History of Evolutionary Biology: What did the Science tell us?

Transcription

1 March 10, 2015 History of Evolutionary Biology: What did the Science tell us? Manyuan Long Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago Shanghai Jiaotong University Zhiyuan College Biology Class

2 Preface: the Outline 1. Starting points of discussion: Why history? Incorrect Hegel and good Thomas Kuhn in history of science 讨论的起点 : 为什么关心科学史? -- 不正确的黑格尔和库恩的眼光 2. A brief history of evolutionary biology the account of biologist 演化生物学的简史 : 一个生物学研究者眼中的历史 3. Historical Pattern 1: The way to build the science -- brilliant architects with clumsy architecture 历史展现的模式之一 : 建立科学的方式 -- 辉煌的建筑师们和笨拙的整体建筑方式 4. Historical Pattern 2: The way to evaluate theories -- Farewell to childhood who only view black-white 历史展现的模式之二 : 评价科学理论 -- 告别童年时代 : 是好人还是坏人?/ 是正确理论还是错误理论?

3 1. Why History? 1. Starting points of discussion: Why history? Incorrect Hegel and good Thomas Kuhn in history of science 讨论的起点 : 为什么关心科学史? -- 不正确的黑格尔和库恩的眼光

4 1. Why History? What experience and history teaches us is that people and governments have never learned anything from history, or acted on principles deduced from it. -- Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 1832: Lectures on the Philosophy of History

5 1. Why History? History, if viewed as a repository for more than anecdote or chronology, could produce a decisive transformation in the image of science by which we are now possessed. -- Thomas S. Kuhn, 1962: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

6 2. One Century s Misunderstanding

7 2. One Century s Misunderstanding 龙漫远陈振霞,2009, 科学与文化评论李纯一龙漫远,2013, 文汇报刘旸等龙漫远,2009, 中国青年报

8 3. A brief history of evolutionary biology the account of biologist 演化生物学的简史 : 一个生物学研究者眼中的历史 演化生物学的 150 年可以粗略的划分成三个阶段 : 时代一 : 达尔文开始的第一个五十年 ( ) 时代二 : 达尔文身后的第二个五十年 ( ) 时代三 : 达尔文身后的第三个五十年 ( )

9 时代一 : 达尔文开始的第一个五十年 石破天惊基础缺失

10 Charles Darwin Big Book (1859)

11 演化作为过程的确立 生命之树 Charles Darwin HMS Beagle Darwin s adventurous voyage: 1831/12/ /10/2 Darwin drew and wrote on a pieces of paper in 1837

12 Charles Darwin's notebook (1837): the sketch of the first diagram of an evolutionary tree. He wrote in this piece of paper: I think case must be that one generation should have as many living as now. To do this and to have as many species in same genus (as is) requires extinction. Thus between A + B the immense gap of relation. C + B the finest gradation. B+D rather greater distinction. Thus genera would be formed. Bearing relation" (next page begins) "to ancient types with several extinct forms

13 All life species and individuals are in various branches of this tree (bush) of life

14 Horse, Lascaux caves, France,17000 years Rhions, Chauvet Cave, France, years 人类智力演化过程中少数伟大的转折点 : 抽象和概念的产生 Lascaux caves, Southern France,17000 years Bison, Altamira cave, Spain, years ago

15 演化作为机制的发现 自然选择 Galápagos Islands

16 Darwin proposed Natural Selection 1. There is variation in traits 2. These traits will impact reproductive ability-- some are better at survival and reproducing 3. This variation is heritable. Question is: What is responsible for inheritance Darwin gave up after proposed erroneous theories that Invoked Pangenesis and Acquired Characters

17 Gregor Johann Mendel 用植物杂交试验建立了遗传理论, 但是被演化学家遗忘了半个世纪 达尔文没有打开他的信也没有读到他的文章. 没有关系, 反正达尔文读不懂他的文章 数学太深了!

18 Gregor Johann Mendel ( )

19 时代二 : 达尔文生后的第二个五十年 基础的建立 : 遗传与观察

20 Ronald A. Fisher Sewall Wright JBS Haldane

21 Ernst Mayr Th. Dobzhansky G. L. Stebbins Jr G. G. Simpson

22 时代三 : 达尔文生后的第三个五十年 分子演化的诞生 : 分子变异和基因起源

23 时代二的理论预期 : 一个物种的所有个体都是选择的结果所以比此的遗传基础都应该很相像, 因为他们都是一个优良突变体的后代 但是落后的分子技术使得检查基因的变异不可能 所以那是理论的时代, 不是经验的时代

24 1966 was a year that witnesses Revolution of evolutionary biology: Lewontin introduced a technique called protein gel electrophoresis to measure the genetic variation in proteins that were encoded by genes in different individual fruit flies. The world was shocked by his observation: 15% difference in a gene among individual (just the part of protein). Richard C. Lewontin (B. 1929) The University of Chicago (1966)

25 Kreitmen (1983) further observed: Any two individuals in a species have a Different DNA sequence in any gene! Thus, the world of life is full of genetic difference that was never imagined! Marty Kreitman (B. 1953) University of Chicago Professor Harvard University Ph.D. (1983)

26 A big and new problem was raised by their and other experiments: It seemed that Nature Selection theories worked out in previous stage cannot interpret the observed tremendous Genetic variation. Then what else theories can? -- Modify the theories published previously based on natural selection. -- Give up all old theories and make a new theory.

27 Motoo Kimura 木村资生 中性演化理论 : Tomoko Ohto 太田朋子 1983 在分子水平上, 生物的遗传上的变异, 无论是物种间的还是一个物种内个体之间的变异, 是中性的, 即是由 机遇 造成的, 而不是由自然选择形成的.

28 4. Historical Pattern 1 4. 历史展现的模式之一 : Historical Pattern 1: The way to build the science -- brilliant architects with clumsy architecture 建立科学的方式 -- 辉煌的建筑师们和笨拙的整体建筑方式

29 4. Historical Pattern 1

30 4. Historical Pattern 1 第一步第二步第三步第四步 地基下层毛胚房室内装修 时间过程

31 达尔文和他的朋友们 遗传学家和演化遗传学家 4. Historical Pattern 1 A Pattern of Scientific Revolutions 演化学家们遗传学家们 后来的改建 甚至改建地基.. 毛胚房地基室内装修和扩展炸掉重修炸掉地基 19 世纪中叶 20 世纪早期始 20 世纪中期始 评论 : 辉煌的建筑师们但整体建筑方式是笨拙的

32 5. Historical Pattern 2 5. 历史模式之二 : Historical Pattern 2: The way to evaluate theories -- Farewell to childhood who only view black-white 评价科学理论 : -- 告别童年时代 : 是好人还是坏人? 是正确理论还是错误理论?

33 5. Historical Pattern 2 中性理论 : 今天的科学研究 ( 例如, 普林斯顿大学的研究 ) 指出中性演化是不符合实际分子资料的 有趣地是, 这些结论是建立在中性理论的科学预期上的 没有中型理论, 是不可以或者所很难去测定自然选择是否影响分子水的变异的 中性理论的价值在于它的提出预期的能力而不在于它是否正确.

34 5. Historical Pattern 2 中性理论的一个重要预期 : 如果, 控制演化的机制服从中性理论 : 演化的速度 (K) = 突变的频率 (u) 现芝加哥大学的教授 Marty Kreitman 和 Richard Hudson 由此导出两个广泛使用的测定自然选择的方法, 以及英国科学家 Adams Eyre-Walker 进而衍生的广泛应用的方法

35 5. Historical Pattern 2 这一历史回顾要我们告别基于 正确与错误的儿童的思维方式 : 一个正确的理论可能毫无价值 ; 一个错误的理论可能价值巨大! 尽管科学家们追求既有价值又正确的科学理论

36 Summary 总结 : 1. 讨论的起点 : 为什么关心科学史? -- 不正确的黑格尔和库恩的眼光 2. 是进化还是演化? 一个百年错读的中文概念 3. 演化生物学的简史 : 一个生物学研究者眼中的历史 4. 历史展现的模式之一 : 建立科学的方式 -- 辉煌的建筑师们和笨拙的整体建筑方式 5. 历史展现的模式之二 : 评价科学理论 -- 告别童年时代 : 是好人还是坏人? 是正确理论还是错误理论?

37 谢谢!