roll over beethoven, there s a new way to be cool
|
|
- Tracy Ramsey
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 feature article richard a. peterson roll over beethoven, there s a new way to be cool For generations, preference for high and disdain for popular culture was a means the elite used to distinguish themselves from the masses. In sharp contrast, the display of high status today relies on familiarity with the full range of cultural fare. This change in evaluation of status poses a challenge for the future of the fine arts. At a recent classical music concert, I overheard a welldressed matron comment: It is a pity that men don t wear tuxedos any more. Pitiable or not, it is true that few American men wear formal attire these days. Tuxedo wearing is now restricted to men in wedding parties, those attending high school proms and waiters at ritzy restaurants. The passing of the tux as the obligatory public armor of high status signals more than a style change. Statistics demonstrate a systematic change in the way people display high status, a change from the selective highbrow snob to the cosmopolitan omnivore. In the old days, a highbrow showed his or her status by embracing the elevated and rejecting the common Rothko not Rockwell, Beethoven not The Beatles. Today, the true connoisseur enjoys it all: National Public Radio, Public Enemy, Britney Spears, Ingmar Bergman, Spike Lee and Lucinda Williams. Valuing so many aesthetics erodes patronage of the fine arts and will profoundly affect their future. the upscaling of shakespeare In his study of how cultural distinctions arose in America, historian Lawrence Levine notes that in the first half of the 19th century the works of Shakespeare were part of popular culture, widely known by all sectors of society. In the second half of the century, those trying to draw a clear line between the fine arts and popular culture elevated the Bard to being the icon of civilization. Only people with refined cultural experience, the fine arts entrepreneurs argued, could truly understand Shakespeare and his ilk. Only those with a large cranial capacity as signaled by a high brow had the ability to fully understand the fine arts. These cultural elites and the art they espoused came to be called highbrow, as contrasted with the popular or lowbrow culture of the masses. Levine shows that cultivating the fine arts was not sufficient to ensure highbrow status. Aspirants to high status had not only to patronize the sublime but also to avoid the base. As Harpers magazine said in 1883, certain art works are Not only tests of taste but even of character. If a man gives himself to Shakespeare and Chaucer, we have a clue to the man. [Likewise] the man who among all operas prefers [the inferior Italian] Don Giovanni or the Barber of Seville... involuntarily reveals himself as he makes his preferences known. The caste-like nature of the system was not lost on commentators at the time. They regularly called Boston s cultural elite Brahmans. Paul DiMaggio provides a concrete example of how elites fashioned the distinction between highbrow and lowbrow in his study of the founding of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and the Boston Symphony Orchestra. Until the 1870s, orchestra concerts were a mix of classical music, sentimental songs, theatrical numbers and martial music. Then a small group of the Boston elite set out to purge orchestral performances of all but fine art music. They invested in concert halls, created and subsidized the orchestra, imported a conductor and key players from Germany and saw to it that newspaper reviews stressed the differences between highbrow fine art and lowbrow popular culture. A parallel process took place in the formation of the Museum of Fine Arts. Its founders channeled money to Harvard University, using the resources of one bastion of highbrow culture to promote the creation of another. Indeed, the proliferation of American liberal arts colleges in this period can be seen, in part, as a device to sharpen highbrow discrimination in the rising generation of the privileged class. At the same time, other signs of status became available to an ever-widening public. An exaggerated focus on proper etiquette and the correct placement and use of dinnerware and other status props led, as historian Arthur Schlesinger notes, to the proliferation of books and courses on etiquette in the final decades of the 19th century. These learning tools made it easier for anyone with a bit of money to acquire the external signs of refinement, leading, as Levine shows, to an ever-greater reliance on the fine arts as the litmus test of highbrow status. The advantage of arts appreciation as a status marker lay in the fact that it took years to cultivate the eye and ear to be able to distinguish the true gems of literature, painting and concert halls from inferior works. As important, arts events became a prime pretext for social gatherings of the elect, and generous patronage of the arts was the hallmark of the stalwart defender of all that was best of civilization. In such a context, a rendering of a work by Shakespeare was the revelation of a sacred mystery. 34 contexts summer 2002
2 Print and frame shop selling fine art reproductions, posters of celebrities, labels from fruit crates, illustrations from children s books, maps and much more. debasing the coin In the first third of the 20th century, a brow level between high and low, the middlebrow, was identified. Essayist Margaret Widdemer, writing in a 1933 issue of the Saturday Review of Literature, identified middlebrow culture as mechanically aping highbrow tastes. Current judgments of taste were being read, she said, directly from the pages of newspaper and magazine reviews. At the same time such symbols of Western civilization could be purchased as The Complete Works of..., reproductions or superficial knock-offs of the original thing. Busts of Shakespeare and copies of the Mona Lisa became widely available. The RCA-Victor record company offered recorded Treasures of Opera and a multidisk Introduction to Good Music on its high-priced Red Seal imprint, and RCA s newly formed radio network offered excerpts from the masters played by its NBC studio orchestra. Widdemer was shocked at this debasement of the high-art symbols of distinction. By mid-century distinctions between highbrow and lowbrow were widely used in public discourse, and in 1949 Life, the ubiquitous middle-class magazine of the time, ran an article with a series of pictures on how to distinguish each of the three types of culture. The brow levels were identified by their distinctive tastes in consumption, with listings of representative clothes, food, perfume, drink, cars, television programs and other consumer items. Such tip sheets proliferated, but essayist Russell Lynes cautioned that the status value of any specific symbol of taste cheapened over time. For example, he pointed out that Whistler s Arrangement in Gray and Black, No. 1 had been highbrow in the era By it had become middlebrow and was called Portrait of the Artist s Mother. By the same painting, called Whistler s Mother, was considered lowbrow. Lynes recognized an inverse process as well. For example, he noted that The Crossroads of Life, a D.W. Griffiths film that was lowbrow in the teens, had been revalorized as highbrow by the 1940s. summer 2002 contexts 35
3 Mass culture critics of the 1950s decried what they saw as the eroding effects of commercially disseminated popular culture. As Herbert Gans shows in his book Popular Culture and High Culture, they were galvanized by the fear that bad culture drives out the good, resulting in what essayist and poet T. S. Eliot called a wasteland. David Riesman took issue with this argument. Presciently, in 1950 he argued in The Lonely Crowd that standards were not being debased; rather, a new way of evaluating status was replacing the old. The older way, identified as inner direction, stood on a set of generalized standards of value and behavior inculcated early in life that acted like a gyroscope, so that the inner-directed person went In the old days, a highbrow showed his or her status by embracing the elevated and rejecting the common Rothko not Rockwell, Beethoven not The Beatles. Today, the true connoisseur enjoys it all: National Public Radio, Public Enemy, Britney Spears, Ingmar Bergman, Spike Lee and Lucinda Williams. Valuing so many aesthetics erodes patronage of the fine arts and will profoundly affect their future. through life on the straight and narrow path. Riesman identified the then-emerging new pattern as other direction. Rather than being driven by guilt, the other-directed person feels anxiety at the prospect of getting out of step with his fellows. In Riesman s view this person develops a radar that continually scans the social environment to find his or her other-directed way. Riesman became widely known for this work his likeness appeared on the cover of Time magazine but the work was resolutely ignored by his fellow sociologists. As Gans notes, while some debated whether mass culture had triumphed, most sociologists studied social class apart from culture and were blind to the changing standards of taste. Unfortunately the 1950s saw no large-scale surveys of cultural taste, but early in the next decade French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu conducted the first such survey. He found a pattern showing highbrow exclusiveness appreciating the fine and disdaining the coarse in the professional class, a less clear pattern of choices among those in business, and lowbrow tastes among the working class. More recently, Michèle Lamont has shown that upper middle class Parisians still use highbrow standards of taste in evaluating others, but people of the same class in a French industrial city, as well as Americans in New York and Indianapolis, are much less concerned about taste. the markers of status are a changin Highbrow terminology is archaic, formal attire is seldom worn, and the word suit is used as a term of derision even among those who regularly wear suits. Virtually every college graduate (95 percent) polled for the General Social Survey of 1993 agreed with the assertion that excellence is just as likely to be found in folk culture or popular culture as in traditional high culture. With a group of associates, I have studied the meaning of these findings that seem so inconsistent with the expectations of earlier times. We use the General Social Survey as well as the Survey of Public Participation in the Arts, which has been collected periodically since 1982 by the Census Bureau for the National Endowment for the Arts. First using just the 1982 survey, we found that while those from the most high-status occupations (professionals and executives) are by far the most likely to attend classical music concerts, opera, ballet and theater and to visit art museums, they do not restrict themselves solely to such highbrow pursuits. Of all the occupational groups, they were also the most likely to take part in a wide range of more plebeian pursuits, from attending sports events to gardening. What is more, they say they are interested in many types of popular music ranging (in 1982) from blues to rock, only drawing the line at country music. Thus highbrow exclusion is giving way to an enthusiastic embrace of most, if not all, cultural forms. It remains true that well-educated people with high-status occupations are the most likely to take part in fine arts activities of all sorts, but these same people are also more likely than others to engage in a broad range of popular-culture activities. Since they accept such diverse fine art and pop cultural pursuits, we call these new cosmopolitans omnivores. Using both 1982 and 1992 data, we show the growth of omnivorousness over time. Americans born since World War II are more likely to be omnivorous than their elders, and each generation has become more omnivorous over time. The evidence suggests that omnivorous taste does not mean that the omnivore consumes everything indiscriminately. Rather, it means being open to appreciating everything. While hostile to snobbishness, omnivorousness does not imply an indiffer- 36 contexts summer 2002
4 ence to distinctions; its emergence suggests new rules about what makes for good or bad taste. The criteria of distinction, of which omnivorousness is an expression, center not on what one consumes but on the way the items are understood. For the omnivore, expressions of all sorts are appreciated in terms of their own aesthetic. In the case of music, over the years cultural experts have rethought successive low forms of music, such as jazz, country, blues, bluegrass and rock. Expressions first generally viewed as nonmusical and morally corrupting each became a music to be appreciated on its own aesthetic terms. Ken Burns s ten-hour PBS series Jazz, for example, shows how a music of lowly origins was reconceived as art. Purged of its derogatory rap label, hip-hop music is currently in the early stages of such conversion, as scholarly evaluations are published and courses on hip-hop enter the college curriculum. beethoven has been rolled The full ramifications of the shift from highbrow snob to cosmopolitan omnivore in the second half of the 20th century have yet to be fully explored. Nonetheless, the effect of this change on arts participation is all too clear to managers in the fine arts sector. Public arts participation had expanded rapidly over the third quarter of the 20th century as numerous new orchestras, dance companies, theaters and arts museums were formed and old ones expanded their offerings. What is more, the arts seemed slated for even more rapid expansion in the final quarter of the century as the exceptionally large group of people born following World War II reached adulthood. Not only were these baby boomers numerous, but many had the profile of arts appreciators. They were collegeeducated, urban and, for their age, both affluent and unencumbered by young children in the home. The arts boom did not continue. National levels of fine arts participation rose only gradually after 1980, and even this masks another, more fundamental change. The arts audience is aging significantly more rapidly than the general population. Shown in the study we conducted for the National Endowment for the Arts, the average age of people attending ballet and art museums increased seven years between 1982 and 1997, while audiences for theater and classical music Photo by Adrian Graham Household CD storage rack with eclectic range of music. summer 2002 contexts 37
5 aged five and six years respectively. Only the audience for opera aged more slowly than Americans generally, but opera lovers were the oldest in the first place. The reason for this aging is not hard to find. Relatively fewer high-status middleclass baby boomers follow their elders as patrons of the arts. At the same time, they are much more likely to attend various low-status activities and appreciate more diverse kinds of music than those of lower-class standing. The latter are more likely to take part in a narrow range of activities associated with their ethnicity, occupation and locality. We call such lowstatus people univores. Some univores are devoted to ethnic music, rap, religious music, or heavy metal while shunning the other forms, a pattern that contrasts with the typically more affluent omnivores, who are more likely to be somewhat knowledgeable about most, if not all, these different styles of music and their associated subcultures. The shift to omnivorousness helps explain the aging of the arts audience: The fine arts have lost their special importance in status display. In the era of the highbrow, participation in and donations to the fine arts were essential to status. Now, the fine arts are only one of many sorts of cultural activity that compete for time, energy and money in the quest for status. In a recent nod to omnivorous tastes, the British Council, which is the government agency responsible for publicizing the best of Great Britain among people around the world, has changed its representation of what is best about Britain. For generations Shakespeare and the other notable writers and scientists alone were used to illustrate Britain s excellence, but in 2000, the council changed its publicity thrust. It now portrays England as the cradle of the game the world knows as football and the home of some of that sport s great current players. Promotional displays feature young, handsome David Beckham, soccer celebrity and husband of Victoria Posh Spice Adams, member of the internationally famous Spice Girls. Of course, Shakespeare isn t dead yet. In this omnivorous era of mix and match, Will has returned as an all-too-human bumbling young playwright in the film Shakespeare in Love. Mozart has also been given humanizing treatment in another Posters at retail store catering to diverse musical tastes. Above poster features recording by a mountain fiddler, classical music cellist and jazz bassist. 38 contexts summer 2002
6 hit film, Amadeus. It is only a matter of time before a film portrays Ludwig von Beethoven as the Chuck Berry of his day. Arts promoters are finding a variety of ways to enrich the arts by forging closer ties with popular culture. Moving beyond the realm of culture, there is mounting evidence that omnivores are more socially tolerant, environmentally concerned and committed to democratic ideals than their highbrow counterparts. Just as there was an affinity between 19th century entrepreneurial capitalism and the highbrow, there seems to be an affinity between omnivorousness and the needs of the world-traveling corporate elite. n recommended resources Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984 [1979]. Bourdieu explores the ways French taste differs by class; this study has spawned a generation of research. Gans, Herbert J. Popular Culture and High Culture: An Analysis and Evaluation of Taste. New York: Basic Books, Updated from a 1970s essay, this edition identifies a range of taste cultures. Lamont, Michele. Money, Morals, and Manners: The Culture of the French and the American Upper Middle Class. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Lamont asked Frenchmen and Americans how they choose the people with whom they want to associate. Parisians stress manners, New Yorkers money, and the Americans generally stress morals. Levine, Lawrence W. Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Levine examines the 19th-century creation of the highbrow idea showing, for example, how the popular Shakespeare became difficult. Peterson, Richard A., Pamela C. Hull, and Roger Kern. Age and Arts Participation: National Endowment for the Arts, Research Monograph 34. Santa Ana, Calif.: Seven Locks Press, Shows that American audiences for the fine arts are rapidly aging. Peterson, Richard A., and Roger Kern. Changing Highbrow Taste: From Snob to Omnivore. American Sociological Review 61 (1996): Documents the omnivore-univore pattern and suggests an explanation. Peterson, Richard A., and Albert Simkus. How Musical Taste Groups Mark Occupational Status Groups. in Cultivating Differences: Symbolic Boundaries and the Making of Inequality, ed. Michèle Lamont and Marcel Fournier. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Omnivorousness as a style of status signaling is introduced here. Partial calendar of events for a fine arts series with diverse programming. summer 2002 contexts 39
1 Social status and cultural
1 Social status and cultural consumption tak wing chan and john h. goldthorpe The research project on which this volume reports was conceived with two main aims in mind. The first and most immediate aim
More informationDisputing about taste: Practices and perceptions of cultural hierarchy in the Netherlands van den Haak, M.A.
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Disputing about taste: Practices and perceptions of cultural hierarchy in the Netherlands van den Haak, M.A. Link to publication Citation for published version (APA):
More informationMusicians, Singers, and Related Workers
http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos095.htm Musicians, Singers, and Related Workers * Nature of the Work * Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement * Employment * Job Outlook * Projections Data * Earnings
More informationMusic Appreciation UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO MUSIC APPRECIATION. Core
Core introduces students to the history, theory, and genres of music, from the most primitive surviving examples through the classical to the most contemporary in the world at large. The course is offered
More informationMusic Appreciation UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO MUSIC APPRECIATION. Core
Core is a streamlined course that introduces students to the history, theory, and genres of music, from the most primitive surviving examples, through the classical to the most contemporary in the world
More informationLESSON 1: COURSE OVERVIEW Study: Why Study Music? Learn about the various components of music study, including history, theory, and performance.
Core is a streamlined course that introduces student to the history, theory, and genres of music, from the most primitive surviving examples, through the classical to the most contemporary in the world
More informationThe Cultural Omnivore in Its Natural Habitat: Music Taste at a Liberal Arts College
Macalester College DigitalCommons@Macalester College Sociology Honors Projects Sociology Department Spring 5-2013 The Cultural Omnivore in Its Natural Habitat: Music Taste at a Liberal Arts College Anna
More informationCASE STUDY: MELBOURNE SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA
DEVELOPING CULTURALLY DIVERSE AUDIENCES CASE STUDY: MELBOURNE SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA Multicultural Audience Development Project, 1999-2003 Author: Gillian Rogers, Marketing and Audience Development Coordinator,
More informationVice President, Development League of American Orchestras
Vice President, Development League of American Orchestras New York, NY http://www.americanorchestras.org Send Nominations or Cover Letter and Resume to: Zena Lum Search Director 617-262-1102 zlum@lllsearches.com
More informationStrike up Student Interest through Song: Technology and Westward Expansion
Social Education 78(1), pp 7 15 2014 National Council for the Social Studies Sources and Strategies Strike up Student Interest through Song: Technology and Westward Expansion Meg Steele Sheet music, song
More informationKDFC -The Bay Area s Listener Supported Classical Public Radio
KDFC -The Bay Area s Listener Supported Classical Public Radio Format: Classical Public Radio Non Commercial/Listener Supported + Underwriting/Sponsorship Mission: Classical KDFC provides access to great
More informationACEI working paper series LOOKING INTO THE PROFILE OF MUSIC AUDIENCES. Juan Prieto-Rodriguez
ACEI working paper series LOOKING INTO THE PROFILE OF MUSIC AUDIENCES Victor Fernandez-Blanco Maria Jose Perez-Villadoniga Juan Prieto-Rodriguez AWP-08-2016 Date: July 2016 0 LOOKING INTO THE PROFILE OF
More informationSTOCK MARKET DOWN, NEW MEDIA UP
FOR RELEASE: SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 9, 1997, 4:00 P.M. STOCK MARKET DOWN, NEW MEDIA UP FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Andrew Kohut, Director Beth Donovan, Editor Greg Flemming, Survey Director Pew Research
More informationPublic Perceptions About Artists A Report of Survey Findings for the Nation and Nine Metropolitan Areas
Public Perceptions About Artists A Report of Survey Findings for the Nation and Nine Metropolitan Areas Princeton Survey Research Associates for The Urban Institute Artists in the U.S. have an image problem.
More informationNickelodeon City: Pittsburgh at the Movies, (review)
Nickelodeon City: Pittsburgh at the Movies, 1905 1929 (review) Jeanine Mazak-Kahne Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies, Volume 77, Number 1, Winter 2010, pp. 103-106 (Review) Published
More informationHome Video Recorders: A User Survey
Home Video Recorders: A User Survey by Mark R. Levy As omrs record mooies and prime-time TV fare, the immediate effect may be to increase the TV audience; the long-range effect of pre-recorded material
More informationAre Americans Musical Preferences More Omnivores Today? 1 ARE AMERICANS MUSICAL PREFERENCES MORE OMNIVORES TODAY? YES, BUT NOT EVERYONE 1
Are Americans Musical Preferences More Omnivores Today? 1 ARE AMERICANS MUSICAL PREFERENCES MORE OMNIVORES TODAY? YES, BUT NOT EVERYONE 1 Jordi López-Sintas Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Spain
More informationDon t Skip the Commercial: Televisions in California s Business Sector
Don t Skip the Commercial: Televisions in California s Business Sector George Jiang, Tom Mayer, and Jean Shelton, Itron, Inc. Lisa Paulo, California Public Utilities Commission ABSTRACT The prevalence
More informationVisual & Performing Arts
LAUREL SPRINGS SCHOOL Visual & Performing Arts COURSE LIST 1 American Music Appreciation Music in America has a rich history. In American Music Appreciation, students will navigate this unique combination
More information13 Matching questions
Musical Genres NAME 13 Matching questions 1. jazz A. F. 2. pop 3. country 4. blues 5. hip hop B. G. 6. rap 7. reggae 8. heavy metal C. H. 9. classical 10. electronic 11. folk 12. dance D. I. 13. rock and
More informationLatinos of Boulder County, Colorado,
Latinos of Boulder County, Colorado, 1900-1980 Volume II: Lives and Legacies Introduction by Marjorie K. McIntosh Distinguished Professor of History Emerita University of Colorado at Boulder Written for:
More informationEvaluating Arts and Entertainment Opportunities
Evaluating Arts and Entertainment Opportunities Art and Entertainment events can draw people downtown and increase economic activity in a variety of business categories. These events can attract people
More informationSTICKY TASTES: THE IMPORTANCE OF COHORT MUSIC PREFERENCES. Andrew Joseph Ritchey
STICKY TASTES: THE IMPORTANCE OF COHORT MUSIC PREFERENCES Andrew Joseph Ritchey A thesis submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements
More informationHANDEL TO HIP HOP GRADE 6. THE EWING PUBLIC SCHOOLS 2099 Pennington Road Ewing, NJ 08618
HANDEL TO HIP HOP GRADE 6 THE EWING PUBLIC SCHOOLS 2099 Pennington Road Ewing, NJ 08618 BOE Approval Date: August 29, 2016 Michael Nitti Revised: Music Teachers Superintendent In accordance with The Ewing
More informationKindle Later Symphonies (Nos ) In Full Score
Kindle Later Symphonies (Nos. 35-41) In Full Score This volume contains the full orchestral scores of Mozart's Symphonies 35-41, reprinted directly from the Breitkopf & Hàrtel Complete Works Edition.Included
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF RHYTHM AND BLUES
OVERVIEW ESSENTIAL QUESTION What did R&B bring to early Rock and Roll, and how was early Rock and Roll different? OVERVIEW All popular music comes from somewhere. But when innovative music gets on the
More informationLudwig van Beethoven cresc.
Music is the wine which inspires one to new generative processes, and I am Bacchus who presses out this glorious wine for mankind and makes them spiritually drunken. Ludwig van Beethoven cresc. 15 mf THEORETICAL
More informationAnalyzing the Classical Music Audience Separating the Aging/Life Course Effect from the Cohort Effect
Thomas K. Hamann Copyright 2005 Analyzing the Classical Music Audience Separating the Aging/Life Course Effect from the Cohort Effect 29 th Annual Conference of the German Classification Society (GfKl
More informationIn western culture men have dominated the music profession particularly as musicians.
Gender and music NOTES Historical In western culture men have dominated the music profession particularly as musicians. Before the 1850s most orchestras refused to employ women as it was thought improper
More informationINFO 665. Fall Collection Analysis of the Bozeman Public Library
INFO 665 Fall 2008 Collection Analysis of the Bozeman Public Library Carmen Gottwald-Clark Stacey Music Charisse Rhodes Charles Wood - 1 The Bozeman Public Library is located in the vibrant downtown district
More informationTEACHING A GROWING POPULATION OF NON-NATIVE ENGLISH SPEAKING STUDENTS IN AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES: CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC CHALLENGES
Musica Docta. Rivista digitale di Pedagogia e Didattica della musica, pp. 93-97 MARIA CRISTINA FAVA Rochester, NY TEACHING A GROWING POPULATION OF NON-NATIVE ENGLISH SPEAKING STUDENTS IN AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES:
More informationLocating the Contemporary History of Everyday Participation
Locating the Contemporary History of Everyday Participation UEP Histories Symposium, Leicester 24 April 2015 Andrew Miles University of Manchester Fascination with the mundane Surge of interest in the
More informationThe Importance of Being Earnest Art & Self-Indulgence Unit. Background Information
Name: Mrs. Llanos English 10 Honors Date: The Importance of Being Earnest 1.20 Background Information Historical Context: As the nineteenth century drew to a close, England witnessed a cultural and artistic
More informationGeneral Standards for Professional Baccalaureate Degrees in Music
Music Study, Mobility, and Accountability Project General Standards for Professional Baccalaureate Degrees in Music Excerpts from the National Association of Schools of Music Handbook 2005-2006 PLEASE
More informationGuiding Principles for the Arts Grades K 12 David Coleman
Guiding Principles for the Arts Grades K 12 David Coleman INTRODUCTION Developed by one of the authors of the Common Core State Standards, the seven Guiding Principles for the Arts outlined in this document
More informationCelebrity Culture and the American Dream Stardom and Social Mobility Second Edition Karen Sternheimer CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Celebrity Culture and the American Dream Stardom and Social Mobility Second Edition Karen Sternheimer CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS CHAPTER 1 THE AMERICAN DREAM: CELEBRITY, CLASS, AND
More informationMusic, Culture, and Society: A Reader (review)
Music, Culture, and Society: A Reader (review) Eric Shieh Philosophy of Music Education Review, Volume 11, Number 1, Spring 2003, pp. 90-95 (Review) Published by Indiana University Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/pme.2003.0007
More informationRole of College Music Education in Music Cultural Diversity Protection Yu Fang
International Conference on Education Technology and Social Science (ICETSS 2014) Role of College Music Education in Music Cultural Diversity Protection Yu Fang JingDeZhen University, JingDeZhen, China,
More informationAbstract. Hadiya Morris
The Unchanging Face of Classical Music: A Reflective Perspective on Diversity & Access Classical Music as Contemporary Socio-cultural Practice: Critical Perspectives Conference 2014 King s College, London
More informationMUSIC APPRECIATION CURRICULUM GRADES 9-12 MUSIC APPRECIATION GRADE 9-12
MUSIC APPRECIATION CURRICULUM GRADES 9-12 2004 MUSIC APPRECIATION GRADE 9-12 2004 COURSE DESCRIPTION: This elective survey course will explore a wide variety of musical styles, forms, composers, instruments
More informationIndiana Academic Standards for Visual Arts Alignment with the. International Violin Competition of Indianapolis Juried Exhibition of Student Art
Indiana Academic Standards for Visual Arts Alignment with the International Violin Competition of Indianapolis Juried Exhibition of Student Art INTRODUCTION The Juried Exhibition of Student Art sponsored
More informationTHE EVOLUTIONARY VIEW OF SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS Dragoş Bîgu dragos_bigu@yahoo.com Abstract: In this article I have examined how Kuhn uses the evolutionary analogy to analyze the problem of scientific progress.
More informationCulture, Class and Social Exclusion
Culture, Class and Social Exclusion Andrew Miles ESRC Centre for Research on Socio-Cultural Change (CRESC) University of Manchester andrew.miles@manchester.ac.uk Cultural Capital and Social Distinction
More information'New crowct helps fill a Paris concert hall
Page 1/5 'New crowct helps fill a Paris concert hall With eclectic offerings, Philharmonie de Paris draws new audiences BY FARAH NAYERI Until 2015, most world-class orchestras and soloists invited to Paris
More informationJazz in America The National Jazz Curriculum
Select the BEST answer 1. Jazz is Jazz in America The National Jazz Curriculum Test Bank 1 - What is Jazz A. early symphonic music B. music based on strictly planned notation C. a combination of a partly
More informationOpening Our Eyes. Appendix 3: Detailed survey findings. How film contributes to the culture of the UK
Opening Our Eyes How film contributes to the culture of the UK A study for the BFI by Northern Alliance and Ipsos MediaCT July 2011 Appendix 3: Detailed survey findings 1 Opening Our Eyes: How Film Contributes
More informationHistoric Mount Vernon Returns Copy of Rare Book Borrowed by George Washington in 1789 to The New York Society Library
53 East 79th Street, New York, New York 10075 Telephone 212 288-6900; Fax 212 744-5832 www.nysoclib.org The New York Society Library Historic Mount Vernon Sara Holliday Melissa Wood 212.288.6900 x 230
More informationResponse to Bennett Reimer's "Why Do Humans Value Music?"
Response to Bennett Reimer's "Why Do Humans Value Music?" Commission Author: Robert Glidden Robert Glidden is president of Ohio University in Athens, Ohio. Let me begin by offering commendations to Professor
More informationAre Librarians Totally Obsolete? 16 Reasons Why Libraries and Librarians are Still Extremely Important
Are Librarians Totally Obsolete? 16 Reasons Why Libraries and Librarians are Still Extremely Important Many predict that the digital age will wipe public bookshelves clean, and permanently end the centuries-old
More informationWest Windsor-Plainsboro Regional School District String Orchestra Grade 9
West Windsor-Plainsboro Regional School District String Orchestra Grade 9 Grade 9 Orchestra Content Area: Visual and Performing Arts Course & Grade Level: String Orchestra Grade 9 Summary and Rationale
More informationINSIDE. Summary. A behind-the-curtain look at the artists, the company and the art form of this production. NewVictory.
This section is part of a full New Victory School Tool Resource Guide. For the complete guide, including information about the New Victory Education Department, check out: INSIDE A behind-the-curtain look
More information*SOME SOURCES FOR RESEARCH ON MUSIC AND DANCE AVAILABLE AT THE MESA COLLEGE LIBRARY*
*SOME SOURCES FOR RESEARCH ON MUSIC AND DANCE AVAILABLE AT THE MESA COLLEGE LIBRARY* Use SANDY PAC to find all books, periodicals, and audio-visual materials available at Mesa. PROQUEST and EBSCOHOST list
More informationMinds Work by Ear. What Positioning Taught Us. What Is a Picture Worth?
Minds Work by Ear Has anyone ever asked you which is more powerful, the eye or the ear? Probably not, because the answer is obvious. I ll bet that deep down inside, you believe the eye is more powerful
More informationV ISUAL ARTS. Visual Arts. see more at: wavisualarts.org
Visual Arts see more at: wavisualarts.org V ISUAL ARTS Digital Art Students will develop and refine skills in photography, image editing, and illustration. Guided by the elements and principles of design,
More informationChapter 20-- Important Composers and Events of the Classical Era
Chapter 20-- Important Composers and Events of the Classical Era Illustration 1: Manuscript of Opening of Mozart's Requiem (courtesy of the Petrucci Music Library) SOME IMPORTANT EVENTS OF THE CLASSICAL
More information[T]here is a social definition of culture, in which culture is a description of a particular way of life. (Williams, The analysis of culture )
Week 5: 6 October Cultural Studies as a Scholarly Discipline Reading: Storey, Chapter 3: Culturalism [T]he chains of cultural subordination are both easier to wear and harder to strike away than those
More informationClash of cultures - Gains and drawbacks of archival collaboration
Clash of cultures - Gains and drawbacks of archival collaboration I work in a folk music archive in a small regional institution in Rättvik, Sweden. Our region, Dalarna, has a rich tradition of folk music
More informationPractices of Looking is concerned specifically with visual culture, that. 4 Introduction
The world we inhabit is filled with visual images. They are central to how we represent, make meaning, and communicate in the world around us. In many ways, our culture is an increasingly visual one. Over
More informationI Broke the Bed a song by Brent & Jonathan Hugh Moderate, = 96
Piano 1 Broke Bed a song by Brent & Jonathan Hugh Moderate, = 96 dorian mode, triple subdivisions 1. Gmin 3fr. F E F C 5 and B C To Next Verse Final ending 8 now won't made 's go said, me dead. far. "Ouch!"
More informationMichael Eve Comment on Alan Warde/1 (doi: /25946)
Il Mulino - Rivisteweb Michael Eve Comment on Alan Warde/1 (doi: 10.2383/25946) Sociologica (ISSN 1971-8853) Fascicolo 3, novembre-dicembre 2007 Copyright c by Società editrice il Mulino, Bologna. Tutti
More informationThe Polish Peasant in Europe and America. W. I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki
1 The Polish Peasant in Europe and America W. I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki Now there are two fundamental practical problems which have constituted the center of attention of reflective social practice
More informationThe Most Important Findings of the 2015 Music Industry Report
The Most Important Findings of the 2015 Music Industry Report Commissioning Organizations and Objectives of the Study The study contained in the present Music Industry Report was commissioned by a group
More informationSampson-Clinton Public Library Collection Development Policy
Purpose This policy sets broad guidelines for the selection, collection, and withdrawal of library materials to support the Library s mission and goals. Goal The library will attempt to maintain as balanced
More informationNew Media Art and Chinese Traditional Aesthetics
New Media Art and Chinese Traditional Aesthetics Prof. Zhang Chengyi 1 and Kan Qing 2 1 College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, China 2 School of Fine Art, Nanjing Normal University, China
More informationTelevision's infatuation with gay-themed shows goes on and on.
Edmonton Sun Brief Encounters BY; SALLY JOHNSTON, EDMONTON SUN August 16, 2003 Saturday Final Edition Here's something to think about next time you walk into a busy bar, a football stadium or any other
More informationJ.S. Mill s Notion of Qualitative Superiority of Pleasure: A Reappraisal
J.S. Mill s Notion of Qualitative Superiority of Pleasure: A Reappraisal Madhumita Mitra, Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy Vidyasagar College, Calcutta University, Kolkata, India Abstract
More informationMusic Appreciation: The Enjoyment of Listening
Course Syllabus Music Appreciation: The Enjoyment of Listening Course Code: EDL023 Course Description Have you ever heard a piece of music that made you want to get up and dance? Cry your heart out? Sing
More informationSpice Bazaar. Exporting to Turkey for Canadian publishers. Mariusz Prusaczyk/iStockphoto/ThinkStock
Spice Bazaar Exporting to Turkey for Canadian publishers Mariusz Prusaczyk/iStockphoto/ThinkStock Exporting to Turkey for Canadian publishers Webinar presented by Nermin Mollaoğlu February 28, 2013 Nermin
More informationThe Obstacle of Time in Analyzing Painters and their Audiences
Marcus Shera Professor Angela Ho HNRS 122 10/4/16 The Obstacle of Time in Analyzing Painters and their Audiences A primary obstacle in analyzing art from the past is trying to understand how various artists
More informationHot Data, Cool Trends
Hot Data, Cool Trends 3 Million Stories Conference! Jean Cook, Future of Music Coalition @future_of_music Why Artist Revenue Streams?! most data policymakers see about health of music industry is based
More informationFORMATION OF THE MUSICAL CULTURE FOR OLDER ADOLESCENTS BY MEANS OF THE ROCK MUSIC. Rezeda K. Khurmatullina*, Damir H. Husnutdinov, Indira M.
ISSN: 0976-3104 ARTICLE FORMATION OF THE MUSICAL CULTURE FOR OLDER ADOLESCENTS BY MEANS OF THE ROCK MUSIC Rezeda K. Khurmatullina*, Damir H. Husnutdinov, Indira M. Salpykova Department of Tatar Studies,
More informationPulse 3 Progress Test Basic
Pulse 3 Progress Test Basic Name: Result: /100 Vocabulary 1 Choose the correct words. 1 Supermarkets use too many plastic bags / tins to put our shopping in. 2 I ve got lots of bottles / organic waste
More informationAnimal Kingdom String Quintet. William Tell. TELEMANN: The Frogs. ANDERSON: The Waltzing Cat SAINT-SÄENS: The Elephant from Carnival of the Animals
Animal Kingdom String Quintet Ensembles in the Schools sponsored by TELEMANN: The Frogs William Tell ANDERSON: The Waltzing Cat SAINT-SÄENS: The Elephant from Carnival of the Animals KREUTZ: Mosquito Serenade
More informationOntario Ministry of Education Curriculum Expectations
First Nations Series for Young Readers Teacher Resource Ontario Ministry of Education Curriculum Expectations Grade Ten: (Open AMU2O) Strand: Creating and Presenting Reflecting, Responding and Analyzing
More informationInternational Seminar. Creation, Publishing and Criticism: Galician and Irish Women Poets. Women, Poetry and Criticism: The Role of the Critic Today
1 International Seminar Creation, Publishing and Criticism: Galician and Irish Women Poets Women, Poetry and Criticism: The Role of the Critic Today Irene Gilsenan Nordin, Dalarna University, Sweden Before
More informationTHE AMERICAN PEOPLE AND THEIR MUSIC
THE AMERICAN PEOPLE AND THEIR MUSIC What is this course about? This course presents students with a broad narrative of the social and cultural history of American vernacular or popular music. Music is
More information40 to 50-Something Women- Mozart Moms. 50 to 60-Something Men- Executive Dads. Culture Vultures Adults 25 and Up!
KUSC s appeal is broad and diverse: From those whose knowledge is limited but passion for the music and daily usage is significant, to those with extensive classical musical experience, knowledge and passion.
More informationTable of Contents INTRODUCTION 2. SECTION 1: Executive Summary 3-6. SECTION 2: Where do people get news and how?..7-11
Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 2 SECTION 1: Executive Summary 3-6 SECTION 2: Where do people get news and how?..7-11 SECTION 3: What is news?......12-14 SECTION 4: What news do people want?...15-18 SECTION
More informationCommunication Studies Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:
This article was downloaded by: [University Of Maryland] On: 31 August 2012, At: 13:11 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer
More informationThe Role of Digital Audio in the Evolution of Music Discovery. A white paper developed by
The Role of Digital Audio in the Evolution of Music Discovery A white paper developed by FOREWORD The More Things Change So much has changed and yet has it really? I remember when friends would share mixes
More informationThe Impact of Motown (Middle School)
The Impact of Motown (Middle School) Rationale This 50- minute lesson is intended to help students identify the impact that Motown music and its artists had on the 20 th century as well as today s popular
More informationAll The World s A Television
Futures Research Professor Peter Bishop Baseline Forecast Paper November 25, 2008 All The World s A Television by Charles Kennedy 1 All The World s A Television All the world's a stage, And all the men
More informationA review of "Labor and Writing in Early Modern England, " by Laurie Ellinghausen
Eastern Illinois University From the SelectedWorks of Julie Campbell 2010 A review of "Labor and Writing in Early Modern England, 1567-1667" by Laurie Ellinghausen Julie Campbell, Eastern Illinois University
More informationSOCIOLOGY. per Section Size
California State University Channel Islands NEW COURSE PROPOSAL Courses must be submitted by October 15, 2013, and finalized by the end of that fall semester for the next catalog production. Use YELLOWED
More informationProgramming Policy : Can-Con & Hits
Programming Policy #003 Monday, March 21, 2011 Programming Policy : Can-Con & Hits 1.0 Reasoning: The purpose of this policy is to define the restrictions on Can-Con and Hits, as described by the CRTC.
More informationNational Standards for Visual Art The National Standards for Arts Education
National Standards for Visual Art The National Standards for Arts Education Developed by the Consortium of National Arts Education Associations (under the guidance of the National Committee for Standards
More informationMiddle School Course Guide VAPA Courses
69706 Recreation/Leisure I (B) 1 Semester Gr: 6 69707 Recreation/Leisure II (B) 1 Semester Gr: 7 69708 Recreation/Leisure III (B) 1 Semester Gr: 8 ART Prerequisite: Eligible for A. L. E. program/placement
More informationSOCIAL AND CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY Overall grade boundaries Grade: E D C B A Mark range: 0-7 8-15 16-22 23-28 29-36 The range and suitability of the work submitted As has been true for some years, the majority
More informationI am honoured to be here and address you at the conference dedicated to the transformative force of creativity and culture in the contemporary world.
ADDRESS BY MINISTER D.MELBĀRDE AT THE CONFERENCE CULTURAL AND CREATIVE CROSSOVERS RIGA, 11 MARCH 2015, LATVIAN NATIONAL LIBRARY Dear participants of the conference, ladies and gentlemen, I am honoured
More informationEnglish (ENGL) English (ENGL) 1
English (ENGL) 1 English (ENGL) ENGL 150 Introduction to the Major 1.0 SH [ ] Required of all majors. This course invites students to explore the theoretical, philosophical, or creative groundings of the
More informationCollege to. a University Library
ROBERT P. HARO Soine Probleins in the Conversion of a College to. a University Library While the statistical planning process involved in converting a college to a university library has been described
More informationThe Future of Audio Audio is a cultural treasure nurtured over many years
The Future of Audio Audio is a cultural treasure nurtured over many years Ever since the dawn of audio technology, there is an ongoing debate whether the sound of audio equipment should be as transparent
More informationModernization. Isolation. Connection. (Iftin Abshir Critical Comment #2)
Modernization. Isolation. Connection. (Iftin Abshir Critical Comment #2) Filmed in 70mm in an entirely manufactured set, Play Time s Tati-ville set is a continuation of Tati s idea of modernization that
More informationIs eclecticism an emerging form of cultural capital in the country of Pierre Bourdieu? Empirical evidences and theoretical questions.
Is eclecticism an emerging form of cultural capital in the country of Pierre Bourdieu? Empirical evidences and theoretical questions. Philippe Coulangeon Observatoire Sociologique du Changement SciencesPo/CNRS
More informationDiscovering Diamonds Accelerating Dreams CIITS AND DISCOVERY EDUCATION February 24, :00 3:30 p.m.
Discovering Diamonds Accelerating Dreams CIITS AND DISCOVERY EDUCATION February 24, 2014 1:00 3:30 p.m. ROB PAUGH TIS / CIITS CERTIFIED TRAINER / DISCOVERY EDUCATION STAR / MIE Continuous Instructional
More informationWould Bach be Hip with HIPP?
Would Bach be Hip with HIPP? JORDAN HENDERSON WRITER S COMMENT: The choice of topic for this paper came out of a very, very broad list of possible topics in Professor Jeffrey Thomas s History of Johann
More informationThe Humanities and a Humanities Exploration. Rodney Frey. (from the keynote address given 12 September 2011)
The Humanities and a Humanities Exploration Rodney Frey (from the keynote address given 12 September 2011) Now donning the regalia and dancing as the distinguished humanities professorship though at my
More informationToronto Alliance for the Performing Arts
79195 Covers 1/22/08 3:04 PM Page 1 A Presentation to the Toronto Alliance for the Performing Arts Members Survey December 2007 79195 InsidePages 1/22/08 7:21 PM Page 1 Table of Contents Introduction and
More informationCONQUERING CONTENT EXCERPT OF FINDINGS
CONQUERING CONTENT N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5! EXCERPT OF FINDINGS 1 The proliferation of TV shows: a boon for TV viewers, a challenge for the industry More new shows: # of scripted original series (by year):
More informationSEVENTIES SOUL: THE SOUNDTRACK OF TURBULENT TIMES
SEVENTIES SOUL: THE SOUNDTRACK OF TURBULENT TIMES ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did changes in the Soul music of the early 1970s reflect broader shifts in American society during that time? OVERVIEW OVERVIEW
More information