioBrains THE INTEGRATED APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF ART THE INTEGRATED APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF ART Tatyana Shopova Associate Professor PhD Head of the Center for New Media and Digital Culture Department of Cultural Studies, Faculty of Arts South-West University

More information

The Unconscious: Metaphor and Metonymy

The Unconscious: Metaphor and Metonymy The Unconscious: Metaphor and Metonymy 2009-04-29 01:25:00 By In his 1930s text, the structure of the unconscious, Freud described the unconscious as a fact without parallel, which defies all explanation

More information

Chapter 1-Interpretation and definition of classical mythology

Chapter 1-Interpretation and definition of classical mythology Chapter 1-Interpretation and definition of classical mythology -No single theory of myth can cover all kinds of myths -The word "myth" comes from the Greek word "mythos" which means "speech" or "story"

More information

Narrative Art and Oral Epic Poetry as Performance

Narrative Art and Oral Epic Poetry as Performance ARTH 491-8 The visual culture of the prehistoric Aegean Gloria Huang guh4w@virginia.edu 1 Introduction Many scholars have investigated the relationship between the Homeric epics and the Bronze Age Aegean,

More information

The Milesian School. Philosopher Profile. Pre-Socratic Philosophy A brief introduction of the Milesian School of philosophical thought.

The Milesian School. Philosopher Profile. Pre-Socratic Philosophy A brief introduction of the Milesian School of philosophical thought. The Milesian School Philosopher Profile Pre-Socratic Philosophy A brief introduction of the Milesian School of philosophical thought. ~ Eternity in an Hour Background Information Ee Suen Zheng Bachelor

More information

Week 25 Deconstruction

Week 25 Deconstruction Theoretical & Critical Perspectives Week 25 Key Questions What is deconstruction? Where does it come from? How does deconstruction conceptualise language? How does deconstruction see literature and history?

More information

WP 1010 Introduction to Academic Writing WP 1111 Integrated Academic Writing and Ethics

WP 1010 Introduction to Academic Writing WP 1111 Integrated Academic Writing and Ethics DEREE COLLEGE SYLLABUS FOR: HHU 2202 Electr(a)fying Passions: the Transformations of the Electra Myth from Antiquity to Contemporary Culture Same as HHS 2202 (Honors Seminar) Spring 2013 US CREDITS: 3/0/3

More information

Investigating subjectivity

Investigating subjectivity AVANT Volume III, Number 1/2012 www.avant.edu.pl/en 109 Investigating subjectivity Introduction to the interview with Dan Zahavi Anna Karczmarczyk Department of Cognitive Science and Epistemology Nicolaus

More information

Action Theory for Creativity and Process

Action Theory for Creativity and Process Action Theory for Creativity and Process Fu Jen Catholic University Bernard C. C. Li Keywords: A. N. Whitehead, Creativity, Process, Action Theory for Philosophy, Abstract The three major assignments for

More information

Module 13: "Color and Society" Lecture 33: "Color and Culture" The Lecture Contains: About Culture. Color and Culture. The Symbolism of Color.

Module 13: Color and Society Lecture 33: Color and Culture The Lecture Contains: About Culture. Color and Culture. The Symbolism of Color. The Lecture Contains: About Culture Color and Culture The Symbolism of Color Taboo Anthropology of Color file:///e /color_in_design/lecture33/33_1.htm[8/17/2012 2:28:49 PM] About Culture Before discussing

More information

Symbols of the Spiritual Unconscious

Symbols of the Spiritual Unconscious Symbols of the Spiritual Unconscious Louis Laganà writes about the career of Neville Ferry who is a leading ceramic artist in the local art scene. His work draws from themes based on Malta s Prehistoric

More information

Rosetta 18:

Rosetta 18: Lemos, R.; Eileen Goulding. What did the poor take with them? An investigation into ancient Egyptian Eighteenth and Nineteenth Dynasty grave assemblages from Qau, Badari, Matmar and Gurob (London, Golden

More information

Culture and Art Criticism

Culture and Art Criticism Culture and Art Criticism Dr. Wagih Fawzi Youssef May 2013 Abstract This brief essay sheds new light on the practice of art criticism. Commencing by the definition of a work of art as contingent upon intuition,

More information

Mass Communication Theory

Mass Communication Theory Mass Communication Theory 2015 spring sem Prof. Jaewon Joo 7 traditions of the communication theory Key Seven Traditions in the Field of Communication Theory 1. THE SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL TRADITION: Communication

More information

Performing Arts in ART

Performing Arts in ART The Art and Accessibility of Music MUSIC STANDARDS National Content Standards for Music California Music Content Standards GRADES K 4 GRADES K 5 1. Singing, alone and with others, a varied repertoire of

More information

Research Methodology for the Internal Observation of Design Thinking through the Creative Self-formation Process

Research Methodology for the Internal Observation of Design Thinking through the Creative Self-formation Process Research Methodology for the Internal Observation of Design Thinking through the Creative Self-formation Process Yukari Nagai 1, Toshiharu Taura 2 and Koutaro Sano 1 1 Japan Advanced Institute of Science

More information

Critical Strategies for Reading. Notes and Finer Points

Critical Strategies for Reading. Notes and Finer Points Critical Strategies for Reading Notes and Finer Points Formalist Popular from WWII to the 1970s, then replaced by approaches that had more political tendencies. The best formalist readers are those who

More information

CRITICAL APPROACHES TO LITERATURE

CRITICAL APPROACHES TO LITERATURE CRITICAL APPROACHES TO LITERATURE Literary Criticism is based on close analysis of a text. It is the process of merging your own opinions on a book with those of professional critics. It s like joining

More information

Introduction SABINE FLACH, DANIEL MARGULIES, AND JAN SÖFFNER

Introduction SABINE FLACH, DANIEL MARGULIES, AND JAN SÖFFNER Introduction SABINE FLACH, DANIEL MARGULIES, AND JAN SÖFFNER Theories of habituation reflect their diversity through the myriad disciplines from which they emerge. They entail several issues of trans-disciplinary

More information

Culture and Power in Cultural Studies

Culture and Power in Cultural Studies 1 Culture and Power in Cultural Studies John Storey (University of Sunderland) Let me begin by first thanking the organisers (Rachel and Alan) for inviting me to speak at this workshop. I am honoured and

More information

Spatial Formations. Installation Art between Image and Stage.

Spatial Formations. Installation Art between Image and Stage. Spatial Formations. Installation Art between Image and Stage. An English Summary Anne Ring Petersen Although much has been written about the origins and diversity of installation art as well as its individual

More information

Dali s drawers and their meaning

Dali s drawers and their meaning International Journal of Education and Research Vol. 3 No. 8 August 2015 Dali s drawers and their meaning By Ticiana Dine Salvador Dalí was a prominent personality not just in fine art but also he made

More information

13 René Guénon. The Arts and their Traditional Conception. From the World Wisdom online library:

13 René Guénon. The Arts and their Traditional Conception. From the World Wisdom online library: From the World Wisdom online library: www.worldwisdom.com/public/library/default.aspx 13 René Guénon The Arts and their Traditional Conception We have frequently emphasized the fact that the profane sciences

More information

SpringBoard Academic Vocabulary for Grades 10-11

SpringBoard Academic Vocabulary for Grades 10-11 CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.CCRA.L.6 Acquire and use accurately a range of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and career

More information

Student s Name. Professor s Name. Course. Date

Student s Name. Professor s Name. Course. Date Surname 1 Student s Name Professor s Name Course Date Surname 2 Outline 1. Introduction 2. Symbolism a. The lamb as a symbol b. Symbolism through the child 3. Repetition and Rhyme a. Question and Answer

More information

SYSTEM-PURPOSE METHOD: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS Ramil Dursunov PhD in Law University of Fribourg, Faculty of Law ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION

SYSTEM-PURPOSE METHOD: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS Ramil Dursunov PhD in Law University of Fribourg, Faculty of Law ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION SYSTEM-PURPOSE METHOD: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS Ramil Dursunov PhD in Law University of Fribourg, Faculty of Law ABSTRACT This article observes methodological aspects of conflict-contractual theory

More information

TERMS & CONCEPTS. The Critical Analytic Vocabulary of the English Language A GLOSSARY OF CRITICAL THINKING

TERMS & CONCEPTS. The Critical Analytic Vocabulary of the English Language A GLOSSARY OF CRITICAL THINKING Language shapes the way we think, and determines what we can think about. BENJAMIN LEE WHORF, American Linguist A GLOSSARY OF CRITICAL THINKING TERMS & CONCEPTS The Critical Analytic Vocabulary of the

More information

A Soviet View of Structuralism, Althusser, and Foucault

A Soviet View of Structuralism, Althusser, and Foucault A Soviet View of Structuralism, Althusser, and Foucault By V. E. Koslovskii Excerpts from the article Structuralizm I dialekticheskii materialism, Filosofskie Nauki, 1970, no. 1, pp. 177-182. This article

More information

Why Teach Literary Theory

Why Teach Literary Theory UW in the High School Critical Schools Presentation - MP 1.1 Why Teach Literary Theory If all of you have is hammer, everything looks like a nail, Mark Twain Until lions tell their stories, tales of hunting

More information

Ideological and Political Education Under the Perspective of Receptive Aesthetics Jie Zhang, Weifang Zhong

Ideological and Political Education Under the Perspective of Receptive Aesthetics Jie Zhang, Weifang Zhong International Conference on Education Technology and Social Science (ICETSS 2014) Ideological and Political Education Under the Perspective of Receptive Aesthetics Jie Zhang, Weifang Zhong School of Marxism,

More information

Existential Cause & Individual Experience

Existential Cause & Individual Experience Existential Cause & Individual Experience 226 Article Steven E. Kaufman * ABSTRACT The idea that what we experience as physical-material reality is what's actually there is the flat Earth idea of our time.

More information

The analysis of the Ego s cleavage starts therefore from the close relation between the empirical (socialized) Ego and the poetic (creative) one,

The analysis of the Ego s cleavage starts therefore from the close relation between the empirical (socialized) Ego and the poetic (creative) one, ABSTRACT The thesis Arthur Rimbaud and the Broken Ego. From the Identity Crisis to the Internal Coherence of his Work, structured in two parts, intends to achieve some major objectives, which establish

More information

Poetry and Paintings: Teaching Mood, Metaphor, and Pattern Through a Comparative Study

Poetry and Paintings: Teaching Mood, Metaphor, and Pattern Through a Comparative Study Poetry and Paintings: Teaching Mood, Metaphor, and Pattern Through a Comparative Study Jane K. Marshall "Poetry and Paintings: A Comparative Study" is the result of my first experience with the Yale-New

More information

Literary Theory and Literary Criticism Prof. Dr. Vimal Mohan John Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Technology, Madras

Literary Theory and Literary Criticism Prof. Dr. Vimal Mohan John Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Literary Theory and Literary Criticism Prof. Dr. Vimal Mohan John Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Lecture - 14 Part B Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic

More information

CLASSICAL STUDIES COURSE DESCRIPTIONS

CLASSICAL STUDIES COURSE DESCRIPTIONS CLASSICAL STUDIES COURSE DESCRIPTIONS CLAS 130: CLASSICAL GREEK LITERATURE (4) Reading and discussion of outstanding works in translation from Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic Greece, including selections

More information

IMAGINATION AT THE SCHOOL OF SEASONS - FRYE S EDUCATED IMAGINATION AN OVERVIEW J.THULASI

IMAGINATION AT THE SCHOOL OF SEASONS - FRYE S EDUCATED IMAGINATION AN OVERVIEW J.THULASI IMAGINATION AT THE SCHOOL OF SEASONS - FRYE S EDUCATED IMAGINATION AN OVERVIEW J.THULASI Northrop Frye s The Educated Imagination (1964) consists of essays expressive of Frye's approach to literature as

More information

Symbols and Cinematic Symbolism

Symbols and Cinematic Symbolism Symbols and Cinematic Symbolism ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Symbolism is a system or the ways people extend an object s meaning

More information

EFFECTIVE DATE: Fall 2011

EFFECTIVE DATE: Fall 2011 ART 130 World Art History I Course Package Approved: December 3, 2010 EFFECTIVE DATE: Fall 2011 COURSE PACKAGE FORM Contact Person (s) HEIDI HECKMAN Date of proposal to Curriculum Sub-committee: Purpose:

More information

Musical Immersion What does it amount to?

Musical Immersion What does it amount to? Musical Immersion What does it amount to? Nikolaj Lund Simon Høffding The problem and the project There are many examples of literature to do with a phenomenology of music. There is no literature to do

More information

Rural architecture, tourism and simulacra

Rural architecture, tourism and simulacra Sustainable Tourism III 277 Rural architecture, tourism and simulacra J. Theodoraki-Patsi National Technical University Athens, Greece Abstract The intersections between traditional and modern culture

More information

Misc Fiction Irony Point of view Plot time place social environment

Misc Fiction Irony Point of view Plot time place social environment Misc Fiction 1. is the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. In this usage, mood is similar to tone and atmosphere. 2. is the choice and use

More information

Relational Logic in a Nutshell Planting the Seed for Panosophy The Theory of Everything

Relational Logic in a Nutshell Planting the Seed for Panosophy The Theory of Everything Relational Logic in a Nutshell Planting the Seed for Panosophy The Theory of Everything We begin at the end and we shall end at the beginning. We can call the beginning the Datum of the Universe, that

More information

Foucault's Archaeological method

Foucault's Archaeological method Foucault's Archaeological method In discussing Schein, Checkland and Maturana, we have identified a 'backcloth' against which these individuals operated. In each case, this backcloth has become more explicit,

More information

iafor The International Academic Forum

iafor The International Academic Forum A Study on the Core Concepts of Environmental Aesthetics Curriculum Ya-Ting Lee, National Pingtung University, Taiwan The Asian Conference on Arts and Humanities 2017 Official Conference Proceedings Abstract

More information

UNIT SPECIFICATION FOR EXCHANGE AND STUDY ABROAD

UNIT SPECIFICATION FOR EXCHANGE AND STUDY ABROAD Unit Code: Unit Name: Department: Faculty: 475Z02 METAPHYSICS (INBOUND STUDENT MOBILITY - SEPT ENTRY) Politics & Philosophy Faculty Of Arts & Humanities Level: 5 Credits: 5 ECTS: 7.5 This unit will address

More information

Gods, Demons And Symbols Of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary PDF

Gods, Demons And Symbols Of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary PDF Gods, Demons And Symbols Of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary PDF Ancient Mesopotamia was a rich, varied and highly complex culture whose achievements included the invention of writing and

More information

Chapter 2: The Early Greek Philosophers MULTIPLE CHOICE

Chapter 2: The Early Greek Philosophers MULTIPLE CHOICE Chapter 2: The Early Greek Philosophers MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Viewing all of nature as though it were alive is called: A. anthropomorphism B. animism C. primitivism D. mysticism ANS: B DIF: factual REF: The

More information

AN INSIGHT INTO CONTEMPORARY THEORY OF METAPHOR

AN INSIGHT INTO CONTEMPORARY THEORY OF METAPHOR Jeļena Tretjakova RTU Daugavpils filiāle, Latvija AN INSIGHT INTO CONTEMPORARY THEORY OF METAPHOR Abstract The perception of metaphor has changed significantly since the end of the 20 th century. Metaphor

More information

The University Gallery is pleased to present Shirazeh Houshiary; Turning Around the Centre, an exhibition of recent sculpture and drawings by an

The University Gallery is pleased to present Shirazeh Houshiary; Turning Around the Centre, an exhibition of recent sculpture and drawings by an The University Gallery is pleased to present Shirazeh Houshiary; Turning Around the Centre, an exhibition of recent sculpture and drawings by an Iranian-born artist who has lived in London since 1973.

More information

Curriculum Framework for Visual Arts

Curriculum Framework for Visual Arts Curriculum Framework for Visual Arts School: _Delaware STEM Academy_ Curricular Tool: _Teacher Developed Course: Art Appreciation Unit One: Creating and Understanding Art Timeline : 3 weeks 1.4E Demonstrate

More information

REVIEW ARTICLE IDEAL EMBODIMENT: KANT S THEORY OF SENSIBILITY

REVIEW ARTICLE IDEAL EMBODIMENT: KANT S THEORY OF SENSIBILITY Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, vol. 7, no. 2, 2011 REVIEW ARTICLE IDEAL EMBODIMENT: KANT S THEORY OF SENSIBILITY Karin de Boer Angelica Nuzzo, Ideal Embodiment: Kant

More information

Thai Architecture in Anthropological Perspective

Thai Architecture in Anthropological Perspective Thai Architecture in Anthropological Perspective Supakit Yimsrual Faculty of Architecture, Naresuan University Phitsanulok, Thailand Supakity@nu.ac.th Abstract Architecture has long been viewed as the

More information

Literary Theory* Meaning

Literary Theory* Meaning Literary Theory* Many, many dissertations have been written about what exactly literary theory is, but to put it briefly, literary theory describes different approaches to studying literature. Essentially,

More information

IMAGE SEMIOTICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATION ORNAMENTATION > DECORATION DEGRADATION AND AUTHENTICITY ( ARTWORK COMPLETED + BEGINS

IMAGE SEMIOTICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATION ORNAMENTATION > DECORATION DEGRADATION AND AUTHENTICITY ( ARTWORK COMPLETED + BEGINS ANIMAT ECHNIC 3 ART SKILL CRAFT ANIMATECHNIC PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ( DIALOGUE DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES THROUGH SOCIAL INTEREST AND COMMUNICATION ) VISIBLE BUILDER BREATH SOUL MIND ANIMAL LIFE ORIGIN OF ARCHITECTURE

More information

Sigmund Freud. 1) 2)

Sigmund Freud. 1)  2) Sigmund Freud 1) http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/freud/ex/66.html 5) http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/freud/freud03a.html 2) http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/freud/freud02.html 6) http://memory.loc.gov/cgibin/query/r?pp/ils:@filreq(@field(number+@band(cph

More information

FROM DREAMS TO CREATIVITY: A Developmental Study of Dream Drawings and Dream Art. Eva D. Papiasvili and Linda A. Mayers

FROM DREAMS TO CREATIVITY: A Developmental Study of Dream Drawings and Dream Art. Eva D. Papiasvili and Linda A. Mayers 1 FROM DREAMS TO CREATIVITY: A Developmental Study of Dream Drawings and Dream Art Eva D. Papiasvili and Linda A. Mayers Introduction History abounds in creative productions that first occurred as visual

More information

Topic Page: Yin-yang. Hist ory. Basic Philosophy. https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/yin_and_yang

Topic Page: Yin-yang. Hist ory. Basic Philosophy. https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/yin_and_yang Topic Page: Yin-yang Definition: Yin and Yang from Collins English Dictionary n 1 two complementary principles of Chinese philosophy: Yin is negative, dark, and feminine, Yang positive, bright, and masculine.

More information

Literary Criticism. Dr. Alex E. Blazer English 4110/ August 2010

Literary Criticism. Dr. Alex E. Blazer English 4110/ August 2010 Literary Criticism Dr. Alex E. Blazer English 4110/5110 16 August 2010 http://faculty.de.gcsu.edu/~ablazer Key Terms Criticism, Interpretation, Hermeneutics Criticism is the act analyzing, evaluating,

More information

What counts as a convincing scientific argument? Are the standards for such evaluation

What counts as a convincing scientific argument? Are the standards for such evaluation Cogent Science in Context: The Science Wars, Argumentation Theory, and Habermas. By William Rehg. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009. Pp. 355. Cloth, $40. Paper, $20. Jeffrey Flynn Fordham University Published

More information

Psychoanalysis and transmission of the knowledge

Psychoanalysis and transmission of the knowledge Psychoanalysis and transmission of the knowledge Paolo Lollo University discourse and a desiring subject The university discourse teaches us that knowledge is passed on integrally. The master directs knowledge

More information

Homo Ludens 2.0: Play, Media and Identity

Homo Ludens 2.0: Play, Media and Identity Homo Ludens 2.0: Play, Media and Identity Alexandru Dobre-Agapie ANNALS of the University of Bucharest Philosophy Series Vol. LXIV, no. 1, 2015 pp. 133 139. REVIEWS V. Frissen, L. Sybille, M. de Lange,

More information

Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949)

Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949) Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949) Against myth of eternal feminine When I use the words woman or feminine I evidently refer to no archetype, no changeless essence whatsoever; the reader must understand the

More information

Medieval Art. artwork during such time. The ivory sculpting and carving have been very famous because of the

Medieval Art. artwork during such time. The ivory sculpting and carving have been very famous because of the Ivory and Boxwood Carvings 1450-1800 Medieval Art Ivory and boxwood carvings 1450 to 1800 have been one of the most prized medieval artwork during such time. The ivory sculpting and carving have been very

More information

What's the Difference? Art and Ethnography in Museums. Illustration 1: Section of Mexican exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art

What's the Difference? Art and Ethnography in Museums. Illustration 1: Section of Mexican exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art Laura Newsome Culture of Archives, Museums, and Libraries Term Paper 4/28/2010 What's the Difference? Art and Ethnography in Museums Illustration 1: Section of Mexican exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum

More information

ARChive Online ISSN: The International Conference : Cities Identity Through Architecture and Arts (CITAA)

ARChive Online ISSN: The International Conference : Cities Identity Through Architecture and Arts (CITAA) http://www.ierek.com/press ARChive Online ISSN: 2537-0162 International Journal on: The Academic Research Community Publication The International Conference : Cities Identity Through Architecture and Arts

More information

Mimesis and World-building: Berger and Girard on the Sacred

Mimesis and World-building: Berger and Girard on the Sacred Mimesis and World-building: Berger and Girard on the Sacred 1. Religion as a Social Construction If one is willing to regard Girard s theory as related to the sociology of religion, it must surely be related

More information

Book Review. John Dewey s Philosophy of Spirit, with the 1897 Lecture on Hegel. Jeff Jackson. 130 Education and Culture 29 (1) (2013):

Book Review. John Dewey s Philosophy of Spirit, with the 1897 Lecture on Hegel. Jeff Jackson. 130 Education and Culture 29 (1) (2013): Book Review John Dewey s Philosophy of Spirit, with the 1897 Lecture on Hegel Jeff Jackson John R. Shook and James A. Good, John Dewey s Philosophy of Spirit, with the 1897 Lecture on Hegel. New York:

More information

Culture and Aesthetic Choice of Sports Dance Etiquette in the Cultural Perspective

Culture and Aesthetic Choice of Sports Dance Etiquette in the Cultural Perspective Asian Social Science; Vol. 11, No. 25; 2015 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Culture and Aesthetic Choice of Sports Dance Etiquette in the Cultural

More information

Ancient Greece --- LANDSCAPE

Ancient Greece --- LANDSCAPE Ancient Greece --- LANDSCAPE PCES 1.11 After the Mycenaen civilisation fell around 1200 BC, a dark age ensued. Greek and E. Mediterranean city states Santorini (Thira) emerged from this around 800 BC.

More information

Article The Nature of Quantum Reality: What the Phenomena at the Heart of Quantum Theory Reveal About the Nature of Reality (Part III)

Article The Nature of Quantum Reality: What the Phenomena at the Heart of Quantum Theory Reveal About the Nature of Reality (Part III) January 2014 Volume 5 Issue 1 pp. 65-84 65 Article The Nature of Quantum Reality: What the Phenomena at the Heart of Quantum Theory Reveal About the Nature Steven E. Kaufman * ABSTRACT What quantum theory

More information

Two Panel Proposals on Chinese Aesthetics

Two Panel Proposals on Chinese Aesthetics The 20 th International Conference of the International Society for Chinese Philosophy (ISCP), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 4 7 July 2017 Two Panel Proposals on Chinese Aesthetics In Chinese

More information

Exploration of New Understanding of Culture. Yogi Chaitanya Prakash, Osaka University, Japan

Exploration of New Understanding of Culture. Yogi Chaitanya Prakash, Osaka University, Japan Exploration of New Understanding of Culture Yogi Chaitanya Prakash, Osaka University, Japan The Asian Conference on Cultural Studies 2016 Official Conference Proceedings Abstract Culture is a term which

More information

ADVENTURE WRITING with WENDY ORR Education Resources: Grade 6-10

ADVENTURE WRITING with WENDY ORR Education Resources: Grade 6-10 ADVENTURE WRITING with WENDY ORR Education Resources: Grade 6-10 The following resources have been developed to take your Word Play experience from festival to classroom. Written and compiled by qualified

More information

Humanities Learning Outcomes

Humanities Learning Outcomes University Major/Dept Learning Outcome Source Creative Writing The undergraduate degree in creative writing emphasizes knowledge and awareness of: literary works, including the genres of fiction, poetry,

More information