Creative Space : International Journal

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2 ISSN (Refereed & Peer Reviewed Intrnational Journal) Multi-Lingual and Multi-Disciplinary ISSN Spacial Edition Jan. March, 2015 Chief Editor Dr. Haresh Parmar creativespaceip@gmail.com Website : Blog : Mo Guest Editor Dr. Bharat Bheda Cover Page Image and Design by Dr. Preeti Gupta Eklavya Publication 40, Ramnagar, Nr. Vrundavan Soc., Madhuram, Nr. Timbavadi Bypass, Junagadh , Gujarat, India creativespace@live.com & creativespaceip@gmail.com Website : Blog : Spacial Issue (i) Jan. March., 2015

3 ISSN ISSN Jan. to March., 2015 Spacial Issue Chief Editor Dr. Haresh Parmar creativespaceip@gmail.com Mo Editor Dr. Shivdatta Wavalkar shiva.janaisan@gmail.com Dr. Rekha Kurre rkurre1705@gmail.com Dr. Bharat Bheda bharatbheda11@gmail.com Dr. Anil Khavdu anilkhavdu@gmail.com सर व धधकवर स रध त प रकवध त सवमग र क उपय ग क ध ए खक, अन र वदक एर Creative Space क स र क धत आर श यक ह प रकवध त रचनवओ / ध सवमग र / ख आदद क र धत-न धत यव धर चवर स Creative Space स पवदक म ड यव स पवदक क सहमधत अधनर वय नह ह creativespace@live.com & creativespaceip@gmail.com Website : Blog : Associate Editor : Niroj Kumar Sethi (New Delhi) Syed Hayath Basha Quadri (New Delhi) Dr. Dilip Chavda (Ahmedabad, Gujarat) Dr. BharatKumar V. Bheda (Jamnagar, Gujarat) Dr. Anilkumar M. Makdia (Diu) Smita Mishra (New Delhi) G. Niranjani (Chennai, Tamil Nadu) Dr. Jitesh Sankhat (Una, Gir-Somnath, Gujarat) Jan. March., 2015 (ii) Spacial Issue

4 ISSN Advisory and Peer Reviewed Board : Prof. Prasad Brahmbhatt ASC Director (Ex Director), ASC-UGC, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad Dr. M. B. Gaijan, Head, Deptt. Of English, Samaldas Arts College, Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar Dr. Visier Sanyu Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia Eva De Clercq Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, Ghent University, Belgium Dr. Deepak Patel Asso. Prof. in Gujarati, Gujarati Deppt., Saurashtra University, Rajkot Dr. R. N. Kathad Associate Professor, Sanskrit Dppt., Saurashtra University, Rajkot (Gujarat) Dr. K. S. Chotaliya Associate Proffessor, Hindi Deppt., Josipura Mahila Arts and Commerce College, Junagadh (Gujarat) Dr. Parmod Kumar Assistant Professor in English, School of Humanities, GNOU, New Delhi. Dr. Devendra Kumar Assistant Professor, R.L.A. College (Evening), University of Delhi, Delhi Dr. Y. A. Jogsan Assi. Prof. in Psychology, Deppt., Psychology, Saurashtra University, Rajkot R. M. Jadeja Princhipal and Prof., Shree D.K.V. Arts & Science College, Jamnagar (Gujarat) Dr. M. N. Vaghela Head Of Hindi Department, Dr. Virambhai Rajabhai Mahila College opp. Khichadi Mg road, Porbandar (Gujarat) Dr. Jalindar Ingle Head of Hindi Deppt., Arts and Com. Collage, Yevla, Dist. Nasik (Maharshtra) Dr. Gyanendra B. Singh Principal, Shri V.M. Mehta Muni. Arts & Comm. College, Jamnagar Dr. Arjan V. Nandaniya Head of Department, Hindi Dpt., Shri V.M. Mehta Muni. Arts & Comm. College, Jamnagar Hiteshkumar V. Parmar Assistant Professor, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh Chintan D. Gohel Assistant Professor, Gujarat Vidhyapith, Ahmedabad (Gujarat) Sureshkumar J. Parghi Assistant Professor, Computer, Comp. Department, Shree V. M. Mehta Muni. Arts and Com. College, Jamanagar (Gujarat) Mina H. Rathod Adhyapak sahayak, B. D. Shah college of education, Modasa, Dist. Aravalli Spacial Issue (iii) Jan. March., 2015

5 ISSN Submission Guide Subject Category: Humanities, Commerce, Education, Distance Education, Rural Development, Agriculture and Food Engineering, Sociology, Psychology, Science, Social Science, Children Education, Journalism, Performing Arts, Philosophy, Management, Medical, Computer Science Engineering, Information Technology, Electronics and Telecommunication Engg., Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engg. etc. Arts, Science, Education, Commerce, Engineering, Technology etc... is a peer-reviewed journal concerned with crossdisciplinary research in the field of Literature seeks contributions, essays, book reviews, reflections, reports and observations. Creative writings are also welcome. सर व धधकवर स रध त प रकवध त सवमग र क उपय ग क ध ए खक, अन र वदक एर Creative Space क स र क धत आर श यक ह प रकवध त रचनवओ / ध सवमग र / ख आदद क र धत-न धत यव धर चवर स Creative Space, स पवदक म ड यव स पवदक क सहमधत अधनर वय नह ह Paper Submission IDs: creativespaceip@gmail.com, creativespace@live.com Abstract This document gives formatting guidelines for authors preparing papers for publication in the Creative Space : International journal. The authors must follow the instructions given in the document for the papers to be published. Keywords It includes at least 5 keywords or phrases in alphabetical order separated by comma. I. INTRODUCTION This document is template. We ask that authors follow some simple guidelines. In essence, we ask you to make your paper look exactly like this document. The easiest way to do this is simply to download the template, and replace (copy-paste) the content with your own material. II. PAGE LAYOUT An easy way to comply with the paper formatting requirements is to use this document as a template and simply type your text into it. (A4 MS Word File) Jan. March., 2015 (iv) Spacial Issue

6 ISSN Type Setting : A4, MS Office Word File Format English language: Everything must be typed in MS-Word file format, A4 page size, Times New Roman fonts type, 12 points font size. Sanskrit and Hindi languages: Everything must be typed in MS-Word file format, A4 page size, Mangal (Unicode) / Kruti dev 10 fonts type, 12 points font size. Gujarati Language: Everything must be typed in MS-Word file format, A4 page size, Shruti (Unicode) Fonts Type, 12 points font size. For any language other than mentioned above: Everything must be typed in MS-Word file format, A4 page size, your fonts type, 12 points font size. REFERENCES The heading of the References section must not be numbered. All reference items must be in 8 pt font. Please use Regular and Italic styles to distinguish different fields as shown in the References section. Number the reference items consecutively in square brackets. READER AND AUTHOR FEES Conmen Fees : 1500/- (1 Year), 2500/- (2 Year), 5000/- (5 Year) and (Supports) This journal charges the following author fees. Fees : Rs Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee. In this lot's of job will be done to give it in a Camera Ready Shape, which includes Language editing, subject depthness, reviewing from distinguish editors/reviewers. If you do not have funds to pay such fees, you will have an opportunity to waive each fee. We do not want fees to prevent the publication of worthy work. For more details you can contact at Reputed, Refreed and Peer-Reviewed International Journal Editor in Chief Dr. Haresh Parmar Aashiyana, 40, Ramnagar, Nr. Vrundavan Soc., Timbavadi ByPass, Madhuram, Junagadh (Gujarat) creativespace@live.com, creativespaceip@gmail.com Blog : Web. Spacial Issue (v) Jan. March., 2015

7 ISSN Editor Voice I Chief Editor म नय सव 2015 म आपकव स र वगत ह, हम आप सभ क नर र र क भकवमनवए द त ह आपक सहय ग स ह हमन यह नयव एर धर र अ क आपक प र धर त करत ह ध क जगत क च न धतयव कवफ ह, भधर ष य म और बढ़ ग हम प रयवस करनव चवधहए क स जनवत मक एर धर कवसवत मक पह पर स च और र ज ञवधनक स च क आधवर पर अपन आन र व क क स र वर र ज ञवधनक स च क अपन अपन तथ य ह सकत ह, दफर भ ज तथ य तक क आधवर पर सबस उपय क त ह उस क स र कवर करनव चवधहए हम ज स द धनयव म रहत ह, उस द धनयव क बवर म सह स नह जवनत, दफर भ हम इस क क छ ड़कर पर क क बवत करन गत ह इस कव फवयदव अर सरर वद धनभवत ह आपक मवनधसक धस थधत क यव ह? ग वम म रहत ह ए भ आपक अहसवस नह ह क आप ग वम ह ज स क, हहद क ड ब जब स धर धवन म पवर त करन क क ध र ड. अ ब डकर कर रह थ, उस र क त ददल म ध यव ह उसकव धर र ध कर रह थ! ज उस र क त पवर त न ह सकव, आज उसक क छ क म ध र ध र पवर त कर रह ह ध व क अधधकवर, समवनतव, स र त त रतव क हम हकदवर ह, हमन उसकव श र य दकस ददयव ह? हम म कम म क ध र करण चवधहए क, ज कवय धजसन दकयव ह, उस जवधत भ द यव र ग भ द, यव ह ग भ द स उअपर उठकर उसकव स र कवर करनव ह गव र ज ञवधनक स च कव अथ म र ध ए त यह ह, इधतहवस क जवन, र त मवन क पहचवन एर भधर ष य क ध ए स च, ब हतर क क ध ए आज कवय कर धर र स चनव - स घर, दध तसवधहत य.क़ म एर स टर फ र स धसय च ज ए ड ड र पम ट क मवध यम स रवध य कहवन प रधतय धगतव २०१५ कव आय जन दकयव गयव ह आप सभ क म रव नम र धनर दन ह क इस ग तक पह चवए एर ख द भ ध ख भ ज अधधक जवनकवर क ध ए com/events यह र बसवइट द ख अब Creative Space कव अ क आप ऑन वइन क मवध यम स भ द ख-पढ़ सकत ह इसक सवथ यह अ क आपक सवमन प रस त त कर रह ह सभ सहय धगय कव धन यर वद प रधवन स पवदक ड. हर परमवर creativespaceip@gmail.com Blog : Web. : Contact : Jan. March., 2015 (vi) Spacial Issue

8 ISSN Editor Voice II Guest Editor म र द ध क द धनयव... कहन क त द धनयव भर क बवत कव धस धस व ह, दकन र क त क र मवधनयत क पहचवननव भ अधनर वय ह ज चवहव न धम त क यव म क़द दर क खतव ह? आज भ अजनब सदक क त व म मन घ मतव ह चवहकर भ आसमव क आग म भर नह पवतव, यह ज र न कव फ़ सफ़व हव, कवमयवब क क ध म हजदग कव कव रर व थम-सव गयव थव दकन त आज भ धडकन म एक आस त ह दक वयद उस अज ञवत पथ पर प रस थवन अर श य ह गव, हव... यह त ज ञवन कव स य दय ह रवस तव त रवहबर क जर र धम गव म धझ स, ख़ द क सजवन क आर श यकतव ह प रस त त अ क समधर ख-आ ख म सवधहत य क धर धभन न त र कव आगवज करतव ह सवथ-ह ज ञवन क अस धमत धवरवओ स भ अर गत करतव ह आसपवस क पररधचत यव अपररधचत र वतवर रण क ध न नवखत भ त सवधहत य ह करर वतव ह सवधहत य क धबनव सज र यव धनज र क कल पनव असम भवव य ह त र चवह क ई भ चवह व ह, चवह धर ज ञवन ह, यव र वधणज य ह ज ञवन क अ धतम धवरव म धसमटन क क ध ग स तवख क समवन ह र ह ग गव क धवरव क समवन धनर तर र प स प रर वधहत ह त रह ग हव अर कन कव नजररयव अर श य बद सकतव ह दकन म धवरव क कवट नह सकत ह उक त पधत रकव म समवधर प रस त त ख, आ ख यव धर चवर स र कवर करत ह ए हर कव भवर अन भर करत ह सवथ-ह प रयत न रह ग दक सवतत यप ण ढ ग स उक त अधभव यधक त क मवध यम क बरक़रवर रखत ह ए, प र र वथ रह ग सवथ-ह, नए- धवथ कव स र वगत करत ह आप अपन धर चवर, ख क मवध यम स ज ञवन क इस ज य त क प रज र ध त करत रह ग और प रस त त म ह म म अन य ब ध ज धर य क सहभवग बनवत रह ग आभवर... जय हहद... ड. भरत र. भ डव D. K. V. Arts and Sc. College, Jamnagar Mo Spacial Issue (vii) Jan. March., 2015

9 ISSN Table of Contents Editor Voice I : Chief Editor : Haresh Parmar vi Editor Voice II : Guest Editorial : Dr. Bharat Bheda vii English 1. Higher Education and the Role of Teachers Dr. Mamata Khandal An Exploratory Study of Users of cellular Phone Services in Rajkot city Dr. Falguni C. Shastri Women Enterpreneurship Development In India Dr. C. K. Patel Miss Leela Benare as a New Woman in Silence! The Court is in Session by Vijay Tendulkar Ms Rekha Paresh Parmar Practical Value of Learning English Literature Harish Mahuvakar Testing Reading Ability through Cloze Test: An appraisal Dr. Parul Shantilal Popat and Dr. Kaushal Bharatbhai Kotadia Satnami in Chhatisgarh: Analysing its Past and Present Santosh Kumar Banjare and Krushna Chetty Build a Positive Attitude for Holistic Living Ranch Bhavna D Determinants of Financial Performance Requirements of Dairy Cooperative Unions in Gujarat State: A conceptual Analysis of Rajkot Dairy Thakor Hemangini Nanubhai Thematic Concerns in the Select Short Stories of Ramnarayan Pathak Bhavesh C. Borisagar The Concept of Motherhood in Toni Morrison s Novels Mukesh Kumar Bairva Research paper on Recent it Trends In Banking Industry in India Mr. Jitendra M. Agrawal The Concept of Beauty and Art in the Portrait of Artist as a Young Man Dr. Karishma. G. Sondarva The Diversity in the Concept of Existence from Kierkegaard to Sartre Mohammad Motiee A Study of lateral thinking of Higher Secondary Female Teachers in Certain Variable Shailesh V Brahmbhatt Existential despair and search for indentity in loneliness of islands Dr. Mahesh Jani Rethinking, Restructuring and Rephrasing the New forms of Violence: A Glimpse in Alice Walker s The Color Purple Kalpna Verma A Comparative Study of selected two petroleum companies : Reliance and ONGC Prf. Suhani D. Jadav Jan. March., 2015 (viii) Spacial Issue

10 ISSN An Investor Risk Tolerance in Portfolio Selection: Case Analyzing of Aged Factor Mr. Rajesh R. Desai Prevalence of goiter and assessment of iodine Nutritional status in 6-12 years primary school children Of Narmada District Dr. Rina D. Rensiya Study of perceptions toward IFRS with reference to Rajkot city Akash R. Saundarva Hindi 22. स वम कहवन स ग रह म धर म म न न भवरत नरक-दर-नरक उपन यवस म नवर च तनव ड. भरतक मवर ज. ओ ड दरव धनम र मव क नवट यक धत त न एकवन त : धर धवन तरण कव अन पम प रय ग प र. ड. अफसवनव ज ठर व आददर वस सव स क धतक पररप र क ष य म ज ग क फ. ड. नयनव ड र व व रहस यर वद और धहन द कधर तव ड. अधन खवर ड भवरत म पय टन : धर कवस एर स भवर नवए प र. च धर ईश वरभवई छ ट भवई रवमकथव क रवज न र अर ण क द न स क धम हहद क घ पधत रकवय र त मवन पररद श य म क ष णर र धसह धसकरर वर पहवड़ नवर क व यथव और प कज धर कव उपन यवस उस धचधड़यव कव नवम ड. भरतक मवर भ डव Gujarati 31. ગ જર ત શ હષત ય : નળલક મ ન ર પ ર. જય મણળર સ ત ર ઓમ પ ર મ અન જ ત ય અ ક ષ ન અલ વ યક તતન સ ળ ત ત ર ય ડ. ભ ન દ ર જ. બ રહ મ ટ ટ નનર જન ગતન કનળત મ નગરશ ળ દન મહષમ ન.જ ડય રત ય ય ળરણ નળચ રન ત ત ત ળક પ ષ ઠભનમ ડ. હકરક મ ર એ. નલલય ર સ ળ વ બન નક ષણન મ ધ યમ - એક અનખ ય નનળનશ ટ ન હરચય પ ર. ડ. ર ક ટ Spacial Issue (ix) Jan. March., 2015

11 ISSN दकरवतवज न यम મ ળન ચરન દ ત યકમ ર ઠડ ન બ ન ન થ ઈ ગ જર ત મ જમ ન ળર અન ક તર ષ આત મન ષ ક મ પ ર ણમ ળ દ તન પ રનત દ ય બ રહ મ અન રબ રહ મન નળચ રણ જ દળ લગર ઠ ઈ તરન ન મ : અન ભનતન શચ ચ ઈ શ ર ત જગ ન રમ ર હકર ટ દ ધ તન બ ય ળ ત મ શરઠ બ ન નળનનયગ મગન રમ ર ઉઆ અન કડળ ટ દ રન ઓલખ : એક અભ ય શ ટ યબ ન નળન ત ળ દ અ તગ ત ળસ ધ ળ ક ટ મ બકમ ડ. કટ હરય દ ક ગ ઈ રતમ ધ ર ક ય શ બ ધન હરપ ર ક ષ યમ ક તત લ ક ન દ ર અન ર જ યન ક સ થનત ડ. હદન રમ ર ગ જર ત ન ર ન આભ વણ : કશ સ ક નતન આગળ ઓલખ શન ક. ળર ગ જર ત ઘ નળમ અર ધ મ નશ ધર ળત ન યક ડ. કમ ક. ટ નળન અન સ ર ગ દલત ળ ત મ ક ષલણક શ ઘવ : એક ત ન ત મક અધ યયન ષર રમ ર Jan. March., 2015 (x) Spacial Issue

12 ISSN Higher Education and the Role of Teachers Dr. Mamata Khandal Abstract Education has always played an important part in preparing men for life in society and moulding them accordingly, whether directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly. Improvement of the human mind with its potential powers of rational thought and ability to discover knowledge about nature and its laws, to be regarded as the key to human progress during the enlightenment. Education in its general sense is a form of learning in which the knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, or research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of others, but may also be autodidactic. Any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. Education is commonly divided into stages such as preschool, primary school, secondary school and then college, university or apprenticeship. The University teachers in this situation have to play a pivotal role in the shaping of the personality of their students and hence the paper seeks a solution of those challenges and opportunities. Introduction: The importance of higher education has been very succinctly expressed by our first Prime Minister Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru, in his address to convocation of Allahabad University in 1947 in the following words: A University stands for humanism, for tolerance, for reason, for the adventure of ideas and for the search of truth. It stands for the onward march of the human race towards even higher objectives. If the Universities discharge their adequately, then it will be well with the nation and the people. A basic character of education is that it informs a person and it enlightens her/him about things she/he does not know and thus initiates her/him into asking all sorts of questions about nature, about life, about society and its organizations. One is made capable of thinking for herself and finding answers to the questions which one considers importance or significant for one s life. In this sense, education is said to be a liberating force. It makes the individual free and capable of ordering his/her life according to one s own choice or playing a more active role in society either to preserve it or to change it. This basic feature of education has led, throughout history, to education being used as an instrument of struggle, for liberation or for suppression both by the individual and by the society. The system of Higher education is the outcome of a long socio-historical process of evolution. In a brief presentation such as this we can only highlight some important aspects of a character of education and its development; a fuller account can be found nature in the literature some of which is listed at the end of the unit. We have witnessed rapid changes in the domain of higher education in the recent decades. Internationalisation and globalisation today are high on the agendas of Spacial Issue (1) Jan. March., 2015

13 ISSN governments and universities. The global economy is only now beginning to bear upon the international role of higher education. Universities are at present engaging in enrolling international students, becoming partners in inter-institutional schemes, and pushing forward in the drive towards globalisation, students, academic staff and curricula are transferred and exchanged between institutions, accreditation agencies ensure promptness in accrediting learning experiences and governments append their signatures to cooperative projects in higher education. Education has always played an important part in preparing men for life in society and moulding them accordingly, whether directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly. Improvement of the human mind with its potential powers of rational thought and ability to discover knowledge about nature and its laws, to be regarded as the key to human progress during the enlightenment. Rather than regard the learning of skills and knowledge as a virtuous pastime or merely to carry out important political and civil operations (as in the case of Egyptian Greek and Roman scribes), men of enlightenment saw cognitive development and the pursuit of knowledge as essential not only for survival, but also for the advancement of society itself. Education in the modern sense, as a formal and deliberate process by which the cultural and normative heritage of a improved through scientific discovery, had its roots in the enlightenment. The precursors of the modern school and university, with their presumed functions relating to progress became established during this period, however, formal institutions for education existed in ancient societies as well. Clearly the development of writing represented a major breakthrough in the development of civilization and the acquisition and use of this important skill was soon institutionalized. It appears that schools and their skilled products were seen as serving the State and the society as a whole. Even in Greece and Rome where much learning was admired for its own sake, the advantages to the State of an educated citizenry were recognized. Plato, in particular was concerned with education, for only through proper training could the State be assured of a loyal citizenry and talented leaders. In recent times education has been under tremendous pressure to ensure social integration. Social integration is considered dependent on a founding system of norms and values shared by the vast majority of a society. Consequently, an appeal is made to educators to make sure (future) members of society embrace and internalize those values. However, in the context of rapidly changing pluralistic societies, the shared-values view of social integration causes problems. An alternative view of social order defines social integration causes problems. An alternative view of social order defines social integration as emergent at the level of the social system and relates it to its individual members through the dynamics of communication instead of the status of valueendorsement. Education is considered as a very important of social change though some social scientists also hold the view that education could be a means of maintaining the status quo. Education, according to them, is the most important ideological apparatus devised by the ruling classes to serve and preserve their vested interests and thus to maintain a status quo in the economic and political power structure. Jan. March, 2015 (2) Spacial Issue

14 ISSN In the context of the developing countries, education has been considered as a very important of instrument of social change. This assertion has been strongly reiterated for instance, in the Education Commission Report ( ) where education is seen as the most important prime mover of economic development and social change. The UNESCO has also consistently subscribed to this view of education in its publications. Compared to other institutions in society, higher education has a much bigger share as a fountainhead of change. Being at the higher level of the educational pyramid and thus able to influence other levels of education, and having wider access to all available knowledge, and therefore better, also to creatively integrate it, it can undoubtedly operate as a powerful instrument to help the process of social change in Indian society. To properly understand the role of higher education in social change, let us examine the concepts of social change, and the crucial features higher education. The Role of the Teacher in the Indian Context University teachers have always served a special historic role in the transformation of their respective societies. The academic community has been involved in the anticolonial struggles in many countries of the Third World. Evidences are many of participation of teachers at higher education in the social movements of nineteenth century Bengal and in the Indian national movement. Their societies have tremendous expectations from them of providing leadership and sustained momentum to social movements and a corrective influence to political institutions. As Altbach (1990) says: The professional role in politics is a widespread and important one. Whether as activist or expert, professors play a great role; their expertise, ability to communicate and their access to the mass media and those in power make them a powerful but generally unacknowledged force in many societies. Let us examine the role played by the teachers in the past. As we saw earlier, teachers in institutions of higher learning had played their roles in the social movement of the late nineteenth and the twentieth century, and also in the national movement. However, the role teachers played perhaps may not have been as important as the one played by two other professional communities, viz. lawyers and journalists. Among teachers, as evidence suggests, perhaps, school teachers may have participated in these movements in larger numbers, and in all probability, with greater effectiveness than those at higher education. Even within the university community, the students perhaps have been better activists than teachers. Of course, from among university teachers who were active in these movements gained a great deal of visibility thanks to their scholarship and articulatedness. The post-independence scenario has not been very different. Quite a few college and university teachers took to politics, and occupied very important positions in public life. Others have played a significant role in providing theoretical inputs to social movements. Many others, because of their proximity to political leaders and senior bureaucrats, have been immensely influential. Universities and colleges have been cradles of many progressive, secular movements, including those with leftist leanings. At certain moments in recent history, such as the internal emergency of , the role that university teachers as a collective played revealed their political commitment. In the new social movements of women, dalits, adivasis, Spacial Issue (3) Jan. March., 2015

15 ISSN environment, human rights, etc. teachers have played a significant role. Again, their position is powerful and precarious at the same time, since they are one of those professional groups most vulnerable to co-option by the government, other organisation of the State and the private sector. Thus, some of the most effective critics of the State are teachers of higher education, but, some of its most eloquent apologists are also from among them. In India, we have something more than just a verbal consensus on the values of democracy, secularism, social justice and the need to eliminate poverty. This is because these values got permeated in the national consciousness during the national movement. It would, therefore, not be easy to subvert these values. The teaching profession can play a vital role in strengthening these. This has to be something different from indoctrination. No educational system can be completely neutral to the value and goals which the nation has set before itself, but the responsibility of the educational system and therefore of the teachers, especially in a country which cherishes the value of democracy based on individual freedom, is to develop rationality among the students and train their minds to critically follow the argument wherever it leads. The teacher must be able to analyse his or her own bias, if any, and should also make it clear to his or her students. The role of the teacher in the Indian context is circumscribed by the objectives of social transformation as articulated in the national movement and later enshrined in the Preamble to the Constitution, in the Fundamental Rights and in the Directive Principles of State Policy. The approach should encompass a study of the existing social organization and processes and of their strengths and weaknesses as well as of the new social organization and processes which we desire to create. It should also include a critical study of our failures to create a strong, egalitarian and prosperous society, social evils such as unequal status to women, caste or untouchability and the many unhealthy traditions and superstitions that have crept into our social organization. The existing modes of production and production relationships and how they tend to concentrate economic power in the hands of a few individuals and to perpetuate poverty should be made known. In other words, the student should know the major problems facing the country, the alternative solutions for them and the programmes that have to be developed to create the new social order based on the liquidation of privilege, abolition of poverty, decentralization of authority in all spheres and enhancement of individual freedom and autonomy. Conclusion After going through the previous section on the situation in Indian higher education, you might appreciate that all these problems do exist and need to be solved in order to improve the tertiary education system. Both the students and teachers of higher education should strive their best to solve all such problems and bring out a well attuned educational system in the country. Let us discuss some aspects of such an endeavour. It is the call of the hour that the State not abdicate its role in funding higher education. Teachers in the primary and secondary education streams are trained in the Jan. March, 2015 (4) Spacial Issue

16 ISSN higher education stream. Apart from educating the educators, higher education provides the intellectual skills required for labour to be able to compete in a highly competitive globalized world. Most importantly in a society in transition, higher education develops and transmits the plurality of intellectual analyses and approaches that would facilitate both policy makers and the citizenry to meet the challenges of social change. In this it is important to stress the continued relevance of the Social Science and Humanities streams, which some quarters have considered less relevant, or even unnecessary, in the current scenario. The Social Sciences enable an evaluation as well as a future projection of socio-economic developments that are vital to national progress. The humanities address the cultural domain that shapes social consciousness, which in turn substantially impacts on social processes. These disciplines provide the intellectual skills to critically evaluate contending models of development in virtually all spheres, and suggest alternatives suitable for the Indian context. These disciplines in particular and higher education as a whole provide the historical memory of a nation. This historical memory is indispensable not only for an appreciation for the past. but also for the insights it gives into the present, and the possibilities for the future. In view of its critical role in national development as States earlier, higher education must continue to be funded by the State. This is also necessary for an egalitarian and socially just higher education system. Now that State funding has been cut, tuition fees particularly in professional courses have risen sharply. These fees are no longer affordable by poor and lower middle class students. Since there are insufficient scholarships for these strata, they are even more underrepresented than before in such institutions. As such professional degrees contribute to social mobility; restriction of access to them goes against the Constitutional goal of social justice leading to more strife in society. This is yet another reason for State funding of higher education. Because of lack of internal autonomy and the stifling control exercised by academic bureaucracy, the nature of work suffers. It is, therefore most desirable that institutions have internal autonomy combined with administrative accountability so that a conducive academic atmosphere is created. The academics should also be provided with adequate facilities and an atmosphere of stimulation from peers. A liberal environment should be built in the colleges and universities. This is a prerequisite to the evolution of independent academics, for their professional competence, and for contribution to solving the country s problems. The academics should involve themselves in larger policy-making issues related to education as well as social and economic progress. The solution to the problem of less pay in private and government colleges leading to demonization among teachers lies in having a national incomes and wages policy. This should be based on the recognition of the critical role of higher education and teachers in national development. To attract and retain talent, salary and career prospects must be improved and be made comparable to competing careers. Incentives must be provided for quality work done by teachers. As we have discussed teaching, research and extension work can go hand in hand. Programmes of educational transformation also can go hand in hand with the complementary programmes of social and economic transformation. Change rather than status quo has become the watchword for successful living and education has been Spacial Issue (5) Jan. March., 2015

17 ISSN recognised as a tool for ushering in changes in an orderly manner In such a context, higher education has to be both sensitive to the social needs of his students, and willing and competent, to perform a linking function between the academic and the social world. There is, however, one important snag of which we may not be aware or we may tend to forget. We have not so, far visualised the possibility of confrontation with reactionary forces in this onward march to social transformation. This has, however, to be kept in mind and obviously educational institutions and individual teachers will have their own limitations. But that notwithstanding. It should not be forgotten that teachers have a commitment to social transformation. Teachers, who are committed to social goals and have established their bonafides, will always find a sympathetic public that comes forward to help such, workers. The history of social work abounds in such instances. References Barnett, R. (1992) The Idea of Higher Education. Buckingham: Open University Press. Coffield, F. and B. Willaimson (1997) Repositioning Higher Education, Buckingham: Open University Press. Cohen, E.G. (1994). Restructuring the Classroom: Conditions for Productive Small Groups, Review of Educational Research Spring 1994, Vol. 64 # 1 pp1-35. Dample, Y.B. (1967) The school and college as a social system, in M.S. Gore, I.P. Desai, and S. Chitnis, (eds) Papers in the Sociology of Education in India. New Delhi: NCERT, pp Hook, Sydney: (1963). Education for Modern Man. The Dial Press, Inc., New York. Kimball, Bruce A. (1988). The Problem of Teachers, Authority in Light of the Structural Analysis of Professions, Educational Theroy. 38(1). Learning: The Treasure Within. (1996). Report to UNESCO of the International Commission on Education for the 21 st Century, UNESCO Publishing. MHRD. (1993). Learning without Burden: Report of National Advisory Committee Appointed by Ministry of Human Resource Development. MHRD, Government of India, New Delhi. Ministry of Education, Government of India (1949) Report of the Education Commission ( ), New Delhi: Chapter 1. Ministry of Education, Government of India (1949) Report of the University Education Commission ( ), New Delhi: Chapter I. Mirabito, Michael M.A. (1994). New Communications Technologies. Boston, Focal Press. NCERT. (2005). National Curriculum Framework for School Education, NCERT, New Delhi. NCTE. (2009). National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education, NCTE, New Delhi. O Connor, Danial J. (1957). The Philosophy of education, (philosophical Library, Inc., New York, Chap. 3. Shukla, S. (1967) Social responsibility of the university teacher, Educational Trends. 2, November Jan. March, 2015 (6) Spacial Issue

18 ISSN Shukla, S. (1964) The University in Indian Society, Journal of University Education. 4 March Smith, Huston. (1955). The Purposes of Higher Education (Harper & Row, Publishers, Incorporated, New York. Thompson, M. (1997). Professional Ethics and the Teacher: Towards a General Teaching Council. Stokeontrent, Trentham Books. Sangharsh/Struggle : e-journal of Dalit Literary Studies (Peer Reviewed & Refereed International e-journal) Issn : Theme : Dalit, Tribal,Woman (Resisting Marginalisation Caused by Class, Caste and Gender) SeJDLS is a Scholarly scientific e-journal that publishes original research papers in the of Arts, Social Science, Commerce, Environment, Human Right etc.. It aims to contribute to the world of research by publishing peer reviewed research and review articles, experimental studies, letter to the editors, book reviews as well as news of Literature, Communication & Soft Skills, Education, Law, Arts, Commerce, Economics & Social Science etc. Call for Papers April to June, 2015 Submission Last Date : 20 June, 2015 Languge : Multy-Languge (Preefer English, Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi). स घर ष क म म बर बन कर आप आर थषक सहय ग भ कर सकत ह, ज सस स घर ष ट म रचन त मक क यष कर सक. All correspondence should be addressed to the Editor editorsangharsh@gmail.com Mo Spacial Issue (7) Jan. March., 2015

19 ISSN An Exploratory Study of Users of cellular Phone Services in Rajkot city Dr. Falguni C. Shastri Abstract Cellular phone services are an inseparable part of the modern human society. This article presents the segmentation of the users of cellular phone services in Rajkot, Gujarat, on the basis of the parameters identified from the findings of the previous studies. An exploratory study was conducted among 500 respondent users of such phones in Rajkot by using a structured questionnaire. It was found that most of the respondents were moderately satisfied regarding network, roaming facilities, charges, connectivity, value-added services, free incoming calls, attractive schemes, newer innovations and popularity of cellular phone services in Rajkot. Again, most of them had moderate overall satisfaction regarding their current cellular phone service provider(s) and had average chances of shifting from their current cellular phone service provider(s) to another without changing their number. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis reveal that there are five clusters (segments) of respondents among the users of cellular phone services in Rajkot. In addition, the outcome of non-hierarchical cluster analysis shows that these five clusters of respondents are: popularity seekers, connectivity seekers, efficient service seekers, optimal service seekers, and quality service seekers is the largest segment comprising 57.8% of the respondents. Formulation of proper strategies for each such cluster of customers may enable the cellular phone service providers to satisfy them, thereby ensuring higher customer loyalty leading to uninterrupted profitability and survivability of these companies. Introduction Cellular phones are devices that enable people to stay in touch with others wherever they go (De brujin et al., and Maharaj and Parumasur, 2011). They have also been described as mini computers by the researcher. Cellular phone services enable users to move around while remaining capable of accessing the network and its services (Giaglis et al., 2003). This is the main advantage that differentiates these services from wireline to landline phone services. Cellular phone services have become an integral part of our day-to-day life. In fact, it is noticed that proper charges, wider coverage, and decent quality are essential elements of cellular phone services (Karine et al., 2004 and Butt and De Run, 2009). Richardson et al., (2000) in his report on Grameen Phone in Bangladesh, emphasized on charges as an essential element of mobile phone services, while Giaglis et al. (2003) and Khan (2010) emphasized the importance of proper network in cellular phone services. Gerpott et al.(2001), In his study, highlighted the importance of price and network quality of important with respect to cellular phone services. It was noticed from the pilot survey that such personal benefits of the users with respect to mobile services is related to factors like offers, value-added services, multiple utility, free outgoing calls, free SMS, discounts, free incoming calls, security deposits, and attractive schemes of cellular phone services. The pilot survey also revealed that popularity of the mobile phone service provider(s) is also given high importance by the users. Oliphant (1999) emphasized the importance of roaming facilities for cellular phone services, while Leung and Wei (2000), Barnes and Huff (2003), and Lehr and McKnight (20030 emphasized the importance of internet facilities in cellular phone services and Jan. March, 2015 (8) Spacial Issue

20 ISSN Berry et al. (2006) stressed on newer innovations as an important aspect of service offerings including mobile phone services. Khan and Manthiri (2011) also stated that network, coverage, tariff, connectivity, frequent offers, value-added services, multi-usage, free calls, discount, free incoming, security deposits, attractive plans, innovative ideas, and popularity in the market are important parameters of cellular phone services. In fact, they started that these factors may lead users to switch from previous to the current cellular phone service provider. Keeping in view the importance of cellular phones in the current scenario, every telecom company has to emphasize on consumer behaviour so as to satisfy the customers (De Brujin et al., 2009; and Maharaj and Parumasur, 2011). This is very essential in a country like India which is adding at least one million new mobile phone users every month (Khan and Manthiri, 2011). This would enable them to satisfy the existing customers and thereby retain them for a long time (Kotler, 2005; Hawkins et al., 2009; Kotler et al., 2010; and Alshurideh et al., 2012). Other studies also support this view point (Santon et al., 1994; Schiffman and Kanuk, 2007; Lovelock et al., 2008; and Panda, 2011). So, proper segmentation of users of cellular phone services is very essential to enable the telecom companies to formulate proper strategies for satisfying their customers. This article, therefore, emphasizes segmentation of the users of cellular phone services in the city of Rajkot, Gujarat on the basis of the parameters identified from the findings of the previous studies mentioned above. Data and Methodology This study involves exploratory research design. Data was collected from the users of various cellular phone services. Primary data was collected through a survey of 500 such respondents in Rajkot city of Gujarat, India. The study was carried out within a time frame of four months (from December 2013 to march 2014). These respondents were selected through convenience and judgment sampling. This involved use of a structured questionnaire. Secondary data for this study was obtained from books, journals, and magazines. Initially, a draft questionnaire was developed for collection of primary data. Thereafter, a pilot survey was conducted among 50 respondents with this draft questionnaire in order to administer the required modifications and corrections. This pilot survey revealed that offers, value-added services, multiple utility facilities, free outgoing calls, free SMS, discounts, free incoming calls, security deposits, and attractive schemes of cellular phone services are essential as they reflect personal benefits of the users. Besides, the pilot survey also revealed the significance of popularity of the mobile phone services provider(s) among the users. These points were incorporated into the final questionnaire along with the other points associated with cellular phone services which were obtained from the review of the previous studies. It is to be noted that the draft questionnaire for the pilot survey did not include any question determining the satisfaction level of the respondents regarding the popularity of cellular phone services provider(s). However, this question was later included in the final questionnaire. The reliability of the questions in the final questionnaire was tested using Cronbach s alpha involving SPSS software. Thereafter, the degree of relationship between respondents overall phone service provider(s) without changing their number was determined using Pearson s correlation. Factor analysis (involving principal component analysis with varimax rotation) was done in order to reduce the respondents perception of their satisfaction level on the 18 parameters of cellular phone services (Table 1) into a few meaningful and manageable factors. However, owing to the smaller size, this could not be executed through SPSS Spacial Issue (9) Jan. March., 2015

21 ISSN software (Hair et al., 2010). Thus, cluster analysis using SPSS software was carried out to determine the various segments of the respondent users of cellular phones in Rajkot city on the basis of the 18 parameters. Table 1: Parameters of Cellular Phone Services Identified from Literature Sr. N0. Parameters 1 Network 2 Roaming Facilities 3 Coverage 4 Charges 5 Connectivity 6 Offers 7 Internet Facility 8 Value-Added Services 9 Multiple Utility 10 Free Outgoing Calls 11 Free SMS 12 Discount 13 Free Incoming Calls 14 Security Deposits 15 Attractive Schemes 16 Newer Innovation 17 Popularity 18 Other Parameters The initial step in cluster analysis included selection of a distance or similarity measure, as the objective of such analysis is to group similar objects together. As per literature (Malhotra, 2004; Coper and Schindler, 2006: and Chawla and Sondhi, 2011), squared Euclidean distance is the most common measure of similarity. The next step was selection of a clustering procedure, either hierarchical or non-hierarchical, or both. This study involves the use of both. This study involves the use of both these methods together to attain the benefits of each one of them. The initial clustering solution was obtained using hierarchical procedure in case of respondents satisfaction level regarding various parameters of cellular phone services. It was seen that among the various hierarchical clustering procedures, the average linkage method and world s method performed relatively better (Malhotra, 2004). Literature also states that squared Euclidean distance should be used along with ward s method. So, hierarchical clustering procedure through Ward s method was used in this study to find out the number of possible clusters which would be used as imputes in the non-hierarchical K-means (quick) clustering procedure for respondents satisfaction level regarding various parameters of cellular phone services. Results and Discussion It was noticed that all questions in the final questionnaire had high reliability (Cronbachs alpha = 0.842). besides, it was also observed that the questions related to satisfaction level of the respondents regarding all the 18 parameters of cellular phone services and their overall satisfaction level regarding their current cellular phone service provider(s) had high reliability (refer to question nos. 9 and 11 respectively mentioned in the questionnaire) (Cronbachs alpha = ). The observations regarding the characteristics of the respondents are presented in Table 2. It is observed that most of the respondents are in the age group of years (71.8%), males (59.4%) and married (51.6%). Regarding educational qualification, most Jan. March, 2015 (10) Spacial Issue

22 ISSN of the respondents are graduates (43.6%). As far as occupation is concerned, a majority of the respondents are service holders (43.8%) and students/full-time research scholars (43.6%). Besides, most of the respondents have no monthly income (43.6%). Again, it is also observed that most of the respondents use post-paid cellular phone services (54.8%). Table 2: Characteristics of the Respondents Variable Frequenc y Percentag e Variable Frequency Percentag e Marital Status (n = 500) Gender (n=500) Male Married Female Single Educational Qualification (n = 500) Occupation (n = 500) Passed 10 th Service Holder Standard Passed 12 th Self-Employed Standard Graduate Student/Full-time Research Scholar Postgraduate Other Occupation Ph.D Degree Holder Age Group (n= 500) Monthly Income (n = 500) Between No Income years Between years Below Rs. 10, Between Between Rs years 10,000-30,000 Above Between Rs years 10,000-30,000 Type of Cellular Phone Services Used Between Rs (n = 500) 50,001-70,000 Post-paid Pre-paid Both Post Paid and Pre Paid Table 3 indicates the number of respondents using the different cellular phone service providers. It is observed that most of the respondents use Vodafone cellular phone services, followed by Reliance. Table 3 Number of Respondents Using Different Cellular Phone Service Providers S. No. Cellular Phone Frequency Service Providers 1 Reliance Idea 40 3 Airtel 60 4 Vodafone BSNL 100 Spacial Issue (11) Jan. March., 2015

23 ISSN Table 4 indicates the respondents satisfaction level regarding the various parameters of cellular phone services. It is observed that most of the respondents accorded moderate satisfaction for network, roaming facilities, charges, connectivity, value-added services, free incoming calls, attractive schemes, newer innovations and popularity of cellular phone services in Rajkot. It is also observed that most of these respondents feel that they have average satisfaction regarding coverage, offers, internet facilities, multiple utility, free outgoing calls, free SMS, discounts, and security deposits of cellular phone services in Rajkot. Table 4 Respondents Satisfaction Level Regarding Various Parameters of Cellular Phone Services S No. Parameter High Satisfaction Moderate Satisfaction Average Satisfaction Below Average Satisfaction Least Satisfactio n Total Respon dents 1 Network Roaming Facilities 3 Coverage Charges Connectivity Offers Internet Facilities 8 Value Added Services 9 Multiple Utility 1 Free outgoing Calls 1 Free SMS Discount Free Incoming Calls 1 Security Deposits 1 Attractive Schemes 1 Newer innovations 1 Popularity Other parameters Table 5 shows the frequency of respondents overall satisfaction regarding their current cellular phone service provider (s). It is observed that most of the respondents had moderate overall satisfaction regarding their current cellular service provider9s) (62.2%). Jan. March, 2015 (12) Spacial Issue

24 ISSN Table 5: Respondents Overall Satisfaction Regarding Their Current Cellular Phone Service Provider(s) Respondents Overall Frequ Perce Satisfaction ency ntage Below Average Satisfaction Average Satisfaction Moderate Satisfaction High Satisfaction Total Table 6 shows the chances of respondents shifting from their current cellular phone service provider(s) to another without changing their mobile number. It is observed that most of the respondents have average chances of shifting from their current cellular phone service provider(s) to another without changing their number (32.6%). This observation further confirms their moderate satisfaction with their current cellular phone service provider(s). Table 6 Respondents Chances of Shifting from Their Current Cellular Phone Service Provider(s) to Another without Changing Their Number Respondents Frequency Percentage Overall Satisfaction 1 Least Chances 2 Below Average Chances 3 Average Chances 4 Moderate Chances 5 High Chances Total It is observed that respondents overall satisfaction regarding current cellular phone service provider(s) is weekly inversely related (r = ) to their chances of shifting from their current service provider(s) to another without changing their number. This implies that if users of this service experience higher overall satisfaction, then there may be lesser chances of them shifting to another service provider and vice versa. Table 7: Agglomeration Schedule of Hierarchical Cluster Analysis Stage Cluster Combined Stage Cluster First Next Cluster 1 Coefficient Stage Cluster 2 Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Difference Between Coefficients Spacial Issue (13) Jan. March., 2015

25 ISSN The results of the agglomeration schedule of hierarchical cluster analysis 9Table 7) reveal that large difference between coefficients occurs in the fifth row from bottom (Stage 499). As such, the five clusters seem to be appropriate. Therefore, a non-hierarchical cluster analysis was run for respondents satisfaction level regarding various parameters of cellular phone services. The results indicating the final clusters are shown in Table 8. The five clusters have been named according to their scores on each of the 18 parameters of cellular phone services, i.e., the relative satisfaction levels of the clusters on each of the parameters. Each of these five clusters is described as follows. 1. Cluster 1 (n = 117) Popularity Seekers: The cluster comprises 23.4% of the total number of respondents. This cluster scores highly as far as their satisfaction in terms of popularity of the cellular phone service provider is concerned. However, this cluster scores comparatively less on respondents satisfaction with respect to other parameters of cellular phone service providers. As such, this cluster is referred to as popularity seekers. 2. Cluster 2 (n = 54) Connectivity Seekers: This cluster consists of 10.8% of the total number of respondents. This cluster scores highly as far as their satisfaction in terms of connectivity of cellular phone service providers. Therefore, this cluster is referred to as connectivity seekers. 3. Cluster 3 (n = 24) Efficient Service Seekers: This cluster contains 4.8% of the total number of respondents. It is, therefore, one of the smallest group of respondents. This cluster scores highly as far as their satisfaction in terms of network, roaming facilities, coverage, connectivity, free outgoing calls, free SMS, discounts and security deposit is concerned. Therefore, this cluster is referred to as efficient service seekers. 4. Cluster 5 (n = 24) Optimal Service Seekers: This cluster consists of 4.8% of the total number of respondents. So it is the other smallest group of respondents. This cluster scores highly as far as their satisfaction in terms of free incoming calls, and popularity is concerned. But this cluster scores comparatively lower on respondents satisfaction with respect to other parameters of cellular service providers. Therefore, this cluster is referred to as optimal service seekers. 5. Cluster 5 (n= 281) Quality Service Seekers: This cluster comprises 56.2% of the total number of respondents. Therefore, it is the largest group of respondents. Therefore, it is the largest group of respondents. This cluster scores highly as far as their satisfaction in terms of network, roaming facilities, coverage, charges, connectivity, free incoming calls, security deposit, attractive schemes, newer innovations, and popularity is concerned. Therefore, this cluster is referred to as quality service seekers. Table 8: Final Cluster Centers from K-Means (Quick) Cluster Analysis Parameters of Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster Cluster 5 Cellular Phone 4 Services Popularity Seekers Connectivity Seekers Efficient Seekers Optimal service Seekers Quality Seekers n= 117 n= 54 n= 24 n= 24 n= 281 Service Jan. March, 2015 (14) Spacial Issue

26 ISSN Network Roaming Facilities 3 Coverage charges Connectivity Offers Internet Facilities 8 Value-Added 3.21` Services 9 Multiple Utility 3.oo Free Outgoing Calls 11 Free SMS Discount Free Incoming Calls 14 Security Deposit 15 Attractive Schemes 16 Newer innovations 17 Popularity Other parameters Conclusion: The present study shows that most of the respondents are moderately satisfied regarding network, roaming facilities, charges, connectivity, value-added services, free incoming calls, attractive schemes, newer innovations and popularity in case of cellular phone services in Rajkot. Again, most of them have moderate overall satisfaction regarding their current cellular phone service providers. The findings of the study also reveal that most of the respondents have average chances of shifting from their current cellular phone service provider9s) to another without changing the number. The results also show that if the users of these services experiences higher overall satisfaction, then there may be lesser chances of them shifting to another such service provider. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis reveal that there are five clusters (segments) of respondents among the users of cellular phone services in India. Further, the outcome of non-hierarchical cluster analysis shows that these five clusters of respondents are popularity seekers, connectivity seekers, efficient service seekers, optimal service seekers, and quality service seekers. Of these, quality service seekers cluster is the largest segment comprising 56.2% of the respondents. In Rajkot city, the different telecom companies should focus on these segments with separate strategies so as to satisfy their customer properly. Thus, such customers can be retained in the long run, leading to greater customer loyalty. Ultimately, this would immensely aid in increasing the profitability and survivability of these companies in the near future. Limitations and Scope for Future research: Spacial Issue (15) Jan. March., 2015

27 ISSN The present study is limited to 500 sample respondents on account of convenience data collection and the methodology applied. Besides, the current study involves data from the people in Rajkot city, who use cellular phones. Further, this study involves segmentation of the users of cellular phones on the basis of 18 parameters. Therefore, findings of this study cannot be taken as a generalized representation of cellular phone services all around the world. Similar studies can be carried out in other parts of India and around the world covering other important parameters of cellular phone services in addition to those mentioned in this study. References: 1. Alshurideh M, Masa deh R and Aljurdi B (2012), The Effect of Customer Satisfaction Upon Customer Retention in the Jordanian Mobile Market: An Empirical Investigation, European journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, No. 4, pp Barnes S J and Huff S L (2003), Rising Sun: IMode and the Wireless Internet, Communications of the ACM, Vol.46, No. 11, pp Berry L L, Shankar V, Parish j T, Chadwallader S and Dotzel T (2006), Creating New Markets Through Service Innovation, MIT Sloan Management Review, Winter, pp Butt M M and De Run E C (2009), Modeling Customer Satisfaction in Cellular Phone Services, Journal Kamanusian, Vol. 13, June. 5. Chawla D and Sondhi N (2011), Research Methodology, 1 st Edition, pp , Vikas Publishing House Private Limited, Noida. 6. Cooper D R and S and Schindler P S (2006), Business Research Methodology, 9 th Edition, pps.2-78, , , , Tata Mcgraw Hill publishing Company Limited, ew Delhi. 7. De Brjin M, Nyamnjoh F and Brinkman I (2009), Mobile Phonees: The New of Everyday Africa, available at Accessed on May 9, Gerpott T.J, Rams W and Schindler A (2001), Customer retention, Loyalty and Satisfaction in the German mobile Cellular Telecommunications Market, Telecommunications Policy, Vol.25, pp Giaglis G M, Kourouthanasis P and Tsamakos A (2003), A Classification Framework for Mobile Commerce, in Brian Ernest Mennneck (Ed.), Mobile Commerce: Technology, Theory and Applications, pp , Idea Group Publishing, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA. 10. Hair jr J F, Black W C, Babin B J and Anderson R E (2010), Multivariate Data Analysis, 7 th Edition, pp , , , , Pearson Education (Singapore) Private Limited, New Delhi. 11. Hawkins D I, Best R J, Coney K A and mookerjee A (2009), Consumer Behaviour: Building Marketing Strategy, 9 th Edition, pp. 1-29, 36-65, , , , Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, New Delhi. 12. Karine E, Frank L and Laine K (2004), Effect of Price on the Diffusion of Cellular Subscriptions in Finland, Journal of Product & Brand Management, Vol. 6, No. 10, pp Khan M A (2010), An Empirical Assessment of Service Quality of Cellular Mobile Telephone operators in Pakistan, Asian Social Science, Vol. 6, No. 10, pp Khan A S and Manthiri A A (2011), Switching Tendencies of Consumers of Mobile Phone Services in Madurai District, the Journal of Commerce, Vol. 3, No.4, pp Kotler P (2005), Marketing Management, 11 th Edition, pp , Pearson Education (Singapore) Private Limited, New Delhi. Jan. March, 2015 (16) Spacial Issue

28 ISSN Kotler P, Armstrong G, Agnihotri P K and Haque E (2010), principles of Marketing: A South Asian Perspective, 13 th Edition, pp. 4-79, Pearson Education (Singapore) Private Limited, New Delhi. 17. Lehr w and McKnight L W (2003), Wireless Internet Access: 3G vs. Wi-Fi, Telecommunications Policy, Vol.27, pp Leung L and Wei R (2000), More Than Just Talk on the Move: Uses and Gratifications of the Cellular Phone, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, Vol. 77, No. 2, pp Lovelock C, Wirtz J and Chatterjee J (2008), services Marketing: People, Technology, Strategy a South Asian Perspective, 5 th Edition, pp , , Pearson Education Private Limited, New Delhi. 20. Maharaj M and Paramasur S B (2011), Customer Perceptions of Cellular Phone Services/Attributes and Factors Influencing Selection/Preferences, African Journal of Buisness Management, Vol. 5, No.33, pp Malhotra N K (2004), Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation, 5 th edition, pp. 1-71, , , , Pearson Education, New Delhi. 22. Oliphant M W (1999), The Mobile Phone Meets the Internet, Spectrum IEEE Explore, Vol. 36, No. 8, USA. 23. Panda T K (2011), Marketing Management, 2 nd Edition, pp , Excel Books, New Delhi. 24. Richardson D, Ramirez R and Haq M (2000), Grameen Telecom s Village Phone Programme in Rural Bangladesh: a Multiple Media Case Study, TeleCommons Development Group (TDG), Guelph Ontario, Canada. 25. Schiffman L G and Kanuk L L (2007), Consumer Behaviour, 9 th Edition, pp , 62-97, , , Pearson Education (Singapore) Private Limited, New Delhi. 26. Stanton W J, Etzel M J and Walker b J (1994), Fundamentals of Marketing, 10 th Edition, McGraw Hill International Editions, Singapore. Spacial Issue (17) Jan. March., 2015

29 ISSN Women Enterpreneurship Development in India Dr. C. K. Patel Introduction The words entrepreneur, entrepreneur and entrepreneurship acquired special significance in the context of economic growth in a rapidly changing socio-economic and socio-cultural climates. The entrepreneur is one of the important segments of economic growth. His role in economic development varies from economy to economy, country to country, depending upon its material resources, industrial climate and more importantly, the responsiveness of the political system to the growth of entrepreneurs. Basically, he is a person who is responsible for setting up a business or an enterprise. In fact, he is one who has the initiatives, skill for innovation and who looks for high achievement. Entrepreneurship, the de fact barometer of overall economic, social and industrial growth has brought revolutionary changes in the society. It has facilitated large scale production and distribution. It has widened the area and scope of the marketing of goods and services. It is a creative and innovative response to the environment. Entrepreneurial development is recognized as the most essential and important tool for economic development and human welfare. Today, entrepreneurial development has gaining increasing significance in developing economy also. Entrepreneurial development along with management has come to be recognized globally as the key to rapid and suitable economic development as well as the welfare and progress of mankind. Entrepreneurship is a core sector, which can be developed in a great way. With various technological and management institutes in India, it is not hard task to develop entrepreneurs. With the growing emphasis on the role of medium and small scale enterprises in view of their contributions to employment generation, capital creation, industrial development, diversification in products, product lines, raising standard of living, regional development and economic growth, the entrepreneurship development movement in India received significant attention. Who is An Entrepreneur? An entrepreneur is someone who is risk taker and ready to face challenges. The entrepreneur is one of the critical inputs in the economic development of a country or of regions within the country. Entrepreneur is the key person, who envisages new opportunities, new techniques, new lines of production, new products and co-ordinates all other activities. The term entrepreneur is defined in a variety of ways. The concept of entrepreneur varies from country to country and also from period to period, along with the level of economic development, thoughts and perceptions. The New Encyclopedia Britannica considers an entrepreneur as an individual who bears the risk of operating a business in the face of uncertainty about the future conditions. He says, the person who is going to establish a successful new business venture must also be a visionary leader a person who dreams great dreams. According to Evans, entrepreneurs are persons who initiate, organize, manage and control the factors of a business unit that combines the factors of production to supply goods and services, whether the business pertains to agriculture, industry, trade or profession. Vasant Desai described the concept of entrepreneur in his book entitled, Dynamics of Entrepreneurial Development and Management very stunningly in the following words: Jan. March, 2015 (18) Spacial Issue

30 ISSN Entrepreneur is a person who discovers new idea and business opportunities, brings together funds to establish a business, organizes and manages its operations in order to provide economic goods and services, for the public. Entrepreneurs have strong convictions, self motivations, the will to grow and prosper tremendously and also the courage to go bankrupt if they fail in their venture. Who is Woman Entrepreneur? According to J. Schumpeter, women who innovate initiate or adopt business activity are called women Entrepreneur. Ruhani J. Alice described the concept of women entrepreneurship is based on women participation in equity and employment of business enterprise. Women Entrepreneur may be defined as a woman or group of woman who initiate, organize and run business enterprise. Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs as owning and controlling an enterprise with a woman having a minimum financial interest of 51% of the capital and giving at least 51% of the employment generated in the entrepreneur to women. In India, women constitute around 48% of total population but their participation in the economic activities only around 32% as per Human development report. Women Entrepreneur is a person who accepts challenging role to meet her personal needs and become economically independent. Women owned business are highly increasing in the economies of almost countries. They are working as a designers, dairy development, contractors, interior decorators, garment manufacturers, exporters, publishers and still new areas of economic participation. Women Entrepreneurs are more intelligent and prominent in the business world in advanced countries. Qualities of Women Entrepreneurs Following leadership qualities are essential for women entrepreneurs. Positive Thinking 9 Well Educated Hard Working 1 English efficiency and 0 Computer ability Accept the Challenges 1 1 Intelligent Ambitious 1 2 Conscious Imaginative 1 Ability and desire to take 3 risk Profit Earning Capacity 1 4 Patience Keenness to learn new 1 ideas 5 Skillful Adventurous WHY WOMEN BECOME ENTREPRENEUR? Following factors affecting to become women entrepreneur Pull Factors 1. Liking for business 2. To utilize their free time and education 3. To Build confidence 4. To get economic independence 5. To develop risk taking ability 6. To gain recognition, importance and social status 7. Desire to do something new 8. To gain greater freedom Spacial Issue (19) Jan. March., 2015

31 ISSN Need & Perception of women s liberation, equity etc. Push Factors 1. Sudden fall in family income 2. Death of earning member 3. Permanent inadequate income of family Other Factors 1. Freedom from Male Dominated business Today, traditionally male-dominated areas, like technology, are opening up more and more to women. We can see a female CEO in certain industries. Women entrepreneurs are becoming commanding position today. As a business owner, women entrepreneurs are empowered to create more jobs and empower more women. In the earlier years, women were in limited to 3Ks (1) Kitchen (2) Kids and (3) Knitting, then came in 3 Ps (1) Powder (2) Papad (3) Pickles. At present, women entered in 4 Es (1) Electricity (2) Electronics (3) Energy and (4) Engineering., 2. Freedom To Work And Live On Your Own Terms If you want to make a successful career with an equally successful home and family life, becoming an entrepreneur is the way to make it happen. These kinds of dream become true in her life. When they start their own business they will enjoy having the liberty to make it happen on your own terms. 3. Unlimited Earning Potential There is unlimited income potential to women entrepreneurs, when they are running their own company. With some creativity, hard work and determination, they can go from six figures to seven figures and beyond. Millionaires are being made every day in business. 4. The Opportunity to Build Something It is a great pleasure to know that women entrepreneur are creating and building something. There is a sense of pride that women entrepreneur get as a business owner that they don t get anywhere else. Women entrepreneurship has no boundaries. No matter what your background, education or experience level, you can succeed as a business owner with the right formula. 5. Little Investment and Start Entrepreneur Women can start her own business with a little and became her own boss and nobody s holding on her. It's a great way to get financial backing for business, yet you retain 100 percent ownership. 6. Multiple Streams of Income The women entrepreneurs have opportunities are endless and more than one income stream. They can expand their business by generating additional streams of income through brand endorsements, fashion blogging, coaching and consulting with other up-and-coming entrepreneurs. 7. People are looking for something new Fations are always changing, hence, service or products should be suitable to with the requirement. Women entrepreneur can get an advantage to being new services and in the business. Many women entrepreneurs are looking for new partnerships that offer greater value. This doesn't mean you have to sale your product in the lowest prices. It's about being able to provide the most value and more efficiency or innovation in your delivery. If Women entrepreneur can do this, she will consistently beat her competition and solidify herself. Constrains & Problems of Women Entrepreneurs Women entrepreneur have a much wider areas of interaction. They get the opportunity to meet different kind of people. Women entrepreneur are facing various problems. Jan. March, 2015 (20) Spacial Issue

32 ISSN Socio Cultural Barriers The society plays a important role in entrepreneurial venture and success. Domestic and personal obligations of women are great hurdle in their business carrier. A few women are capable to manage both domestic and business responsibility effectively. 2. Lack of Encouragement in Decision Making Generally, Women are not given encouragement in decision making process of business. Women entrepreneur should be given equal access to and full participation in decision making bodies at every level, including the legislative, executive, judicial, corporate, statutory bodies, as also the advisory Commissions, Committees, Boards, and Trusts etc. Affirmative action such as reservations/quotas, including in higher legislative bodies, will be considered whenever necessary on a time bound basis. Women friendly personnel policies will also be drawn up to encourage women to participate effectively in the developmental process. Women s equality in power sharing and active participation in decision making, including decision making in political process at all levels will be ensured for the achievement of the goals of empowerment. 3. Lack of Confidence Women entrepreneur have lack of confidence in strength and competent. The society does not encourage their entrepreneurial growth, but the situation has changed among the Indian women. Now, we can see the increase the rate of growth in entrepreneurship. 4. Marketing Challenges Women entrepreneur have to face severe competition from organized industries. Due to stiff competition in the market and lack of mobility of women, women entrepreneurs are facing marketing challenges. The challenges are in the form of competition from cheaper and substitute product, delayed payment and liberal credit terms. Women entrepreneurs neither have knowledge nor access to proper market, thus they sell their product through the middle man. Women entrepreneur find it difficult to capture the market and make their product popular. They are unaware of the changing trend of market. They should make best use of multimedia and internet. 5. Risk Management One prerequisites of the entrepreneurial success is risk taking. It is normally believe that women being feminist gender have low risk taking ability. They are being suppressed by the protected environment and are not allowed most of the time to take any type of risk even if she is willing or she has the ability to bear. 6. Motivation Factors Family support, Government policies, financial Assistance from public and private sectors and appropriate business environment are needed to establish business units. Self motivation and risk taking attitude is necessary to promote Women entrepreneurs. 7. Mobility Constrains Indian society is a conservative society, hence, women have got restricted mobility and the career of women was limited to four walls of kitchen. But now, women have got more freedom in terms of entrepreneurial activity Mobility problem will be solved to certain extent by the expansion of education awareness to women. 8. Low Knowledge of business Administration It is normally believed that women have low of Knowledge of business Administration. Women must be educated and trained in managerial skill. It can help the women in taking managerial decision and good business network. But now, situation has changed, most of the toppers are from female students in India. In fact, women became stronger in decision making, more logic based skills and handling frustration. The increasing number of female students and their excellent performance in management education is a proof to the fact. Qualified and technically sound women Spacial Issue (21) Jan. March., 2015

33 ISSN should be encouraged for managing their business rather than depend on wage employment outlets. 9. Dual Role Women entrepreneurs have to perform dual responsibility, one at work and another as family as mother of wife. Women are not available to spend enough time with their families; hence they have to face the conflict... They spend long hours in business and as a result, they find it difficult to meet the requirement and demands of their family members and society as well. Their inability to attend to domestic work, time for education of children, personal hobbies, and entertainment are creating family conflict. 10. Awareness About The Financial Assistance There is lack of awareness in women entrepreneur about the government incentives, loans, schemes provided by the financial institutions. Sincere efforts should be taken towards women entrepreneurs to reach in the rural and backward areas. Finance is essential for venture creation. Women entrepreneurs would have adequate knowledge and information of the various financial institutions. 11. The training programmes and Entrepreneurial Aptitude Training programmes and workshops for all kind of entrepreneur are necessary for entrepreneurship skill development. Many women take the training by attending the Entrepreneurship Development Programmes without entrepreneurial bent of mind. Women are offered training by the various social and welfare associations and institutes. Such programmes are more useful for new comers in entrepreneurship. 12. Credit Facilities Credit facility is not easily available to women entrepreneurs Bankers often denied credit facility on the ground of lack of collateral security. Therefore, women's access to risk capital is limited. Women entrepreneurs do not know the complicated procedure of bank loans & financial assistance. Abnormal delay in obtaining the loans create problem to women entrepreneurs. At the same time, a good deal of self-employment program has been promoted by the govt. and commercial banks. 13. Raw-Materials Women entrepreneurs face the problems of shortage of raw-materials. The failure of many women co-operations due to shortage of raw-materials have noted in the past. For example, Women entrepreneurs who engaged in basket making have to depend upon forest policy. They cannot get enough because of the inadequate availability of forest-based raw materials. 14. High Cost Of Production Women entrepreneurs face the problems of high cost of production of the product. Women entrepreneurs are also face the problems of labour, human resources, infrastructure, legal formalities, overload of work, lack of family support, mistrust etc. Government assistance in the form of grant and subsidies to some extent enables them to tide over the difficult situations. But, in the long run, it is advisable to increase efficiency and expand productive capacity and thereby reduce cost to make their product to survive in the market. 15. Other Factors Cultural practices, tradition, religious interpretations of women's status Violence: women are the predominant victims of conflict, sexual violence, injury, death, intimidation and human trafficking Lack of safe work conditions Women's lack of knowledge about rights and laws (economic, social, political, religious) Jan. March, 2015 (22) Spacial Issue

34 ISSN Lack of adequate representation in decision-making positions and governance structures Lack of adequate access to education, training and technology Steps Taken by Indian Government to Support Women Entrepreneurs Following steps are taken by the Indian Government to support women entrepreneurs. These are as under. 1. Mahila Vikas Nidhi 2. District Industries Centre 3. Rashtriya Mahila Kosh 4. Training programmes 5. Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) 6. Khadi And Village Industries Commission (KVIC) 7. Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM) 8. Prime Minister s Rojgar Yojana (PMRY) 9. Entrepreneurial Development programme (EDPs) 10. Management Development programmes 11. Women s Development Corporations (WDCs) 12. Marketing of Non-Farm Products of Rural Women (MAHIMA) 13. Assistance to Rural Women in Non-Farm Development (ARWIND) schemes 14. Trade Related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development (TREAD) 15. Mahila Samiti Yojana 16. Working Women s Forum 17. Indira Mahila Kendra 18. Micro Credit Scheme 19. SBI Stree Shakti Scheme 20. SIDBI Mahila Udyam Nidhi 21. NGO s Credit Schemes 22. Micro & Small Enterprises Cluster Development Programmes (MSE-CDP). 23. Rajiv Gandhi Mahila Vikas Pariyojana (RGMVP) 24. Priyadarshini Project-A programme for Rural Women Empowerment and Livelihood in Mid Gangetic Plains 25. National Banks for Agriculture and Rural Development s Schemes 26. NABARD SEWA bank Project. 27. Exhibitions for women, under promotional package for Micro & Small enterprises approved by CCEA under marketing support Suggestions to improve women entrepreneurs 1. Procedure of getting finance should be simple and easy 2. To set up Special economic zone for women entrepreneurs in the district 3. To establish women entrepreneurs park at each district. 4. To initiate a state/national/international network of women entrepreneurs. 5. Effective Propagation of Programmes and Yojana 6. Technical assistance in price fixation. 7. Regular training on MDP s and EDP s for women entrepreneurs. 8. Training on soft skills and technical skills are also needed. 9. Encouragement to technical and professional education 10. Linkage between Product, Services and markets Spacial Issue (23) Jan. March., 2015

35 ISSN Government to take steps for the women entrepreneurs of OBC s to set ventures through Banks. 12. Government support to market the products globally and locally. 13. Banks should not fix any education limitations for availing loan. 14. Compulsory membership in professional organization to get technical and market support. 15. Government should organize Regular meet of women entrepreneurs. 16. Government to purchase the products of women entrepreneurs. 17. Consulting Unit for women entrepreneurs should set up by Govt. 18. Guidance cell should set up by Govt. for women entrepreneurs Successful Women Entrepreneurs of India 1. Dr. Kiran Mazumdar (Chairman & Managing Director of Biocon India Ltd.) 2. Ekta Kapoor (Head of Balaji Telefilm) 3. Chanda Kochar ( MD & CEO of ICICI Bank Ltd.) 4. Sunita Narain (Director of Society for Environmental Communications & Publisher) 5. Neelam Dhavan (Microsoft India Managing Director) 6. Naina Lal Kidwani (Head of Operations HSBC( foreign bank in India) 7. Sujata Firodia Motwani (Joint Managing Director of Kinetic Engineering Ltd.) 8. Dr. Jatinder Kaur Arora (Joint Director in Punjab State Council for Science & Technology) 9. Indra Krishnamurthy (Chairman & Executive officer of Pepsico) 10. Shahnaz Husain 11. Indu Jain (Chairman of Times Group) 12. Geet Brar (Proprietor of Music Production studio) Conclusion Women must be the part of the economic development because it will ensure the economic and social development of the women along with providing more human resources to strengthen economy of the country. The economic status of women is now accepted as an indication of society s stage of development. Woman gain recognition, importance and secure status, build her confidence and economic independence due to entrepreneurship. Women gain better freedom and develop their ability to run business. When women move forward, the family moves, the village moves and the nation moves forward Government should start special entrepreneurship programme and adequate infrastructure support, procedure of getting finance should be simplify, linkages between product, services and sales centers for women. We can say that women comprise around half of the human population. But Indian society is still male dominated and women are not treated as equal partner, either inside or outsides the four walls of the house. But now days situation are change, govt. take various initiatives to promote women entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship among women, no doubt improves the wealth of the nation in general and of the family in particular. Women entrepreneurship must be sound with entrepreneurial traits and skills to meet the changes in trends, challenges in global markets. Women entrepreneurs would be competent enough to sustain and strive for excellence in the entrepreneurial area. Necessary support and encouragement from the Government, Society and family is required to help them to reach new heights in their business ventures. Jan. March, 2015 (24) Spacial Issue

36 ISSN References 1. Indian Journal of Management and social Sciences Research review vol.1 Issue 3, September Berkin, Carol, and Leslie Horowitz. Women's Voices, Women's Lives: Documents in Early American History. Boston: Northeaster University Press, Dhameja S K (2002), Women Entrepreneurs: Opportunities, Performance and Problems, Deep Publisher (P) Ltd., New Delhi. 6. Dublin, Thomas. Farm to Factory: Women's Letters, New York: Columbia University Press, Dublin, Thomas. Transforming Women's Work: New England Lives in the Industrial Revolution. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, Gordon E. & Natarajan K.: (2007) Entrepreneurship Development Himalaya Publication House, Second Revised edition www. en.wikipedia.org/wiki / Female_entrepreneur Business Entrepreneurship Spacial Issue (25) Jan. March., 2015

37 ISSN Miss Leela Benare as a New Woman in Silence! The Court is in Session by Vijay Tendulkar Ms Rekha Paresh Parmar Abstract Radical Feminist theory is chiefly concerned with the issues arising out of prostitution, sexual harassment, rape and woman battering. The roots of women s oppression are deeply buried in gender discrimination. Vijay Tendulkar raises the questions of Motherhood and Women s Identity in this play, where he satirizes modern Indian Society. It is a mock-trial where he introduces play-within-the-play technique and criticizes very effectively the false conventions of the male-dominated society. We accept that Motherhood is sacred, but it is this responsibility that confines the women to the home and makes her a dependent individual in comparison to men. Womb is a God s gift to every woman, so conceiving a child is every woman s right. Sex is a private affair in one s life, but there certain social and moral values attached to it. Pre-marital or extra-marital sexual relations are condemned in Indian society. Miss Benare is unmarried and pregnant, so society criticizes her for her illicit relations with a married man Professor Damle. The verdict is that her baby should be killed because its existence negates the very idea of moral values. Tendulkar discusses this burning issue, but doesn t give any solution. This paper is about the mindset of the Indian society and the playwright has revealed the follies prevailing in the society. The author depicts women as being equal underneath their socio-economic class. Silence is a symbol of oppression, a characteristic of the subaltern condition while speech signifies self-expression and liberation. Miss Leela Benare as a New Woman in Silence! The Court is in Session by Vijay Tendulkar. Indian English Drama denotes not only the Indian plays written in English but also bhasha plays that are translated into English. Writing in English, the Language of Post colonial situation in Independent India, is considered to be politically incorrect. Modern Indian English theatre has application of various modern theories and innovative tools, moved its focus from rural to urban India. These plays are Theatre of the Roots movement are significant in their binding of the traditional forms of Indian theatre with the modern. In Childhood, a woman should be under her father s control, in youth under her husband s and when her husband is dead, under her sons. She should not have independence. (Manu, Manusmriti, 5148). Manusmriti is a code of Laws written by Manu around 185 BC, as he is considered to be a law-giver and founder of Hindu hierarchical society, as he imposed the rules of social behaviour. The social condition of Indian women worsened over the centuries and women in India today struggle to be free from the bondages of gender, caste and class. Vijay Tendulkar was born in 1928, wrote his first story at 6 years, directed and acted in his first play at the age of 11 years. He was working with the press as a journalist and as a public relation officer in a company. He has written 28 plays, 7 collections of one-act plays, 6 collections of Children s plays, 4 collections of short stories, 3 collections of essays, 17 film scripts and a novel. He is a prolific writer, written for more than 5 decades. His plays like Ghasiram Kotwal, Gidhade, Shantata! Court Chalu Ahe, Jan. March, 2015 (26) Spacial Issue

38 ISSN Sakharam Binder, Kamala, Kanyadan etc. He was celebrated as the Playwright of Millennium, his plays are perceived by critics as being ahead of their times, he keeps the issues burning, doesn t give any solution to them and made a powerful impression in the field of Indian Drama. Vijay Tendulkar attacks on hypocrisies of Indian society. His themes like Alienation of the modern individual to contemporary politics, from social-individual tentions to the complexities of human character and from the explorations of man-woman relationship to reinterpretation of historical episodes. His other themes like gender relation, sexual norms, Institution of marriage and issues of conventional morality are effective and powerful in his plays. Shantata! Court Chalu Ahe was written in 1967 in Marathi by Vijay Tendulkar and translated by Priya Adarkar. He has combined social criticism with the tragedy of an Individual victimized by society. This play has drawn attention in Marathi theatre. He is trying to protect Women. As it is a satire on the middle class hypocrisy, the heroine Miss Leela Benare is in the centre of critical attention. This play is a play within a play structure in a village. Samant is a rustic and an unsophisticated young boy, enters with a lock and key, a toy parrot made of green cloth and a book. The play was born out of real conversation overheard by the dramatist from an amateur group on its way to stage a mock trial in Vile Parle. Samant is an outsider of this goup. In the opening scene, we find stage direction in an old hall in a Marathi village, where the clock is out of order. When Samant enters, he sees the hall asif he is seeing for the first time. For him, performance is a novelty, is not aware of Miss Benare s condition, for him all is fun. It is a game, part-mock, where Benare introduces characters. Kashikar and his wife are mocked as social workers. Sukhatme is dismissed as the expert on the law, sits in the barrister s room at court, hitting flies with legal procedures. Ponkshe is an inter-failed scientist. Tendulkar s uses of Rehearsal play is interesting. The issue is pregnancy outside marriage. Samant is a fourth wotness, sympathises with her. The serious charge is against her under section 302. This is not a major radical play. Benare s plea is a selfjustification rather than any systematic revolt against patriarchy. The other characters are taking perverse pleasure in destroying Benare. Their dialogues, gestures, mannerism reflect their petty existence with frustrations and repressed desires. But as Benare is helpless, victim and solitary. Benare is locked within the room by the misplaced bolt. Other characters are preying or hunting on Benare. Kashikar furiously picks his ears, Sukhatme s eyes gleam with perverse excitement, Rokde is very daring, Mrs Kashikar starts pulling a terrified Benare forcibly, victim is a silent terror. This is a critical examination of the status of women in general and of the single woman under patriarchy. For the patriarchal establishment, the single woman is seen as a source of potential sexual anarchy which is ready to play game like Professor Damle, but can t forgive. Sukhatme attacks on female independence in general. Sukhatma : Woman bears the grave responsibility of building up the high values of society. Na Stri Swatantryamarhati Woman is not fit for independence.. That is the rule laid down for us by tradition (71). Benare s monologue is pathetic and fascinating. She is portrayed as a modern new woman and believes in her own identity, not ready to follow what others say. My Private life is my own business. I ll decide what to do with myself, everyone should be able to! (73). Her plea for motherhood is impassionate, she needs to achieve it within the severe criticism of society. She wants to enjoy life and carry her child. Spacial Issue (27) Jan. March., 2015

39 ISSN Through the symbol of Toy Prrot, were experience Benare s extreme desire of motherhood. Silence is satiric, as it looks at the problem of society s deep discomfort within the unmarried woman or widow as a social corruption. Benare is targeted for her refusal to accept the conventional institution of matrimony and for exercising independent sexuality. Other characters like Mrs & Mr Kashikar, Sukhatme, Ponkshe are threatened and get malicious and sadistic pleasure get in taking the advantage of Benare s situation reveals their own bourgeois hypocrisy and conservatism. Benare is a modern woman, young, economically independent and enjoys a comfortable social position without the guardianship of a husband. She is a new attractive woman for her liberated life style. So, she is condemned for exercising this independence. Mrs Kashikar is opposite to Benare, acting as the custodian of bourgeois morality. Mrs Kashikar pretends for her marital chastity, their marital relationship is always under public scrutiny and both spouses try to flirt with others. Other male members ridicule on Mrs Kashikar, Mr Kashikar saves her. Both women are trapped in Patriarchal order. Benare openly challenges them whereas Mrs Kashikar has internalized the middle class notions of morality and ideal feminine behaviour. Benare in her final speech announces that she taught children to be happy, to see beauty and inspired them to be optimistic and yet she is dismissed from her job, as she didn t care for social norms. Benare s open acknowledgement of the bodily desire is an attack on bourgeois hypocrisy, the denial of body and sexuality leads to double standards. She accepts that she experienced love twice, first at 14 years of age with her maternal uncle and second Prof Damle as a grown-up woman. Damle is never present on the stage, but his presence seems to haunt the proceedings. The suffering os Benare is unbearable as Mrs Kashikar hardly understands her status in this social condition. Mrs Kashikar is not aware of her individual existence and follows the norms set by the society without asking for her own rights. By joining hands in torturing Benare, Mrs Kashikar establishing herself as an agent of Patriarchy. Here, Tendulkar presents women characters in pair, as both are poles apart from each other. The assertiveness and aggressiveness of Benare is due to her education for which she is proud of. She is confident as a free individual and out of all restrictions. Benare wants to live by her own terms, as an individual and not as a woman as a sexual class. Benare s behavious is thoroughly unsatisfactory to her. Mrs Kashikar privileges her position as she has a husband to fulfil her needs, leads to al kind of hierarchy among women. The married women is always on the upper side, have social and economic security. They consider their status powerful in comparision of single women. Damle exploits Benare sexually and puts her into miserable condition. Fighting for equality and liberty of women is a journey and a true picture of society is open to all. This play ends on a pessimistic note that doesn t come out with any solution to the problem of marginalization of women in the society. Benare loses her job, reputation and is sentenced not to have the child she is bearing. So, man doesn t lose anything, only woman is suffering due to her womb, biological difference. We find sex discrimination in Indian society. Tendulkar focuses on this mindset of Indian society. Bibliography : 1 ) Warhol, Robyn & Herndl, Diane. Feminisms.- An Anthology of Literatry Theory and Criticism. New Jersey : Rutgers University Press, ) Geetha, V. Gender-Theorizing Feminism. Calcutta : Stree ) Kelkar, Meena. & Gangavane, Deepti. Feminism in Search of an Identity The Indian Context. Jaipur : Rawat Publications Jan. March, 2015 (28) Spacial Issue

40 ISSN ) Jain, Jasbir & Rai, Sudha. Films and Feminism Essays in Indian Cinema. Jaipur and New Delhi : Rawat Publications, ) Sage, Lorna. The Cambridge Guide to -Women s Writing in English. United Kingdon : Cambridge University Press, ) Lal, Malashri. Feminist Spaces Cultural Reading from India and Canada. New Delhi : Allied Publishers Limited, ) Jain, Jasbir & Singh, Kumar. Indian Feminisms Creative New Literature Series 51. New Delhi : Creative Books, ) Tendulkar, Vijay. Silence! The Court is in Session, Translated by Priya Adarkar. Calcutta: Oxford University Press, ) Chakraborty, Kaustav. Indian Drama in English. New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited, ) Freedman, Jane. Feminism Concepts in the social Sciences. New Delhi : Viva Books Private Limited, ) Sahay, Yamini & Tater, Sohan. Feminism : Ethical Issues. Jaipur : Co-operation Publications ) Nubile, Clara. The Danger of Gender Caste, Class and Gender in Contemporary Indian Women s Writing. New Delhi : Sarup & Sons ) Ganesh, Kamala & Thakkar, Usha. Culture and the Making of Identity in Contemporary India. New Delhi : Sage Publications Webliography : 1) Spacial Issue (29) Jan. March., 2015

41 ISSN Practical Value of Learning English Literature Harish Mahuvakar My view is that if education isn t practical, then it s not education at all. Whatever we learn has value- practical value. It s only a matter of getting education. We can place it in two categories: formal and informal. The first one is related to class room education. It needs text books, syllabus, examination, a teacher and so on i.e. a structure to provide pre-decided objectives. But informal education needs no class, school, collage, or university. The life itself is the great education. It is our concept that what we learn or teach in formal way is having no practical consideration. Yet, for the sake of, in terms of our understanding, practical necessities I would consider the need of language learningbeyond any particular language bar. My aim here is to consider practical value of learning English literature. We discussed a lot, the value of English language in reference to its communicative importance. I am not the first person to indicate the practical value of learning English literature. I A Richards had done some practical experiments with the students while teaching poetry (1). Today poems are discussed but the learners have no relevance at all. They know something about it which is not any solid thing. If you ask some basic terminology or concepts they would stare at you as if you have made a great blunder. The teachers also skip practical tasks and hence things remain metaphysical. No doubt limitations of a teacher i.e. syllabus, the level of students, backgrounds, time limit, number of students in a class and so on are in my mind and would also be in yours and yet I would dare to suggest a few things. The students of arts learn various forms of literature: poetry, novel, drama, essay and many others. They pass after learning all this, many get first class or distinction, and more terribly they tech all this after becoming a teacher and yet in reality they know nothing about these literary aspects I want to say that when a poem is taught, its structure, various approaches, and methods are discussed. But when you give a piece and ask them to write something remember something not critical analysis they are unable to produce anything. This is where practical considerations need to be taken on hand. They should be given practical tasks as you find in Appreciation of Poetry (2). There we find various tasks related to (a) phonological level i.e. reading the poem aloud, finding out alliteration of vowel or consonants, effect of such alliteration, rhyming words, end rhyme, effect of rhymes, breaking up lines into suitable feet by stressing and unstressing; (b) structural level: i.e. the role of noun, adjective, adverb, conjunctions, phrases or sentences, their arrangement and their function, punctuation marks; and (c) semantic-stylistic level i.e. use of figures of speech, various poetic terms, understanding the reference and background, objectivity and subjectivity, narration methods, different approaches, tones, ambiguities, philosophical view and many such things. These tasks really test the students understanding of various poetic aspects. If these things are practically done in the class room, they definitely would begin to understand the form. They should also be asked to write poems either on given topics or given outline or according to the teacher s outline. In the modern times, he students easily remember filmy songs. They sing or recite as well, hardly having any knowledge that they too are poems. They love pop and filmy songs but has no any spectre thin love or feeling to poetry and poets they study. What a great calamity is generated! They use lines for their purpose but they hate the same while studying. Can t we involve them to the real finding of the poetic works? But no one cares, really no one cares! Neither the Jan. March, 2015 (30) Spacial Issue

42 ISSN established academic structure nor the society. As a result, we create Educated beings but not sensible persons. Everyone stares into blank sky like Coleridge thinking of stars and planets for life and beauty. The things which should come from within, we look outside. (3.) Why are we thinking of educating? What does it really mean? As seasons pass by, so the students from the academic institutions. There s no any influence of the seasons upon them. Then we cry foul of their knowledge. We are making mockery of ourselves! We shouldn t think of his passing, getting marks, getting jobs but our aim should be his learning learning that is integrated, inclusive and comprehensive. As we discussed about poetry, we should think of a story. Traditionally we may teach them the basic elements of a story: the plot, setting, style, background, atmosphere, characters, conflict, theme, or message but each time they will not be sufficient as the stories are not of a kind only. A teacher can set pre and post reading activities. Accordingly give them assignment of various kinds and have interactive sessions. Teach them how to read, how to recreate the written words. Make them read, make them feel. Let them be confused even. They will find the way. Tell them whether they came across such a thing in the life around them or read in the newspapers or have heard or thought of. Their imagination can be ignited. Tell them to write dialogue about the experience of the story. Ask them to prepare a small performance in a group. Tell if they come across such a thing how would they write. Ask if anyone can draw a picture of any character. Can they give one word, or phrases related to the story. Rather than teacher s monologue, ask them certain things. Have a dialogue. A teacher can read some paragraphs and let the students finish the remaining story. Ask a few question related to the story. Difficult words can be explained. Brainstorming activity can be also done initially. Working definitions can be written on the black board by asking them. The students can tell you the story of a film he has seen. He can tell you many stories names of actors, directors. They also would throw dialogues. But if you ask them about stories they have learnt or liked, they are aghast. Why this? This simple reason is they haven t been told practical things. As you treat a story, almost similar approach can be applied to a novel. Teaching and reading a novel both are different. Compel the students to work. Provide some work that they have to read. Once they read, they will come to know what reading really means. There are some dangers, no doubt, but if they are handled carefully and tactfully, they can be solved. E.g. they find the work boring and difficult. The reason behind it may be simple. They don t know the words, they don t know the structure or they have no background of work. So you can divide the task into groups. Chapters can be assigned. Some may be given various tasks related to the work. Give one opportunity to speak. Overall effort will bring the fruit. Maybe beyond your expected result or beyond expectation a fantastic one! In both cases students grow up. They would be able to understand the value of project works, assignments, need and study of surveys and so. They would put into practice while they begin to work when their study is over. Summarization, note making can also help. Situational, imaginative conversation on particular chapter or scene should be assigned. This will help them to get involved into work. Fantastic work i.e. practical work can absolutely be put in to practice when it comes to teaching a drama. On teacher s side to teach a drama is a great tragedy and for students it is a great comedy as the teacher may strive hard to visualise a scene as the learners remains miles away to grasp anything. It is a great irony that a play is to be taught, read and explained. A play basically requires a performance. No doubt, all the time you can t do it but once it s done, involving all F.Y,S.Y,T.Y students, it would render a great service to the learner s community. They don t think a play in terms of Spacial Issue (31) Jan. March., 2015

43 ISSN visualization. And they also miss the tone, and so only a particular sense and so only it s a verbal thing. It s very difficult to explain a setting, costume, light effects and music. The teacher should promote the students for a performance, though a crude one may take place. Once it begins, the journey may be carried ahead. We don t want to make them artists but at least they would the artists do when they become characters. In depth understanding automatically comes. They would begin to see hat the playwright wishes us to. Ts shouldn t be considered a trivial achievement. Role-play and recitation ill make the play live. Till no I didn t mention the use of e-media while teaching. They are a great boon of science. is there any need to refer teleconferencing, video conferencing, live telecasts of lectures, programmes, episodes, and scenes, , internet, multi -media, e-books, on line lessons, and such plenty of things are available. I would say one can use educational technology to bring concrete worth of teaching. Just one can imagine the tremendous advantage for a practical value. when teach a poem Daffodils (4), though many words you use to describe the flower, for any Indian student it is really difficult to know what a daffodil really is, but if you show it on a computer it s clicked immediately. When you describe London streets as described in a Dickens novel (5), the students really know nothing. Better you show them through a Dickens film. And similar is the case of teaching novel and plays. Regarding the look of people and their costume imagination help a little and words not at all. This is the difficulty that comes while teaching Shakespearean plays especially historical plays(6). At this level multimedia have advantages. Here it s not the all the task I am enlisting but the real matter is that such things practical value to understand what literature really is. Thus at various levels of their study, the learners will come to a point where they get practical value. Only textual study would be a matter gone by. Each and every text will turn into a great joy. Their mental make-up develops as well as would be sensible to literature and life. If such type of practical education is provided, the students of arts will have wider job opportunities. Rather than meek, innocent lambs they would be giants. I mean to say many untraded and unploaded fields wait them. Very few students select them as they miss the real, practical learning. For e.g. contemporary media print and film, require people for translation, transcription, narration, anchoring, performance, newsreaders, announcer, V.J.s, editors, copyrighters, proof readers, journalists, script writers, idea developers, concept creators and so on. Our students have hardly thought of such highly paid jobs, as they have been neither hinted, advised, guided nor informed. If they are told about such things they have neither quality nor ability nor courage nor confidence. The root cause at the base is that they have not received practical education. I hope in the Darkness visible (7) we need to come forward and move towards the lighthousethe lighthouse of real and concrete knowledge. References: 1. Practical Criticism, Richards I A, 1929, 2. Appreciating English Poetry, Thaker, Pravin. K, Orient Longman, Hyderabad, Dejection: An Ode, Coleridge, S.T., Winged Word, Ed: Green David, Macmillan, Wordsworth, William ( ) is considered one of the greatest poets of English literature. 5. Dickens, Charles ( ) was a very popular English novelist of the Victorian era. 6. Shakespeare, William ( ) the greatest dramatist of the world. 7. Paradise Lost, Milton John ( )was a great poet of the Renaissance. Jan. March, 2015 (32) Spacial Issue

44 ISSN Testing Reading Ability through Cloze Test: An appraisal Dr. Parul Shantilal Popat Dr. Kaushal Bharatbhai Kotadia Testing, which is believed to have a history of 2500 years, has become an integral part of our education system. It existed even at a time when education was imparted in Ashramas or Grammar Schools. It is equally relevant today when knowledge is imparted in Air Conditioned classrooms with the help of latest technology. What has changed is the method and means of testing. Widely regarded as an attempt to see whether whatever has been taught has been learnt, a test is directly concerned with teaching and can be used for various purposes which are: To find out pupils strength and weaknesses and take suitable remedial measures; To judge the success or failure of the teacher s own teaching and make necessary changes in his/her method and strategy; To set a definite goal before both the teacher and the pupils; and To change pupils study habits and improve the quality of teaching. Testing is the most used; loved and yet the most hated and controversial method of assessing performance in the realm of education. Actually, it is but a method for collecting information. Firstly, a test is about something. It can be about anything. It can be about logic, numerical ability or as in this case second language proficiency especially reading skill. In educational terms, tests have subject matter or content. Secondly, a test is a task or set of tasks set to elicit observable behaviour of the test taker. The test may consist of only one task such as writing composition or answering a question. It can be a set of tasks such as filling the blanks. Thirdly, a test yields scores that represent the characteristics of individuals but not without its limitations like other factors. Test helps the test-takers to realize their potential. Testing helps language teachers too. Teachers can use tests to diagnose their own efforts as well as those of their students. Tests can help teachers know whether they are effective in their teaching, whether their lessons are aimed at the right level, the areas they need more work on, and the points need reviewing. Tests also can provide insights into ways in which we can improve the evaluation process itself. They let language teachers know whether the test instructions are clear, or whether the test causes unnecessary anxiety, or whether the students can finish the test in the allotted time and so on. In short, well-made tests can benefit both students as well as teachers. Furthermore, tests that are carefully designed can sustain or enhance class morale and aid learning. On the negative side, test of poor quality may have a harmful effect on teaching and learning. Tests that suffer imbalance in terms of the levels of difficulty for example, may frustrate language learners greatly and reduce their desire to learn. Therefore, it is our responsibility as language teachers to develop our skills in constructing and administering classroom tests. It is also our duty to let our students go out of the examination hall with a sense of achievement instead of a feeling of frustration. In this way, language testing has a great effect on both teaching and learning. A real test gives teacher information about the actual level of proficiency of the students. Testing in other fields of knowledge can be easy but insofar as language is concerned it is difficult to assess the knowledge of student. In addition to this, the Spacial Issue (33) Jan. March., 2015

45 ISSN method is also a cause of worry. How to choose the most appropriate method of estimating learners knowledge or ability has never been easy, particularly where learning a second language is concerned. Numerous tests are available which claim to be able to assess learners language proficiency accurately, but their reliability and validity is a matter of concern as well. The concept of testing has also changed throughout the years. In an early stage, during World War II testing was, according to Weir (1990: 02), in a psychometricstructuralist era. Baker (1989: 35) observes that from the structuralist descriptions of language, theorists took the hierarchical analysis of language for the purpose of teaching and testing. From psychometric testing theory, it borrowed the discrete-point objective test formats and the statistical apparatus used for test development. Since discrete point tests were considered inadequate as indicators of language proficiency, another kind of test gained support: the integrative test (Weir, 1990:03). Testing then entered a new phase: the psycholinguistic-sociolinguistic era. This approach viewed integrative testing as an instrument which measured the ability to unite disparate language skills in ways which closely approximated the actual process of language use. Oller (1986: 37), who is a faithful defender of integrative tests, states that: The concept of an integrative test was born in contrast to the definition of a discrete point test. If discrete items take language skill apart, integrative tests put it back together. Whereas discrete items attempt to test knowledge of language one bit at a time, integrative tests attempt to assess a learner s capacity to use many bits all at the same time, and possibly while exercising several presumed components of a grammatical system, and perhaps more than one of the traditionally recognized skills or aspects of skills. In the initial years, knowledge of language was tested in bits and pieces. There were different tests designed to test different abilities. Gradually, educationists realized that testing the knowledge of language in bits and pieces was of no use as language is never used in isolation. The concept of integrative test was introduced to meet the shortcomings of a discrete test. Discrete tests measures language skill apart whereas integrative tests put it back together. Discrete items attempt to test knowledge of language one bit at a time whereas integrative test attempts to assess learner s linguistic capacity in several bits at the same time. It tests several presumed components of grammatical system and perhaps more than one of the recognized skills or aspects of skills. The concept of cloze test was introduced in the year 1953 by Wilson Taylor as a mean to assess the readability of a text but it was soon discovered that it can equally test the reading ability of a student. Since then, cloze test has seen many changes. The cloze procedure derives its name Cloze from the word closure. Words are deleted from the text and readers are asked to fill in the blanks in making use of this format. The reader achieves closure by constructing the meaning from the available words and completing the text. An annotated bibliography of the cloze procedure was published in 1980 and this defined the cloze procedure as any method that systematically deletes words from a prose passage and then evaluates a reader s success in accurately filling in the missing words (McKenna & Robinson, 1980). By 1994, the definition was expanded to include any procedure that omits portions of text or discourse and asks a reader or listener to supply the missing elements. A cloze test is also called gap test or integrative test. Educators today recognize cloze procedures as more suitable for the assessment readers abilities rather than measuring the readability of a text. Cloze tests are based on the Gestalt Theory, which holds that the human mind tends to see things in their entirety. This tendency leads the mind to fill any gaps in a pattern Jan. March, 2015 (34) Spacial Issue

46 ISSN and see it as a whole. For example, if a person is shown a circle with a small gap in the drawing, he would not see the gap and would take it as a complete circle. This tendency, according to Taylor, also functions in language use. When we read, we do not usually see the printing mistake in a familiar word. We even supply a missing word without being aware of the omission. Similarly whenever a reader is faced with an incomplete thought, he/she would like to complete it so as to make sense of what the original writer was trying to convey. Taylor was of the opinion that the greater number of words a subject could replace in a given cloze passage/ text the greater the concordance of their thoughts which suggests to that the passage is easier for that reader. However, all this is possible when one understands the passage being read and has acquired the structural patterns in it as a part of one s reflex behaviour. Thus, the test is not exactly like the usual gap-filling tests because the words for deletion in this test are not deliberately selected by the item writer. He/she simply decides that every nth word in the passage will be deleted and accordingly deletes the word mechanically. Also, if enough words are struck out at random, the blanks will come to represent proportionately all kinds of words to the extent that they occur (Taylor 1953, 419) This mechanical deletion of words eliminates any scope for subjective judgement of the item-writer, and at the same time does not provide any clue to the candidates as to the kind of words deleted (e.g. prepositions, articles, etc.). The difficulty level of the test, as it is believed, depends on the frequency of the words deleted: the fewer the number of words between two blanks, the more difficult is the test. Normally, every 5 th, 6 th or 7 th word is deleted in these tests, depending upon the level of the candidates. However, if the count falls on a proper noun, it is retained and the next word is deleted. Cloze, as stated earlier was introduced in 1953 by Wilson Taylor as a means of assessing the readability of a text. Words are deleted at random and subjects are invited to replace them. The degree of success is used as an indication of the ease of that passage for that reader and, an indication of readability is achieved taking into account the way a number of readers might have responded. A great deal of research has since established the method as a valid and reliable instrument for assessing both readability and reading ability. Formulae were developed for the use of cloze test after Today, it has become a popular method for measuring reading ability of learners and readability of text. It is popular because it is objective and is easy to use, analyze and interpret. It uses the text itself for analysis; and it yields high correlations to other formulae. Close testing has been called a rubber yardstick because cloze scores reflect both the difficulty of the text and the readers language ability. Some advocate tests beginning with a good half-page without gaps, with the gaps being chosen with care. Some also feel that the choice of text is very important. However, there is general agreement which is that it is a very useful kind of a test. One can use known texts, or one can use rather difficult texts and let the students consult their grammars and their dictionaries. Theoretic Background of Cloze Tests Originally, cloze test was used to assess the readability of the text in the native language of the reader. Soon thereafter cloze test began to be used in testing listening in L2. Although cloze tests were not popular in the beginning, they gained popularity when overall competence started gaining attention. The primary strength of cloze test, it is believed, lies in its effectiveness in measuring learners ability to use language. Since no clue is given, testees cannot come up with a right answer unless they have a good knowledge of language and the text as well as knowledge of the world. A testee has to Spacial Issue (35) Jan. March., 2015

47 ISSN make a careful reading of the passage to search for textual clues. When the test passage is processed, there are two sampling processes are operating simultaneously: the text (and its redundancy) sampled by the blanks; the examinee s competence is being sampled by restoring the missing elements that are left out by the tester. Every sixth or seventh word was deleted in the text when cloze testing began to be used. Every nth word is deleted in a cloze test today. Generally speaking, lexical ones take to up 65 per cent to 75 per cent and functional ones, 25 per cent to 35 per cent among the deleted words. There have been traditionally two distinct methods for evaluating cloze tests. In other words there are two possible ways to score cloze tests. Exact Word scoring: In this method credit is given only for the exact word from the story. It is called the exact word method. This first method is quite economical but, as per the research, this might discourage the productive skills of students. 1 The Semantically Accepted scoring method: SEMAC or semantically accepted scoring method is also known as the acceptable word method. SEMAC allows full credit for equivalent words as well, namely, the acceptable word. Although it is generally considered to be fairer, it is difficult for teachers who are non-native English speakers to choose acceptable equivalent words. Some debate has been going on for several years about the validity of these scoring systems, especially in view of the fact that with the passage of time, problems in attempting and scoring cloze test have given birth to, various forms of cloze test. It got new forms. There are at least six main types of cloze tests available to language teachers 1) The fixed-rate deletion: This fixed rate deletion is also known as Standard Cloze. In the fixed-rate deletion, every nth word is deleted after one or two sentences. Words are deleted systematically by counting off, regardless of the part of speech. N is a number between 5 and 10. Usually every fifth or seventh word is deleted, but Brown (1983) suggested that longer texts with every eleventh or fifteenth word deleted can be used with subjects who have lower levels of language proficiency. 2 2) The selective deletion3 The selective deletion is also known as the rational cloze. In this type of cloze, the tester chooses the items that he or she wishes to delete from the text. Words are deleted by taking into account speech or vocabulary. This allows teachers to fine tune the level of difficulty of the text, as well as define the pedagogic focus of the test. 3) The multiple-choice cloze 4 The multiple-choice cloze is also called the maze technique. Problems in scoring gave rise to multiple-choice cloze tests, in which optional items are provided as clues. Testees are provided with several possible items to choose from for each blank in the test in such a cloze test. It is observed that subjects can score high in M-C cloze than in a standard cloze. This seems to suggest that the latter is more difficult to handle. Several conclusions can be drawn while reviewing the M-C cloze tests: a. The most obvious advantage of such tests, of course, lies in the economy in scoring, which needs no further explanation. It can be scored almost immediately b. These tests are credible also in the sense that although optional items can be clues, they can also be confusing distracters and testees have to rule out distracters before choosing the option of their choices. Jan. March, 2015 (36) Spacial Issue

48 ISSN c. These tests can be administered quickly and efficiently because they are comparatively short and can be administered to fresh students also before they acquire any real particular level of knowledge. d. These tests are in no way panacea for the technique measures only receptive skills rather than productive ones and thus performance on an these tests may give us quite an inaccurate picture of candidates real ability. e. Learners who can identify the missing items correctly may not be able to produce or use the correct forms when speaking or writing. f. Guessing may have a considerate though unknowable effect on test scores in such tests. Consequently, the scoring, although economical, is apparently seen to have weakened in validity since it does not make much difference between those guessing or those that not doing so. g. A simple form of such a test may facilitate cheating in tests. 4) The cloze elide 5 In a cloze elide, the tester inserts words that do not belong to the text. It requires the subjects to identify the incorrect words and write in more appropriate items in their place. 5) The C-test (Ikeguchi 1995; Weir 1990; Klein-Braley and Raatz 1984) In the C test some part of every second word in the text is deleted. The subject is supposed to complete each truncated word. The C test was presented by Raatz and Klein-Braley as a technical improvement. They set up many conditions for the new test. They suggested that The new test should be much shorter, but at the same time it should have at least 100 items. The deletion rate and the starting point for deletions should be fixed. The words affected by the deletions should be a genuinely representative sample of the elements of the text. Examinees with special knowledge should not be favoured by specific texts; therefore the new test ought to consist of a number of different texts. Only exact scoring should be possible so as to ensure objectivity. Native speakers ought to be able to score nearly perfect scores on the test: 90 % or higher. If native speakers cannot score higher than 90%, then the text should not be used for non-native speakers. 6) Limited Cloze The limited cloze test uses word choices (one per blank) that are provided all together in a word bank at the top or bottom of the page and the subject is supposed to insert them on the basis of his/her understanding in the proper gap. Like everything else in the world, a cloze test is also not without imperfection. According to Hughes (1989, 1993), there was time when the cloze procedure seemed to be presented almost as a language-testing panacea, which it is not. Not much work in done in this field but whatever is done brings forth certain loopholes in the much acclaimed cloze test. Spacial Issue (37) Jan. March., 2015

49 ISSN Shortcomings of the classical cloze procedure This test measures knowledge of the language system and not the ability to operate it in a real-life situation, and therefore tells us about a candidate s linguistic competence and not about his/her performance ability. One of the most important points is that systematic nth word deletion does not necessarily produce a random sample of the elements of the text. This is a serious drawback because it means that the blanks in a cloze test may not comprise a truly representative sample of the language. This, in turn, means that estimates of language proficiency based on a cloze test may be inaccurate. A related problem is that changing the starting point or deletion rates can lead to great differences in the difficulty, reliability and validity of cloze tests derived from the same text. 6 This creates problems for the test designer, who cannot estimate the difficulty or usefulness of a new test solely by examining the text from which the test is to be derived, but must also try to take into account the unknown effects of starting point and deletion rate. Research shows that testees scores on a cloze test are affected by altering the point where the deletions are started from, or by using a different nth rate deletion. 7 However, although they might be extremely reliable, they have low construct validity. In addition, the common practice of deriving a cloze test from a single text means that the test is likely to be biased in favour of a specific topic. This in turn means that test-takers that happen to be more familiar with that particular topic will have an advantage over those who are less familiar with it. This introduces another source of variance unrelated to proficiency in the language. Scoring presents another problem in classical cloze procedure. Exact scoring is quick and easy; but it imposes an arbitrary standard of correctness that is sometimes impossible for a test-taker to meet, because there are often a number of appropriate ways to fill a blank. For this reason, even educated adult native speakers usually miss a large number of items when exact scoring is used. This is undesirable, because it means that cloze test scores may contain a substantial amount of variance that is unrelated to proficiency in the language. Native speakers approach perfection when acceptable scoring is used, but acceptable scoring introduces its own problems, especially when the test-takers are L2 learners: judgments of acceptability are often difficult to make, and scorers may disagree on the correctness of responses. Acceptable scoring thus involves a trade-off: the arbitrariness of exact scoring is partially remedied, but much of the ease and speed of exact scoring is lost. Following steps have been suggested to control some undesirable variables: 1) It should be made sure that the topics of the tests are familiar to all the informants, i.e. the content is part of the testees knowledge of the world. This can avoid a situation wherein the testees make mistakes not because they do not know how to read, but because they do not know enough about the subject. 2) Any multiple-choice test, needs to go through a validation process which consists of pre-testing (the test maker prepares a test and has it piloted); item analysis, (the test maker analyses each alternative correcting any faults found) before being used officially as a test, A variety of views exists on cloze test. Oller (1979) saw the standard fixed-ratio cloze as a highly effective way of testing learners overall second language proficiency. Alderson (1979) found that a single test could take the form of quite different tests Jan. March, 2015 (38) Spacial Issue

50 ISSN depending on the type of deletion used. He provided evidence of how most cloze blanks could be filled by referring just to the clause or the sentence in which they occurred. He concluded from this that the standard fixed-ratio cloze procedure measured what he called lower-order skills, particularly those involving vocabulary and sentence structure. This led him to the view that the principle of randomness needs to be abandoned in favour of the rational selection of deletions, based on a theory of the nature of language and language processing. The Bachman (1982) study suggested that a modified cloze passage, using rational deletions, was capable of measuring both syntactic and discourse level relationships in a text, and that this advantage might outweigh considerations of reduced redundancy which underlie random deletion procedures. Bachman (1985) also conducted research on different performances on cloze tests with fixed-ratio and rational deletions. Two cloze tests were prepared from the same text. Different types of deletions were made according to the range of context required for closure in one, and a fixed-ratio deletion procedure was followed in the other. Bachman found that the fixed-ratio test was significantly more difficult, while both tests were equally reliable and had equal criterion validity. This study provided practical and empirically supported criteria for making rational deletions and suggested that cloze tests can be designed to measure a range of abilities. Besides Bachman and J D Brown, there are two more names that stand out in the development of the procedure. Those are Bormuth and Rankin. John Bormuth refined Taylor s original methods in a number of articles in the 1960s and established the reliability of the method for assessing readability and reading ability. Rankin developed cloze in his doctoral thesis (Rankin 1957) in which he introduced a distinction between two types: structural and lexical cloze. Structural cloze involves every nth deletion system used by Taylor and Bormuth. It was so-called because the majority of the words deleted were those indicating relationship between words. Lexical cloze used deletion of every nth noun or main verb and sometimes adjectives too, ie, words that carried substantive meaning. Structural words form a finite closed class and any native speaker can be expected to know most of them though it would be impossible for any single person to know every noun or verb that exists. It follows therefore that it is likely to be easier to replace structural words than lexical items and replacing correctly a lexical item shows a greater concordance with the original writer. Rankin found that a structural cloze had high correlations with other tests of reading ability and with intelligence, but lexical cloze was a better test of the substantive content of the passage. The results of different surveys show that students perform differently in cloze tests with different deletion procedures. 8 The deletion rate of a cloze test is a crucial variable for deciding how difficult the test is. It is quite natural that cloze tests with fixed-ratio deletions cannot provide enough hints in the discourse context for a test-taker to infer the meaning of the deleted words. Since every nth word in the passage is regularly deleted, some deleted words may be crucial for figuring out the meaning of the passage. However, cloze tests with rational deletions usually do not produce problematic items as those with fixed-ratio deletions because test-constructors can always adjust the interval of the deleted words. To summarize what has been said so far, the cloze procedure was employed as a measure of reading ability of native speakers (Bormuth, J., 1967, Crawford, 1970) after its introduction as a measure of readability by Wilson Taylor (1953). Other researchers later investigated the effectiveness of cloze testing as a measure of ESL/EFL proficiency (Darnell, D., 1968; Brown, 1983, 1988, 1993; Irvine, Atai and Oller, 1974; Oller, J. 1972, 1983 to name a few). The results have indeed been widely varied across studies; and a Spacial Issue (39) Jan. March., 2015

51 ISSN number of defects have been found with the procedure. In the light of these criticisms, Klein-Braley and Raatz proposed a modification, ie C-testing. The procedures, developed to answer the psychometric problems of cloze testing, had been claimed as empirically and theoretically valid measure of language proficiency (Raatz and Klein- Braley, 1981, Klein-Braley, 1985 and Klein-Braley and Raatz, 1984; 1985 and Raatz, 1985), and was later proposed by other researchers to be a substitute for cloze test (Mc Beath,1990, Cohen, Segall and Weiss, 1984). Thus, like all other tests even cloze tests are not free from controversies. Many things have been said and done, and yet one thing that has been thought, experienced and proved is that it is more reliable than others. Few things need to be taken into account. The tests we give to our students should not be so difficult that they may frustrate them badly and reduce their desire to study English. Nor should we give them tests that are too easy. For most advanced or risk taking students, tests without challenge may be boring and make them lose motivation for further progress. Therefore, it is imperative that we construct tests with appropriate difficulty. We should let our students know that taking tests is not only a challenging but also a rewarding job. There are many tests available but because cloze tests are integrative, they require students to process the components of language simultaneously, much like what happens when people communicate. In this way though cloze test is not the best, it can definitely prove better than other tests if care and presetting are included in the process of constructing. References: 1. Hadley, G. and Naaykens, J. (1987). 'Testing the Test: Comparing SEMAC and Exact Word Scoring on the Selective Deletion Cloze.' Korea TESOL Journal. 1:1. 2. Do cloze tests work? Or, is it just an illusion? Accessed from JAMES DEAN BROWN University of Hawai i at Manoa on 25 February Carroll, J. B., Carton, A. S. & Wilds, C. P. (1959). An investigation of cloze items in the measurement of achievement in foreign languages. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Graduate School of Education. ERIC ED Ibid 5. Brown, J D (1980). Relative merits of four methods for scoring cloze tests. Modern language Journal, 64 (3), Bachman, L. F. (1985). Performance on cloze tests with fixed-ratio and rational deletions. TESOL Quarterly, 19, Oller, J. W. Jr Scoring methods and difficulty levels for cloze tests of proficiency in English as a second language. Modern Language Journal. 56, Alderson, J. C. (1979). The effect on the cloze test of changes in deletion frequency. Journal of Research in Reading, 2, Jan. March, 2015 (40) Spacial Issue

52 ISSN Satnami in Chhatisgarh: Analysing its Past and Present Santosh Kumar Banjare Krushna Chetty Introduction: Chhattisgarh district is under developing state of the India. It has just separated in a few years ago from Madhya-Pradesh state on November 1, It is a part of central province of India. The Chhattisgarh state known for the minerals- goods, crude material, forest, tribal and schedule caste people. When it was a part of Madhya-Pradesh state, that time there occurred many tribal, schedule caste movements for the taking of his fundamental right and privileges as well as they are facing the same kind of problems in the present age as the social, political, and economic. In addition, the current problems in Chhattisgarh, naxalism, casteism, social hierarchy, land-jobber, and displacing from their native places day by day increasing. Therefore, those indigenous peoples are bearing the persecution of some conspiracy and the problem of ordinal within their native place as well as their own religion. The Satnami sect is one of the most discriminated castes in the Chhattisgarh. They belong from the Dalit community. It has also categorized of many castes. In the case of Chhattisgarh there is 43 scheduled castes belongs (Report of Social justice and Empowerment, Government of India) 1. The Satnami sect has majority in the scheduled caste categories and another 42 castes are very less numbers of populations. The Chhattisgarh is state that based on the large numbers of tribal and scheduled caste people; it has their own distinct socio-cultural practices, beliefs and faiths in religious rituality and traditions. The guru Ghasidas has founder of the Satnami community. The Satnami community believes in true god, the name Satnam and they are nature of saint. They never believed the Hindu gods and deities as well as they rejected the idol worship. That community abstain the tobacco, wine, meat, and etc. It is a similar to the Kabir Panth and they are followers of the Ambedkar ideologies. The Satnami communities now are facing problem in socially, politically and economically in respect. They are facing such type of problem because they are belonged to lower strata of the Hindu society as socially and culturally depressed and, they are economical deprived, landless labourers. They do not utilize the basic rights being lack of awareness in the Satnami community, which has given by the constitution. Thus, this community has marginalized in the Hindu community. The representatives of this community have deprived in the Panchayatiraj system by the politically domination of upper caste people. The society mostly, dominated by the upper caste peoples and they never accepted to Satnami as a part of Hinduism. Therefore, this communities people are founded the route to escape from such hierarchal caste system of Hinduism by converting into Buddhism and Christians and this process of converting has been increasing dramatically. Hence, we want to examine what are the basic causes of discrimination. 1Scheduled Caste list of Chhattisgarh, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment [ Access on 11/11/2013 time at 02:50 pm Spacial Issue (41) Jan. March., 2015

53 ISSN History of Satnami Sect in Chhattisgarh: The Satnami sect has a very old historical background in India.That sect was originated from the Punjab state (now in Haryana) of India in a district of Narnaul place since of the 17 th century. That time there were ruled of the Mugal king Aurangzeb. He was forced for taken of the Jajia Kar (Jajia tax) as well as forced for the convert of their religions in the Muslim but Satnamis never agree for accepted the order of the Aurangzeb. At the same time and same situation, there were only two ways for safety, first, either they convert their community into Muslim or they will ready for fight or kill. Consequently, the tyrannical Mugal king was proclaimed for punishing and kill of that community. Many Satnami peoples revolted against with them, but they have no weapons, as a result, many of them got death and some of people have migrated for seeking the safety places. The people migrated of North and central states of the India. According to Singh (2013) has claimed that the Satnami have been historically militant 1 and vegetarian people such saint nature, that is the reason they did not accepted the Muslim religion. At the same time from that group the father of Guru Ghasidas was also migrated from that place and he has taken shelter of Madhya-Pradesh district Bilaspur (now in Balodabazar, district of Chhattisgarh state) in village Girodpuri. It is a nearby of Sonakhan forest, it was famous for Chandan (Sandal) trees and tribal area. Guru Ghasidas was born on December 18 th, 1756 and he was belonging form very poor family. His father was working in the agriculture job under the Jamidari Prath (Landlord Ordinance) in the village of Girodpuri. At the same time, there is casteism system was very highly practicing there, consequentely, Guru Ghasidas does not allowed to take his education on the school because he belong from the dalit community. Consequently, he left his school life. He was a very intelligent and charismatic boy in his childhood. After some years, he got married with Safura from SriPur village (Which Known by the Buddhist Archeological Site in current Mahasamund district). After many years he left his marriage life because of he always thinks about the truth of life that was the same of the Lord Buddha. Ultimately Guru Ghasidas decided to go and seek the truthness of life. Therefore, he went to the Girodpuri forest for meditation and he began to adopt the life of an ascetic, retiring all day to the forest to meditate. On a rocky hillock (Chhata Pahad) about a mile from Girod is a large Tendu tree (Diospyros Tomentosa) under which it is said that he was accustomed to sit 2. Ultimatily, when he got the name of true or we can say that a new kind of knowledge power, after accured their fully knowledge he served their knowledged to the society. He served to the help of poor, discriminated community, and other backward classes as well as the impure peoples in the societies. At the same time, in the society there were continuously practicizing social hierarchy and Castism system by upper Hindu castes. Therefore, The Guru Ghasidas initiated the new creeds for the Dalit, tribes and backward classes movement for reformation and elimination of caste system and caste 1 Singh, Y. (2013), Satnami Self-Assertion and Dalit Activism: everyday life and caste in rural Chhattisgarh (central India), London: London School of Economics (LSE), [Unpublished PhD thesis]. 2 Russell, R.V. (2007 ), Articles On Religions And Sects : Satnami, The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India, Volume I. [ I/016] Access on 9 th November, Time 12:40. Jan. March, 2015 (42) Spacial Issue

54 ISSN discrimination form the Indian society. He gave some principles and ideas about reformation and development of the Indian society. Creeds (Principles) of Satnam Sect: Guru Ghasidas has define some major prinicipales like prohibition of abstain, tobacco, liquor, meat, red pulses to related the red colours vegetables. They prohibited use of cow for the cultivation as well as use of bullocks in the evening time. Do not worship the stone god. Do not believe the orthodoxicaly, hierarchically hindu society. Behave merciful with all life and do not kill them. Look good perspective of women and respect them like mother, sister and daughters. Do not follow the hierarchical Hindu caste and religion system. Every human being born in equal dignity with rights. Ghasidas did not believes and practice the race, religions, caste systems, etc. The many scholars have suggested about the creeds of Guru Ghasidas, they are given seven creeds but it is a not true because of any sacred person how can gives only seven principles for life or society. They can be given the situational vice creed for the reformation wrong ways. In the Past Challenges of Satnami Sect: In the past of Satnami Sect has faced such kinds of problems like basic birth rights, right to life, liberty, equality, justice, dignity, farternity, education, racism, casteism, social hierarchy from upper caste, even basic fundamental rights. In the past, by the king of Aurangzeb was much exploited, and violently with them after that British government persecuted. At the same time and the same age, Brahmanism is very high soundable of socially, politically, educationally within the society. They separated everything for only by a Brahmin, Kshatriya and other upper castes as a result they cannot able for breathing. They everywhere facing problems. The history highlighted here murder of Dharma Guru Balakdas. He was the son of Guru Ghasidas. They got death by a conspiracy of Upper castes people. Actually, he was working and fighting for the emancipation of deprived castes of the Chhattisagarh and he were mobilizing the communities for the taken his basic right. In that, movement was a very effective and very energetic for inclusion of other communities also in the Satnam sect. Consequently, upper caste and tyrannic persons feel fear about safety of his Dharma. Thereat, those peoples were killed of the Guru Balakdas in 1869s in the Aurabhandha village 1 in the Chhattisgarh. Caste Based Discrimination: Discriminatory and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment of a vast global population has been justified on the basis of caste. In much of Asia and parts of Africa, caste is the basis for the definition and exclusion of distinct population groups by reason of their descent. Over 250 million people worldwide continue to suffer under what is often a hidden apartheid of segregation, modern-day slavery, and other extreme forms of discrimination, exploitation, and violence. Caste imposes enormous obstacles to their full attainment of civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights. If we look the definition of untouchable, those who are beneath the entire caste system and are therefore literally outcaste, avarna, as well as untouchable or now it is know as the ex-untouchable call themselves Dalits. The word Dalit, in a single sence broken or ground down, is used by outcaste people themselves to describe 1 Satnam Andolan Ek Krantipath, See the website [ Spacial Issue (43) Jan. March., 2015

55 ISSN at the same time their oppression, their identity and their collective power of emancipation. They are the non-people, the ones that all belonging to the Chatur Varnas (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishya and Shudra) can content themselves with being above. The caste system has nevertheless been applied to Dalits to divide them into many sub-castes. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was a great initiator or we can say a single word uplifter of the development of a collective identity among all the outcaste, marginalized sections, exclueded, oppressed and suppred people of whatever their sub-caste, ethnicity or religion. Reason Behind the Religion Conversion (Ideology of Ambedkar): In Indian society the Hindu social order was one of the key system of functioning of the society and till all so some people are practicing their everyday life. But this fixed order and system is created a stratified society. The Hindu caste order is the main root cause of all the ills, sufferings, conflicts, inequal, injustice, of our social environment and disorganizing the Indian society. The worst victims of the social pyramid are the lower caste group. The Hindu Varna system originated and divided to the Indian society by higher caste gropus for the smooth functions of the society but its decisively serving and practicizing to the upper caste group. This Varna Vyavasta fully partially, preplanned domination ideologies and ideas of hegemony of some groups of the people. This orders and systems compltly failed to smooth functions of the Indian society as well as national building. In the Varna system there is a imbalances, inequality, hierarcy, sartified, injustice within the four varna. Now the time is came this present Hindu social order and system should be destroy. But the major questin is arraising how can we deconstruct this existing Hindu social order and reconstruct new social systems, orders and laws for the better functions of the society?. How can the marginalized, excluded and deepresed groups will be come to the mainstream of the society and get their share and benifits from the society?. Now the people are suffering because of the hierarchical, inequal and irrational Varna system. The Hindu social order and Varna Vyvastha incapable to serve the all caste groups. There is a lack of social equality, fraternity, liberty, justice and accountability. So people are conversing from Hindu religion to Buddhism and others. But the Dr. Ambedkar uplift and arrived of the discriminated people through the embrace of Buddhism. According to Dr. Ambedkar If a modern man who knows sience must have a religion, the only religion he can have is the Religion of the Buddha. This conviction has grown in me after thirty-five years of close study of all religions. Than after long study about these religions Dr. Ambedkar s treatment of the subject of conversion which befan in 1935 (or may be 1929). The reason for his conversion to Buddhism was that there was social democracy, equality, liberty and fraternity in that religion. Buddhism is a way of life which eaches people to inculcate in themselves, Maitri, Karuna and Pragna. The Dhamma of Buddha teaches: (1) the path of purity, (2) the path of righteousness, and (3) the path of virtue. These principles and moral ideas bring an equal society. In the contemporary age, many Dalit communities fear of non-dalit community they are ruling of them becouse of the support of Hindu social order. Within the Hindu society Dalit, community has divided of much social hierarchical condition. That social hierarchy never is annihilating, even it is continuously going on today perhaps in future that system will be never end. Because of an orthodoxy of the Hinduism cannot be adjust of Dalit in the society. Because of the Varnas systems of Hindu ordinance it have huge an impact within the Hinduism. Ambedkar's attack on the caste and Verna system and say that now the time is came we need to full fill the equality, liberty, fraternity, justice, Jan. March, 2015 (44) Spacial Issue

56 ISSN human dignity and humanity of all gape between upper caste and lower caste groups within the Varna system and need to establise an egalitarian Indian society. The Present Challenges of Discrimination with Satnami: In the present, the Chhattisgarh Satnami community has scattered as well as they have no integration in the society. They divided of many castes in Chhattisgarh state. They are facing the same kind of problem as their past. Even they have lost their four percentages of reservation in the Chhattisgarh. In the Everyday life are facing, getting exploitation, discrimination, violence, persecution and so on. Reference: 1. Ambedkar, B.R. (2001), The Buddha and his Dhamma, (eds.) by Aakash Singh Rathore and Ajay Verma, New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 2. Banjare, S.K. (2014), Chhattisgarh Ke Yugpurush Hain Guru Ghasidas, Dalit Dastak, Year-03, December, Vol. (07): 30-31, ISSN Chandra, R. (2005), Identity and Genesis of Caste System in India, New Delhi: Kalpaz Publications. 4. Government Of India Planning Commission March 2005, Report Of The Task Group On Development Of Scheduled Castes And Scheduled Tribes: On Selected Agenda Items Of The National Common Minimum Programme. 5. Russell, R.V. (2007 ), Articles On Religions And Sects : Satnami, The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India, Volume I. [ Volume-I/016] Access on 9 th November, Time 12: Satnam Andolan Ek Krantipath, See the website [ 7. See Satnami History [ ], Access on 11/11/2013 Time at 04:00 pm 8. Satnamisect. (2015).In EncyclopædiaBritannica. Retrieved from 9. Scheduled Caste list of Chhattisgarh, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment [ Access on 11/11/2013 time at 02:50 pm. 10. Singh, Y. (2013), Satnami Self-Assertion and Dalit Activism: everyday life and caste in rural Chhattisgarh (central India), London: London School of Economics (LSE), [Unpublished PhD thesis]. Spacial Issue (45) Jan. March., 2015

57 ISSN Build a Positive Attitude for Holistic Living Ranch Bhavna D. Abstract Holistic living is essentially a quest for meaning and fulfilment. It is a search for order, coherence, harmony and resonance within the larger framework of our lives and the vast existence around us. Meaning happens only when things are connected with each other and when these things are placed in a much bigger context than themselves. We are body, mind and soul, and we live in a universe that is beautiful, intelligent and divine. We are not body and mind with a soul Holistic living-holistic living consists then of bringing harmony and balance to the physical, mental, emotional and spiritual dimensions of all living things, beyond the self. If attitude is such a critical factors in life, how can you live a successful life? So we should build a positive attitude for holistic living. Attitude -The foundation of good life, regardless of your chosen field, is attitude. The benefits of a positive attitude: o Makes for a pleasing personality o Is energizing o Increases your enjoyment of life o Inspires others around you o Helps you become a contributing member of society and an asset to your country. 8- Steps To Attitude Change: o Look for the positive. o Make a habit of doing it now. o Develop an attitude of gratitude. o Create a continuous education program for yourself. o Build positive self-esteem. o Stay away from negative influences. o Learn to like the things that need to be done. o Start your day with something positive. Key words-attitude, positive attitude, good life style Introduction: In the olden days, spirituality used to be a separate dimension from the world of mundane affairs. For thousands of years, spirituality and materiality have been separated; a false antagonism has been created between the body and the soul. In today s modern society, such isolated, monistic way of living in pursuit of spirituality is simply not possible. We need to achieve wholeness and wholesomeness in our lives not by running away from the world and the society, but by developing understanding and insight, integrating spirituality with materiality. The soul is not opposed to the body and mind, the soul is expressed in the body and mind. Holistic movement is based on the premise that body and spirit are complimentary. Holistic living means bringing body, mind and soul in line with each other and bringing our integrated selves into attunement with the cosmos around us. Complexity cannot be shunned, but a profound and beautiful simplicity can be achieved through realizing our oneness with the Jan. March, 2015 (46) Spacial Issue

58 ISSN universe. Hence the effort of holistic approach is to produce individuals in whose bodies the music of the nature flows, and whose minds and spirits dance to the tune of the cosmic Holistic living-holistic living consists then of bringing harmony and balance to the physical, mental, emotional and spiritual dimensions of all living things, beyond the self. If attitude is such a critical factors in life, how can you live a successful life? So we should build a positive attitude for holistic living. What is attitude? (1) What s inside of us that make us go up is our attitude. (2) The foundation of good life, regardless of your chosen field, is attitude. Our attitude determines how we look at set back. To a positive thinker, attitude can be a stepping-stone for holistic living The Importance Of Attitude Have you ever wondered why someone is happy, successful, winner in his life? Due to bringing harmony and balance to the physical, mental, emotional and spiritual dimensions of all living things, beyond the self and positive attitudes. The Benefits Of A Positive Attitude There are many advantages to having a positive attitude. Makes for a pleasing personality Is energizing Increases your enjoyment of life Inspires others around you Helps you become a contributing member of society and an asset to your country. HOW DO YOU BUILD AND MAINTAIN A POSITIVE ATTITUDE? Become aware of the principles that build a positive attitude. Desire to be a positive. Cultivate the discipline and dedication to practice those principles. 8 -Steps To Attitude Chang STEP 1- Change Focus, Look For The Positive You need to become a seeker of good. You need to focus on the positive in your life. Start looking for what is right in a person or situation instead of looking for what is wrong. Because of our conditioning, most of us are so attuned to finding fault and looking for what is wrong that we often forget to see the positive picture. Though sometimes it may not be apparent there is something positive in every person and every situation. We have to dig deep to look for the positive. Be an Optimist: How can one be an optimist? It is well described by the following- Be so strong that nothing can disturb your peace of mind. Talk health, happiness, and prosperity to every person you meet. Make all your friends feel that you appreciate that good qualities and strengths. Look at the sunny side of everything. Think only of the best, work only for the best, and expect only the best. Be as enthusiastic about the success of others as you are about your own. Forget the mistakes of the past and press on to the greater achievements of the future. Give everyone a smile. Spend so much time improving yourself that you have no time left to criticize others. Be too big for worry and too noble for anger. STEP 2- Make a Habit Of Doing It Now If you want to build and maintain a positive attitude, get into the habit of living in the present and doing it now. Live in the present: Spacial Issue (47) Jan. March., 2015

59 ISSN Let s make the best of now and utilize the present to the fullest. The message is not that we don t need to plan for the future. If we utilize our present to its fullest, we are sowing the seeds for a better future. If you want to build a positive attitude, learn the phrase, do it now and stop the habit of procrastination. STEP 3- Develop an Attitude Of Gratitude Count your blessings, not your troubles. Take time to smell the roses. It is not uncommon to hear that someone, because of an accident, became blind or paralyzed, but won a healthy life in a settlement. How many of us would like to trade places with that person? Not many we are so focused on complaining about things we do not have that we lose sight of the things we have. There is a lot to be thankful for. STEP 4 - Get into a Countinuous Education Program- Let s get some myths out of the way. It is a general belief that we get educated in schools and colleges. We receive a lot of information in schools and colleges. We do need information to be educated. But we also need to know the true meaning of education. Intellectual education influences the head and values based education influences the heart. In fact, education that does not train the heart can be dangerous. If we want to build an attitude, we must achieve a minimum level of moral ethical literacy. Education that builds fundamental traits of character-such as honesty, compassion, courage, persistence and responsibility-is absolutely essential. We don t need more academic education; we need more value-based education. A person who is morally educated will be a lot better equipped to move up in life, with excellent academic qualifications. Learning is a lot like eating. It is not how much you eat those matters, what matters is how much you digest. Knowledge is potential power; wisdom is real power. Education takes many forms; it is not just grades and a degree. It iso Cultivating your strength o Learning self-discipline o Listening o Eagerness to learn Our minds are like muscles, stretch or shrink, it all depends on how much or how little we exercise them. A person can, and will be, successful with or without formal education if they have the 5 Cso character o commitment o conviction o courtesy o courage Whom, then, do I call educated? First, those who manage well the circumstances which they encounter day by day; and those who can judge situations appropriately as they arise and rarely miss the suitable course of action. Next, those who are honorable in their dealings with all men, bearing easily what is unpleasant or offensive in others, and being as reasonable with their associates as is humanly possible. Furthermore, those who hold their pleasures always under control and are not unduly overcome by their misfortunes, bearing up under them bravely and in a manner worthy of our common nature. Jan. March, 2015 (48) Spacial Issue

60 ISSN STEP 5- BUILD A POSITIVE SELF ESTEEM: What is self- esteem? Self-esteem is the ways we feel about ourselves. When we feel well within, our performance goes up and our relationships improve both at home and at work. The world looks nicer. What could be the reason? Because there is a direct correlation between our feelings and behavior STEP 6- STAY AWAY FROM NAGATIVE INFLUENCES: Impressionable minds get influenced by adult behavior and the media. Peer pressure affected not only children and teenagers; it is also prevalent in adults. It shows a lack of self-esteem when people do not have the courage to say No, thank you, and stay away from negative influences. SMOKING, DRUGS AND ALCOHOL: Drinking makes a person lose his inhibitions and give exhibitions. PORNOGRAPHY-: Pornography is nothing short of dehumanizing women and children. The consequences of pornography are that it Dehumanizes women Victimizes children Destroys marriages Encourages sexual violence Makes fun of ethical and moral values Destroys individuals, families, and communities. A woman is raped. Rapists admit to regular use of pornography. NAGATIVE MOVIES AND TELEVISIONPROGRAMS: Television shows as well as movies glamorize premarital and extramarital sex. No wonder commitments are lacking in relationships and divorce rates are high. Impressionable viewers set their standards and benchmarks based on what they see and hear in the media. And no matter whom we are all impressionable to varying degrees. PROFANITY: Using profanities show a lack of vocabulary, self control, and discipline. ROCK MUSIC: The lyrics of some hit songs are obscene. The music we hear and the performances we watch can subconsciously influence us. \STEP 7- LEARN TO LIKE THE THINGS THAT NEED TO BE DONE Some things needs to be done whether we like them or not; for example, mothers caring for their young. This may not always be fun, and may even be painful. But if we learn to like the task, the impossible becomes possible. STEP 8- START YOUR DAY WITH SOMETHING POSITIVE Read or listen to something positive first thing in the morning. After a good night s sleep we are relaxed and our subconscious is receptive. It sets the tone for the day, and puts us in the right frame of mind to make the day a positive day. In order to bring about change, we need to make a conscious effort and be committed to make positive thoughts and behavior part of our lives. Practice having positive thoughts and behavior daily until they become a habit. Conclusion: These all steps put in action and make a good life style. Positive living and good management make man life successful and we can win in every situation. Good life style management is important for quality life and we can achieve what we can desire. Look for the positive. Spacial Issue (49) Jan. March., 2015

61 ISSN Make a habit of doing it now. Develop an attitude of gratitude. Create a continuous education program for yourself. Build positive self-esteem. Stay away from negative influences. Learn to like the things that need to be done. Start your day with something positive. Think can have a profound effect on our emotional and psychological well-being. Each time we think a negative thought ourselves, our body reacts as if were in the throes of a tension-filled situation. If we see good things about ourselves, we are more likely to feel good; the reverse is also true. Eliminate words such as always, never, should, and must. These are telltale marks of self defeating thoughts. I have given some tips for changing your mental attitude and increasing the strength and will-power of your mind, which if you in-cooperate in your daily life, will lead to eternal happiness, peace and stability of mind. Happiness can t be purchased. It can only be expiry References: 1. Shiv Kera,(2008).You can win, Edit bywynder, Hertzberg, Parker,(1981).The Book of Health(volume -2) Jan. March, 2015 (50) Spacial Issue

62 ISSN Determinants of Financial Performance Requirements of Dairy Cooperative Unions in Gujarat State: A conceptual Analysis of Rajkot Dairy Thakor Hemangini Nanubhai Abstract The present study of the research entitled Determinants of financial Performance Requirements of Dairy cooperative unions in Gujarat State: A conceptual Analysis of Rajkot Dairy. This paper aims to discuss the current position (financial) of Rajkot Dairy, Which was established at long past time and such a developed time by time. Therefore, the usefulness of Ratio Analysis of value accounting is a key issue for standard setting purpose. The Milk Cooperative Union plays a vital role in economic development of the country. The present study explores the obstacles faced by the Dairy Industry in exploiting. Today the service sector contributes more than 56 percent to India s GDP and rapidly increasing. This paper offers- (1) Conceptual frame work of unique characteristics of services, the challenges from these characteristics and strategies suggested as appropriate to overcome the issues. (2) To compare the financial performance and strategies cited in last 10 years with different Ratios. (3) To offer suggestions for further development of Dairy Union. In this paper Researcher takes long time period of study. 10 years is a large period of thinking and going to check growth and development of Dairy industry. The present paper seeks to explain the financial performance of co-operative milk producers union of Rajkot district. A sample of Annual reports of Rajkot Dairy at Rajkot for the period to was selected. Rajkot Dairy is also known as Gopal Dairy. The study was based on secondary data from financial Report and profile of the Rajkot Dairy. The paper investigates the development of cooperative milk. Producers unions in Gujarat state in the early twentieth century. We focus on the role of so called Gopal Dairy that kept financial and personal development in Dairy Industry. The importance of any research is based on the systematic method of Data collection and its analysis. The Ratio analysis is the process of identifying the financial soundness and cost effectiveness of the firm by establishing relationship between the items of Balance sheet and Profit and loss a/c. The present study has depended on ratio analysis, from the last 10years Balance sheet and.the relation of tangibility profitability, debt. Loan with different year has been found to be positive and statistically significant. All these relations are consistent with the predictions of pecking order theory. An objective of the study includes the Profitability, Liquidity, and Performance. Financial and other experience Dairy. Overall Financial Performance of the Dairy. Based on the Ten years Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss A/C. Suitable suggestion is given by the researcher for a better soundness, cost effectiveness and Development of the Dairy. This paper will be useful for the Dairy to have positive impact on Profitability of Rajkot Dairy in the coming years. This paper is unique to provide direction for future research on the decision of development in Dairy Cooperative milk producer union in long time. Key Words : Cooperative milk producers union, Dairy, Profitability, Comparison, Accounting Research, Net assets, Ratio analysis, Financial performance, Gopal Dairy. Spacial Issue (51) Jan. March., 2015

63 ISSN Introduction A Greeke Philospher, Hireclits says, There is nothing permanent except change. Uncertainty is the only certainty in life. Birth and death are the only definite. Indian economic is based on rural. So Agriculture and Animal husbandry are the main activities of Indian farmers. Here Researcher collected data of Rajkot Dairy at Rajkot city from financial year to and study on that. She compares the data of every end of three years. So investigator has classified the data in various ways with the statically methods here in this Research Paper. She wants to classified and find out the major different in Financial Performance after finished every three financial years. With help of this research we can easily show that the growth and development of the Rajkot Dairy over last ten years in Gujarat State. Historical Background of Rajkot Dairy In Gujarat Region, many Districts Cooperative Unions have together and established GUJARAT COOPERATIVE MILK MARKETING FEDERATION (GCMMF) LTD., in November 1973 better known as AMUL. Rajkot Milk Union (RMU) is a member of the GCMMF with 6 Milk Chilling Centers, 35 Bulk Milk Cooling Units besides one Dairy plant at Rajkot District. It is a vibrant organization that serves consumers not only of Rajkot but also rural areas of Rajkot District. The organization continuously focuses its efforts to better understand the changing lifestyle of India and anticipate consumer needs in order to provide convenience, nutrition and wellness through its product offerings. In addition to the market view RMU is committed t long term sustainable growth and shareholders satisfaction. Future plans are proposed for the expansion of the existing units and setting up new world class plant thereby increasing the milk procurement, processing capacity and to give a consistent supply of liquid milk to consumers. RMU manufactures products of truly international quality under brand names- AMUL and GOPAL comprising of milk and various other milk products like Ghee, Butter, Butter milk, and Peda. It is also planning to add to its product portfolio by extending its infrastructure to manufacture Probiotic Dahi, Probiotic Lassi, Probiotic Butter milk, Ice cream and Panner. Rajkot Dairy is also known as GOPAL DAIRY in Gujarat state. Rajkot District Cooperative milk Producers Union Ltd., rooted its existence 58 years before in the year The Dairy was first established in Rajkot by the Animal husbandry department of the Gujarat State under a pilot project of UNICEF a sister concern of the UNO. Subsequently the Rajkot District Maldhari cooperative union ltd., was formed in 1961 with the objective to bring socio-economic development in Maldhari community followed by the Rajkot Dairy undertaking by the Rajkot District Maldhari cooperative union under the leadership of Shri Devendrakumar R. Desai. The Union was registered during 1961 and was managed by AH Dept. of Government of Gujarat under milk conservation project, Rajkot. During 1970 the department of AH handed over the management of Rajkot Dairy to Gopalak Sangh on Rs. 1 token charge. Rajkot milk union s effort to manage the activities from 1972 to 1977 was unsatisfactory and so a joint management with Gujarat Dairy Development Corporation Ltd. (GDDC) was established from 1977 to After a series of interchanges between hands, finally in the year 1988, the Rajkot District cooperative Milk Producers Union Limited got the membership of the state federation which is called GCMMF and since then the Dairy is being independently managed by the Milk Producers representatives. The GDDC handed over the management of RMU to Rajkot District Cooperative Milk Producers Union Ltd November 2, After 1988 the Union s activities started to stabilize. During 1990 the union became the ordinary member from Associate Members of GCMMF. Jan. March, 2015 (52) Spacial Issue

64 ISSN Besides many teething Problems, the Dairy had grown today to join the white revolution of Gujarat, India. The dedication, sincerity, persistence and neat policies led by the Chairman and effectiveness of the employees and gained the celebrating success of a long 58 years till today with hands of experience to move the Cooperative Dairy to many long years to come. The support of the Milk Producers and the faith in Cooperative Unit has truly reached the place where Rajkot Milk Union is today. 1. Registration Details: KHEY-60 05/09/ Area of Operation : Mainly Rajkot District 3. No. of Revenue villages of Rajkot: 856 EXISTING LITERATURE USING DAIRY INDUSTRY 1. R.W.Nightingale (1963), The modernization Decision in Indian Urban Fluid Milk Markets, New -York State college, Cornell International Agriculture Development Bulletin No. 15, Cornell University, USA,1969 has compared two methods of milk marketing. And the result show that operation Fluid system of milk marketing is higher than the Urban Fluid milk market system So suggested that except the best method for Dairy Development. 2. J.Gopu (1999), Special Feature of Danish Dairy cooperatives has studied on that subject. In this research he founded that the farmers were sold butter and earned money in compare last recorded time. In 19 century the Milk cooperative industry has developed in Denmark. Dairy societies submitted milk to Dairy and going to sell. Less expenses of transportation the cost was down. And get high level benefit. So Dairy cooperative has provided employment and high rate of milk procurement. 3. A.S.Kahlon(1975), has done the research on Relative profitability of Dairy Enterprise vis-à-vis cultivation in Punjab this research show the result that different point of view and technically change can improve the profitability of any Dairy. 4. Chattaraj (1999), researched that, In Hugli District Researcher founded that in this District during the research registered No of Cooperative Dairies were going to 30% reducing in year 1987 to Because of this reducing reasons were to delay of payment, unfair purchase price, and also expenses of Animals were high and productivity was low. OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH 1. To analyze the Ratio analysis of the Rajkot Dairy for long time. 2. To examine the Profitability Ratio, Performance Ratio, and Financial Ratio of Rajkot Dairy for last 10 years. 3. To Compare Profitability, Performance and Liquidity with different years. 4. To find out the growth and development since 10 years in Gujarat State. 5. Suggest some Policy measures to improve such associations if required. 6. Explore the relationship of Current Ratio with Gross Profit Ratio of the selected Dairy. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Rajkot District Milk Producers Union Limited Rajkot Dairy s Annual reports, Books and Dairy s Profile are the main source of information which were collected by the Researcher. The other data has been collected from various magazines and website form GCMMF. The data have been collected over the period of last 10 years. The Ratios mainly used are Gross Profit Ratio, Current Ratio, Debt-Equity Ratio, Loan to Capital Employed and Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio. Spacial Issue (53) Jan. March., 2015

65 ISSN EMPIRICAL FINDING & ANALYSIS (1) Gross Profit Ratio Gross Profit Ratio= Gross Profit * 100 \ Total Annual Sales Amount: In Lakhs (Rs.) Table-1 Showing Gross Profit Ratio Year Gross Annual Ratio Unit Profit Sales % % % % Source: Annual Reports of Rajkot Dairy (2) Current Ratio Current Ratio=Current Assets \ Current Liabilities Amount: In Lakhs (Rs.) Table-2 Showing Current Ratio Year Current Current Ratio Unit Assets Liabilities Times Times Times Times Source: Annual Reports of Rajkot Dairy (3) Debt-Equity Ratio Debt-Equity Ratio= Total Debt * 100 / Capital Employed Amount: In Lakhs (Rs.) Table-3 Showing Debt-Equity Ratio Year Total Debt Capital Ratio Unit Employed % % % % Source: Annual Reports of Rajkot Dairy (4) Loan to Capital Employed Loan to Capital Employed= Total loan(incl.cc) * 100 / Capital Employed Amount: In Lakhs (Rs.) Table-4 Showing Loan to Capital Employed Year Total Capital Ratio Unit loan(incl.cc) Employed % % % % Source: Annual Reports of Rajkot Dairy (5) Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio= Total Sales \ Net Block Fixed Assets Amount: In Lakhs (Rs.) Jan. March, 2015 (54) Spacial Issue

66 ISSN Table-5 Showing Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio Year Total Sales N.B. Fixed Ratio Unit Assets Times Times Times Times Source: Annual Reports of Rajkot Dairy ANALITICAL DISCUSSION Show the comparison of last Ten years Financial Performance of Profit & Loss A\c and Balance Sheet. 1. India is basically agriculture country. And animal husbandry and agriculture activities are major Part of income for country. 2. Table No-1 indicates Gross Profit Ratio of the Dairy since last 10 years. He Ratio is very much higher (14.89%) in yea r and it is lower (10.815%) in year Because of this reducing Many factors are effecting. Here we can see the different between Sales of last 10 years and Gross Profit of last 10 years. 3. Table No-2 indicates Current Ratio of Dairy. Day by day we can see that the current assets are going to High and also current liabilities are going to high. So Current Ratio is after every three years going to Low. Ratio of the Dairy is higher (1.35:1) in and it is lower (0.79:1) in In short Value of current assets are higher than current liabilities. 4. Table No-3 indicates Debt Equity Ratio of Rajkot Dairy. The Ratio is higher (4.03 times) in And it is lower (2.07 times) in Because of this situation an improvement in Debt is very High and value of Equity is not so change. 5. Table No-4 indicates Loan to Capital employed Ratio of Rajkot Dairy. It is higher (175.73%) in and it is lower (77.85%) in It means compare to total loan (Incl.cc) are lower than total Capital employed. It is also show that total loan (Incl.cc) is going to paid by Dairy as soon as possible from the last 10 years. 6. Table No-5 shown Fixed Assets turnover Ratio is higher (23.41 Times) in the year and It is lower (7.09 Times) in For that the total sales are improve from the last 1o years And also the value of Net Assets going to high. 7. After and all in this research we see that the Rajkot Dairy is going to get highly growth and Development from the last 10 years. 8. We founded that at the level of sales, loan, debt, equity, Net assets, all point of view are day by day Spacial Issue (55) Jan. March., 2015

67 ISSN Improved and going to get good profitability for Rajkot Dairy. 9. And most important the Rajkot Dairy fulfill its loan (Incl.cc) liability at timely and saved interest. Because of that market value and goodwill of the dairy is very high. SUGGESTIONS After making Analysis focus should be given on the following areas to improve the existing situation in order to have positive impact on Profitability of Rajkot Dairy in the coming years. 1. The Dairy should concentrate more on the sales turnover. 2. The Dairy should concentrate more on Share Capital. 3. The Dairy have to more improve in Capital structure regarding Capital employed. 4. The Dairy should balance between Current Assets and Current Liabilities. 5. The Dairy have maintains in loan (Incl.cc) section carefully to improve more profit. 6. Internal Factors such as Policy in the Dairy, regarding support price, tax can be worked upon, so as to enhance sales and profitability. This would encourage building entrepreneurs in Dairy industry. 7. Bank and financial institution may be encouraged to provide low cost term finance (loan) to the cooperative milk industry so that an appropriate mix of capital structure can be adopted in order to increase the overall profitability. Conclusion The paper finds out that Rajkot Dairy plays an important Role for earning in cooperative sector. It is very important part of GCMMF. It is helpful and good for economy as credit and the resources are freed up for Dairies that do have a future. As the sales performance has a direct relationship with increase in sales (the revenue drivers) there will be an increase in cash. 1. Many improvement showed good timing ability in initial years like from Some of which are like a major portion of the Dairy s net worth is represented by reserves and surplus, current assets include good amount of closing stock, long term debt capital assumes a very small portion of total capital etchant most importantly the existing sales, and Net profit are not significant enough to put positive impact on profitability of the concerned Dairy. 3. The study conducted ratio analysis at Rajkot District milk Producers Union Limited gives a view of analysis evolution of Profitability, Performance, Liquidity, efficiency, and financial position of the Dairy. Based on the tools used Analysis and Interpretation have been made giving way for useful and constructive suggestion. 4. Cooperative Industry does conduct business in highly complex and competitive business environment today. Thus the Ratio analysis of the Dairy is Satisfactory. 5. Financial problems persisted before and will always be there and if an cooperative milk producers union. Has to move on, it should prepare itself to tackle such challenges and maintain its sustainability. 6. The Rajkot Dairy takes some step to decrease the interest and other expenses. The project will guide to the management to interpret its weakness and problems. This will certainly help the management to taking financial decision. 7. However more efforts need to be taken to improve the financial position for the growth of the Rajkot Dairy. Jan. March, 2015 (56) Spacial Issue

68 ISSN References: 1. J.Gopu Special Feature of Danish Dairy Cooperative, cooperative persective,july- Sep.1999, P Annual Reports of Rajkot district cooperative milk producers` union Limited Rajkot Dairy from to Kothari C.R, Research Methodology, Viswa Prakashan Publications, New Delhi. 4. Chattaraj, Cost Effectiveness of Milk Production in Eastern India Indian Dairyman, Dec 2000 Vol 52(12), pp A.S. Kahlon, et.al. Relative Profitability of Dairy Enterprise vis-à-vis- Cultivation in Punjab, Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol XXX No 3, 1975, pp Dilip Shah, Co-Operative Liberalization in Dairy Industry in India, Jaipur. ABCD Publishers, Sancheti D.C and Kapoor V.K (2003) Statistics (Theory, Methods and Application), Sultan Chand & Sons: New Delhi. 8. Nightingale, R.W., The Modernization Decision in Indian Fuild Milk Markets, New York State College, Cornell International Agriculture Development Bulletin No 15, Cornell University, USA, www. Google. com. Spacial Issue (57) Jan. March., 2015

69 ISSN Thematic Concerns in the Select Short Stories of Ramnarayan Pathak Bhavesh C. Borisagar Introduction Ramnarayan Vishwanath Pathak ( ) is rightly deemed to be the forerunner in short story writing in Gujarati Literature. Like Gaurishankar Joshi, he is the milestone in the development of Gujarati short story. His stature as a critic, a poet, an essayist, a dramatist and a short story writer has grown manifold over the decades. Umashankar Joshi has aptly called him Sahitya Guru of the Gandhiyug. He taught poetry to Snehrashmi, Sundaram, Karsandas Manek and Nagindas Parekh. In the tradition of Gujarati literary criticism, Ramnarayan Pathak is an established critic along with Anandshankar Dhruv and Balvantray Thakore. He was appointed as the president of sixteenth Gujarati Sahitya Parishad. Pathak s career is the result of a fine confluence of the Saksharyug and the Gandhiyug. He has rendered historically significant service in the field of criticism, poetry, drama, metrics, editing, short story and translation as well. His prominent works include Pramanshashtra Praveshika (1922) Sahityavimarsh (1939) (literary criticism), Shesh na Kavyo (poetry,1938), Kulangar ane Biji Krutio (drama,1959), Dwiref ni Vato Bhag (short story,1928,1935,1942), Swairvihar Bhag 1-2-3(Essay,1931,1937), Kavyaprakash 1-6 (Translation,1924), Kavya parichay Bhag 1-2 (edited,1928). Ramnarayan Pathak is the pioneer short story writer in Gujarati Literature. He has carved a niche in the annals of the Gujarati Literature, particularly in the field of short story. His art of short story writing marks a new epoch in the evolution of short story in the history of Gujarati Literature. His contribution lies in the fact that he is the first to give right direction to the development of the short story form. Considering his contribution in the field of short story, Yashwant Shukla rightly considers him the highest peak of Gujarati short story. Thematic Concerns in the Select Short Stories of Pathak I have culled twenty short stories of Pathak from the three collections entitled Dwiref ni Vato for examining the stories thematically. The three collections manifest some groundbreaking ideas in Gujarati short story writing. With Pathak s advent, Gujarati short story made a distinct departure from the traditional themes of short story writing. Each short story deserves a special critical appreciation as each one has distinctive layer of theme in it. The Theme of Man Woman Relationship The subject matter of Pathak s majority of the stories is man woman relationship dealing with one or other aspect of it. The stories with man woman relationship are discussed in the first order. The beautiful picture of happy married life is depicted in the stories like Jaxini, Kanku and Kanaiya and Khemi. Jakshani is a characteristic story of Pathak. The story has its highest place in the humorous stories of Gujarati Literature. Rasiklal Parikh considers this story to be a beautiful picture of happy marriage life, whereas Gaganvihari Mehta finds it to be a mockery of child marriage and superstition. The whole story is divided into three parts. The first part is narrated by the wife. The second part is narrated by the husband. The third part is again narrated by the wife. It seems as if the three different scenes of a play Jan. March, 2015 (58) Spacial Issue

70 ISSN are enacted. The story is presented in narrative style. In the first part, at the outset, we find the intelligent and literary dialogues between the educated and civilized husbandwife that show their happy married life. Later, the wife informs her husband that they are to go to the friend s house for the treatment of his friend s wife. She would stay with her during the treatment as it is a woman s hospital. In the second part of the story, the lonely husband in the absence of his wife tolerates the situation while making fun of his condition. He has no other way out than to tolerate it. He tries to convey everything about his helpless state by creating a light atmosphere. He does accept that he does not like the absence of his wife. To put in his words, A separation from a wife for a short duration is not a great deal, but it numbs the heart and it nearly stops functioning. It feels the thorns being pushed into it and when we can t walk properly, people start laughing at us. (51) He goes to hotel for food. He makes arrangement of food of his pet bitch from the hotel also by convincing that Brahmin cook that there is Goddess in his house and she fulfils the desires of everyone. The Brahmin cook wants to make his short wife tall very quickly so he sends food to his place unaware of the fact that he is actually sending food for the bitch. But the storyteller does not want food free of cost so he pays for food by informing him that Goddess does not take meal free of cost. In the third part, the wife returns and cleans the house. She becomes totally untidy and his head and clothes get strewed with dust. She has kept the end of her sari around her neck. Somebody knocks at the door and there is the Brahmin cook who has come for the blessing of Goddess Jakshani! The Brahmin cook asks for the blessing for her wife. But the heroine of the story attempts to convince the cook that she is not Goddess. Her untied hair gives impression to the cook that she is no other than Goddess. The cook keeps praying for blessing for his wife. At the very moment, her husband enters into the house and gestures the cook to leave. He welcomes his wife by addressing her as Chandi, be happy! (56) This dramatic episode provokes a roar of laughter and entertains the readers thoroughly. The best part of the third section of the story is its dramatic end. The miracle of the last utterance Chandi, be happy! is so natural that it leads to great pleasure. The story, Kanku and Kanaiya, is written in continuation of the story Renkadi ma. At the end of the first story, Kanku and Kanaiya get married. The writer has depicted the life of the couple after their marriage in Kanku and Kanaiya. The story gives a beautiful picture of the charm of the first love and pleasant marriage life of Kanku and Kanaiya. The story also presents enmity and conspiracy between Narottam Sheth and his neighbour Keshavlal against the simplicity and honesty of the two village characters. They get good amount as a reward for honesty. Instead of spending the amount for useless things, they use it in digging a well in Kanaiya s native place. The description of this event manifests civility and nobility of the people of the lower strata of the society. Pathak has drawn such a beautiful word picture that gives a sign of a pleasant marriage life of the hero and the heroine at the end of the story: One hot day while breast-feeding the infant, Kanku fell asleep under the shade of a roadside tree on the cart, tired after the hard work of the day. Kanaiya lay on the land with a piece of cloth used as a pillow. When he awoke from his slumber, he saw that the sunshine was approaching Kanku s face. He moved the cart a bit and the shade covered her face. Some American tourists on a tour to India saw this sight and one of them made a note of something in the diary! (275) Spacial Issue (59) Jan. March., 2015

71 ISSN Khemi is the last and the best story of Pathak of the first part of the collection - Dwiref ni Vato. Khemi is a story of love. For many readers, its attraction is because it is a beautiful depiction of the life of a Bhangi, a person from Dalit community. It is a consequence of modern outlook. The opening of the story is very attractive. Dhaniyo and Khemi are sitting at the steps of the toilet. Khemi is helping Dhaniya to light bidi. Any painter would love to draw this scene. The relation or opposition of life and art is very typical. But this image is worth watching: Let me help you. said Khemi spreading the end of her sari with which she would cover her face. She went near Dhaniya and provided protection against the wind. Dhaniya could light his matchstick this time. The glow at the end of the bidi started glinting as he breathed in and out. Dhaniya stared at her wife s face - young, chubby, dark-complexioned, but bright, with sparkling eyes and wearing a nose ring. He forgot his bidi and was engrossed in the beauty of his newly married wife. Khemi was about to return to her earlier place after the bidi was lit when Dhaniya told her: I would die if you budge from this place. Don t be crazy; you are really mad. said Khemi and returned to her place. I swear by you, Khemi, you are very much dear to me. (114) The description of the intimate conversation between Dhaniya and Khemi, sitting at the steps of the toilet waiting for a square meal at Baniya s caste dinner party, is quite realistic. Khemi could not tolerate Dhaniya s insult by Baniya, an organizer of caste dinner party that led Dhaniya become dejected. She gave eight annas to Dhaniya for alcohol in spite of her being against it. Dhaniya got addicted to alcohol and beat Khemi. Khemi left Dhaniya and went to Nadiad. Her mother-in-law came to Nadiad and took Khemi back home. Dhaniya and Khemi had taken vows. Dhaniya again started addicted to alcohol in worry to collect amount for the vows and to pay other debts. Dhaniya died before he could fulfil vow. She fulfilled vow in seven years. She was free to marry but she was not willing to do so. Her reply to all the proposals was: I don t want to remarry at this age. (123) This strong determination of Khemi is a true characteristic of Aryan civilization. Though the end of the story is tragic, it is balanced. Even the people from lower strata of society can have nobility, generous character, cultured and loving personality like Khemi is well portrayed by Pathak. This story is written under the influence of Gandhiism during the time of Noncooperation. It is the influence of Gandhiism that the men of letters began depicting characters from Dalit society and Pathak has found the pearl called Khemi. There is no doubt that Khemi is considered to be one of the best heroines in Gujarati literature. Pathak has expressed a fine confluence of reality and sentiment of humanity and love inspired by Ghadhian outlook. Here we find caste discrimination and untouchability; social rituals, traditions and superstitions; and a new approach to exhibit courage to fight the social evils like addiction to alcohol, exploitation and bribery. Though the art of Pathak in this story sounds purposeful; it is balanced enough not to tend to be propagatory. The complexity of married life is revealed in the story The Most Fortunate Wife!. The story The Most Fortunate Wife! is a description of obsessive sexual desire of a man that makes the marriage life of a woman miserable and intolerable. The story touches the tragedy of a marriage life from a different perspective. The woman finds the tactile touch of a man disgusting after reaching at a certain age. At this age also the man remains engaged in sexual pleasure like a newly married man. He considers woman s body to be an instrument for sexual gratification. Pathak has observed the tragedy of this situation and depicts this aspect from a woman s point of view. The writer suggests that there is no difference in sexual instinct of a man whether he belongs to a higher Jan. March, 2015 (60) Spacial Issue

72 ISSN social stratum or lower social stratum. But in such a situation, the woman from higher social stratum has to suffer a lot. Pathak has delineated the life story of two couples in the story - Mallika and her husband Vinodray and Jivi and her husband Patel. Though Mallika is mature aged, she has maintained her beautiful figure. She is unhappier due to her husband s excessive sexual desire than she is not having a child. On the other side, Jivi has several children but Patel s sexual instinct is as strong as a young man. Consequently, she lives alone away from her husband s torture. The agony of the life of seemingly happy Mallika is such that she can neither share nor endure it. Unquestionably, the marriage life of both the women is happy from the perspective of husband s love. But the very love has become the reason for unhappiness. Both the wives find this lasciviousness unbearable at mature age. But Mallika is unhappier in them. Jivi can live alone leaving her husband but Mallika cannot do so. She has to suffer this bestial behaviour of her husband till the end of her life. When Vidonray s transfer takes place, Mallika goes to bid farewell to her friend. The thoughts of her friend are true for all: `How helpless we human beings are! There was no one who could help her out. The writer has shown the cruel irony of life in the end part of the story. After Vinodray s transfer, Mallika cuts her life short within a year. Some of the common friends come to Mallika s friend s place to remember her. Most of them had said: What a fair lady she was! How delicate! So fortunate! The moment we see her we think of the most fortunate woman. How can the most fortunate wife die? I was lost thinking about the words: The most fortunate wife!! (295) The best love story for which Ramnarayan Pathak has been awarded Motisinhji Mahida gold medal in 1943 for short story is Loss of Uttar Marg(1940). The story, Loss of Uttar Marg, set in medieval atmosphere, also talks about man woman relationship. The story is a considerable achievement of Pathak in describing vivid imagination of the rituals, a religious sect Uttar Marg and the atmosphere of distant past created out of it like The Last Dandakya Bhoj. The theme of the story is celibacy, difficulties in observing it and mutual love relationship between man and woman. The story speaks about the development of love between man and woman in unnatural atmosphere. The main characters of the story Harkant and Chandralekha have been chosen for the attainment of moksha observing the horoscope and chiromancy. They observe celibacy for seven years. Consequently, the sadhika Chandralekha will become an image of Jwalamukhi Devi and the sadhak will become the ninth accomplished man. They are suggested to observe celibacy. There is a difference between what is said to a person to do and one does something spontaneously. In the beginning, both can remain firm in observing celibacy. But as they approach accomplishment, they deviate from the path of Uttar Marg. When they are going to perform the last ritual at the rock of Jwalamukhi, the steamer is caught in a storm. At this moment, Harkant realises that death is approaching consequently he frees himself from social beliefs, religious rituals and embraces Chandralekha with love. Harkant kisses her several times with intensity stronger than that of the storm raging before them as if they were a husband and wife even in their previous lives. They accept mutual love instead of religious achievement. According to the religious rule book, the fallen sadhak will have to go out of the village and the sadhika has to live in the village away from the sadhak for lifetime. Since they cannot live together, they decide to die together by chewing some poisonous leaves. The end of the story may sound to be tragic but actually it becomes the story of victory of love. The story, The Last Dandakya Bhoj, set in ancient background, addresses some questions pertaining to man woman relationship. The story presents a fine chemistry of Spacial Issue (61) Jan. March., 2015

73 ISSN violent sexual impulse and sexually perverted behaviour of Dandakya Bhoj. Dhandakya Bhoj desires to have sexual pleasure with women but he does not want a son. In the last ten generations, a son has killed his father and has come to the throne. Consequently, Bhoj wishes to have sexual gratification without making any queen pregnant. On the contrary, his sexual passion gets stronger day by day but his sexual energy becomes weaker. He tries to gain his sex power with the help of different medicines. In the end of the story, the king molested the teenage Kalpi girl in fantasy. The king becomes the victim of the wrath of the Kalpis and meets his doom. To gratify one s sexual desires without caring others feelings leads to destruction. This is the central idea of the story. The writer has said in the preface of the collection that the result of the use of artificial methods of contraception is the central idea of the story. This aspect is seen though the point of view of women s unwillingness for sex. The perverted mind leads to disastrous result in life. The attitude of the writer in this story is to depict the innermost secrets of mind instead of the questions related to material world. The relations between man and woman are fragile. A slight misunderstanding or a surge of emotion can make life miserable. Aruna and Trivikram is such a story of misunderstanding. Both love each other. Society has also accepted the love between them. Seemingly, there isn t any obstacle that can make their future married life difficult. Despite, something unexpected takes place in their relationship. Both the lovers have decided to spend six months before the marriage away from each other with mutual understanding. Such separation makes love intense and meeting after the separation would become more enjoyable. But here such thing does not take place. Pathak has stated its reason in the story itself: It often happens that our genuine feelings hinder our understanding and keep hurting us. Our feelings at times flow without intellect and that too in the opposite direction. (402) Aruna grows more and more impatient as the marriage day approaches. In her letters, she starts doubting about Trivikram s love out of impatience. Finally, both decide to the extent of parting each other. But in the end, love wins against misunderstanding. Both marry happily. The Theme of Gandhiism and Non-Cooperation Movement The second major theme that runs through Pathak s stories is Gandhiism and Non co-operation movement. This theme is discussed in the stories like Two meetings, A Change of Heart and The Aim of Jagjivan with one or other aspect in it. The Two meetings is a story of the time of Non-cooperation movement. The story describes some life sketch of Vinayak in prison after his participation in Noncooperation movement. Vinayak, a graduate from Mumbai University, joins the freedom movement led by Gandhiji after his college education. He agrees to marry Diwali only to fulfil his mothers wish, albeit unwillingly. In the beginning, he almost behaves strangely with his illiterate wife and hardly talks with her. But when he comes to know that his wife has become an active volunteer in the freedom movement, his behaviour towards his wife changes completely. He gets attracted towards Diwali s courage, pride and love for country. On seeing Diwali as a developed personality, he becomes extremely happy and starts loving her. Thus, the story depicts the real atmosphere of the time of visit of the prisoners in jail. It also gives minute and real picture of the emotions of Vinayak s mother of the time of Non-cooperation movement. The story, A Change of Heart, represents the reference of 1930 s fight and the social context of Non-cooperation and Satyagraha movement led by Gandhiji. A Christian couple from Mumbai comes to live in a village where they have purchased land. The land basically belonged to a farmer which was seized from him during the fight of Satyagraha movement. The people of the whole village turn against this Christian Jan. March, 2015 (62) Spacial Issue

74 ISSN couple. When Fonseka s wife Jenny becomes pregnant, both are worried about her delivery. At this critical moment, the villagers help them to manage for her easy delivery. This incident greatly affects them and changes Fonseka s heart. This sympathetic treatment of villagers leads Fonseka to leave the place and returns the land. Such a change of heart becomes a fine example of triumph of feeling of love and virtue of non-violence. The hidden goodness in human beings comes out at any moment if they are treated with kindness. This is the secret of the story. This secret has been well stated by the writer himself in the end part of the story: They have given their land to the people and a trust has been set up that has helped Abdul to run a `Delivery Home. He is joined by a doctor, a specialist in delivery. They also provide Childbirth education and the women of the sub-district benefit from that. (139) The Aim of Jagjivan shows a great influence of Gandhiji on Jagjivan, the central character of the story. Jagjivan is a staunch follower of Gandhiji and his principle of celibacy. Vanravandas daughter Saraswati is sent for some change of climate to Jagjivan s place recommended by Gandhiji. Jagjivan remains fully alert. He never meets Saraswati alone. The way it is shown in the story that Jagjivan remains alert itself suggests that his mind is occupied with sexual passions and can result into physical relationship anytime. It shows the influence of the force of sexual attraction. When he feels that he can refrain himself from passions, Saraswati becomes pregnant as a result of her relation with Ratilal Zaveri. Now the only way out left in such a difficult situation is that Jagjivan and Saraswati should marry. Gandhiji also advised the same. In a conversation with Gandhiji, it becomes clear that Jagjivan s mind is victimized by sexual attraction. Finally, Gandhiji gives consent to Saraswati to marry Jagjivan. He also draws Saraswati s attention that Jagjivan did not get ready to marry you when you were really in a tight corner. After listening this, Saraswati drops the idea of marrying Jagjivan instantly and decides to stay with Gandhiji in the ashram. The central idea of the story is not about the moral relationship between man and woman but about the hasty decision of observing celibacy. It is true that every human being is possessed with sexual passion and its suppression is almost impossible. Generally, when such ideals are imposed on a person from outside, a person meets one s doom at any time. Secondly, when a person has high aim, he feels proud of it and starts considering himself superior. Such ego leads the person to destruction. Thus, Pathak signals at the blind following of the aim taken without thoughtful consideration or deep sincerity in this story. The Theme of Generation Gap The theme of generation gap is best discussed in Mukundray. Mukundray is considered to be one of the classic tragic stories in the entire Gujarati literature. It is a memorable story of Pathak. It is a struggle between the old and the new generation. That is not the only central theme of the story. Naturally, there is a difference between the outlook of the traditional Raghnath Bhatt and the modern Mukund. It is but natural that when two generations are not ready to understand each other s outlook, they result in struggle. But the struggle in this story is not because of the misunderstanding in outlook. This struggle is one sided. This makes the story more tragic. The story that opens with the realistic depiction of the ancient temple, banyan tree and cattle at the outskirts of Ravaiya village begins with a letter to Raghnath Bhatt. A letter is believed to be inauspicious and frightening in village. The letter announces arrival of Mukundray. Mukund returns home with his college friends. The welcoming hospitality, loving and affectionate behaviour of the old father and widow sister for Spacial Issue (63) Jan. March., 2015

75 ISSN Mukund is responded with neglect and disdain by Mukund. He behaves very rudely with his old father and his sister. Pathak has very artistically drawn how the college education of city alienated Mukund from his native, home and family and made him pretending false richness. Finally, when he goes to wish adieu to his friends, he also leaves with his friends. The father comes to know from this incident that `He is no longer ours. He is lost. (69) And at the same time, the tongaman replies in confirmation that `Mukund has gone with his friends. (69).This incident shocks Raghnath, makes him unhappy and dumb. Finally, he very excellently expresses his rage in these words, `it is better to have no son than to have such son. (70) Some other storyteller might have ended the story here. Even Pathak also could have ended the story here. But in order to make the story even more tragic, Pathak has formed the second part of the story. The story within the story in the end of the story doubles agony. The pent-up agony of Raghnath led him to tell the story of the temples of Kumbhariya built by the king Vimalsha. Once Vimalsha, a devotee of goddess Ambaji, was going to her temple, he came across a big well with the steps on his way. He went in to drink to satisfy his thrust. A man belonging to Vanzara community was sitting on the steps. He asked for some money for water. He went to goddess Ambaji. The goddess appeared to him and told him to ask whatever he wanted. Vimalsha replied that he must not have any descendant. The old father finishes the story and is lost in the silence. The way the old father becomes silent with the last sentence of the story of Vimalsha, Ganga, her widow daughter, too becomes silent. The end of the story with a sentence a deadly silence pervades the entire house (70) greatly shocks the readers and grieves them deeply. It has lasting effect in the minds of the readers. Pathak showed to Gujarat that the story could be the most tragic even without the death of a character which was hitherto unknown to the readers of Joshi. The Theme of Delineation of Psychological Aspect The delineation of psychological aspect is a valuable contribution to the short story writing in Gujarati. This aspect is discussed in the stories like Transmigration, Kapilray, and Kodar. In Transmigration, Pathak has introduced a completely new setting. The story is an entertaining experiment of an animal behaviour. Ordinarily, a dog, a cat or other animals become a part of human life in such stories. On the contrary, the hero in this story becomes a dog and lives a life of a dog in a dream. Pathak has presented his minute observation about dog s behaviour in this story. The daily routine, nature, passions of the dog is described like a story. Pathak has delineated dog s sense of possessiveness, faithfulness and sexual life with reference to the dogs of Bhat colony and Pandya colony. Several questions are raised in the mind of the hero of the story: The dogs often keep barking at one another with a particular sound all night. They are not fighting with anyone. A lonely dog keeps barking in a droning sound with its neck stretched upward. It will move around three four times before it settles himself on a place. It urinates at its boundary or near a wall or a poll raising one leg. I wondered why they did that. It is natural the way the hero of the story feels curiosity we also sometimes feel such curiosity in our mind. This curiosity has made Pathak to pen such an imaginative and interesting story. Kapilray is a unique story of Pathak among his other stories. A man of very common writing skill suffering from megalomania cherishes great ambitions and eventually becomes unconscious and goes mad. This depiction is done in a very light tone in the story. The storyteller has started the story with asylum and employed flash back technique which makes opening of the story striking. The story seems to be a tragedy of Jan. March, 2015 (64) Spacial Issue

76 ISSN noms de plume. It is actually a story of mental analysis of mad. It is a story of a Gujarati youth who is highly ambitious of achieving fame in the field of literature. The humour in the story is based on the exaggerated depiction of whim or weakness of Kapilray. Kapilray is a youth desirous of a position of a poet. But he is not having the least poetic sensibility. He believes that a poet must have a nom de plume. He employs a new pen-name for every new literary creation. To the extent, he uses different pen-names even in the application to transfer the ownership of the father s farms to his name. And he never repeats the pen-name that is used once. It was his firm belief that if the rhyme scheme is matched, a poem can be composed. It was his belief that government does not allow literature to flourish. So he decided to teach a lesson to government with the help of literature. It was his firm belief that like Tagore s poetry, his poetry also deserved Nobel Prize. He has planned possible pen-names for the literary creations that he would compose in future. Thus, though the story is full of laughter, it is tinged with sadness. The writer has done subtle analysis of the reasons behind megalomania of the mad person. The analysis of the mad person s mind attracts special attention of readers of the story. Kodar beautifully personifies the changed outlook of Pathak. An advocate Parmananddas, his son Shantilal, Shantilal s wife Malti and a servant Kodar, almost like a family member, are characters in this story. The story develops around the character of Kodar. He is the main character of the story. The character of Kodar belongs to the lower stratum of the society like Khemi. But he is noble and sincere. After the death of the advocate Parmananddas, Kodar takes care of Shantilal like a mother. Kodar s excessive care for Shantilal and his rigid attitude to do all works of his master himself often disappoint the newly wedded and enthusiastic wife who wishes to do everything for her husband. Shantilal understands the feeling and unhappiness of his wife. He has also realized that Kodar will not change his extremely rigid attitude. On the other side, Malti, unaware of prior experience of the family, cannot understand Kodar s mind. Kodar does not think anything about this situation as he finds his behaviour very much natural. In this way, though all the three characters of the story are innocent on their own way, a tragic situation takes place in this family. The writer has done a psychological analysis of all the three characters keeping in mind the small occasions that arise in a house of a happy middle class family. Kodar and Malti have deep affection for Shantilal but none of them understand his inner confusion. The tragedy of the story is that though the three characters are good, their lack of empathy makes them unhappy. The atmosphere of home becomes tense to the extent that Kodar has to leave the home. Pathak could have ended the story with the death of Kodar. But Pathak s changed attitude inspires him for the happy ending of the story instead of tragic end. The death of Kodar brings the couple closer instead of causing dispute between them. Malti understands Kodar now and repents. Both take care of Kodar a lot yet he dies. After one and half years later of Kodar s death, Malti gives birth to a baby boy. At this moment, she is inspired to name her child beginning with `K. This is a clear indication of her repentance. This moment is a transformation of tragic into happiness. The Theme of Rituals and Superstitions The rituals and superstitions prevalent in Indian society is well described in the stories like A True Story or An insight into the dark corner of the Hindu society and The Secret of Success in Government Job. A True Story or An insight into the dark corner of the Hindu society is written in a conversation form. The story is told from the viewpoint of the officers of the place where Spacial Issue (65) Jan. March., 2015

77 ISSN Pathak used to practice Law i.e. in Ahmedabad and Sadra so that sentimentalism cannot creep into the story. The inspector from Department of Explosive powder Mr. Pestanji, police inspector Mr.Sendha, lustful Mr. Bhinde and the storyteller Mr.Keshavlal, an education inspector, get together in a compartment in a train. The story is told in order to idle away tedious journey time. Before the story begins, Mr.Bhinde informs that woman should figure in the story. In the story, Mr. Keshavlal, who has been appointed as an assessor, presents a complete report of the murder case like a commentary. The atmosphere of the court emerges with complete reality. All inspectors discuss and question in a train compartment and the dispute is going on in the court. The passenger inspectors comment on the points of the case. In this way, the story continues. The character sketch of each officer is drawn in the course of conversation. Though it is incidental, it is a reason for the attraction of the story as well. Mr. Keshavlal ends the story, and the whole story seems to be so much improbable that each one of them believes it to be untrue. In the meanwhile, a woman, sitting at the far end of the same compartment covering her face, speaks it is right. The woman is Hari. She is returning from Andaman. The end of the story is very dramatic. The story also reveals the theme of woman trafficking and the crimes related to it. Thus, the story throws a light on the dark corner of the society. Pathak brings a kind of theme which seems to be improbable apparently which in reality is probable. The story which talks about rituals of Indian society is The Secret of Success in Government Job. It is a fine instance of Pathak s art of dialogue writing. The protagonist narrates his tragic tale in a dramatic monologue like a farcical Sanskrit drama Bhaan. He presents the same type of humour that we see in Don Quixote and Bhadram Bhadram. The great source of humour for the readers of the story is the exaggerated depiction of a woman who literary tries to follow the old medieval rituals of Sati life in the present time stupidly. In this way, the rituals prevalent in the present society are mocked at and suggested to be removed from the society. But the speciality of the story is that she makes her husband, a government servant, to feel tragic. Thus, this is a character centred story that offers a fine combination of comic and tragic experience. The hero of the story spends a great amount of time in the government office instead of his home. The reason is not that he is very sincere to his work but he is in a tight corner as the woman with whom he is married is bound by the traditional rituals of Sati life and he wants to save himself from her torture. This type of depiction makes the story psychological along with humorous. The hero of the story presents his mental state gradually. The speciality of the story is that though the story is told in a light mood, it is tinged with the tragic element in it. This story is a fine example of Pathak s successful experiment of the portrayal of tragic and humorous elements, good character sketch, psychological aspect and dramatic monologue in the story. The Theme of Vice Leading to Destruction The theme of ego, suspicion, envy and man s greed for fame leading to death is addressed in the stories like Flood of Jamuna, Surdas, Two Brothers and The Memorial Pillars of the Crow respectively. The story Flood of Jamuna was penned in 1922 and it was published in This story has attracted attention of four to five generations of critics beginning with Rasiklal Parikh and Kaka Kalelkar. The present story is not a story; it is a lyric. The form is of a short story but the description runs like a poem. The story runs at two levels literal and metaphorical. At literal level, we find that a woman comes on the shore of the river Jamuna to float her lamp in Jamuna and makes efforts to sustain it for farthest place and longer Jan. March, 2015 (66) Spacial Issue

78 ISSN time but in the course she meets her death accidentally in her craziness to see how farther her lamp moves. At metaphorical level, it is a story of death of ego. The river Jamuna saves Lord Krishna, tortoises, fish and the lamps of faith and even drawn many evils of world in her flow simply because they did not have ego whereas the woman was egoist. Her ego is clearly visible when she thinks that My lamp will go farthest and astonish all! (19) But her very desire did not get fulfilled because of her ego. Human beings ego leads them towards destruction and ultimately meets death in the flood of this mortal world. This is the aim of the flood of world in the story. And this is very artistically and symbolically narrated by Ramnarayan Pathak. The second interpretation is the flood means the flood of world and the lamp stands for the good deeds of human beings. Their good deeds always speak for them. Though a human being dies, his good deeds always survive. This story presents an interpretation similar to Ravindranath Tagore s poem Sonar Tari. Thus, Flood of Jamuna is undoubtedly one of the finest stories. The feeling of suspicion is expressed in Surdas. The story is a delineation of complexity of human mind and the way suspicion leads to destruction in life. Rampyari and a foreigner sarangi player come into contact with Surdas. Surdas, the foreigner and Rampyari sing and play musical instruments and make their living. The envious Surdas is not able to make out that there is no place of marital relation in Rampyari s life. Had Surdas not been blind, he could have understood the matter looking the foreigner at first sight that there is no point in believing that Rampyari loves the foreigner. Surdas is not able to judge the real situation due to his extreme envy, suspicion and blindness. Even in Rampyari s death song he finds that they are preparing to run away. Consequently, Surdas murders Rampyari with a stick in a rage. When Surdas comes into contact with Rampyari and the foreigner, the reader feels that now Surdas will be happy and can lead his life peacefully. On the contrary, his extreme envy makes his life even more painful. The reasons given by the writer in order to arouse Surdas envy are natural and rational. Rampyari meets her death by the blow of stick on the head by Surdas. This incident seems to be designed as the end of the story. Thus, Pathak points out the complexity of life in this story. Two Brothers is a story of disastrous result of envy lying in human being. Jivaram and Rajaram are brothers. Jivaram is envious of his brother. He never wishes good for his brother. The selfish and jealous Jivaram cannot tolerate when his younger brother gets higher salary and leads a happy life in city. He even creates problems for Rajaram. Rajaram sends his son Mohan to Jivaram s place once. On the way to Jivaram s place from the station, Mohan falls into the marsh. He meets his death instantly. Jivaram s son Jayanti, who has gone to the station to bring him, only knows the fact about the entire incident. But he can not disclose this incident to anyone. The clever Jivaram comes to know the crux of the matter and talks as if Rajaram himself is responsible for the whole incident. Finally, Jivaram s son Jayant suffers mental agony and dies after this incident. Consequently Jivaram and his wife also pass away. The slight twinge of envy leads them to meet their doom. The Memorial Pillars of the Crow is a story of man s greed for fame and the cruel and indifferent course of Nature. Shadanan Purohit, the favourite priest of the king, writes a eulogy for the king. He selects the place for the memorial pillar which is right in front of the house of his enemy Madhusudan Purohit, a priest. But in the course of time, when the other king comes, he destroys everything set up by the previous king. He discontinues the service of Shadanan and appoints Madhusudan Purohit as a priest. In addition to it, the new king permits Madhusudan to install a stone inscription criticising Spacial Issue (67) Jan. March., 2015

79 ISSN Shadanan along with the previous king in front of the first memorial. But the story does not end here. After many years, one morning a foreigner enters the kingdom with the enemy army plundering the villages and farms and creating fear among all on the way. He shoots a crow, orders to arrange a beam upon the two pillars and hangs the dead crow in the middle of the beam. This place is titled as The Pillars of the Crow after this incident. The memorial pillars and its history have been forgotten and the evidences have become the subject of research for archaeologists. One finds the same interest as one is reading a folklore. The irony at the end of the story makes the meaning of the story even more prominent. An irony is done on our research and archaeology knowingly or unknowingly in the last incident of research. Thus, the stories from the three parts of Dwiref ni Vato encompasses a wide range of themes like man woman relationship, happy marriage life, complexity of marriage life, Gandhiism and Non-cooperation movement, death of ego, envy, psychological description of human nature, greed for fame, generation gap, obstinacy for following old customs and portrayal of sexual relationship. The description of the speciality of human nature shows Pathak s depth of understanding about human psyche. Variety of subjects and innovative experimentation are significant characteristics of Pathak s stories. Thus, the short stories of Pathak are a true portrayal of mystery of life with the help of least number of characters, events and words. References Gandhi C.H. Gujaratna Nav Navlikakaro. Jambusar: C.H.Gandhi, Print. Joshi, Umashankar, Anantry Raval and Yashwant Shukla eds. Gujarati Sahityano Itihaas vol.4.ahmedabad: Gujarat Sahitya Parishad, Print. Kalani, Kantilal L. Ramnarayan V. Pathak: Vangmaya Pratibha. Ahmedabad: Gurjar Grantharatna Karyalaya, Print. Mehta, Jayant. Tunkivarta: Ek Darshan. Ahmedabad: Gurjar Grantharatna Karyalaya, Print. Modi, Navin. Arvachin Gujarati TunkiVarta. Ahmedabad: Shabdalok Prakashan, Print. Patel, Behecharbhai. The Modern Gujarati Literature: A History. Ahmedabad: NavBharat Sahitya Mandir, Print. Pathak, Hira, et al., eds. Ramnarayan V. Pathak Granthavali Gandhinagar: Gujarat Sahitya Akademi, Print. Pathak, Jayant, Ramnarayan V. Pathak: Writer and Critic. Ahmedabad: Adarsh Prakashan, Print. Pathak, Jayant and Ramesh Shukla. Tunkivarta: Swarup ane Sahitya. Surat: Popular Prakashan, Print. Thaker, Dhirubhai. Arvachin Gujarati Sahityani Vikasrekha: 4. Ahmedabad: Gurjar Grantharatna Karyalaya, Print. Trivedi, Ramesh. History of Modern Gujarati Literature. Ahmedabad: Adarsh Prakashan, Print. Jan. March, 2015 (68) Spacial Issue

80 ISSN The Concept of Motherhood in Toni Morrison s Novels Mukesh Kumar Bairva Morrison sees motherhood as all-fulfilling, all inclusive and subversive of the white-middle-class notion of motherhood. The following lines from Toni Morrison s Beloved, hint at how the concept of motherhood is treated in Toni Morrison s works. Beloved You are my sister You are my daughter You are my face; you are me I have found you again; you have come back to me. You are mine... I have your milk I have your smile I will take care of you Here motherhood is not viewed as a weakness or making women vulnerable. Rather, motherhood bestows upon women the resisting power and strength to survive in a patriarchal world and the society which is predicated upon dichotomies and binary oppositions. But before discussing the concept of motherhood at length in Toni Morrison works, it seems quite pertinent to detail how the concept of motherhood is treated in the realm of feminist theories, and various cross cultural perspectives on this significant issue. Motherhood is of immense importance in contemporary women s literature, the unwritten story just starting to be narrated as a consequence of women s struggles all that they can be. Since a woman, not a man, can be a mother that experience should be hers to relate; since we all come from mothers. It is very sad that such a story remains secondary in world literature. The primacy of motherhood is the one value that all societies share, whatever the differences. So, motherhood is a universal experience and a world-wide institution In Of Women Born Adrienne Rich underscores the historical reality that while motherhood is the experience of women, the institution of motherhood stays under male-control. The irony lies in the fact that such an experience which is so central and unique to women, is interpreted for them by men through myth, religion, science, politics and economics. What happens to these interpretations when women begin to express their views and articulate their experience of motherhood and construe it according to their own perspectives. How does this shift in point of view, in perspective, affect our understanding not only of the experience but of the institution too? How does it help them in Barbara Christian s opinion, to understand their position as women in our respective societies? The concept of motherhood occupies an important place in the philosophy of Afro-American people. This theme has never been ignored rather it is connected to the historical processes, within which these people are well embedded, a process that is a fusion of tradition, enslavement, and the struggle for their people s freedom. No doubt Africa is a large land mass with a long and complex history. The concept of motherhood pervades all African religion, philosophies and ways of life. Diop, the Spacial Issue (69) Jan. March., 2015

81 ISSN African philosopher, stresses the pedestalization of the prehistoric Mother goddess in Africa for most African peoples motherhood is symbolic of creativity and continuity. Thus, the mother-figure is highly respected in African societies. It is buttressed by myth, custom and religion. African women get some practical benefit for being mothers by having children, especially sons, who would become warriors and heads of household, a woman contributes tremendously to the to the community s continuity but also to her well being, as she will be taken care of and revered by them in old age. The value given to sons however indicates the ambivalent status of women. Daughters are not as valued because their only destiny is to become mothers, a role essential to society, but its sole requirement for survival. In having her identity defined as mothers, the woman s life is preordained, being a woman, that is a mother, implies that she must play a subordinate role in society. Marriage and motherhood are regarded as significant events in her life. Whatever a women s skills, desires or talents she was prescribed by nature and her society to prioritize motherhood over other things. The African women's contribution to the needs of her household (particularly in the pre-colonial era) was indispensable and, her status of mother and wife was higher than that of her European counterpart whose centrality in production was fast undermined by Europe s Industrial revolution.? Motherhood is so critical to our traditional societies that a childless woman is regarded as the most unfortunate person. The barren African woman is deemed as an incomplete woman. Colonialism affected traditional status of women in such a big way that African women lost the benefit that accompanied her traditional status. The Europeans imposed their own system of gender constraints. The African woman was relegated in increasingly into private sphere as a result of this she lost access to economic independence she had the privilege of under the traditional system. Emecheta s Joys of Motherhood according to Barbana Christian, to some extent, depicts the loss of this status while opposing the limits of freedom for mothers in the traditional sphere. The centrality of motherhood in Afro-American culture quite possibly has its roots in African culture. Thus, an Afro-American child s sense of s selfimage & security cannot be achieved in Anglo-American society. A positive self can or must come from his/her own community! Natal family, self-concept from the mother, for instance, Milkman in Song of Solomon becomes able to get his identity from his own community Shalimar, through a mother figure-pilate who in this novel, is a quintessentially typical African woman. Her figure offers a stark contrast to the traditional European motherly figure. She is a dominating and strong woman. She has a mysterious figure and magical powers. She does not have a navel. She is impervious to the influences of decadent bourgeois American society. Her ways, customs and life-style are essentially African. She becomes instrumental in preserving and continuing her community. She narrates tales to Milkman which assist him in locating his origins and unraveling the myth of flying Africans The epigraph The fathers may soar and the children may know their names highlights the fact that motherhood is an extremely important and indispensable concept in African society. Actually, it is the mother who exposes children to the history of their community after the fathers pass away. Mothers play a vital role in moulding and shaping their children personality. She offers the trajectory that a child has to follow to attain wholeness and complete personality. Interestingly, Pilate performs this role in an excellent way. She is that archetypal African mother who knows how to unite, strengthen and preserve one s community. She is aware of as to how to survive in a hostile, inconducive, racist, sexist and patriarchal society. She possesses those skills to struggle and fight back. On the contrary, the concept of strength, a womanly attribute in African Jan. March, 2015 (70) Spacial Issue

82 ISSN life, is invested in American society with unfeminine connotations. Afro-American mother is described as strong and is punished for being so. The fact that the Afro- American mother is seen as having huge reproductive powers that s why from the outset of the 20 th century, the Afro-American birth rate has been viewed as a problem to be kept a tab on. As early as the eighteenth century Benjamin Franklin was afraid of the fact that the presence of large numbers of Afro-Americans might jeopardize the character of American settlements as white colonies. The settlers, however, needed Afro- American labor in order to reap their high profits. Confronted with the growing European resistance to the slave trade and recognizing the importance of American born slaves, the settlers framed and enforced laws that prohibited intermarriage and clearly categorized the Afro-American woman as the bearer of slaves, while the white women was entrusted with the responsibility of race purity.the planters looked at the Afro-American motherhood as a necessity in the continuation of the American economy, an essential part of which was slavery. Therefore, it can be said that Afro-American motherhood is a powerful concept. Interestingly enough, Morrison s novels corroborate this statement. Her novels portray the non-liner African-American socio historical reality, fragmented by historical past of disconnection and ruptures. She talks about the victimization of black people in a racist social order. But the overriding theme of her novels is the sense of identity of a black person struggling to discover his/her history and culture which so far had been suppressed and marginalized by white cultural hegemony. Beloved can be regarded as a spiritual manifestation of history. She is the embodiment of a large number of dead and enslaved Africans, who has come back to reclaim her space and haunts us throughout the narrative with her enigmatic personality According to Bharati A Parikh, Morrison posits mother as a Negro- archetypalcum-ancestral concept who slaved and slugged whole heartedly and emerged as an unchurched' preacher valorizing the invaluableness of the heart and soul in the mother, and no civilization can divest them of this quality howsoever exploitative it might be. Quite interestingly, such was the sterner stuff Sethe was made of. Sethe epitomizes the archetypal Negro woman who suffered, toiled, slaved and sacrificed immeasurably for the race.. Beloved is an adjective and everybody uses it. However, in the novel Beloved (1987), Morrison once again points out the essence in naming the lost, murdered daughter of Sethe, the slave woman of iron eyes and backbone to match. In Bharati Parikh s view, apart from individual well-being and sense of identity, Morrison is preoccupied with the community, which needs to support the individual in a society where survival of women was so difficult as in The Bluest Eye, Sula or even in Song of Solomon Thus, Beloved Morrison demonstrates the redemption of the house, the origins of community, and the integration of the individual within the community s selfsustaining body. The two figures of mother in the novel Beloved engage our attention: Baby Suggs who celebrates Sethe s union with the family along with her grand children. Morrison is profoundly interested in the strength of Blacks. Baby Suggs had been a beacon of light to the entire community at the time 124 had been a cheerful, buzzing house where Baby Suggs, holys loved, cautioned, fed, chastised and soothed (87). She is just like Pilate whose all endeavors are aimed at unifying and strengthening her community. She advises Sethe that one should not give a damn to what the world thinks of one, rather listen to the body and love it.there is no denying the fact that Baby Spacial Issue (71) Jan. March., 2015

83 ISSN Suggs propounds a strong philosophy which is primarily a life sustaining force and is born out of lived experience in an exploitative, oppressive and racist society. It is ennobling that she has got a comprehensive and deep understanding of travels and migration of the Blacks, just on the basis of her experiences. She was greatly respected and much-sought-after among her people. After emancipation she rediscovers herself and encourages others to do the same. Thus Baby Suggs attains becoming from the state of being. Becoming, philosophically speaking, is a humanizing process. 11cr kind-heartedness can be described thus: Accepting no title of honour before her name, but allowing a small bases a flew it, she become an unchurched preacher one who visited pulpits and opened her great heart to those who could use it. (37) Therefore, one can see that the nurturing quality in Baby Suggs is symbolically described What she has learnt and teaches to all her people is love your heart she asked all her people to love their own selves because the whites don t lope them, in parts or whole She says. You have got to love it this is the flesh I m talking about here. Flesh that needs to Se loved.. Feel that need to rest and dance; backs that need support shoulders that need arms, strong arms I m telling you. And my people, so love your neck, put a hand on it, grace it, stroke and hold it up (88-89) It is quite evident that she addresses the entire black community here, and her plea is replete with compassion for her brethren. When Sethe joins her, Baby Suggs consoles her lot she tells her to brush aside all her misery, sorrow and shock of losing her husband Halle aside. Nine years ago, Baby Suggs, soothed her by pressing fingers and the quiet instructive voice So, a sort of defence and survival mechanism was developed among black women to help each-other. One can notice the centrality of motherhood in human life. It works as a unifying force. It gives rise to female-bonding, which in return helps them to resist the onslaughts of this patriarchal society. Boby Suggs as a mother figure instructs her daughter-in-law, Sethe as to how to survive in this male-dominated society. Likewise Sethe guides and teaches her daughters Denver and Beloved as to how to survive. It reminds us of sisterhood in Audre Lorde s Zami Audre Lorde s mother gives her tips as to how struggle successfully in a racist society for survival. One cannot afford to overlook the sacrifices that she makes and hand- attempts she makes in order to toughen up their daughter s soul and body she exhorts her daughters to be in a group signifying unity, strength and sisterhood. Similarly, in Morrison s Beloved Sethe possesses the same power, strengths and vigour. She is a very powerful and flamboyant character. Extreme level of exploitation has not enervated and dented her confidence. She as a mother figure departs from the traditional, stereotypical and white European middle-class notion of motherhood. She stoops to the extent of murdering her daughter, but not allowing her to be driven into prostitution. She has undergone all the pangs of being in the hands of the planters and settlers. She answer I took and put my babies where they would he safe It is not my job to know what s worse It is my job to know what is and to keep them away from what I know is terrible. I did that. But A fully dressed women walked out of the water that is Beloved who turns out to be a source of happiness and a redemptive force. Water can be seen as a purifying force, life-giving, all-connecting and unifying force. Water and women are intimately linked, for instance, milk and menstruation. Now Sethe promises: Jan. March, 2015 (72) Spacial Issue

84 ISSN I ll tend her as no mother ever tended a child, a daughter nobody will ever get my milk no more except my own children. I never had to give it to nobody else- and the one time I did it was took from me-they held mc down and took it Milk that belonged to my body. Her union with her daughter Beloved provides her a sense of completeness and wholeness. It can be said that Toni Morrison does not see motherhood as existing In isolation As a matter of fact, it is an integral component of historical, cultural and political process. Naoko Sugiyama in her essay Postmodern Motherhood and Ethnicity: Maternal Discourse in late 20th century, America, argues that works of Toni Morrison. Alice Walker. Asian American such as Amy Tan, Native Americans such as Leslie Silko and Louis Erdrich express their lived experience and embody the fragmented and decentred self and often ascribe to white male postmodern theorists and creative writers. In fact fictional works by women of colour, and especially their fictional representation of motherhood, can even be seen as the most ambitious and representative examples of Postmodern American literature in the last - two decades. The important questions that are raised are: what is the relationship between motherhood and creativity? What kind of mechanism is operating when a mother writes and speaks on a subject? As has already been pointed out that in Africa motherhood is an embodiment of continuity and creativity. Feminist scholarship on mother figures and maternal discourse has been influenced by Freudian Psychoanalytic theory while shifting the focus of attention from the Oedipal father-child relationship. Adrienne Rich in her Of Women Born Motherhood as Institution and Experience and other essays has stressed the importance of mother-daughter relationships as the prototype of women-to-women nurturing and affectionate relationships, and thus the source of female creativity. French feminists such as Kristeva. Helene Cixous and Luce Irigaray too underline the importance of the pre-oedipal child relationship. It is quite pertinent to point out that even Morrision s Beloved and Jazz highlight mother-daughter relationship as nurturing and capable of providing a sense of wholeness. For example in Jazz, True Belle, Rose Dear s, mother and Violet Trace s grandmother, shares the stories of Golden Gray as she puts her daughter s life back together. One can discern that True Belle, Rose Dear and Violet Trace (Grandmother, mother and daughter) share a cordial relationship which is based upon harmony, mutual understanding and support. In other words, they share a deep bond. Violet is a fifty-year-old black woman who is skinny and emotionally unstable. The stresses of Harlem are wearing violet down. The only source of solace is her memory of her mother and grand mother (Rose Dear and True Belle). In addition, when debt collectors emptied Rose Dear s house, True Belle left her job in Baltimore and reached to take charge and over. But four years later, presuming that her children were in good hands, Rose Dear committed suicide by jumping into a well. Owning to the absence of history and memory, characters in Jazz are completely dislocated and fragmented. It underscores the importance of motherhood and parenthood. Joe Trace never knew his parent and his 'orphanhood' is defined by his trace of memory, he continues to struggle with his memory. He feels so desperate to know about his mother that he starts believing that the mentally retarded woman may be his mother. Therefore, no one can deny the centrality of motherhood in Afro- American culture. Julia Kristeva presents the maternal as the source of poetic language and subversive power. Marianne Hirsch in her essay Mother/Daughter Plot: Narrative, Pschoanalysis Spacial Issue (73) Jan. March., 2015

85 ISSN and Feminism questions why mothers stories (such as Oedipus mother Jocastas) arc seldom narrated from mother s point of view. Hirsch points out that women, included feminists, tend to speak and write as daughters more than they do as mothers. She argues that mother s voices in literature such as Toni Morrison s Beloved and Alice Walker s Everyday Use, should he heard more carefully in order to get liberation from the Freudian Framework and from the binary pattern of attachment and domination in human relationships; Her critique of daughter-child centric psychoanalytic theory and her urge to go beyond that framework and to take historical and political aspects into consideration are shared by many contemporary feminist theorists and literary critics. Attention is paid to the possibility that technological changes in reproductive practices, which have made artificial insemination, surrogate motherhood, and even cloning possible, may alter the discourse of gender and the discourse of motherhood in particular. While most of the feminists appear to reject Shulamith Firestone s theory that technological reproduction could be instrumental in gender equality by liberating women from the burden of pregnancy and birthing. Not only is the maternal voice fragmented in many cases, but also it displays the variety of what once had been regarded as a monolithic identity. The maternal voice is over decided by not only the woman s relationship with the baby s father, but also by her race, ethnicity, class and often nationality.one can raise the question: what do we find in maternal discourse by women who are neither white nor middle-class. Now it seems imperative to pose the question: what is a maternal discourse? Maternal discourse can be defined as a narrative about a mother written from a mother s point of view. This makes it possible to stop a variety of maternal realities including such acts as abuse and desertion, without falling hack back monolithic condemnation of less than ideal mothers as morally bad or psychologically sick. The fact that maternal behaviour may be over determined by cultural, historical and political factors along with the subject s psychological inclinations and personal traits, powerfully portray the fragmentation and decentredness of today s society. Secondly, maternal discourse refers to a narrative that unifies fragmented and decentred small narratives parts into a larger whole. The way maternal subject is disintegrated nevertheless embodies agency, maternal discourse can be seen as a narrative strategy that unifies fragmented aspects of reality into a whole larger picture without overlooking or suppressing them into a larger master narrative. Interestingly, Morrison presents an alternative to a straightforward linear patriarchal narrative in Song of Solomon, Jazz and Beloved In conclusion, it can be said that the, concept of motherhood in Toni Morrison s works is a part of maternal discourse. Over and above this, it is very pertinent and tempting to refer to a case concerning motherhood which was published in The Times of India on Saturday, 9 th July, The report says: Malini Das gave birth to a hermaphrodite. She wants to bring up her child normally, but the eunuch Community is bent upon bringing a new entrant into its fold. Neither a he nor a she, what kind of a life can this child look forward to iii a society that does not even acknowledge the third sex What this report hints at is that mother hood is a universal experience, no doubt there are historical, political and cultural specificities: But there are some common aspects which cut across all boundaries, that is maternal love and deep bond with the child. In the report Satarupa Bose Roy quotes Malini Das: Jan. March, 2015 (74) Spacial Issue

86 ISSN When I look into her face, I feel SQ complete. Her gender doesn t matter to me. She clings to mc like a normal child. When I feed her, I feel that bond of togetherness. She is a part of me; she is mine. Each and every word is replete with maternal love. It is very interesting to quote what says when Beloved returns I waited for you You are mine You are mine You are mine Works Cited Morrison, Toni. Beloved. London: Vintage, 1987 Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York: Vintage, 1971 Morrison, Toni. Jazz. New York: Vintage, 1989 Irfan, Ayesha. I Morrison s Beloved: A Reader s Companion New Delhi Asia Book Club, Bose Roy, Satarupa. The Third Sex The Times of India 9 July 2006 Spacial Issue (75) Jan. March., 2015

87 ISSN Research paper on Recent it Trends In Banking Industry in India Mr.Jitendra M. Agrawal Research Paper - Abstract The banking industry has experienced a series of significant transformations in the last few decades. Among the most important of them is the change in the type of organizations that dominate the landscape. Since the eighties, banks have increased the scope and scale of their activities and several banks have become very large institutions with a presence in multiple regions of the country.' The paper examines the new trends in commercial banking. The economy can be divided in the entire spectrum of economic activity into the real and monetary sectors. The real sector is where production takes place while the monetary sector supports this production and in a way is the means to the end. We know and we accept the financial system is critical to the working of the rest of the economy. In fact, the Asian crisis of the nineties, or for that matter what happened in Latin America and Russia subsequently and also Dubai Crisis have shown how a fragile financial sector can wreak havoc on the rest of the economy. Introduction The Banking sector has been immensely benefited from the implementation of superior technology during the recent past, almost in every nation in the world. Productivity enhancement, innovative products, speedy transactions seamless transfer of funds, real time information system, and efficient risk management are some of the advantage derived through the technology. Information technology has also improved the efficiency and robustness of business processes across banking sector. India's banking sector has made rapid strides in reforming itself to the new competitive business environment. Indian banking industry is the midst of an IT revolution. Technological infrastructure has become an indispensable part of the reforms process in the banking system, with the gradual development of sophisticated instruments and innovations in market practices. IT in Banking Indian banking industry, today is in the midst of an IT revolution. A combination of regulatory and competitive reasons has led to increasing importance of total banking automation in the Indian Banking Industry. The bank which used the right technology to supply timely information will see productivity increase and thereby gain a competi- tive edge. To compete in an economy which is opening up, it is imperative for the Indian Banks to observe the latest technology and modify it to suit their environment. Information technology offers a chance for banks to build new systems that address a wide range of customer needs including many that may not be imaginable today. Following are the innovative services offered by the industry in the recent past: Electronic Payment Services - E Cheques Nowadays we are hearing about e-governance, , e-commerce, e-tail etc. In the same manner, a new technology is being developed in US for introduction of e-cheque, which will eventually replace the conventional paper cheque. India, as harbinger to the introduction of e-cheque, the Negotiable Instruments Act has already been amended to Jan. March, 2015 (76) Spacial Issue

88 ISSN include; Truncated cheque and E-cheque instruments. Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) Real Time Gross Settlement system, introduced in India since March 2004, is a system through which electronics instructions can be given by banks to transfer funds from their account to the account of another bank. The RTGS system is maintained and operated by the RBI and provides a means of efficient and faster funds transfer among banks facilitating their financial operations. As the name suggests, funds transfer between banks takes place on a 'Real Time' basis. Therefore, money can reach the beneficiary instantaneously and the beneficiary's bank has the responsibility to credit the beneficiary's account within two hours. Electronic Funds Transfer(EFT) Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) is a system whereby anyone who wants to make payment to another person/company etc. can approach his bank and make cash payment or give instructions/authorization to transfer funds directly from his own account to the bank account of the receiver/beneficiary. Complete details such as the receiver's name, bank account number, account type (savings or current account), bank name, city, branch name etc. should be furnished to the bank at the time of requesting for such transfers so that the amount reaches the beneficiaries' account correctly and faster. RBI is the service provider of EFT. Electronic Clearing Service(ECS) Electronic Clearing Service is a retail payment system that can be used to make bulk payments/receipts of a similar nature especially where each individual payment is of a repetitive nature and of relatively smaller amount. This facility is meant for companies and government departments to make/receive large volumes of payments rather than for funds transfers by individuals. Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) Automatic Teller Machine is the most popular devise in India, which enables the customers to withdraw their money 24 hours a day 7 days a week. It is a devise that allows customer who has an ATM card to perform routine banking transactions without interacting with a human teller. In addition to cash withdrawal, ATMs can be used for payment of utility bills, funds transfer between accounts, deposit of cheques and cash into accounts, balance enquiry etc. Point of Sale Terminal Point of Sale Terminal is a computer terminal that is linked online to the computerized customer information files in a bank and magnetically encoded plastic transaction card that identifies the customer to the computer. During a transaction, the customer's account is debited and the retailer's account is credited by the computer for the amount of purchase Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) Electronic Data Interchange is the electronic exchange of business documents like purchase order, invoices, shipping notices, receiving advices etc. in a standard, computer processed, universally accepted format between trading partners. EDI can also be used to transmit financial information and payments in electronic form Tele Banking Tele Banking facilitates the customer to do entire non-cash related banking on telephone. Spacial Issue (77) Jan. March., 2015

89 ISSN Under quickly responded to the changes in the industry; especially the new generation banks. The continuance The banks were of the trend has re-defined and re-engineered the banking operations as whole with more customization through leveraging technology. As technology makes banking convenient, customers can access banking services and do banking transactions any time and from any ware. The importance of physical branches is going down. Challenges Faced by Banks, vis-à-vis, IT Implementation It is becoming increasingly imperative for banks to assess and ascertain the benefits of technology implementation. The fruits of technology will certainly taste a lot sweeter when the returns can be measured in absolute terms but it needs precautions and the safety nets. The increasing use of technology in banks has also brought up 'security' concerns. To avoid any mishaps on this account, banks ought to have in place a well-documented security policy including network security and internal security. The passing of the Information Technology Act has come as a boon to the banking sector, and banks should now ensure to abide strictly by its covenants. An effort should also be made to cover e-business in the country's consumer laws. Some are investing in it to drive the business growth, while others are having no option but to invest, to stay in business. The choice of right channel, justification of IT investment on ROI, e-governance, customer relationship management, security concerns, technological obsolescence, mergers and acquisitions, penetration of IT in rural areas, and outsourcing of IT operations are the major challenges and issues in the use of IT in banking operations. Future Outlook Everyone today is convinced that the technology is going to hold the key to future of banking. The achievements in the banking today would not have make possible without IT revolution. Therefore, the key point is while changing to the current environment the banks has to understand properly the trigger for change and accordingly find out the suitable departure point for the change. Conclusion The banking today is re-defined and re-engineered with the use of Information Technology and it is sure that the future of banking will offer more sophisticated services to the customers with the continuous product and process innovations. Thus, there is a paradigm shift from the seller's market to buyer's market in the industry and finally it affected at the bankers level to change their approach from "conventional banking to convenience banking" and "mass banking to class banking". The shift has also increased the degree of accessibility of a common man. Refer ences 1) V. D. Dudeja ; Information Technology: E-Commerce and E- Business, Com monwealth Publishers, New Delhi ) S.B. Varma ; E- Banking and Development of Banks,Deep & Deep Publications,New Delhi, ) Kamlesh Bajaj & Dehjaji ; E-Commerce,Tata McGraw hillpublications Co. Ltd., New Delhi,2005 4) 5) Jan. March, 2015 (78) Spacial Issue

90 ISSN The Concept of Beauty and Art in the Portrait of Artist as a Young Man Dr. Karishma. G. Sondarva When a man is born...there are nets flung at it to hold it back from flight. You talk to me of nationality, language, religion. I shall try to fly by those nets. 1 Joyce is celebrated as one of the great literary pioneers of the twentieth century. He is known for his literary innovation such as a strictly focused narrative and indirect style. Although not strictly originally, James Joyce brought the aforementioned writing methods were to an unparalleled height. The "portrait" of the title is actually a series of portraits, each showing Stephen at a different stage of development. And, although this story is told in a third-person narrative, it is filtered through Stephen's consciousness. Finally, the book can be read as Joyce's artistic manifesto and a declaration of independence - independence from what Joyce considered the restrictive social background of Catholic Ireland and from the conventions that had previously governed the novel as a literary genre. More than eighty years after its publication, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man continues to be regarded as a central text of early twentiethcentury modernism. What is art and beauty? We then get into what exactly art is and there is a quote which I think perfectly describes James Joyce or Stephen Dedalus (or, perhaps, any artist) at this point in his life: Art is the human disposition of sensible or intelligible matter for an esthetic end. 2 To speak of these things and to try to understand their nature and, having understood it, to try slowly and humbly and constantly to express, to press out again, from the gross earth or what it brings forth, from sound and shape and color which are the prison gates of our soul, an image of the beauty we have come to understand that is art. Once art and its proper function (esthetic arrest) are understood, the artist crafts an image of beauty using things like sound, shape, and color which open the gates of the soul. Art, said Stephen, is the human disposition of sensible or intelligible matter for an esthetic end. I will tell you what I will do and what I will not do. I will not serve that in which I no longer believe, whether it calls itself my home, my fatherland, or my church: and I will try to express myself in some mode of life or art as freely as I can and as wholly as I can, using for my defense the only arms I allow myself to use -- silence, exile, and cunning. 3 The feelings excited by improper art are kinetic, desire or loathing. Desire urges us to possess, to go to something; loathing urges us to abandon, to go from something. These are kinetic emotions. The arts which excite them, pornographically or didactic, are 1 Joyce, James. (1991). A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Ware: Wordsworth Editions. 2 Joyce, James. (1991). A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Ware: Wordsworth Editions. 3 Joyce, James. (1991). A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Ware: Wordsworth Editions. Spacial Issue (79) Jan. March., 2015

91 ISSN therefore improper arts. The esthetic emotion (I use the general term) is therefore static. The mind is arrested and raised above desire and loathing. Proper art is art in the service of what is properly the function of art and that function is to elicit a state of esthetic arrest. Arrest = static (from the Greek statikos, causing to stand ). You apprehend a proper piece of art and you can only stand there in sensational (esthetic) contemplation and enjoyment. You re in awe, raised above desire and loathing. Whereas a picture of a pretty girl or even of a plate of delicious food draws you physically to desire it. Joyce calls this pornographic art and, in this sense, all advertising art is improper art. Derogatory satire, art with social criticism that causes you to loathe or dislike something: that s improper art---it s didactic, instructing you what to do. The desire and loathing excited by improper esthetic means are really unesthetic emotions not only because they are kinetic in character but also because they are not more than physical. Our flesh shrinks from what it dreads and responds to the stimulus of what it desires by a purely reflex action of the nervous system. The object of the artist is the creation of the beautiful. What the beautiful is another question. 1 In response to his friend s question What is beauty? Stephen (Joyce) gets even deeper. Thomas Aquinas simple definition ( that is beautiful the apprehension of which pleases ) does not suffice because, using woman as example, he notes how the many different cultures around the world admire a different type of female beauty. The popular hypothesis explaining the phenomenon is that the physical qualities admired by men are in direct connection with the manifold functions of women for the propagation of the species. Stephen dislikes that dreary hypothesis ( It leads to eugenics rather than to esthetic ) and describes his own: This hypothesis is the other way out: that, though the same object may not seem beautiful to all people, all people who admire a beautiful object find in it certain relations which satisfy and coincide with the stages themselves of all esthetic apprehension. These relations of the sensible, visible to you through one form and to me through another, must be therefore the necessary qualities of beauty. And a few pages later he continues: The most satisfying relations of the sensible must therefore correspond to the necessary phases of artistic apprehension. Find these and you find the qualities of universal beauty. The connotation of the word, Stephen said, is rather vague. Aquinas uses a term which seems to be inexact. It baffled me for a long time. It would lead you to believe that he had in mind symbolism or idealism, the supreme quality of beauty being a light from some other world, the idea of which the matter is but the shadow, the reality of which it is but the symbol. I thought he might mean that claritas is the artistic discovery and representation of the divine purpose in anything or a force of generalization which would make the esthetic image a universal one, make it outshine its proper conditions. But that is literary talk. I understand it so. When you have apprehended that basket as one thing and have then analyzed it according to its form and apprehended it as a thing you make the only synthesis which is logically and esthetically permissible. You see that it is that thing which it is and no other thing. Imagination. The mind in that mysterious instant Shelley likened beautifully to a fading coal. The instant wherein that supreme quality of beauty, the clear radiance of the esthetic image, is apprehended luminously by 1 Joyce, James. (1991). A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Ware: Wordsworth Editions. Jan. March, 2015 (80) Spacial Issue

92 ISSN the mind which has been arrested by its wholeness and fascinated by its harmony is the luminous silent stasis of esthetic pleasure, a spiritual state very like to that cardiac condition which the Italian physiologist Luigi Galvani, using a phrase almost as beautiful as Shelley's, called the enchantment of the heart. Stephen paused and, though his companion did not speak, felt that his words had called up around them a thoughtenchanted silence. What I have said, he began again, refers to beauty in the wider sense of the word, in the sense which the word has in the literary tradition. In the marketplace it has another sense. When we speak of beauty in the second sense of the term our judgement is influenced in the first place by the art itself and by the form of that art. The image, it is clear, must be set between the mind or senses of the artist himself and the mind or senses of others. If you bear this in memory you will see that art necessarily divides itself into three forms progressing from one to the next. These forms are: the lyrical form, the form wherein the artist presents his image in immediate relation to himself; the epical form, the form wherein he presents his image in mediate relation to himself and to others; the dramatic form, the form wherein he presents his image in immediate relation to others. Reference: James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, edited by Hans Walter Gabler with Walter Hettche (New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1993), Letters of James Joyce, vol. II, ed. Richard Ellmann (New York: Viking Press, 1966) Walton Litz, The Art of James Joyce (London: Oxford University Press, 1964), Spacial Issue (81) Jan. March., 2015

93 ISSN The Diversity in the Concept of Existence from Kierkegaard to Sartre Mohammad Motiee Abstract From Kierkegaard to Sartre, the concept of 'being' was debated over various angles in the philosophy of Being. Then, the futility, nothingness and absurdity of human condition in the world were all justified and led to a kind of solution by different approaches like Christianity, loss of faith, authentic existence and responsibility. In an extreme concern, the human condition in the world was pondered in different ways and the philosophy of thought tried to render an awareness of such condition for human beings. The present study aims at illustration of some approaches presented by prominent existentialists to justify the controversies in the concept of existence in human life. Keywords: Existence, Existentialism, Alienation, Being, Absurdity To elucidate the real meaning of Existence, one should begin with the philosophy of Existentialism in which this concept is debated threadbare and discussed inside out. In Existentialism, 'existence' is important because the meaning of being is always grasped through human experience for which the existence is the first and basic point. This philosophy continues to remark that Existence is what man foundationally has and everything else is offered to him as a range of choices to choose from and act upon. Problems and quandaries are necessities of human life. Everyman has to face with them in a way freely chosen by him. He himself has to solve the problems and is fully responsible for what he does, even though he is not responsible for his coming into the world. He, in this way, should consider himself as an individual who is condemned to be free and must choose his choices freely in the world. Under such common definition, an existentialist like Kierkegaard emphasizes at first the exclusion of all essence in the being. As Roubiczek says: "Kierkegaard uses the existentialist approach as a method." (Roubiczek 1966: 109) He further says that in Kierkegaard's philosophy "existence alone is admitted and essence is ignored-that is, all the conditions and limitations inherent in men's nature are neglected" (Roubiczek 1966: 110). Kierkegaard believes that individual men are no mere particulars under the corresponding essence. A man in his plenitude of being is much richer in qualities than the so called 'essence'. Therefore, essence cannot account for existence. Kierkegaard had no immediate successors during his lifetime but some years later his existentialist philosophy helped Nietzsche to find religious background for his thought. In spite of his similarities to Kierkegaard, Nietzsche presents a different preoccupation with religion. Unlike Kierkegaard's attempt to create a true Christian, Nietzsche's Existentialism leads one to get away from it. Nietzsche believes that, as Roubiczek remarks in his book, Christian faith is "a continuous suicide of reason" (Roubiczek 1966: 44), what Kierkegaard saw it as a key to be a true Christian. Hence, unlike Kierkegaard, Nietzsche was about to get beyond Christianity in his own way. He succeeded to overcome the Christianity, as Macquarrie asserts, by his doctrine of Superman: "man surpassing himself" (Macquarrie 1968: 55). Perhaps the most fundamental assertion of Nietzsche in Existentialism is his frequent statement of "God is dead; we have killed God; God has died". (Macquarrie 1968: 55) Jan. March, 2015 (82) Spacial Issue

94 ISSN Like Kierkegaard, Nietzsche recognizes that instead of God there is nothing and in the end we are confronted by nothingness as the core of our existence. The difference between these two existentialists lies in the fact that Kierkegaard in his nothingness and absurdity comes back to his faith. However, Nietzsche remains in his loss of faith and he proposes his Nihilism. He is worried when he finds that he foresees something terrible because there is nothing left. The recognition of the significance of this process is evident in his The Will to Power, where, as Roubiczek remarks, he states the problem in an allegorical way and says: 'have you not heard of the madman,' he writes, 'who on a bright morning lit a lantern and ran into the market-place, crying incessantly: I am searching for God?...as it happened, many were standing there who did not believe in God, and so he aroused great laughter The madman leapt into their very midst where is the God, he exclaimed, Well, I will tell you. We have killed him-you and I. We, all of us, are his murderers. But how did we do this creed? How did we manage to drink the ocean dry? Who gave us the sponge to wipe away the whole horizon? What were we about when we unchained this earth from its sun?... can we still talk about above and below? Are we not wandering, lost, through an infinity of nothingness?...is night not approaching and more and more night?...god is dead! God remains dead! And we have killed him! What possible comfort is therefore for us? (Roubiczek 1966: 40) By proposing the philosophy about human beings' position among all other things, Heidegger tends to help people reassess their position in the world properly before acting in it. In his philosophical works of Sein Und Zeit, Being and Nothingness and Being and Time, Heidegger insists on man's effort to have an authentic existence in the temporal life. He believes that every individual has two kinds of possibilities among others in his being: the possibility of authentic and of inauthentic existence. The authentic existence, according to him, may be realized only when we thoroughly understand what we are. To do so, the human reality can be grasped by the fact that each human being is, uniquely, himself and no one else. Each of us has his own possibilities to fill; therefore our effort can be led toward an authentic existence by our real potentiality in the world. A man who is in an inauthentic existence is in a fallen state within which he is always ignorant of his own relationship with the world. Many times, throughout his works, Heidegger emphasizes that man is, above all, a temporal being and based on the characteristic of his being, he must progress alone towards his unique destiny, his death. In his Being and Time and What is Metaphysics Heidegger highlights the fact that each individual sooner or later will not exist and as a human being he must die his own death. This recognition, he believes, brings the sense of Nothing and in order to get rid of this sense, everyone must make his relationship with the world properly by an attempt to have an authentic existence. Like Heidegger's Existentialism, Sartre's philosophy concerns with the concept of Nothing. For Sartre, the nothingness lies at the heart of human beings. This nothingness within an individual is the great emptiness which he aims to fill it by his own actions, his thought and his perceptions. For him, the awareness of this Nothingness leads one to find his unrealized potential for filling it. This is the most important difference between human beings and all objects in the world. According to Sartre, the most tangible feature which separates the human beings from all other beings in the world is the feature of consciousness, the ability to consider the world and the ability to find themselves different from other things. By such distinction, he introduces his concepts of 'Being-foritself' and 'Being-in-itself'. Man, a conscious being, is distinguished as a 'Being-for-itself' from unconscious objects, which are known as 'Being-in-itself'. Being-in-itself is the fixed being for things Spacial Issue (83) Jan. March., 2015

95 ISSN since they are static. Being-for-itself is the fluid being cherished for the human being and the human being must strive for it. The human being makes decisions and chooses; hence, his existence is radically different from things. At birth the human being is nothing and he can, unlike things, work out his destiny. It is human freedom that sets apart the human being from things. As a fact for him, nothing can restrict freedom. As many existentialists, Sartre believes that by the power of freedom, the human being can alter the society from within himself. Also, the human being can overcome obstacles by acts of conscious decision. In his works, Sartre portrayed how the individual must decide between the enigmas confronting him: What is true; what is right and what is wrong; what to accept and what to reject; what to be and what not to be; and, even, whether to be, or not to be. His own answer was that there are no objective values or authorities to rely upon. The greatness of Sartre lies more in the type of being he chooses to be. With him the existentialism is more than a mere philosophical movement. Even though the human being feels lost in an alien and hostile world, he believed that the human being must act. In some respects Sartre remains close to Nietzsche. In a godless universe, man himself has to take the place of god. Man, being condemned to be free, carries the weight of the whole world on the shoulders; he is responsible for the world and for himself as a way of being. (Being and Nothingness 677) By his atheistic philosophy, Sartre tends to reveal that man has no stable nature, he possesses no constant tendencies. There are no fixed and constant norms to which the individual could look for the guidance of his conduct. Hence, liberty is the only stable norm for man and it is essential for him to maintain this only norm. It would turn to evil if one suppresses the liberty in oneself. Freedom for Sartre is rather a freedom from any commitment. It fact Sartre establishes in this way the principle of having no final commitments at all. As Bertrand Russell says: "In Sartre, the existentialist view of human freedom is taken to the limit. Man continuously chooses his identity". (Russell 1959: 396) Sartre's conception of freedom is a consequence of Kierkegaard's definition of 'existence' of man as an isolated individual. It is Sartre's counter attack against all forms of necessity as found in metaphysics and science. In a word, the existentialist philosophy of Sartre leads to anguish of Being and it is this anguish which directly leads to the notion of the Absurd. In a universe devoid of God, man must know that his existence is the first and basic fact; one has no essence that comes before his existence. This nonexistence of an essence is the central source of the freedom that the human being faces in each and every moment. A man has liberty in view of his situation, in decisions which he makes and sets himself to solve his problems and live in the world. Thrown into the world, the human being is condemned to be free and must take this freedom of being as well as the responsibility and guilt of his actions. He must not slip away from his responsibilities. As a rule, he must take decisions and assume responsibilities. There is no significance in this world and an individual cannot find any purpose in life; his existence is only a contingent fact. His existence does not emerge from necessity. If an individual is entrapped in a false claim like having an illusion of a meaning in his existence, he encounters the absurdity, the futility of life. Choice is one thing the human being must make. The trouble is that most often one refuses to choose. Hence, he cannot realize his freedom and the futility of his existence. Therefore, the human being's role in the world is not predetermined or fixed; that is why every person is compelled to make a choice. Anguish and despair constitute the fulcrum of Sartre's philosophy around which all fundamental problems of man revolve. His idea of metaphysics relies upon a discord between the outer world and man's yearning for meaning. This discord intensifies when Jan. March, 2015 (84) Spacial Issue

96 ISSN an individual finds that man and the universe are not with one another. The universe is what it is but man is what he wants to be which leaves him a certain degree of freedom of will. Sartre in his stories and novels portrays the hopelessness of mankind in a world in which nothing justifies the individual's existence. Man finds his discrepancy with the universe into which his freedom brings him only a feeling of anguish. In fact, anguish in Sartre's metaphysics is a primal condition of any man who is aware of such discord, and it is highly strengthened by his realization that the universe is nothingness. Man is thrust meaninglessly into a meaningless universe and his response is only a 'nausea' that brings a sense of futility and despair. Sartre's metaphysics fosters all feelings of negation, despair and anguish; however, his existentialist philosophy does not terminate in his metaphysics. Sartre's awareness of man's condition is a clue which leads to an ethical position in that man can lift himself by realization of his own freedom. Instead of expecting to encounter to any meaning in the universe, man can 'create' himself. He can wrest a new humanism out of despair, as Sartre asserts: "man is nothing else but that which he makes of himself. That is the first principle of existentialism" (Sartre 1970: 28) Man's realization of isolation in the universe can turn into a sort of self-reliance and into the heroism without illusions. Man is perfectly free to make himself through his actions. It is only in the light of creating himself in freedom that man can accord with the anguish arising from the nothingness and futility of the universe. Conclusion From Kierkegaard to Sartre, as it was mentioned, man's 'being', was analysed in the philosophy of Being in different approaches. Then, the futility, nothingness and absurdity of human condition in the world were justified and led to a kind of solution by different approaches like Christianity, loss of faith, authentic existence and responsibility. In an extreme concern, the human condition in the world was pondered in different ways and the philosophy of thought tried to render an awareness of such condition for human beings. Following to this philosophy, some views, ideas and the notions of thought came out to argue about the futility of human condition. Among all relevant views, the notion of the Absurd is regarded to have its root in the idea of meaningless life of human beings in the world. As we found in existentialism, sometimes one's conflict with such existential questions results in a kind of solution to justify the futility of man's condition. However, Absurdity is a divorce between man and the world. It does not lie in the path of a final solution. An individual with the absurd view is divorced from the world. When there is no way to communicate with the irrational world, and when there is no possibility to dig out any meaning for it, standing aside, the absurd individual merely looks at it with astonishment. Bibliography Blocker, H. Gene. The Metaphysics of Absurdity. Ohio University, University Press of America, Inc., Levy, Albert. Philosophy and the Modern World. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Macquarrie, John. Existentialism. England: Penguin Books Ltd., Marcel, G. The Philosophy of Existentialism. New York: Citadel Press, Roubiczek, Paul. Existentialism, For and Against. Cambridge: The University Press, Sartre, Jean-Paul. Existentialism and Humanism. London: Methuen & Co. LTD, Taylor, C. Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, Warnock, Mary. Existentialism. London: Oxford University Press, Woods, Richard ed. Understanding Mysticism. O.P. Published by Image Books, Spacial Issue (85) Jan. March., 2015

97 ISSN A Study of lateral thinking of Higher Secondary Female Teachers in Certain Variable Shailesh V Brahmbhatt Advisor: Dr. B. C. Panchal Abstract Edward de Bono who invented the term lateral thinking in 1967 is the pioneer of lateral thinking. Lateral thinking is concerned with the generation of new ideas. Liberation from old ideas and the stimulation of new ones are twin aspects of lateral thinking. Lateral thinking is a creative skills from which all people can benefit enormously. The present study was probed to find the lateral thinking of present female teachers with certain demographic variables. Data for the study were collected using self-made Lateral Thinking Questionnaire (LTQ). The investigator used stratified random sampling technique. The sample consists of 200 present female teachers. For analysing the data percentile analysis s test and ANOVA were used as the statistical techniques. Introduction Martin Luther King Jr., (1947, p.41) said The function of education, therefore, is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically. Thinking involves the deeply cerebral manipulation of information, as when we form concepts, engage in problem solving, reason and make decisions. Edward de Bono divides thinking into two methods. (1) 'vertical thinking', or traditional thinking; and (2) 'lateral thinking' which involves looking at problems in different ways and finding solutions from new angles. (Jill Jesson, 2012, p.76). Lateral thinking is a way of thinking that seeks a solution to an intractable problem through unorthodox methods or elements that would normally be ignored by logical thinking Nelson Zagalo and Leonel Morgado, 2011, p.232). It is a creative skills from which all the people can benefit enormously. Lateral Thinking: As human Bings, people have different ways of thinking. The way they think will influence their decisions. A way of thinking that seeks a solution to an intractable problem through unorthodox methods or elements that would normally be ignored by logical thinking. The term was coined in 1967 by Edward de Bono.He divides thinking into two methods. Nowadays some people try to improve their potential to think uniquely. This type of thinking also called Lateral thinking. Literature review The review of all these related literature has however, elucidated the following observations, which further justifies the causes of taking up the present study. -Dr.Sucheta kumara &Meenu Aggarwal (2012) founded that Intelligence and Achievement thinking of the student teachers and said that there is a slightly significant correlation between achievement and lateral thinking. -Tudor Loredana Sofia (2009) research on The Perception of Students and Teachers on the Efficiency of Interactive Teaching strategies of Teaching/Learning/Evaluation in the class comparative study and concluded that teachers appreciate in making a teaching strategy efficient not only the theoretical elements,but the concrete,practical actions as well,whereas students stress on the theoretical ones.teachers appreciate that Jan. March, 2015 (86) Spacial Issue

98 ISSN teaching efficiency is determined by a combination of individual with teaching by cooperation and competition. -Setya Chendra Wibawa,Beth Clark Gareca (2014) researched Student s Creative- Portfolios:Using Android cell Phone cameras for Inventive Beauty Photography and give the result that we have shown that a cellular phone is a powerful tool in creating videos by the students.in addition,the student s creativity is needed in making contents of the videos. -Taylor & Francis (2014) Incubation and Suppression Processers in Creative Problem Solving. -Danch Henriksen, Jon good,punya Mishra (2014) founded that Rethinking Technology & creativity in the 21 st century and give the conclusion that skillful thinkers and creative people perceive their world and create across disciplines. Objective of study 1. To find out the level of lateral thinking of present female teachers. 2. To find out whether there is any significant difference between rural area female teachers and urban area female teachers in lateral thinking. 3. To find out whether there is any significant difference among the experience of female teachers in lateral thinking. Hypothesis 1. There is no significant difference between female teacher of rural area and female teacher of urban area in lateral thinking. 2. There is no significant difference between more than 5 year experience and less than 5 year experience female teachers in lateral thinking. Method Depending upon the objective of the study the descriptive survey method was adopted in the present study. Sample In the present study, 200 female teachers were selected in all from Ahmadabad. 100 Urban area female teachers 100 Urban area female teachers 50(0-5 Experience) 50(more than 5 Experience) 50(0-5 Experience) 50(more than 5 Experience) Tools Used To collect the requisite data for the present study, the investigator used following tools 1) To make one questionnaire for getting the Lateral thinking. Procedure of Data Collection The Sample of female teachers were given a brief orientation about the tests and instructed to make their answers honestly and without any fear. Results and Discussion The results based on the score of questionnaire test which was taken for female higher secondary teacher. The null hypothesis framed in the study is thus rejected. 1. After the t-test, I found that the score of questionnaire of lateral thinking which was got by urban female higher secondary teachers is higher than rural female higher secondary teachers. Spacial Issue (87) Jan. March., 2015

99 ISSN After the t-test, I found that the score of questionnaire test of lateral thinking which was got by more than 5 years experience female higher secondary teachers is higher than 0-5 years experience female higher secondary teachers. Reference 1. de Bono, E. (1970). Lateral thinking: creativity step by step. New York: Harper & Row. 2. De Bono, E. (1976). Teaching thinking. London: Temple Smith. 3. De Bono, E. (1996). Serious Creativity: Using the Power of Lateral Thinking to Create New Ideas. HarperCollins, London. 4. Barba, R. H., & Merchant, L. J. (1990). The Effects of Embedding Generative Cognitive Strategies in Science Software. Journal Of Computers In Mathematics And Science Teaching 10/1: Jan. March, 2015 (88) Spacial Issue

100 ISSN Existential despair and search for indentity in loneliness of islands Dr. Mahesh Jani The diasporic writers compel themselves to express these traumatic emotions and experience in their writings. The writings of these diasporic writers achieve a unique stature revealing conflict between cultures, identity and countries. Employing their consciousness, they exhibit their cultural linkages or attachments by presenting the tales, traditions, rituals, dialects, ethics, and myths of their homeland. They also exhibit in their writing the concepts of space, exile, identity, homeland, dislocation, transplantation, alienation, etc. Nandan sees himself in an empowered position that differ him from an immigrant writer, who tries to write about his own acceptance and rejection of an adopted land and his cultural bond with his motherland. But in the case of Nandan, who was born in Fiji, raised his future and reached to a highest position of an M.P. He is the third generation of his family in Fiji, in this sense, he has accepted the Fijian way of living and its constitution as his own motherland. But the unfortunate event of the coup of 1987 changed his bonds, emotions and relations with Fiji. His writings reveal both attachment and rejection to a place where he was born and lived. In his poems Two Waves like many of his poems, he depicts his closeness and rejection of Fiji, both at the same time. He rejects the racism that corrupted the social-political fabric of Fiji, after and before the coup. He argues that a true feeling of nationality comes from the acceptance of each and every race. He further argues that: Racism in Fiji was acceptable so much in our largest neighbour was determined by its historical policies. The indentured and their descendents were children of the lesser gods there was a warm at the heat of paradise; political racism in a communally oriented grab of venal democracy. He writes that communalism and political racism sharpened in Fiji and the descendents of indenture labour were given minimum importance. His writing comprises his own cartography of landscape, place, culture, identity and belongingness. Nandan is a truthful poet and novelist of diaspora and a twice-banished writer of Indian origin. In his writings, Nandan attempts to analyze the diasporic consciousness, existential dilemma, and search for place for the Indians in Fiji. In this kind of problematic state of despair and dilemma the writer bravely tries to find some remedies and to find a meaningful space in alien surroundings. Nandan grew into a brilliant writer from the exiled and diasporic Indian community in Fiji, but he carved his niche through his sparkling verse, realistic essays and autobiographical fiction. In the star studded galaxy of the literary personalities of the day, Nandan stands supreme because of his truthful account of the coup and the plight of the girmitiyas. He publically exposed the evils of the coup, the brutality of the Rabuka regime and anarchy that prevailed in Fijian society. He tried his level best to invoke public awareness through his speeches and articles. He bravely opposed the unconstitutional and undemocratic ways of the coup. He vehemently rejected the political demarcation and negligence of the Indians in Fiji and advocated multiculturalism. Also, he is a twice banished writer and politician by his ancestry, Fijian by birth and Australian by adaption. The persona in the epigraph poem of his volume, Loneliness of Islands expresses a conflict and struggle between belonging and displacement working simultaneously. Nandan writes: Spacial Issue (89) Jan. March., 2015

101 ISSN In the ancient shadows and twilights Where childhood had stray d, The world s great sorrows were born And its heroes were made. In the lost boyhood of Judas Christ was betray d. Nandan remembers his land of birth where he was born and also where he was betrayed. For a diasporic writer, it is essential to keep a conscious distance from the adopted land, but Nandan, in his prose and poems, maintains an intense closeness with Fiji. This enables him to express his love, intimacy and a sense of identity with Fiji but also this very closeness underlines his betrayal and shock which Fiji gives. Seri I. Luangphinith gives fine explanation of his poem, Wailoaloa Beach: A sign of change in Nandan s newer work is reflected in the lyrical disassociation with specific history and in his greater attention to the larger philosophical (and more universal) concerns regarding poetry s role in comprehending moments of crisis. As Nandan s poem makes clear, suffering for the Indo-Fijian comes in the form of an unceasing persecution [that] is most abhorrent. In turn, the soul begins to question faith in the divine: I raise a prayer, salt water in my hand. / Will he come to rescue me again? / The Savior of my pitiless soul / From a desert, a healing fountain: Will he hear my call when dogs howl? These questions lead to the greater problems of art in general in Wailoaloa Beach. This poem engages in a rendition of a famous Matthew Arnold poem ( Dover Beach ); like the narrator in that poem, Nandan enunciates, The Sea is moving beyond my reach. In the dark night, the only lights ascertainable are those of a funeral pyre and of a tourist boat symbols of a dead link to the Indian past and of the kitsch materialism necessary for the tourism industry. Cognizant of these lesser illuminations and perhaps of the lack of a grandiose ontology, the poet confronts a painful truth: What is human except human pain? He also expresses his constant longing for his roots in India. Remembering his early joyful days spent in Fiji, he tries to establish his identity as an Indian. It is a fact that there is no return passage is possible to the homeland but psychologically and emotionally he revisits the land of his imagination. In this sense his poems and prose are the reincarnation of the indenture era. He writes: We remember you from a distant shore: Across the seas you crossed is our flight- A severed kite falling in a starry night Breaking hearts for music heard no more. Refereces: 1. Satendra Nandan.The Loneliness of Islands. Fiji: Ivy Press International, 2007(All references are taken from this book) Jan. March, 2015 (90) Spacial Issue

102 ISSN Rethinking, Restructuring and Rephrasing the New forms of Violence: A Glimpse in Alice Walker s The Color Purple Kalpna Verma Abstract: In the present context of increasing violence against women of all groups, particularly against the marginalized communities of India, Alice Walker s The Color Purple universalizes the experiences of psychological fractures and deep violation against women all over the world. Indian Dalit women or any other marginalized community is no less vulnerable as depicted about the male-female characters in The Color Purple. However, the paper primarily focuses on the refined study of detailed and non fabricated emotions of these characters under the broader definition of violence. Though much has been written about this aspect in many other papers, my paper focuses on action-reactions during the period of racial segregation, bereavement and atrocities against blacks. It is a fresh revival of strength of voice against the brutal behavior of the then society. The proper historical orientation is very important to realize and restate the inherent forms of violence in The Color Purple. The era of racial segregation and black woman s turmoil is critical in forming Walker s vision in The Color Purple. Though much has been talked about feminist issues and political elements in the novel, yet very few have critically analyzed it as a novel of Violence- Violence through acts, speeches and social commentary. It is a story which links silence to violence. Before we dwell into the paper, let us read the broader definition of violence which would weave the pattern of my paper. According to any dictionary, the term violence also refers to "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation. The inclusion of the word power, in addition to the phrase "use of physical force," broadens the nature of a violent act and expands the conventional understanding of violence to include those acts that result from a power relationship, including threats and intimidation. These meanings ground my study of violent forms, either physical, verbal or psychological in the highly acclaimed novel The Color Purple. Thus the paper would attempt to analyze the broad classification of white-non-white violence, master slave inequality and man-woman physical and psychological problems. Walker as an artist, crafts the revolt, rhetoric and revival of female power against the manifested forms of domestic and cultural violence. Not only the writer, but all the female characters have difficulties in resolving the problem of their racial-cultural dilemma. However, if the truth of revolution of women as independent identities has to be justified, one must not forget that only physical abuse is not the form of violence, but the constant female silence which ultimately breaks down into psychological fractures is another form too. Celie starts writing letters to God because her father, Alphonso, beats and rapes her. Alphonso has already impregnated Celie once. She gave birth to a girl, whom her father stole and presumably killed in the woods. She has a second child, a boy, whom her father also steals. Her mother becomes seriously ill and dies. Alphonso brings home a new wife and continues to abuse Celie. Not only this, he wants to disgrace Nettie too, so that he could own their property. The covetousness, for property takes the violation of a father-daughter Spacial Issue (91) Jan. March., 2015

103 ISSN relationship. The novel uses an unconventional plot to structure the violence which girls face at their homes (considered as the safest place). The plot makes sense even with a lot of controversial questions. For any poor, black or family alienated woman like Celie, living in rural Georgia, is difficult to accept the color purple as something beautiful in her life. The title of the book is a very important symbol. Celie goes through life having a hard time noticing the beautiful aspects and appreciating them. She had a difficult life and was abused as an adolescent. The color purple is continually equated with suffering and pain. Sofia's swollen, beaten face is described as an 'eggplant (as often cited in the novel). Mr. beats her to exercise his pent-up frustrations (since he could neither marry Shug Avery nor Nettie), and his son, Harpo beats his wife so that she should mind. But Sofia has the real angst to kill to kill her husband s subjugation, to kill her pathetic emotions, to kill the racial prejudices and to kill the socio-cultural injustice. Whether she succeeds or not is not the concern of the text, but how she confronts the violence behind the closed doors of her house and in the open road of Georgia is the plot of resistance. Her physical strength symbolizes the new forms of revolt against the so called man s right to beat his wife. She is a woman who dares to call hell no to a white mayor s wife and knocks him down straight on the road. Historians, says Walker, are the enemies of women, especially of black women: what history there has been is a history of Dispossession ( Tucker, p. 82). Celie, Sofia, Nettie and Shug Avery design their own stories of success resisting violence. The gender dichotomy becomes evident from the first chapter itself through the code of a violation. How can a girl of 14 years undergo the pain of rape by her own stepfather? Her very existence is threatened by the act of violence. She cuts the word I am in the first chapter itself (Walker, p. 3). She does not know where to file her petition except God. She writes her letters as if she is screaming the voice which is enforced to remain silent. This journey from silence to violence marks the growth of sensibility, pathos and striking resistance. Her color and her beauty are seen something undesirable by men yet they do not leave a chance to exploit her. When Grady pokes something harsh on her beauty ( You can t curse nobody. Look at you. You black, you pore, you ugly, you a woman. Goddam, he say, you nothing at all. (Walker, p.187)), she intellectually proclaims her salvation. It says, I m pore, I m black, I may be ugly and can t cook, a voice say to everything listening. But I m here. (Walker, p.187) The point is that very few of us realize the psychological rape conducted by menfolk who use language which is humanly violent. Similarly, Mr. has not a single word of love to offer Celie. He has just married a body which can fulfill his desires and maintain his family. In fact, none of Mr. s children love her including Harpo. Another form of violence can be observed in the reaction against women s education, especially in the African region. Tashi is the only girl from Olinka to attend missionary school. She faces quite a resistance from her family. Olinka men believe that women are born to keep their men happy by any means and always feel themselves inferior. Nettie s observation metaphors this entire concept. They do not want to hear a woman s voice. They believe that women should remain silenced forever. It says There is a way that the men speak to women that reminds me too much of Pa. They listen just long enough to issue instructions. They don t even look at women when women are speaking. They look at the ground and bend their heads toward the ground. The women also do not look in a man s face as they say (Walker, p.146). Nettie becomes disillusioned with her missionary experience, as she finds the Africans self-centered and obstinate. They have a very illogical perception about American women. It s like the clash of their civilization with another civilization where American women tramp the Jan. March, 2015 (92) Spacial Issue

104 ISSN world. The African women have no individual physical quantum and their value in the society. The entire process of scarification is brutal, inhumane and psychological disintegration for a gal who just attains puberty. Such acts of violence are celebrated and cherished by the menfolk. Even an educated girl like Tashi has to give in- give in her natural beauty, give in her free thoughts, and give in his lover s advice. It is only later that Adam joins her pain and her identity by marrying her and letting his face scarred. These realities of violence alarm the female readers. As pointed out earlier, the historicity of the novel has to play an essential role in the study of violence. It says White people busy celebrating they independence from England July 4 th, say Harpo, so most black folks don t have to work. Us can spend the day celebrating each other (Walker, p.261). Jacqueline Jones in one of her essays says, Certainly Harpo is entitled to interpret Independence Day in terms of Afro- American nationalism; it is true that the festivities enabled first slaves and then their freed descendants to spend a day apart from whites to rejoice in their separateness. (Jones, cite). These festivities also enable the African Americans to remember a day of nonviolence when they do not need to blindly follow their master s rule or undergo complete loss of their own identity. It is quite relevant to bring Sophia s incident here. In town one day, the mayor s wife, Miss Millie, asks Sofia to work as her maid. Sofia answers with a sassy "Hell no." When the mayor slaps Sofia for her "insubordination", she returns the blow, knocking the mayor down. Sofia is sent to jail. Squeak s attempts to get Sofia freed are futile. Sofia is sentenced to work for twelve years as the mayor s maid. This enforced slavery makes Sofia hate white people more because she thinks that she is more capable, intelligent and physically stronger than Miss Millie. She is tired of fighting for herself. In one of the chapters she says All my life I had to fight. I had to fight my daddy. I had to fight my brothers. I had to fight my cousins and my Uncles. A girl child ain t safe in a family of men. But I never thought I d have to fight in my own house. But I ll kill him dead before I let him beat me. (Walker, p.39). The law of the country does not allow Sofia to kill his white masters howsoever they are violent or inhumane. She at last confesses to Mrs. Stanley that she does not love little Stanley because she spent her entire life without her children. How can the masters be so ruthless that they separate a mother from her children? A similar sort of violence is noted in the so called process of colonization of Olinka by the road builders. Olinka people are so innocent that they never got to know that they are being cheated and now they have to pay taxes for their own farms and their own water. Their sacred roof leaves get destroyed before their own eyes, there are more and more disturbing news everyday and the poor Olinka men could not fight with their traditional weapons against the modern machinery. It says, Our church, our school, my hut, all went down in a matter of hours (Walker, p. 153) The theme of lesbianism has direct connotations to the theme of violence. If Alphonso had not raped Celie and if Mr. had loved her, she would have never embraced Shug Avery as her ultimate love. Celie sees a mother figure in herself when she hugs Shug Avery since she has lost her children too. The central fictional relationships signify a dearth of complexities that are created due to the inherent violent nature of the society depicted encompassing slavery, color prejudice and gender-based marginalization. Just as Blacks, as a group are underestimated by virtue of their race, women are relegated to a separate caste by virtue of their sex. The tale of the black woman is always sad, there might be laws to protect her space in the society, but legal emancipation does not result in social emancipation. The Supreme Court of India has declared that the mother is also the natural guardian of her children. The definition of Spacial Issue (93) Jan. March., 2015

105 ISSN sexual harassment has been widened to include verbal abuse. But even with no dearth of laws, one can safeguard the psychological security of women? Even men are no less vulnerable in a society where a black man is lynched if he becomes a success. It also reminds us of Jean Toomer s Cane which shows us the gray shades of lynching. The nineteenth century Georgia is very cruel to those men who desire or demand equal and adequate space in the social set-up. Just one incident of Celie s father being lynched, deteriorates both the daughter s lives. The madwoman (Celie s mother) in her attic loses her sensibility, her grace and her respect because her husband was lynched. Even in a much modernized society like Georgia, woman is idealized as the mother of the human race yet she is abused, beaten and exploited, threatened and thrown, casted and outcasted, and later called as disgrace and dishonor. Moreover, there is a great need of the Cultural Revolution which must allow a woman to lead her life as her own. Most of the times, she leads the life only as a mother, daughter, sister or wife, thereby, completely neglecting her female self. While underlining the importance of mass literacy, Raymond Williams argues that, When we speak of a cultural revolution, we must certainly see the aspiration to extend the active process of learning, with the skills of literacy and other advanced communication, to all people rather than to the limited groups, as comparable in importance to the growth of democracy and the rise of scientific industry (Willliams, p. 64). Women must realize that their biology is not their destiny. They must realize that they are not weak and independent to choose their partner. Unfortunately, in India, women are not allowed to choose their partner and they are killed to death in the name of Honor Killing. Celie has no choice either, but to marry Mr.. In fact, she never knows his name before Shug starts calling him Albert. Perhaps, the name Albert is as non-existent for Celie as Mr.. Luckily, Mr. Albert does not punish Celie (he has no right to) for loving Shug Avery as he feels that if a man can love a woman so badly, then why can t a woman? Besides, the exploitation and social suppression have made Celie embrace something which is not obsessive, cruel and unsympathetic. It says, Then I feels something real soft and wet on my breast, feel like one of my little lost babies mouth. Way after a while, I act like a little lost baby too. (Walker, p.103). To conclude, one may end by saying that our attempts to rationalize non-violence and right to live according to one s choice, strengthen the integrity of harmonized living in multi-cultural and multi-racial societies too. The seminar reads through the wide range of injustices incorporated by various bodies and their representatives. The novel here is not merely an example to all these justifications, but a light which shows our faces in the dark. The imagination (in the text) attempts to create the stark reality of violence which we let go in the name of daily tolerance. What are the parameters that decide that something verbal or non-physical is not violent? Why do parents send their daughters with an oft quoted advice Your in-laws house is now your permanent abode. Respect everyone and you must never bring us shame. Now, your funeral must go from that house? One may end the paper with the beautiful lines from Langston Hughes poem Democracy (cited): Democracy will not come Today, this year Nor ever Through compromise and fear. I have as much right As the other fellow has Jan. March, 2015 (94) Spacial Issue

106 ISSN To stand On my two feet And own the land. Works Cited: 1. Hughes, Langston; Democracy ( 2. Jones, Jacqueline, Facts and Fiction in Alice Walker s The Color Purple The Georgia Historical Quaterly, Vol.72, No.4 (winter 1988) ( 3. Toomer, Jean; Cane, Boni and Liveright, New York, Tucker, Lindsey, Alice Walker s The Color Purple: Emergent Woman, Emergent Text, Black American Literature Forum, Vol.22. No.1, Black Women Writers Issue ( 5. Walker, Alice; The Color Purple, Orion Paperbacks, London, Williams, Raymond; The Long Revolution, Harmondsworth, 1961 (reprint Penguin, 1984) Spacial Issue (95) Jan. March., 2015

107 ISSN A Comparative Study of selected two petroleum companies : Reliance and ONGC Prf. Suhani D. Jadav 1.1 Introduction of Petroleum Companies: The Distribution of Oil and Gas reserves among the world's 50 largest Oil Companies. The reserves of the privately owned companies are grouped together. The oil produced by the "super major" company s accounts for less than 15% of the total world supply. Over 80% of the world's reserves of oil and natural gas are controlled by national Oil companies. Of the world's 20 largest companies, 15 are state owned companies. India is one of the largest countries in the world and developing rapidly in Economy, the transportation system is major link system, Indian importing huge amount of Oil and Petroleum products around the world.india has some reserves of Oils in the limited places and that not enough to supply Indian oil demand.india is one of the Largest Oil importer in the world, most of the Oil importing from Gulf Countries.in the recent days, cost of the petrol heightened invariably that major impacts on Indian transportation. 1.2 Ongc: ONGC was set up under the visionary leadership of PanditJawaharLal Nehru, going against the wisdom of the then multinational oil companies operating in the country, who had almost written India off as a Hydrocarbon Barren country. Pandit Nehru reposed faith in Shri Keshav Dev Malviya who laid the foundation of ONGC in the form of Oil and Gas division, under Geological Survey of India, in A few months later, it was converted into an Oil and Natural Gas Directorate. The Directorate was converted into Commission and christened Oil & Natural Gas Commission on 14th August In 1994, Oil and Natural Gas Commission was converted in to a Corporation, and in 1997 it was recognized as one of the Navratnas by the Government of India. Subsequently, it has been conferred with Maharatna status in the year Over 50 years of its existence ONGC has crossed many a milestones to realize the energy dreams of India. The journey of ONGC, over these years, has been a tale of conviction, courage and commitment. ONGCs superlative efforts have resulted in converting earlier frontier areas into new hydrocarbon provinces. From a modest beginning, ONGC has grown to be one of the largest E&P companies in the world in terms of reserves and production. 1.3 Reliance Petroleum Company: Reliance Group founded by Dhirubhai H. Ambani ( ) is India's largest business house with total revenues of over Rs.99,000 crore (US$ 22.6 billion), cash profit of Rs.12,500 crore (US$ 2.8 billion), net profit of Rs.6,200 Crore (US$ 1.4 billion) and exports of Rs.15,900crore(US$3.6billion).The Group's activities span exploration and production (E&P) of oil and gas, refining and marketing, petrochemicals (polyester, polymers, and intermediates), textiles, financial services and insurance, power, telecom and info COM initiatives. The Company was incorporated under the companies Act, 1956 on October 24, 2005 as Reliance Petroleum Ltd and obtained its certificate of commencement of business on November 7, 2005.The Company formed to set up a Greenfield petroleum refinery and polypropylene plant to be located in a Special Economic Zone in Jamnagar in the state of Gujarat in western India. The proposed refinery and polypropylene plant will be located adjustment to the existing refinery and petrochemical complex of the Promoter, Reliance Industries Ltd ( RIL ), the largest Jan. March, 2015 (96) Spacial Issue

108 ISSN privet sector company in India with asset of over Rs. 806 billion (approximately US$ 18 billion) as of March 31, 2005.RIL is the only private sector company from India to feature in the Fortune Global Ratio Analysis: The ratio analysis is one of the powerful tools available in the hands of the management to take sound financial decisions. It is used as a device to analyze and interpret the financial health of an enterprise. Here the researcher has examined working capital ratios for the purpose of analysis of working management of sampled companies under study. Ratio analysis is powerful tool of financial analysis. Ratio helps to summarize the large qualitative judgment about the firm's financial performance According to J.Batty he term accounting ratio is used to describe significant relationships which exist between figures shows in a balance-sheet, in a profit and loss account, in a budgetary control system or in any other part of the accounting organization. 1.5 Current Ratio: Also known as "liquidity ratio", "cash asset ratio" and "cash ratio". It is a popular ratio to evaluate the short-term solvency position of a business. The short-term solvency means the ability of a business to pay its short-term obligations when they become due. Short term obligations are those liabilities that are payable within a short period of time, usually one year. An ideal current ratio is 2:1 the ratio is considered as a safe margin of solvency due to the fast that if the current assets are reduced to half i.e. one instead of two also the creditor will be able to get their payments in full. However, a business having seasonal trading activity may show a lower current ratio at certain period of the year. A liquidity ratio that measures a company's ability to pay short-term obligations. What is the current ratio between this two petroleum companies given below. 1.6 Table :- Current Ratio (In Times) In Petroleum Industries. Under Study from to Company REL ONG Ave-rage S.D C.V Min Max [Source: Computed from the Annual Reports and Accounts of the respective Companies from to ] Spacial Issue (97) Jan. March., 2015

109 ISSN Graph :- Current Ratio of Reliance and Ongc 1. Reliance: Above Table and Graph reveal that the average current ratio of study period was more than the norms i.e times. The average current ratios of this industry were lowest than ONGC. During the study period of this industry the highest ratio was 2.45 times, in the year and the lowest ratio was 1.60 times in the year In the year the ratio was 1.69 which is no increased in it was Than it decreased in it was In again it increased to In to it fluctuates and the ratio was respectively 1.64, 1.78, 1.77, 2.45, 2.29, 1.60, and Ongc: Above table and Graph reveal that the average of current ratio of the study period was more than the norms i.e times. The average of this ratio of higher than Reliance. During the study period of this industry the highest ratio was 6.32 times. In the year And the lowest ratio was 1.30 times in the year In the year of the ratio was 6.17, which was increased in Than it was decreased in to the ratio was 5.57, 2.87, 2.43, 2.25, In the year of again increased the ratio was Again the year of the ratio was decreased Conclusion:- The conclusion was above study the comparison between this two petroleum industries ONGC was very best performance than Reliance. 1.9 Reference:- 1. Dr. S.J. Bhayani, practical financial statement analysis, published Financial Management, financial analysis and planning p.3.2 to M. Y. Khan & P K Jain, - Financial Management Text and Problems Jan. March, 2015 (98) Spacial Issue

110 ISSN An Investor Risk Tolerance in Portfolio Selection: Case Analyzing of Aged Factor Mr. Rajesh R. Desai Abstract In the demographic, age play an important role. Investment managers assume that age and risk tolerance are inversely related. Older investors are usually classified as tolerating only low levels of investment risk, while younger investors are assumed to prefer higher levels of investment risk. Thus, risk taking capacity depends on aged of the person. Investment manager choice different types of portfolio as per the aged of the investors.demographic characteristic provide only a starting point in accessing investor risk tolerance. More research is needed to explain variations in risk tolerance. This paper tries to investigate risk taking capacity of investor on the basis of age. Author also tries to analyses various portfolio selection by the investment manager for the investors requirement. Keywords: Age, Portfolio, Risk tolerance Introduction Age, the most widely used demographic factor for differentiation and classification purposes, provides a good example of this potential problem. Investment managers assume that age and risk tolerance are inversely related. Thus, older investors are usually classified as tolerating only low levels of investment risk, while younger investors are assumed to prefer higher levels of investment risk. This classification strategy is costly in two respects. First, there is a chance that clients will be classified incorrectly, which can lead to extreme portfolio allocations for those clients. Second, this classification system may ultimately lead to what Palsson (1996) called a dispersion in wealth and welfare, because clients who are mis-classified may (a) sell at a loss if incorrectly classified into a higher risk-tolerance category, or (b) fail to meet goals and objectives if wrongly classified into a lower risk-tolerance category. In either case, the fiduciary credibility of an investment manager may be questioned. Wang, H. And S. Hanna, (1997) concluded that relative risk aversion decreased as people aged (i.e., the proportion of net wealth invested in risky assets increases as people age) when other variables are held constant. They concluded that risk tolerance increased with age and therefore rejected the constant life-cycle risk aversion hypothesis. Ronay. Richard & Kim Do-Yeong. (2006) suggested that measuring individual variations in risk-takingpropensity within laboratory contexts alone could be misleading. At least in the case of males, it appeared that individuals attitudes towards risky decisions could significantly deviate from their explicitly expressed attitudes when placed in a group context. This finding not only had a bearing on the issue of physical accidents resulting from risk-taking, but could also be taken as an argument for the benefits of gender balance within decision making bodies. Increasing gender diversity within predominantly male business and government decision making bodies could help disrupt drifts towards bad decisions arising out of high levels of group cohesion (Janis, 1982). Spacial Issue (99) Jan. March., 2015

111 ISSN McInish, et al. (1993) investigated the effect of age on the holding of risky assets. Based on U.S. financial diary panel data, the results showed that for individuals younger than 35 years old, the relationship between net worth and risk attitude was not statistically significant. In contrast, the relationship between net worth and risk attitude was significant for those ages 35 and over. However, the study did not control for the effect of inherited wealth, which might account for a significant portion of a household total wealth. Bakshi and Chen (1994) discussed the Life-cycle Risk Aversion Hypothesis and hypothesized that risk aversion increases with age. They assumed that risk aversion could be measured by the proportion of a household s assets held in the form of risky assets such as stocks. In this article, a null version of the Bakshi and Chen (1994) hypothesis is tested the proportion of net wealth held in risky assets does not vary with age. This article examines the effect of age on risk tolerance. This article primarily discusses the concept of risk aversion, the term used in the economics literature, but risk aversion can be thought of as inversely related to the financial planning concept of risk tolerance. Morin and Suarez (1983) investigated the effect of age on the holding of risky assets using 1970 Canadian Survey of Consumer Finance data. Risky assets were defined as the sum of stocks, bonds, mutual funds, real estate other than owner-occupied home, equity in own business, and loans. Morin and Suarez (1983) concluded that on average, risk aversion increased with age. For those at the low levels of net worth, risk aversion increased with age. In contrast, for households with high net worth, risk aversion decreased with age. Karthikeyan (2001) has conducted research on Small Investors Perception on Post office Saving Schemes and found that there was significant difference among the four age groups, in the level of awareness for KisanVikasPatra (KVP), National Savings Scheme (NSS), and deposit Scheme for Retired Employees (DSRE), and the Overall Score Confirmed that the level of awareness among investors in the old age group was higher than in those of young age group. NO differences were observed among male and female investors except for NSS and KVP. Methodology A qualitative approach has been used. Primary as well as secondary data have been used for study purpose. To collect primary data, data collector personally visited main branch of India Infoline Ltd and contacted seven respondents of different categories of aged and face to face interviews have been conducted on various parameters like age, income, saving, occupation, numbers of dependents, risk taking capacity, whether financial section of newspaper read or not and so on.questionnaire instrument is used in which open-ended questions of pre-determined have been asked. After collecting primary data on various parameters, contacted investment manager for portfolio selection of the seven respondents. He advises various portfolios on the basis of the aged of the respondents as mentioned in the case analysis section. To collect secondary data referred various journals on the portfolio management. Case Analysis 1) Case-1 Mr. Ashok Patel is doing his business in textile industry. He is 30 years old. His income is approximately Rs. 35,000 p.m. and hence he saves around Rs. 13,000 p.m. after deducting his expenses. He has five dependents. His business is secure. He tries to save money whenever and wherever possible. He takes random decision to make a financial Jan. March, 2015 (100) Spacial Issue

112 ISSN decision. He is ready to take risk. But he never reads the financial section of the newspaper. His ideal portfolio asset allocation is as under: 2) Case-2 Mr. jitensavani is doing service in diamond industry. He is 23 years old. His income is approximately income is Rs.10,000 p.m. and he has no dependents. He saves around Rs.7,500 p.m. He invests major portion of saving in to equities and his job is secure and he tries to save whenever and wherever possible. Before investing in to equities he makes an educated guess. He is willing to take risk. He reads financial newspaper daily and regularly and also reads at least one specialized business magazine. He also looks up the market prices of his share in the newspaper. His ideal portfolio asset allocation is as under: 3) Case-3 Mr. Ramesh Sanghani is a doctor and doing his practice. He is 45 years old. His income is around Rs.25,000 p.m. and he saves around Rs.6,000 p.m. He has three dependents. He is interested to invest in Bank and Post Office Saving Schemes. He has enough wealth already. He tries to save whenever and wherever possible. Before making a financial decision he takes friend s advice. He is careful risk taker. He does not Spacial Issue (101) Jan. March., 2015

113 ISSN read financial section of the newspaper. He does not book loss and sell the shares if its price goesdown. Heholds the share till the share price comes back to its cost price and then sells it. He would not take any loan, if he finds any good investment opportunity, thus he is risk averse.his ideal portfolio asset allocation is as under: 4) Case-4 Mr. Jayesh Desai is a teacher in higher secondary school. He is 42 years old. His income is around Rs.40,000 p.m. and thus he saves Rs.11,000 p.m. after deducting his expenses. He has three dependents. He is interested to invest money in to Mutual Funds and LIC. In mutual fund he will in balance fund. He has enough wealth already. He invests some portion of his saving in to equities so that return can be maximized. He saves more than 15% of his take home salary. After making an investment decision he feels satisfied. He is willing to take risk. He reads finance section of the daily newspaper every day. His ideal portfolio allocation is as under: 5) Case-5 Bhavinbhaisavaliya is retired teacher. He is 65 years old. His monthly income is Rs. 12,000 p.m. and thus he saves around Rs. 5,000 p.m. He invests his saving totally in the bank because he wants safety of his fund. He has one dependent. He has enough wealth already, so he does not need to worry about his future. He saves more than 15% of his income. He takes friends advice to make any financial decision. He describes himself as extremely risk averse person. He never read the finance section of the newspaper. He will not take any loan if any good investment opportunity comes before him. He should Jan. March, 2015 (102) Spacial Issue

114 ISSN invest some portion of his saving in to equities and bonds so that his return can be increased. His ideal portfolio asset allocation is as under: 6) Case-6 Mr. Hasmukhvirani is a long term investor and trader in the stock market. He is 33 years old. His monthly income is around Rs.25,000 p.m. and thus he saves approximately Rs. 11,000 p.m. after deducting his expenses. He has three dependents. He is interested to invest his saving in to LIC, Equities and PPF. He tries to save whenever and wherever possible for future purpose. He takes an educated guess to make a financial decision. He is risk avoid person. He read most of the business and investment magazines and watches business and watch business updates on television daily. He would take a loan if he finds good investment opportunity. His ideal portfolio asset allocation is as under: 7) Case-7 Mr. Kantibhai Patel is doing service in a company. He is 52 years old. His monthly income is Rs. 45,000 p.m. and thus he saves around Rs. 16,000 p.m. and he has four dependents. He invests his money in to bank, bond and debentures. His current job is secure. He saves more than 15% of his income and he feels satisfied after making an investment decision. He has low risk taking capabilities. He never reads the financial section of the newspaper. He does not invest in to equities. He should invest some portion of his saving in to equities so that his return can be increased. His ideal portfolio asset allocation is as under: Spacial Issue (103) Jan. March., 2015

115 ISSN References: 1) Wang, H. And S. Hanna, Does Risk Tolerance Decrease with Age? Financial Counseling andplanning 8(2), pp ) Ronay., Richard., & Kim, Do-Yeong. (2006). Gender differences in explicit and implicit risk attitudes: Asocially facilitated phenomenon. British Journal of Social Psychology 45, pp ) Palsson, A-M. (1996). Does the degree of relative risk aversion vary with household characteristics? Journal of Economic Psychology, 17, ) McInish, T. H., Ramaswami, S. N. &Srivastava, R. K. (1993).Do more risk-averse investors have lowered net worth and income? The Financial Review, 28 (1), ) Bakshi, G. S. & Chen, Z. (1994). Baby boom, population aging, and capital markets. Journal of Business, 67(2), ) Morin, R. A. & Suarez, A. F. (1983). Risk aversion revisited.the Journal of Finance, 38(4), ) BenartziShlomo and Richard H Thaler (2001), Naïve Diversification Strategies in Defined Contribution Saving Plans, American Economic Review, Vol. 91, No.1, pp Jan. March, 2015 (104) Spacial Issue

116 ISSN Prevalence of goiter and assessment of iodine Nutritional status in 6-12 years primary school children Of Narmada District Dr. Rina D. Rensiya Abstract Iodine is an important micronutrient required for human nutrition. Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) refers to a complex clinical and subclinical disorder caused due to the lack of adequate dietary intake. Globally, 2.2 billion people live in areas with iodine deficiency and risk its complications, while in India, 167 million people are at risk of IDD, 54.4 million people have goiter and 8.8 million people have IDD related mental/motor handicaps (Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), 2003). Districts in the country, 282 have been surveyed for IDD and 241 have been found to be goiter endemic (Kapil, 2000). Several studies conducted all over India have shown high prevalence of goiter (Chandra et al., 2006, 2008; Misra et al., 2007). In 1983, compulsory iodization of all table salt was introduced in India in an attempt to Eliminate iodine deficiency. Government of India has launched National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP) in the year 1992 with a goal to reduce the prevalence of IDD to non-endemic level. After implementation of NIDDCP, India has made considerable progress towards IDD elimination. Less than 5% total goiter rate was found in 9 out of 15 districts studied in 11 states by an Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) (Toteja et al., 2004). NIDDCP included IDD surveys, supply IDD prevails in all states and union territories. Out of 587 of iodized salt, re-surveys every five years, monitoring iodized salt consumption, laboratory monitoring of iodized salt, urinary iodine concentration and health education. In February 2009, Government of Gujarat has started IDD re-survey in all the districts of Gujarat state. The national programme was implemented in Narmada District in 1992 after the result of baseline survey conducted in 1989, which indicated moderate goiter prevalence. The resurvey was done in and again in The present goitre survey was done in Narmada district with the objectives to estimate the prevalence of goitre in primary school children aged 6-12 years; to determine median urinary iodine concentration in sample of children; to assess the level of iodine in salt samples at Household and retail shop level; and to study the profile of salt sold at retail shops. Key Words: A study of iodine level of the household salt of pre-school children MATERIALS AND METHODS Selection of study area The present study was done in Narmada District of Gujarat State. The district is located in southern part of Gujarat State and surrounded by Vadodara, Bharuch, Surat and Tapi Districts. The main source of water is rain. Almost all types of routine vegetables are available and consumed by the people. The district is divided into 4 talukas (blocks), having 5, 14,404 total populations as per 2001 census (Narmada census, 2008). Selection of study population and sample size As per guidelines provided by State Nutrition Cell, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Gujarat, cross sectional study of children aged 6-12 years age groups studying in 1st to 7 th standard in primary schools of rural areas were selected for Spacial Issue (105) Jan. March., 2015

117 ISSN the study. The study included two types: (1) School survey and (2) Community survey. Five boys and five girls from each standard present in class on the day of visit were selected randomly for examination. In total, 70 students were examined from each school in selected villages. As per guidelines provided, almost 30% school children were considered absent at any given time and so, at least 28 students were examined from community from each selected villages. Out of those students examined in the community, at least two boys and two girls from each standard in age group 6-12 years were examined. A total of 2100 students were examined in schools and 858 students were examined out of schools in the selected villages. Sampling method Cluster sampling method was used for selection of villages. A list of villages of all talukas of Narmada District was obtained from Jilla Panchayat, office of District Health Office (DHO). Then cumulative population was counted by using MS Excel. By calculating cluster interval, 30 villages were selected from the list. Only rural areas were included and urban population was excluded in calculating cumulative population. Only primary schools of the 30 selected villages were visited for school survey. When desired sample size of five boys and girls, each from each standard, was not achieved, primary schools of nearest villages were approached. As a result desired sample size was achieved and at the same time community Salt samples As per the guidelines provided, randomly 10 salt samples were tested out of all the children of 6-12 years examined for goitre during community survey at their homes in each village. A total of 300 salt samples were tested. These samples were tested on the spot with MIB kit provided by UNICEF and iodine concentration was recorded as 0, <15 and >15 ppm (WHO, 2001). From each village, one retail shop was visited and salts were purchased and tested for iodine on the spot with spot kit. Data analysis All the data were entered in MS Excel 2007 and analyzed by using Epi Info software, version RESULTS Goitre prevalence in Narmada District was found to be18.1% among primary school children (Table 1). Highest goitre prevalence was found in Rajpipla taluka (27%) while in the rest of the talukas it was around 12%. Table 2 shows age specific goitre prevalence in Narmada District. As the age increases the goiter prevalence also increases except in age group of 9 years. In the age group of years, it is almost same. Another significant finding observed was that prevalence was higher among girls (19.2%) than boys (17%).A total of 420 urine samples were collected in Narmada District, out of which 60.8% samples were found with urinary iodine excretion (UIE) level 100 μg/l or more, while 30.9% samples showed UIE between μg/l, 7.4% between μg/l and 0.9% below 20 μg/l (Table 3). Taluka specific assessment of iodine at consumer level was found satisfactory in all taluka where more than85% Jan. March, 2015 (106) Spacial Issue

118 ISSN Table 2. Age specific goitre prevalence in Narmada District. Goitre prevalence Total no. of children examined Total Goitre* (%) Age (years) Grade 1 (%) Grade 2 (%) (9.2) 8 (1.8) 47 (11.0) (11.2) 21(5.0) 68 (16.2) (11.8) 23 (5.5) 73 (17.3) (11.6) 22 (5.2) 71 (16.8) (16.4) 27 (6.4) 96 (22.8) (14.0) 28 (6.7) 87 (20.7) (12.9) 39 (9.0) 94 (21.9) Total (12.4) 168 (5.7) 536(18.1) of the salt samples found with >15 ppm iodine (Table 4). Out of 300 salt samples tested, 93.7% salt samples showed >15 ppm iodine at consumer level. Low consumption of salt was also found in some households.table 5 shows summary of salt sold at retail shop innarmada District where all salt samples found wellpacked, branded, powdered and iodized as per manufacturer`s status. DISCUSSION To evaluate the severity of IDD in a region, the most widely accepted marker is the prevalence of endemic goitre in school children. WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD on the basis of IDD prevalence, recommended the criteria to understand the severity of IDD as a public health problem in a region (WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD, 1994). According to these criteria, a prevalence rate of % is considered as mild; % as moderate and a prevalence rate of above 30% considered as severe public health problem. In studied district, the total goitre prevalence rate was 18.1% (grade %; grade 2-5.7%) indicating that IDD is a mild public health problem. Similar study from another district of Gujarat, reported 20.5% total goiter prevalence (Misra et al., 2007) which was little higher than present study mentioning withdrawal of notification banning the sale of non-iodized salt from Gujarat since January, Present study reports mild prevalence rate, most probably due to availability of iodized salt now at all places from cities to smallest villages, but low consumption among population. The underlying causes for low consumption are not clear. However, the previous study conducted in same district suggested that behavioural and environmental factors at community level could contribute to goiter prevalence (CoHFW, 1999). Forexample, most people are unaware of IDD and manage iodized salt poorly. The environment within which iodized salt is stored is insufficient for maintaining proper saltiodization at the consumer level. It was also pointed out that local cultural and commercial factors can severely limit the impact of IDD programme among residents of Narmada district. That may be one of the reasons of no association found between age of school children and prevalence of goitre compared to earlier studies (Chandra et al., 2008; Misra et al., 2007). In additionprevalence among girls was more than boys, which was also reported by various studies (Misra et al., 2007; Chandra et al., 2006). As per National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-3, the prevalence of goiter or other thyroid disorders found 2.5 times higher for women than Table 4. Taluka specific assessment of iodine in salt samples by spot kit at household level. Spacial Issue (107) Jan. March., 2015

119 ISSN No. of salt samples Iodization of salt (ppm) % of salt samples adequatel Talukas tested 0 <15 >15 y iodized Rajpipla Dediapada Sagbara Tilakwada Total for men and number of persons with goitre or thyroid disorders increases with age, especially among women(ministry of Health and Family Welfare(MoHFW, 2007). In present study, the urinary iodine excretion level100μg/l and above was found in almost 60.8% samples.as per the national guidelines (DGHS, 2003), severity of IDD as public health problem was classified in threecategories including, (1) <20 μg/l severe, (2) μg/L moderate, and (3) μg/l - mild. Value 100μg/L or above considered as normal. The median urinary iodine level was 110μg/L in current study. Still,mild deficiency found in 30.9% children, moderate in7.4% and severe in 0.9% children. These findings indicate that 39.2% children having biochemical deficiency of iodine. It also indicates continued thoughinadequate efforts of ensuring a supply of iodized salt to the population. Different median urinary iodine levels were reported by different authors indicating deficiency or no deficiency of iodine in respective populations in their areas (Kapil et al., 2005; Chandra et al., 2008, 2005; Shankar et al., 2006; Chandra et al., 2005).WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD also recommends that 90% of household salts should get iodized at the recommended level of 15 ppm (ICCIDD/UNICEF/WHO, 2001) and the study also shows that about 93.7% of households consuming salts at adequate level while about 6.3% households though consuming iodized salt but not at the recommended level. Chandra et al. (2006) reported more than 95% of households consuming salts at adequate Level, while Kamath et al. (2009) and Biswas et al. (2008) reported only 50% of households respectively consuming salts at adequate level which was very low. All these results suggest that there is a need to strengthen the system of monitoring quality of salt to ensure availability of 15 ppm of iodine at household level. In present study, only 68.1% branded packed salt samples claiming iodization shown 30 ppm iodine level sold at retail shops (consumer level), while 19.1% samples have < 30 ppm iodine level which may be the reason for 6.3% of households using though iodized salt but not having adequate (> 15 ppm) level. Mishra et al. (2007) reported 39% such salt samples claiming iodization was found with < 30 ppm iodine level at retail shops. Conclusion Present study showed mild goitre prevalence in primary school children in Narmada district of Gujarat and iodine content of salt was found inadequate at household level and these calls for further evaluation of the problem in these areas to identify factors to strengthen the national programme. Jan. March, 2015 (108) Spacial Issue

120 ISSN References Biswas AB, Chakraborty I, Das DK, Chakraborty A, Ray D, Mitra K (2008). Elimination of iodine deficiency disorders current status in Purba Medinipur district of West Bengal, India. Ind. J. Public Health, 52: Chandra AK, Bhattacharjee A, Malik T, Ghosh S (2008). Goitre prevalence and iodine nutritional status of school children in a sub- Himalayan Tarai region of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. Ind. Pediatr., 45: Chandra AK, Singh LH, Debnath A, Tripathy S, Khanam J (2008). Dietary supplies of iodine & thiocyanate in the etiology of endemic goitre in Imphal East district of Manipur, North East India. Ind. J. Med.Res., 128: Chandra AK, Singh LH, Tripathy S, Debnath A, Khanam J (2006). Iodine nutritional status of children in North East India. Ind. J. Pediatr., 73: भ रत य दललत स लहत य क प रम ख पल क दललत ऄलममत स प. ल मल थ र त सदमयत क ललए स प क कर ड. हर श परम र Spacial Issue (109) Jan. March., 2015

121 ISSN Study of perceptions toward IFRS with reference to Rajkot city Akash R. Saundarva Abstract Accounting Standard Board (ASB) of the Institute of Charted Accountants of India (ICAI), New Delhi issues accounting standards for its application by the Indian concerns. ASB has issued 30 Accounting standards till now. ICAI has issued convergence report for convergence to IFRS with effect from April 1, The move comes as a relief for many Indian firms that could have been forced to re-audit their financial statements as per IFRS or halt operations. Thus, the major Problem to cope up with convergence is the lack of awareness among practicing accountants, academicians, finance managers and finance controllers. To cope up with this pressure, the only solution is to train the trainers and most importantly the academicians. That is why, this paper attempts to study the extent of awareness of accountants, auditors, academicians, investors and students to take this convergence smoothly and flawlessly. Keywords Accounting standards, International Financial Reporting Standards INTRODUCTION India has begun integrating with global financial markets. When Companies are crossing national boundaries, reporting financial statements under IFRS is necessary to facilitate cross-border transactions and makes comparisons easier. As per the IASB, Financial statements may not be described as complying with IFRSs unless they comply with all of the requirements of each applicable standard and each applicable interpretation. It is common sense that for any reform to succeed, the call for it should come from the market. The need should precede the deed. Looked at from this angle, it does appear that the International Financial Reporting Standards, which some 1,500 Indian companies should begin to follow from April 1,2011, is an idea whose time has not yet come. The ushering in of IFRS, at least in India, is founded on a heap of myths: that all the countries in the world are following IFRS and India should not isolate itself. That IFRS will facilitate capital inflows. It is transparent and hence investor friendly. The paper of financial Reporting in the final course of commerce concentrates on aspects of preparing and analyzing financial statements. Students are expected to acquire advanced knowledge in this paper. The importance of the subject of financial reporting is growing over the years due to various factors like liberalization, flow of cross border capital, emergence of global corporation and movement towards better corporate governance practices. Standardization of accounting policies and financial reporting norms are significant aspects that make the subject more interesting in the recent years. Various new Accounting standards and guidance notes have been formulated by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India keeping in mind the growing importance of financial reporting in the corporate scenario. The students are required to develop understanding of the Accounting Standards and the relevant Guidance notes and gain ability to apply the provision contained therein to practical situations. The last decade has witnessed a sea change in the global economic scenario. The emergence of transnational corporations in search of money, not Jan. March, 2015 (110) Spacial Issue

122 ISSN only for fuelling growth, but to sustain ongoing activities has necessitated rising of capital from all parts of the world. When an enterprise decides to raise capital from the foreign markets, the rules and regulations of that country will apply and the enterprise should be able to understand the differences between the rules governing financial reporting in the foreign country as compared to that of its own country. Thus translation and reinstatements of financial statements are of great significance. Therefore, chapter based on overview of Indian Accounting Standards, International Accounting Standards/ International Financial Reporting Standard and US GAAPs has also been included in the Final course of commerce curriculum. The understanding and Implementation of IFRS is not easy, the transition will be a tough challenge for the country as it requires a shift in the academic approach, along with regulatory challenges. The major problem that companies are likely to face is a talent crunch since, even in the current scenario, there is a scarcity of qualified resources and the convergence will only exaggerate the problem. The most important factor is to provide appropriate training to accounting staff and to teach accounting to new students based upon IFRS. Thus, the major Problem to cope up with convergence is the lack of awareness among practicing accountants, academicians, finance managers and finance controllers. To cope up with this pressure, the only solution is to train the trainers and most importantly the academicians. That is why, this paper attempts to study the extent of awareness of academicians to take this convergence smoothly and flawlessly. International Financial Reporting Standards comprise: International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)-standards issued after 2001 International Accounting Standards(IAS)-standards issued before 2001 Interpretations originated from the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee(IFRIC)-issued after 2001 Standing interpretations Committee (SIC) issued before 2001 Framework for the preparation and presentation of Financial Statements. REVIEW OF LITERATURE A number of studies related to the objectives of this research have been published in recent years, which shall be considered as follows: Dr. B. Shekhar and Prasad R.A. discovered the relevance of International Financial Reporting Standards in the Globalized Economy answer to adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, which is being developed and supported by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) for the objective to implement the uniform accounting standard in all the countries across the world retrieved from International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, Volume No. 2, Issue No. 8, August Ms. Archana Patro and Dr. V. K. Gupta attempt to study adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Accounting Curriculum in India retrieved from Procedia Economics and Finance 2 ( 2012 ) Pinky Dholakia discover the perpetual study of IFRS towards a true and fair view of International Accounting System and study aims to identify and evaluate the materiality of the impact of IFRS adoption on companies financial position, performance of the financial year, examine individual standards and its effect on shareholders equity retrieve from International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2012 Pramod Kulkarni & Raju L. focuses on awareness among practicing Chartered Accountants for implementation of IFRS in India. It also examines the level, extent and sources of awareness of IFRS among practicing chartered accountants in one of the major cities of India and finds that the awareness level among practicing CAs is less than Spacial Issue (111) Jan. March., 2015

123 ISSN satisfactory and only conceptual retrieve from Presidency Journal of Management Thought & Research, Vol. IV, No. 1, Issue no. 1, January - June Dr. R. Anbalagan examines the auditors perception and convergence of accounting standards to IFRS. The decision about adoption of IFRS in the US is still to be taken, although many US companies are acting as if it will definitely happen. Despite this the likely adoption date is now more often quoted as 2016 rather than 2014 retrieved from Indian Journal of Applied Research, Volume: 3, Issue: 5, May Philip JOOS, Edith LEUNG focuses on investor perceptions of potential IFRS adoption in the United States in which results indicate a less positive market reaction for firms with higher litigation risk, which is consistent with investors concerns about greater discretion and less implementation guidance under IFRS for these firms. NEED AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures. The main aim of research is to find out truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet. Through each research study has its own specific purpose. The present study is an attempt to understand the implications of changing importance of IFRS in the situation and the process of migration in adopting IFRS. The purpose of the study is to make an in-depth study of global financial reporting language i.e. IFRS. Following are the objectives of the study To know the conceptual background of IFRS. To know the reporting requirement under GAAP as well as under the IFRS. To know the perception about IFRS in Rajkot city. To know the perception regarding major advantages of adoption of IFRS To know the perception regarding challenges/disadvantages of adoption of IFRS. METHODOLOGY The present study is based on descriptive in nature using both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaire methods. SOURCES OF THE DATA This study will be based on primary data. The data will be collect from the corporate accountants, auditors, investors, academician and student of Rajkot city. Other information related to IFRS implication will be collected from the secondary sources. SAMPLING DESIGN The sample selected based on the universe of the study. The population of the study consists all corporate accountants, auditors, investors, academician and student in India but the number of corporate accountants, auditors, investors, academician and student are quite large and due to time as well as money constraint not possible to contact all. At this stage researcher has decided to take 100 samples in selected 20 corporate accountants, 20 Auditors, 20 Investors, 20 academicians, and 20 Students of Rajkot and their perception regarding IFRS. TOOLS USED FOR ANALYSIS Following Tools and Techniques would be used for conducting a research Statistical technique:- Mean Average ANOVA Jan. March, 2015 (112) Spacial Issue

124 ISSN LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The study is based on the respondent s knowledge and attitude; it is the major limitation of the study. The study is limited to only 100 respondents. The entire questionnaire is close ended and hence all the respondents cannot give theory views accurately. The researcher based on the primary data. So it would be depends upon the respondents awareness for survey DATA ANALYSIS ANALYSIS OF PERSONAL DATA Through this research work researcher has taken various aspects like gender, age, marital status, education qualification, occupation, experience and their general as well as specific perception about IFRS. It also covers the average knowledge of the respondents regarding the IFRS. The research has conducted by researcher to know the perception for IFRS of the Accountants, Auditors, Academicians, Investors and Students. The sample size was 100 in which 20 Accountants, 20 Auditors, 20 Academicians, 20 Investors and 20 Students randomly selected by the researcher. Gender is one of the parts of analysis at present women role in the society, economy, and politics or in every place shows increasing trend. So this is an important aspect of analysis. Table 1: Classification of Respondents according to the Gender No. of Sr. No. Particulars Percentage Respondent 1 Male Female Total (Source: Computed from the questionnaire) The above table expresses the genders wise classification of respondent. Among the total respondent s 67% Respondents are male and 33% respondents are Female in which gives the perception regarding IFRS. As per age the researcher believes that by increasing age, the concept and practice will be deeper and meaningful. Here researcher has taken various age groups for the purpose of research work. Table 2: Classification of Respondents according to Age Groups No. of Sr. No Particulars Percentage Respondent 1 Below to to to or Above - 0 Total (Source: Computed from the questionnaire) From the above table represent the classification according to age group. It is show the no any respondent in below 20 years where as the majority of respondent is 68% Spacial Issue (113) Jan. March., 2015

125 ISSN which is the included in 21 to 30 years age group. As similar that 26% in 31 to 40 years age group and 6% respondent in age group 41 to 50 years respectively. Table 3: Classification of Respondents according to Marital Status No. of Sr. No. Particulars Percentage Respondent 1 Married Unmarried Total (Source: Computed from the questionnaire) From the above table represent the classification of respondent according to marital status. It shows the 57% respondent are married and remaining 43 % respondents are unmarried among 100 respondents. Which is gives the perception regarding IFRS. Table 4: Classification of Respondents according to Educational Qualification Sr. No Particulars No. of Respondent Percentage 1 H. S. C. 2 2 % 2 Graduate % 3 Post Graduate 31 31% 4 CA % 5 Others 7 7 % Total % (Source: Computed from the questionnaire) From the above table represent the classification of the respondents according to education qualification. It is show the 2% respondent should be H.S.C. passed only where as the 7% respondent having the others qualification like PhD. M.Phil etc. and 20% respondent should be graduated as well as 31% respondent are post graduated. Among the 100 respondents in there are majority of CA is 40% research area. Table 5: Classification of Respondents according to Occupation Sr. No Particulars No. of Respondent Percentage 1 Accountant Auditor Academician Investor Student Total (Source: Computed from the questionnaire) From the above table and Figure represent the classification of respondents according to the occupation of respondents. In this research area researcher has been select the sample size in according to occupation wise and select 20 respondent in each occupation like 20 respondents are Accountants, 20 respondents are Auditors, 20 respondents are Academicians, 20 respondents are Investors and 20 respondents are Jan. March, 2015 (114) Spacial Issue

126 ISSN Students. In which are equal ratio of the total respondents in selected occupation among the 100 respondents in the research area. Table 6: Classification of Respondents according to Work Experience Sr. No Particulars No. of Respondent Percentage 1 1 to to to to 40-0 Total (Source: Computed from the questionnaire) From the above table and Figure represent the classification of respondents according to work experience in the selected occupation. Under the classification of respondents as per work experience researcher should taking 4 groups of work experience in years like 1 to 10, 11 to 20, 21 to 30 and 31 to 40. Among the total respondents 79% respondents having work experience in to 1 to 10 years that indicate the majority of respondents having the work experience. Whereas 20% and 1% respondents having a work experience under 11 to 20 years and 21 to 30 years respectively. There are no any respondents categorize into 31 to 40 years work experience group. Sr. No. ANALYSIS OF MAIN PARTS ABOUT IFRS PERCEPTION Table 7: Respondent of Perception Regarding IFRS Statement Yes No Res. % Res. % Total % Do you have sufficient knowledge about IFRS? IFRS helps to satisfy the professional need of the International clients. To encourage outsider investor to invest in India. It would reduce complexities /duplication of accounting requirements globally Spacial Issue (115) Jan. March., 2015

127 ISSN Transparency in accounting treatment Uniformity in accounting preparation & presentation. Difference between Indian GAAP & IFRS may impact business decision & financial performance of the country. Adoption deeply affects other law & regulation (Source: Computed from the questionnaire) The above table 3.7 represents the perception regarding IFRS in selected respondents. It express that 87% Respondents have sufficient knowledge regarding IFRS but remaining 13 % respondents haven t sufficient knowledge regarding IFRS. All the Respondents feel that IFRS satisfy the Professional need of International Clients. Whereas 98% respondents feel IFRS encourage outsider investor to invest in India. 92 % respondents feel that IFRS would reduce complexities/ duplication of accounting requirements as globally and IFRS helps Transparency in accounting treatment and also reduce the complexities in accounting globally and 88% respondents feel uniformity in accounting preparation and presentation. 90% Respondents feel that different between IFRS and Indian GAAP & IFRS may impact business decision. Whereas 94% Respondents feels that IFRS adoption deeply affects other law and regulation. Table 8: Perception Regarding General Statement of IFRS Sr. No. Statement Total These would be unified platform and that too transparent in the global scale due to IFRS. The main effect of IFRS is in how a company recognizes measure and disclosed the items in financial statements. IFRS is a principal based approach with limited implementation and application guidelines. Do you think that IFRS should apply to all levels of companies? Jan. March, 2015 (116) Spacial Issue

128 ISSN ICAI/MCA has also expressed their view that IFRS should be adopted in India entities such as listed entities, banks, insurance entities etc. Implementing IFRS will also increase financial reporting risk due to technical complexities & manual work around. If global accounting gets converge, the corresponding accounting should ensure the member certified Public Accountants (PA) have sufficient knowledge of IFRS before adoption of IFRS. Convergence of accounting can facilitate/accelerate the preparation of financial statements Total Score of Agreement Average Score of Agreement (Total Score of Agreement/ No. of Question) (Source: Computed from the questionnaire) From the above table and all statement express that average agreement score of the general statements of IFRS is in highly agreed, in agreed, 67.5 in neutral and 7.25 in disagree among the total average score of agreement. It indicates the agreement regarding all general statement of IFRS is high. As per the statement no 1 it shows that total agreement score 426 in which 268 score for satisfied and 150 score for highly satisfied means agreement level satisfaction for IFRS would be unified platform and that too transparent in the global scale should be high as compare to all statements. Whereas statement no 2, 5 and 8 score of agreement is above 400 hence it specified that level of satisfaction are high as compare to other statement. It indicates that main effect of IFRS is in how a company recognizes measure and disclosed the items in financial statements; ICAI/Ministry of Corporate Affairs has also expressed their view that IFRS should be adopted in India entities such as listed entities, banks, insurance entities etc. and convergence of accounting can facilitate/accelerate the preparation of financial statements. As per the statement no 3, 4 and 7 it shows that total agreement score 386, 343 and 385 respectively. It means the agreement regarding IFRS is a principal based approach with limited implementation and application guidelines, IFRS should apply to all levels of companies and global accounting gets converge, the corresponding accounting should ensure the member certified Public Accountants (PA) have sufficient knowledge of IFRS before adoption of IFRS. As per the statement no 6 it shows that total agreement score 286 is low as comparing other statement means agreement level satisfaction low for Implementing IFRS will also increase financial reporting risk due to technical complexities & manual work around. Spacial Issue (117) Jan. March., 2015

129 ISSN Sr. No Table 9: Perception Regarding Major Advantages of Adoption of IFRS Statement Total The standardization of accounting principles around the world will result in greater comparability of financial performance. Greater relevance, reliability, and transparency of financial Information of companies in different countries will be accomplished. The IASB will be in a better position to enforce accounting standards through national accounting bodies. The cost of compliance of accounting standards will be reduced considerably. It will be feasible for IASB to develop more principles-based accounting standards. The adoption of a universal set of standards reduces the possibility of illegal acts, such as frauds Total Score of Agreement Average Score of Agreement (Total Score of Agreement/ No. of Question) (Source: Computed from the questionnaire) From the above table and all statement express that average agreement score of the major advantages of adoption of IFRS is in highly agreed, in agreed, 62.5 in neutral, in disagreed and 0.33 in highly disagreed among the total average score of agreement. It indicates the agreement regarding all statement of major advantages of adoption of IFRS is high. As per the statement no 1 it shows that total agreement score 424 in which 224 score for satisfied and 170 score for highly satisfied means agreement level satisfaction for the standardization of accounting principles around the world will result in greater comparability of financial performance. Whereas statement no 2 score of agreement is above 400 hence it specified that level of satisfaction are high as compare to other statement. As per the statement no 3, 5 and 6 it shows that total agreement score 388, 381 and 387 respectively. It means the agreement regarding IASB will be in a better position to enforce accounting standards through national accounting bodies, it will be feasible for IASB to develop more principles-based accounting standards and adoption of a universal set of standards reduces the possibility of illegal acts, such as frauds. Jan. March, 2015 (118) Spacial Issue

130 ISSN As per the statement no 4 it shows that total agreement score 364 is low as comparing other statement means agreement level satisfaction low for the IASB will be in a better position to enforce accounting standards through national accounting bodies. Table 10: Perception Regarding Challenges/Disadvantages of Adoption of IFRS Sr. No Statement Total Difficulty in Training of staff to understand and implement global IFRS Developing the infrastructure and resources to support professionals working on IFRS. Applying audit firms' existing quality-control procedures to the quality-control procedures related to IFRS. Different interpretations of IFRS which may result in divergence Total Score of Agreement Average Score of Agreement (Total Score of Agreement/ No of Question) (Source: Computed from the questionnaire) From the above table and all statement express that average agreement score of the challenges of adoption of IFRS is in highly agreed, 194 in agreed, in neutral, 13.5 in disagreed and 1.5 in highly disagreed among the 377 total average score of agreement. It indicates the agreement regarding all statement of challenges of adoption of IFRS is high. As per the statement no 1 it shows that total agreement score 391 in which 192 score for satisfied and 125 score for highly satisfied means agreement level satisfaction for Difficulty in Training of staff to understand and implement global IFRS. Whereas statement no 2 and 4 score of agreement is above 370 hence it specified that level of satisfaction are high as compare to other statement. As per the statement no 3 it shows that total agreement score 357 is low as comparing other statement means agreement level satisfaction low for applying audit firms' existing quality-control procedures to the quality-control procedures related to IFRS. MAJOR FINDINGS Based on the study, it is found that male contributed the major portion of the sample. 67% of the respondents are male. It is found that the major portion of the sample, i.e., 68% of the respondents is from 21 to 30 age group and 26% of the respondents are from 31 to 40 age group whereas 6% respondents are from 41 to 50 age group. No any respondents from below 20 and 51 or above age group. Based on the study, it is found that the major portion of the sample is contributed by Married class people. It is found that 40% of respondent are CA, 31% respondents are post graduate, 20% respondent are graduate, 7% respondents having other qualification like PhD, M.Phil etc. and only 2% responds are H.S.C. passed only. Spacial Issue (119) Jan. March., 2015

131 ISSN Based on the, it is found that Accountants, Auditors, Academicians, Investors and students is divided into 20% ratio of each occupation components. It is found that major portion of the sample, i.e., 79% of the respondent having a work experience under the group 1 to 10 years and 20% of the respondent having a work experience under the group 11 to 20 years where as only 1% of the respondent having a work experience under the group 21 to 30 years. No any respondents belong to 31 to 40 year work experienced group. Most of the respondents have sufficient knowledge about IFRS and have a basic knowledge about the differentiate requirements under GAAP and IFRS. And most of the respondents believe that IFRS would reduce complexities, encourage outsider investor and helps for transparency in accounting treatment. Most of the respondents have general awareness of IFRS and their implication effects such that IFRS would lead to create global scale due to IFRS and it is totally based on principle based approach. Respondents believe that before implementing IFRS international as well as national body should create for providing sufficient environment to the concern party. Most of the respondents having agreement level satisfaction for the standardization of accounting principles around the world will result in greater comparability of financial performance. Whereas agreement score of the major advantages of adoption of IFRS is in highly agreed, in agreed, 62.5 in neutral, in disagreed and 0.33 in highly disagreed among the total average score of agreement. It indicates the agreement regarding all statement of major advantages of adoption of IFRS is high. Most of the respondent agreed on challenges faced of adoption of IFRS. In which in highly agreed, 194 in agreed, in neutral, 13.5 in disagreed and 1.5 in highly disagreed among the 377 total average score of agreement among the difficulty in training of staff to understand and implement global IFRS, developing the infrastructure and resources to support professionals working on IFRS, applying audit firms' existing quality-control procedures to the quality-control procedures related to IFRS and different interpretations of IFRS which may result in divergence. CONCLUSION India, in 2011, joins the global accounting revolution: International financial reporting standards. Convergence with IFRS is not just about switching over from one set of accounting & reporting standards to another. It takes the descriptions of revolution because conceptual differences are expected, as evidenced in this publication. Convergence is more about a complete business and financial strategy to adopt international standards which is expected to be a long drawn process involving investment of time and resources. References Keith Alfredson, Ken Leo, Ruth Picker, Paul Pacter and Jennie Radford : Applying International Accounting Standards, John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd. C R Kothari, Gaurav Garg:- Research Methodology : Methods and Techniques 3rd Edition International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, Volume No. 2, Issue No. 8, August 2013 Procedia Economics and Finance 2 International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2012 Jan. March, 2015 (120) Spacial Issue

132 ISSN Presidency Journal of Management Thought & Research, Vol. IV, No. 1, Issue no. 1, January - June Global Review of Accounting and Finance, Vol. 5, No. 1, March Pp International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, Vol. 3, No.7, March Spacial Issue (121) Jan. March., 2015

133 a a ISSN सल म कह न स ग रह म स त र ल मशक म न न भ रत equuh Hkkjrh fganh nfyr lkfgr; ds egùoiw.kz ys[kdksa es a vkseizdk'k okyehfd dk vxz.kh LFkku gsa fganh nfyr lkfgr; dks 'kh"kzlfkku ij izfrf"br djus esa okyehfd th dk ;ksxnku egùoiw.kz gsa bafm;k VqMs ds lkfgr; okf"kzdh esa fy[kk Fkk] ^finys n'kd dh fganh lkfgr; dh, d egùoiw.kz?kvuk gs] ^nfyr lkfgr; dk mhkkj* ; fi vkt ds nfyr lkfgr; ys[ku es a vusd ihf<+;ksa ds jpukdkj løh; gas] ysfdu mudk lkfgr; 1990 ds ckn gh izdkf'kr gqvk gsa nfyr lkfgr; dk vkanksyu, d vf[ky Hkkjrh; vkanksyu gs vksj bl vf[ky Hkkjrh; vkanksyu es a løh;, oa egùoiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkus okyksa esa vkseizdk'k okyehfd izeq[k gasa vkseizdk'k okyehfd fganh lkfgr; ds, sls glrk{kj gsa ftugksaus fganh nfyr lkfgr; dks, d u;h fn'kk nh gsa budk lkfgr; gtkjksa&gtkj lky ls gkf'k;s ij Mkys x;s 'kksf"krksa] oafprksa] misf{krksa ds nq%[k&nnkzas dk thoar nlrkost gsa budk dfkk&lkfgr; i<+dj ikbd ds eu es a, d vthc&lh cspsuh vksj o.kzoknh lekt O;oLFkk ds izfr vkdzks'k mriuu gksrk gsa bu dgkfu;ksa dk eq[; Loj euqoknh vksj opzlooknh lekt ds, d&,d irksza dks m?kkm+uk, oa lekt esa psruk isnk djuk gsa va/kfo'oklksa] :f<+;ksa] /kkfezd ik[kamksa] map&uhp dh nhokj vkfn dks /olr djrh gqbz ;s dgkfu;ka, sls lekt dh LFkkiuk djrh gsa tks lerk] Lora=krk] ca/kqrk] d#.kk vksj vfgalk ij vk/kkfjr gksa fganw o.kzoknh O;oLFkk es a fl=;ksa dh n'kk cgqr gh lkspuh; jgh gsa euqle`fr es a tks fu;e dkuwu nfyrksa ds fy, cuk, x, gs a ml ls Hkh dbksj fu;e efgykvksa ds fy, gsaa nfyr efgykvksa dh flfkfr rks cgqr gh n;uh; vksj Hk;kog gsa vkseizdk'k okyehfd dh lyke dgkuh laxzg fganh dgkuh esa nfyr psruk dh nlrd nsrh gqbz fof'k"v Ñfr gsa izr;sd dgkuh vyx&vyx flfkfr;ka izlrqr djrh gs aa vkseizdk'k okyehfd dh ^veek* dgkuh, slh nfyr L=h ik=k dh dgkuh gs] tks lqanj vksj ekuoh; xq.kks a ls ifjiw.kz gsa mls viuh xfjek vksj vflrro ds lkeus gj pht Qhdh yxrh gsa og dke rks EkSyk mbkus dk djrh gs] ysfdu dhkh Hkh vius olwyksa ls le>ksrk ugha djrh tslk fd bl dgkuh esa felst pksim+k us fd;k gsa finys dbz o"kksza ls veek felst pksim+k ds?kj teknkjuh dk dke djrh vk jgh gsa fe- pksim+k ds?kj ifr vksj cppksa dh vuqiflfkfr es ges'kk, d fouksn uked O;fDr vkrk gsa 'kq: es a rks veek ;g le>rh gs fd og?kj dk gh lnl; gs] ysfdu iksy tynh gh [kqy tkrh gsa fe- pksim+k vksj fouksn ds chp uktk;t laca/k FksA ^veek*, d, slh [kqn~nkj vksjr dh dfkk gs tks nfyr efgyk gksus ds dkj.k nfyriu dh lkjh ;kruk, >syrh gs] ik[kkkus dh lq+kbz djrh gs] ysfdu vius cppksa dks bl xanxh ls nwj j[krh gsa dgkuh dk vkjahk Lo;a dgkuhdkj ds LodFku ls gksrk gs&ß;g dgkuh veek dh gs vki dg ldrs gsa] ysfdu fdlh, d veek dh ugha gs] u tkus fdruh veek lqcg lcsjs gkfk es >km+w&dulrj Fkkes gq, xyh&eqgyyksa es a fey tk;saxh ftu dk ttzj 'kjhj odr ds FkisM+s [kkdj iqjkus nj[r dh rjg le; ds lkfk xyus yxk gsaþ1 bu iafdr;ksa es a dgkuhdkj cgqr dqn dg tkrk gs tks dgkuh dks /kkjnkj cukrh gsa Hkkjrh; lekt O;oLFkk gh, slh gs tgk nfyr efgyk, nwljksa dh xanxh vius lj ij mbkus dks vfhk'kir gsaa veek LokfHkekuh vksjr gsa pksim+k ds?kj vkusokyk ijk;k enz tc veek ij dqn`f"v Mkyrk gs rks veek ml fbdkus dks u flqz chl #i, es a csprh gs cfyd fouksn dks lcd Hkh fl[kkrh gsa,d fnu veek 'kkspky; dh lq+kbz djus ds ckn felst pksim+k ls ikuh Mkyus dks ek xrh gsa pksim+k ckfk:e es a gs blfy, og fouksn ls ikuh Mkyus dks cksyrh gsa fouksn ikuh Mkyus ds Jan. March, 2015 (122) Spacial Issue

134 a a a a ISSN cgkus veek dh dej esa gkfk Mkydj mldk gkfk idm+dj vius flus dh vksj Hkhap ysrk gsa veek xqlls ls fryfeyk mbrh gsa >km+w dh ewb ls fouksn dh duiv~vh ij tksjnkj okj djrh gsa fouksn dks rkjs utj vkus yxrs gsaa og csm#e dh vksj Hkkxrk gs veek >km+w ls ihvrh gqbz ml ds ihns&ihns csm#e rd pyh tkrh gsa bruk ekjrh gs fd og ym+[km+k dj Q'kZ ij fxj tkrk gsa 'kksjxqy lqudj felst pksim+k v)zuxu volfkk es a gh ckfk#e ls ckgj vkrh gasa fouksn dh, slh gkyr ns[kdj T;ksa gh og veek dks ekjus ls jksdrh gsa veek dgrh gs&ßhks.k th--- bl gjkeh ds fiyys ls dg ns.kk--- gj, d vksjr fnuky uk gksos gsaþ2 bl?kvuk dh lkjh ckr crkdj veek ml?kj dk dke gjnsbz uked, d lgdehz ds gkfk chl #i;s es a csp nsrh gsa gjnsbz FkksM+h cnt+cku vksjr gs ;g lc lqudj fouksn vksj felst pksim+k ds ckjs es Hkn~nh&Hkn~nh xkfy;ka nsrh gssa ßrw rks eqj[k gs uklfiv~vh viuh ek ds ;kj dw VV~Vh esa?klhv ysrha igys mrjokrh mlds dim+s fd vk rq>s djok nw elwjh dk lsja Qsj djokrh mlls ffkxuh dk ukpa >km+w ls ihv&ihv dj lkys dqùks dw lm+d is fy;kùkha tqywl fydm+ ¼fudy½ tkùkk pksn~ns ¼xkyh½ dk ftc x.kifr dks fgykrk lm+d is nksm+rka Hkwy tkrk lkjk b'daþ3 ys[kd bl dgkuh esa nfyr vksj xsj nfyr L=h thou ds Lo:i ij izdk'k Mkyk gsa, d L=kh ftl ds ikl lkjh lq[k&lqfo/kk, gsa fqj Hkh og ^ij* iq#"k ds lkfk vos/k laca/k cukrh gsa tcfd nfyr L=kh vhkkoiw.kz flfkfr es a Hkh vius tehj ls le>ksrk ugha djrh] LokfHkeku ls thrh gsa veek esyk esa Mwcdj Hkh vius cppksa dks mu dkeksa ls nwj j[krh gsa mugs a f'kf{kr djrh gs rfkk vkre leeku ls thuk lh[kkrh gsa bl izdkj veek u flqz fonzksgh ukjh ds :i es mhkjdj gekjs lkeus vkrh gs] vfirq og LokfHkekuh /ks;zoku vksj ifjjeh Hkh gs tks fujarj la?k"kz djds vius cppksa dks vpnh rkyhe nsrh gsa Hkkjrh; lekt esa ftl rjg nfyrksa dk 'kks"k.k gqvk gsa mlh rjg iq#"k iz/kku lekt es efgykvksa dk Hkh mrihm+u gqvk gsa L=h dks Hkh balku dk ntkz vhkh ugha fey ik;k gsa i'kqvks dh rjg vkt Hkh mudh [kjhn&qjks[r tkjh gsa ftl Hkkjrh; lalñfr dh ckr djds yksx vius dks cgqr xksjokfuor eglwl djrs gsa fd gekjh lalñfr vksj ns'k es a rks fl=k;ksa dh iwtk gksrh gs] og nsoh gsa mlh lalñfr esa mls lrh Hkh cuk;k tkrk gs] mls ngst dh osnh ij cfy Hkh p<+k;k tkrk gs] mls cspk vksj [kjhnk Hkh tkrk gs vksj mlh lalñfr es a mls flqz Hkksx&foykl dh pht Hkh le>k tkrk gsa, slh gh lel;kvksa ls tw>rh okyehfd dh ^ftukoj* dgkuh gsa ^ftukoj* dgkuh es a okyehfd us lo.kz L=kh osnuk dks cm+h gh ekfezd <+ax ls is'k fd;k gsa lkfk gh lo.kz lùkk/kkjh iq#"kksa dh Hkksxh izo`fùk ij Hkh izdk'k Mkyk gsa dgkuh dh 'kq#vkr xzkeh.k dqyhu ifjokj ¼pkS/kjh [kkunku½ dh cgw ds ek;ds tkus ls gksrh gsa pks/kjh dk uksdj txslj cgw dks NksM+us mlds ek;dk tkrk gsa dgkuh cgw vksj uksdj dh ;k=k ds chp dh gsa dfkk /khjs&/khjs ysfdu cm+h gh izhkko'kkyh <a+x ls vkxs c<+rh gsa cgw ek;ds tkrs gq, cm+h mnkl gsa txslj dks gsjkuh gksrh gs D;ks afd vf/kdka'k rks, slk gksrk gs fd ym+fd;k vius ek;ds tkrs le; cgqr [kq"k jgrh gs a ysfdu cgw bruh vueuh vksj mnkl D;ksa gsaa og fgeer djds cgw dh mnklh dk dkj.k iwnrk gsa cgw tokc ugha nsrha cgw dk bl rjg pwi jguk ikbd dks Hkh cspsu dj nsrk gsa ;g ys[kd dh vn~hkqr dgkuh dyk dk ifjpk;d gsa varr% txslj ds vuqu;&fou; ls cgw ilht tkrh gs vksj pks/kjh [kkunku dh iwjh lppkbz txslj ls crkrh gs fd og ek;ds ugha tk jgh gs cfyd pks/kjh ifjokj us mls fudky fn;k gsa cgw jksrs gq, txslj ls crkrh gs&ßpks/kjh--- esjk llqj---llqj ugha [kle o.kuk pkgos Fkk esjk--- es aus fojks/k dh rks eq>s ekjk&fivk x;ka rjg&rjg ds tqye fd;s---fqj Hkh esuus gkj uh ekuh rks fudky ckgj fd;ka rq>s gqdqe fn;k--- tk NksM+ vk bls--- Þ4 og dgrh gs esjk dksbz ek;dk ugha gsa esjk ikyu&iks"k.k ekek ds?kj gqvk gsa tc es a nl lky ls Hkh de mez dh Fkh rhkh ekek us esjk 'kjhj cckzn fd;k FkkA dgus dks rks esjh 'kknh fcjtw ls gqbz gs] lppkbz ;g gs fd pks/kjh ls ekek us ik p gtkj #i;s es a eq>s cspk gsa esjk dksbz ek;dk ugha gsa vc eq>s ;gha NksM+dj rqe pys tkvksa ;g lqulku taxy gosfy;ksa ls T;knk Spacial Issue (123) Jan. March., 2015

135 ISSN lqjf{kr gsa de ls de HksfM+, vkos axs rks jax&:i cny ds rks uk vkosxsa dg nsuk NksM+ vk;s gks ---Þ5 ml gosyh es a mlds nq%[k nnz dks lquus okyk dksbz ugha FkkA Hkkjrh; lekt es a fl=;ksa dk, d nk;jk fu/kkzfjr gs ml nk;js ls ckgj fudyus ij mudh vksdkr crk nh tkrh gs cgw vius ifr fcjtw ls llqj dh ea'kk crkrh gs rks fcjtw Hkh ekjus&fivus dh /kedh nsrk gs&esjs cki ds f[kykq, d Hkh yqt cksyyh rks gkm+ xksm+ rksm+ ds /kj nw xka ftanxh Hkj ywyh y xm+h c.kds [kkv ij im+h jgsxh vksjr gs rks vksjr c.kds jgsaþ6 lkl viuh ftanxh ls le>ksrk dj yh gsa og Hkh cgw ds fy, dqn ugha dj ldrh foo'k gsa pks/kjh cgw ds fy, tkuoj izrhr gksrk gsa oslk gh, d tkuoj mldk ekek Fkk ftlus cgw dks nl o"kz dh mez esa gh cckzn dj fn;k FkkA iq#"k dh Hkksxh izo`fùk bruk cczj gs fd mls cl L=h pkfg, pkgs og dksbz Hkh gksa mlds fy, ykt-fygkt] fj'rs-ukrs lc rkd ij j[ks gasa lrchj dh csvh dks pks/kjh [ksr ls mbok fy;k Fkk vksj eghuksa rd mlds lkfk viuk eq g dkyk djrk jgk varr% mldh yk'k tksgj es a feyha rfkkdffkr lo.kz lekt ds dqyhu ifjokj ij ;g dgkuh iz'ufpug [km+k djrh gsa lo.kz lekt viuh gh cgqvksa ds lkfk dslk f?kuksuk dez djrk gs] pgkjnhokjh ds vanj tdm+ dj dslh-dslh ;kruk, nsrk gssa vksjr dh ftanxh fdruh csolh vksj ;krukvksa ls Hkjh im+h gs ;g dgkuh bldk, glkl djkrh gsa ys[kd bl dgkuh es a eq[; :i ls rhu vksjrksa dk fp=.k fd;k gs&,d cgw] nwljh cgw dh lkl rfkk rhljh cgw dh ek A ek vksj lkl rks viuh ifjflfkfr;ksa ls le>ksrk dj ysrh gasa ysfdu cgw fojks/k djrh gsa dgkuh fcuk dqn dgs O;atuk esa cgqr dqn dg nsrh gs ;gh dgkuh dh lkfkzdrk gsa ^xzg.k* dgkuh nfyr lekt dh n;uh; flfkfr ds lkfk&lkfk lo.kz lekt es a gks jgs fyax&hksn vk/kkfjr mrihm+u dks Hkh lkeus ykrh gsa ys[kd dgkuh ds lo.kz ik= fcjeiky ds ek/;e ls lekt ds mu reke uiqald iq#"kksa dk iksy [kksyrk gs tks Lo;a rks larku isnk ugha dj ldrs] ysfdu viuh deh dk lkjk nkjksenkj vksjr ij Fkksi nsrs gsaa vksjr ds gh ekfks ij ck > tslh f?kuksuh inoh dk BIik Hkh yx;k tkrk gs u fd fdlh iq#"k ija ;g dgkuh, d la;ksx ij vk/kkfjr gs ftles a vpkud, d nfyr ;qod vksj, d lo.kz ;qorh vkil es a feyrs gsa vksj dgkuh vkxs c<+ tkrh gsa fcje dh cgw ck > 'kcn dh ekj dks >sy jgh gsa, d fnu og vius ifr ls dgrh gs fd ge nksuksa dks MkWDVj ls fn[kk ysuk pkfg, fd deh fdlesa gs\ fcje, slh ckr lqudj HkM+d mbrk gs vksj dgrk gs&ßlkyh-eq> es a [kksv fudky jgh gs VqdM+s&VqdM+s djds tehu esa xkm+ nw xkaþ7 bl rjg viekfur djds og viuh iruh dks pqi djk nsrk gsa enz dk ;g :i lfn;ksa ls vksjr dks pqi djds j[kk gsa ;gh lekt dh lppkbz gsa nfyr vksj L=h nksuksa dks euqoknh iq#"k lekt us xqyke cuk ds j[kk gsa, slh lekt O;oLFkk gs tgk fl=;ksa dks pgkjnhokjh es a dsnh dh rjg thou fcrkuk im+rk gs ifr pkgs yk[k xquk cqjk gks mlh dks Hkxoku ekuuk gs] ml dh nklh cudj lsok djuh gs ;gh L=h /kez vksj drzo; gsa cgw vius ck >iu ds dyad dks fevkus ds fy, Hkaxh ;qod jeslj ds lkfk fj'rk cukrh gs tks xzg.k dh jkr esa vkukt ek xus vk;k FkkA og jeslj ls fyivdj fxm+fxm+kus yxrh gs ßjeslj eq>s, d cppk pkfg,---- ck >iu dh ihm+k ls eqfdr pkfg,aþ8 ;g lkekftd O;oLFkk bruk Øwj gs fd ih<+h&nj&ih<+h cscqfu;knh ijaijk, c<+rh jgrh gs aa ftl vksjr dks cppk isnk u gks mls ck > dgk tkrk gs tcfd brus VsDukWykWth fodflr gks pqds gsaa deh iq#"k esa gs ;k L=h es a lcdk irk py tkrk gs] ysfdu Hkkjrh; lalñfr rks egku gs, d dk nks"k nwljs ij e<+ds fo'o esa viuk LFkku cuk, gq, gsa ^fcje dh cgw* es a cgwi{k dks folrkj ls j[kk x;k gsa jeslj dk cppk cgw ds isv es a iy jgk gsa og [kq'k gs lkfk gh lc cgw dh bt+t+r djus yxrs gsaa vc jeslj ds fy, lkjs njokts can gks pqds gsaa ;g vdkj.k gh ugha gsa lekt dh e;kznk] Å p&uhp dh nhokj cgw dks tdm+ j[kh gsa mlesa bruh fgeer ugha gs fd og bu :f<+xr ca/kuksa dks rksm+ ldsa cgw dks irk gs fd, d ckj bl ckr dh Hkud yx xbz rks og gosyh ds fdlh dksus es a nq+u dj nh tk;sxh] Jan. March, 2015 (124) Spacial Issue

136 a a a ISSN ysfdu Hkaxh cflr;ksa es a rks gt+kjksa tkus tk;saxha jeslj ls lekxe ds ckn tc&tc cgw ds isv es a uugk&lk tho djov ysrk gs rc&rc og jeslj ds izfr ÑrK gks mbrh gsa og eu gh eu lkspdj jg tkrh gs&ßjeslj tks dqn rqeus eq>s ns fn;k gs] mlds cnys lewph gosyh mbk ys tkvksa esjs thou es a, d xzg.k yxk gqvk FkkA rqeus eq>s eqdr djk fn;kaß9 f'ko dqekj fej bu dgkfu;ksa ij fvii.kh djrs gq, dgrs gsa&ßiq#"k opzlo okys lekt esa ;g ukjh dh fu;fr gs ftls mls vupkgs <ksuk im+rk gs] vksj dyad ls eqfdr ds fy, vupkgs jklrks a ij tkus ds fy, foo'k gksuk im+rk gsa dgkuh nfyr lanhkz ls tqm+s ;k u tqm+s gekjs lekt dh, d, slh folaxfr ls gesa :&c&: djkrh gs ftldk rc rd dksbz var ugha tc rd mlls tqm+h lksp fuewzy ugha gksrhaþ 10 dgkuh vius var es a, d dks nq%[kh rks nwljs dks lq[kh djrh gsa jeslj ds fglls es a dqn ugha vkrk cnys es a lo.kz L=h viuk vkxs dk thou [kqf'k;ks ls Hkj ysrh gsa vc flq+z jeslj dh eukso;fkk gh 'ks"k jg tkrh gsa ^lyke* dk uk;d gjh'k pwgm+k tkfr dk f'kf{kr vksj lh; ;qod gs] tks 'kgj es jgrk gsa dey mik/;k; uked, d czkã.k ml dk fe= gsa dey dh ek nksuksa dks izseiwozd [kkuk nsrh gsaa gjh'k vhkh igyk gh dksj mbkrk gs fd ek iwn im+rh gs fd csvs rqegkjs firk D;k djrs gsaa gjh'k ds eq g ls lqkbz dehz lqurs gh, d >UukVsnkj FkIiM+ dey ds xky ij im+rk gsa dey dh ek <sj lkjh tkfr lwpd xkfy;k gjh'k dks lqukrh gs a vksj?kj ls ckgj dj nsrh gsaa ^dgk tk, lrh'k* lo.kz efgykvksa dk Nqr vnqriu fdruk [kks[kyk gs\ tc rd felst iar dks lrh'k dh tkfr dk irk ugha jgk rc rd rks mls iq=or j[krh gsasa mudh csvh mldks jk[kh Hkh ck/kh Fkh ml dk twbk Hkh [kkbz FkhA tsls gh tkfr dk irk pyk mudk rsoj cny x;ka og jfo 'kekz ¼ftl us lrh'k dks bu ds?kj yk;k Fkk½ dks vksj lrh'k dks xkfy;k nsus yxrh gsaa ßgk vc ;gh rks cpk gs] cki&nknksa dh ijaijk [kre dj nha, d Mkse dks?kj es a j[k fy;ka lksuw rks ml dk twbk rd [kk xbz esjh rks le> es a ugha vk jgk gs izk;f'pr dsls gksxka mls Hkh vc?kj esa?kqlus ugha nw xh irk ugha 'kekz gs Hkh ;k ugha dgha og Hkh pwgm+k pekj gh u gks bu yksxks a dks ftruk lj ij p<+kvksxs mruk gh nck;s axsaþ11 ;g, d fnu dh cukbz ijaijk ugha gs tslk fd felst iar ds eq g ls dgkuhdkj dgyok jgk gsa ;g rks cki&nknksa ls pyh vk jgh gsa ;g Hkkjrh; lekt dh dm+oh lppkbz gsa dgkuh dk var cgqr gh ekfezd gqvk gsa dgkuh ikbd ds lkeus iz'u NksM+ tkrh gs ^vkf[kj dgk x;k gksxk lrh'ka* vf/kdka'k nfyr lekt ds L=h&iq#"kksa dks viuh thfodk pykus ds fy, nwljksa ds [ksrksa es et+nwjh djuh im+rh gsa lkekftd vksj vkffkzd flfkfr vpnh u gksus ds dkj.k mugsa vkffkzd :i ls laiuu Å ph tkfr ds yksxks a ij vkfjr gksuk im+rk gsa dbz ckj rks mu efgykvksa dks Bsdsnkj vksj ekfyd viuh fgalk vksj cykrdkj dk f'kdkj Hkh cukrs gsaa ^[kkukcnks'k* es a, slh gh efgykvksa dk fp=k.k gs tks viuk xk o&?kj NksM+dj, d bzav ds HkV~Vs ij dke djus vk;h gsaa lqfd;k vksj ekuks nksuksa ifr&iruh eq[krkj flag ds HkV~Vs ij bz av cukus dk dke djrs gsaa eq[krkj dk csvk lwcs flag dh utj fdluh ij im+ha og fdluh dks viuh tky es a Q lk ysrk gsa dqn fnuksa ds ckn lwcs flag ekuks dks Hkh viuh gol dk f'kdkj cukuk pkgrk gsa lwcs flag ekuks dks vius ikl cqykus ds fy, vlxj Bsdsnkj dks Hkstrk gsa ekuks vksj lqfd;k ds lkfk tlnso uked czkgeu ;qod Hkh dke djrk gsa lwcs flag ds ikl ekuks dks u Hkstdj Lo;a tlnso tkrk gsa tlnso dks vk;k ns[kdj lwcs flag HkM+d mbrk gs] ßrq>s fdlus cqyk;k gs\ th tks dke gks crkb, esa dj nw xk tlnso us cm+h fouezrk ls dgka D;ks a\ rw ml dk [kle gs ;k ml dh---ij pchz p<+ xbz gs lwcs flag us vi'kcnksa dk blrseky fd;kaþ12 ekuks ds fy, ;g [kcj cm+h Hk;kog gks tkrh gsa mlds fy, rks D;k iwjs nfyr fl=;ksa ds fy, ^vkxs dqvk ihns [kkbz* okyh dgkor lkfkzd :i ysrh gsa xk o esa Hkh mrihm+u 'kgj esa Hkh mrihm+u pkjksa rjq ls d"v gh d"va ekuks tlnso dks Hkw[kk ns[kdj nzfor gks tkrh gsa og [kkuk nsus tkrh gs tlnso [kkuk [kkus ls euk dj nsrk gs rks dgrh gs] ßrwEgkjs Hk ;k dg jgs Fks rqe ckeu gks\ blfy, esjs gkfk dh jksvh ugha [kkvksaxsa vxj ;ks ckr gs rks es a tksj uk Mkyw xh Fkkjh ethz-vksjr gw ikl es a Spacial Issue (125) Jan. March., 2015

137 ISSN dksbz Hkw[kk gks rks jksvh dk dksj xys ls uhps ugha mrjrk gsa**13 var es a ekuksa vius thoulkfkh lqfd;k ds lkfk HkV~Vk dk dke NksM+dj pyh tkrh gs] ysfdu lwcs flag ds >kals esa ugha imrha bu dgkfu;ksa ds foospu ls tks ckr lkeus vkrh gs og ;g fd& L=h pkgs lo.kz gks ;k vo.kz 'kksf"kr nksuksa gs] ysfdu nksuksa ds 'kks"k.k dk Lrj fhkuu&fhkuu gsa dgkuhdkj fcuk fdlh HksnHkko ds L=h thou ls tqm+h lel;kvksa dks Li"V :i ls mtkxj fd;k gsa nksuksa lekt dh fl=;ksa ds ekuoh; xq.kksa es sa cqfu;knh QdZ fn[kkbz imrk gsa, d tkfr tkuus ds ckn viuk utfj;k cny nsrh gs rks nwljh vu; dks Hkw[kk ns[kdj [kqn Hkh Hkw[kk jg tkrh gsa mi;zqdr dgkfu;ka L=h&foe'kZ ij [kjh mrjrh gs aa lanhkz lwph 1- veek dgkuh] i` ogh] i` ogh] i` ftukoj i` ogh] i` ogh] i` xzg.k] i` fcje dh cgw] i` ogh] i` vkseizdk'k okyehfd dh dgkfu;ksa esa lkekftd&yksdrkaf=kd psruk&la-gjikyflag ^vk#"k* 11- dgka tk,a lrh'k] i` [kkukcnks'k] i`- 127& ogh] i` nfyr ukjh, d foe'kz] ladyu&mkw- eatw lqeu] laiknd&kkusanz jkor 15- nfyrlkfgr; dk L=hoknh Loj] foey Fkksjkr Jan. March, 2015 (126) Spacial Issue

138 ISSN नरक-दर-नरक ईपन य स म न र च तन ड. भरतक म र ज. ओ ड दर ममत क ललय द व र लललखत नरक-दर-नरक ईपन य स अध लनक पररप र क ष य म मध यम ग य ज न क न न प रक र क नरक क लबम ब लयत करन ल ईपन य स ह आस ईपन य स म ब क र, न कर क तल श म दर-ब-दर क भटक, ज न म ल य क प रलत समर पपत न र लमथलत, व य स लयक ज न क य ल कत, ईस य ल कत म व यल क घर-परर र स द र ह न, क मक ज मलहल ओ क द हर ईत तरद लयत स ट टन अदद सममय ओ क ईक र गय ह नरक-दर-नरक ईपन य स म ममत ज न म ख यर प स प र ष प रध न सम ज म स त र दक दयन य दश क लचल त दकय ह न र ज न क द रल स आसम म ख यत द न र प अए ह ईष और स त ग प त ईपन य स क न यक जगन बम बइ क एक क ल ज म व य ख य त ह ईसन ऄ ग र ज म एम.ए दकय थ दकरण बज ज न मक एक लड़क स प र म करत थ, पर त ब क र क क रण ईस लड़क क ल ह ऄन य ह ज त ह आस प रक र ल लखक न यह प रक र न त स यह भ प रलतप ददत दकय ह दक ब क र क क रण मध यम ग य ल ग क ज न क सम करण भ बदल ज त ह जगन एक कतकव य पर यण, पररश रम और ऄध य स य ऄध य पक ह क ल ज म त न स ल पढ न क ब द गर पमय दक छ र य म जगन ऄलतरर क म करन क ललए भ त य र ह ज त ह समर आ लमटट य ट म ऄध य पन क यक क ललए त य र ह ज त ह जगन स ईष क म ल क़ त बम बइ क क लडय क ल ज म ह ज लत ह ऄ ग र ज और हहद भ ष पर द न म ख ब बहस ह त ह द न क एक द सर क व यल त प रभ ल त करत ह और ईष जगन क पलत क र प म च नत ह ल ह क एकदम ब द ह ल ह क द लयत ईष क अट द ल क भ लसख द त ह जगन न पत न क स न दक ज ज र ल न क द दकय थ, पर त त गदमत क अलम यह थ दक ईस ब ट क एक चप पल तक समय पर नह ल कर द सकत अर पथक त ग भ द म पत य ज न क कइ ब र ख लडत करत ह ल ह प क क ह त ज-तर र ईष एक स म न य स ग लहण म बनकर रह ज त ह भ रत य सम ज क ज य द तर परर र क यह जरटल ए ऄटल द रल क ण ह क ग हक यक दक प णक लजम म द र पत न क ह लनश चय ह ऄन लचत ह पलत, क द रल क ण ह पलत-पत न क स ब ध क लनध कररत करत ह दकन त प र ष ऄपन ऄह, मथ लपत म ल य ए ऄपन बड़प पन क क रण मतल कत क म क र नह करत ऐस लमथलत म प रर ररक सफलत क म ख य ईद श य क सम म ख प रश नलचन ह लग ज त ह 1 घर म एक ह कमर ह न क जह स कइ तकल फ थ और दफर उपर स सह न क द मत क अन ज न भ बह त थ और सबक सब गर ददश म गल तक ग क दकस भ अ धमक त और च य और ख न ह सब त म न कर ह चलत थ दक ईपलब ध ह ग कभ क इ द र तक नह ज त त ईन द न क मन ह त ह एक द सर पर ल ढ़क ज ए ऐस म ह ल म ईष क ऄपन बचपन और ल ह प क क ददन क ममरण ह त ज त ह जब ह ऄपन म स कह करत थ, मम म, ऄगर म र अदम म झस कपड ध ल एग त म घर छ ड़कर भ ग ज उ ग त म ह ह ज स र ददन प प क ग ल म करत ह ऐस म लश कल लम ह म न ज न दकतन ब र ईष क मन ह अ ह ह भ ग ज ए न ग प, द र आस स ढ़ त न द र क ब हर क ब हर पर कह? आस स ल क स थ ह ऄपन द लनय क भय ह ऄक ल पन ईस आस पस ख ट पर ल कर ब ध द त ड. सररत क म र न कह ह नरक दर नरक ईपन य स म नय ग हमथ क य तन ओ क ल मत त णकन पड़त ह, ईनक लच ण सरल और सहज श ल म दकय गय ह जगन पर ब हतर न कर दक ध न स र ह और ईष घर ल क मक ज क ब झ स दब ज रह ह आसक पररण म म र प पलत और पत न एक द सर स द र ह ज रह ह 2 यह पर ल लखक न हम र श ल क स मथ ओ म व य प त ग द -लघन न ज लत द र जन लत क यथ थक लच भ ददख य ह आस र जन लत क क रण जगन क क ल ज स लनक ल ददय ज त ह जगन और ईष क ब क र न नरक स ग जरन पड़त ह न कर न लमलन क क रण ह क इ म त व य स य क ल षय म स चत ह ईन ददन ईसक ध य न ऄखब र क एक ल ज ञ पन क और ज त ह, लजसम आल ह ब द म दकस प र स क ब चन क ईल ल ख थ जगन ऄपन लपत स प च हज र र पय क सह यत प र प त करक श ष रकम दकश त म च क द न क शतक पर प र स खर द ल त ह पर त ध र -ध र ह ऄपन घर-परर र स द र ह ज त ह व य स य दक य ल कत म प रर ररक Spacial Issue (127) Jan. March., 2015

139 ISSN ज न स ईसक रस कम ह न लगत ह आस ब च म ईस एक लड़क भ ह गय ह, पर त पत न और प क ह समय नह द प त ईष क स थ ऄब ईसक स ब ध लबमतरब ज तक स लमत ह गय ह जगन क ईष एक अ श यकत, एक अदत, एक मत बन गइ ह पलत-पत न क ज न म ज त य भ न ओ क एक मथ न ह पर त पलत-पत न क स ब ध म जब क ल ज त य अ ग म ह रह गय ह, तब स त र ऐस स ब ध स उबन लगत ह मत त पलत-पत न क ब च रलत-क र ड़ प रमपररक प र म क पररप क र प म अन च लहए मन ष य क म मश न ह ज न भ, दकस नरक य तन स कम नह ह जगन और ईष आल ह ब द अत ह, ईसक स थ द सर सम न तर कथ ज ज डत ह ह ह ल नय ग प त और स त ग प त क स त ग प त स मक त म एम.ए ह ईस पढ न क क ललए लहन द ल षय ददय ज त ह लहन द ज स नए ल षय क पढ न क ललए ह ख द छ बनकर ऄध ययन करत ह ममत ज स त क ब र म कहत ह दक आतन ऄध ययन श यद श ध छ भ न करत ह ग लजतन ह ल क चर क त य र करन म करत ग हमथ क द लयत स ईस ऄध ययन क ललए समय लनक लन कर न ह त ह दफर भ ह ऄपन क म क प रलत लनष ठ न ह ह एक-एक कल त य र करन म हप त लग त, दफर भ ईस तसल ल न ह त स त नय ल षय ल न म घबर त नह ह छ ओ क स थ न य य करन क ललए म य छ बनकर ऄध ययन करत ह ऐस नह ह दक ईसक प स ऄलधक समय ह, स त मश न दक तरह स र ददन खपकर ग हमथ क ब झ ऄपन कन ध पर ड ल ह ए ह यह पर ममत ज न यह घ लषत दकय ह दक ज ञ न-लनष ठ और ऄध य पन लनष ठ स सम प त क क ल लहत मलहल क द हर ईत तरद लयत हन करन पड़त लशल त और न र च तन सम पन न मलहल घर म ब रहन दक ऄप ऄपन ईपय क क इ न कर प श च न ल त ह प र र भ म ऄलत ईत स ह म ह घर ग हमथ तथ न कर क ब झ क ईत स हप क ई ल त ह, पर त क छ ह ष म ईसक ईत स ह ब झन लगत ह मत त पलश चम म जह मलहल ए न कर करत ह ह घर-ग हमथ क ब झ क पलत-पत न परमपर ब ट ल त ह स त ग प त क पलत ल नय न क ल आस म मल म ऄसहय ग ह, प रत य त श क श ल म भ क भ ह ह स त क एक-एक लमनट क लहस ब रखत ह आसललए द म पत य ज न क महत क ईष द लम न आन शब द म र पणत दकय ह...त भ अज म झ कहन पड रह ह नर-न र क ललए ल ह ल श ष प रय जन य ह ब हर ज कर न कर करन ल पत न क प रलत ल नय ऄल स ह पलत ऄगर पत न पर ऄल स कर ग त ईनक प रर ररक ज न ट टत चल ज य ग स त दक लमथलत ऐस ह ह त ह दक ईसक पलत ईसक ल षय म प छत छ करन ललए समय, ऄसम क ल ज म फ न करत ह स त न भ कल पन नह क थ दक ब हर ज कर क म करन क घर ल मतर पर यह ककमत भ च क न पद सकत ह ह क ल क ल ज म फ न नह करत, समय-ऄसमय पर घर पर अत -ज त ह ईसक घर अन और घर स ज न क समय ऄलनलश चत थ, ल दकन एक लजम म द र पलत दक ह लसयत स ईस स त क अन -ज न क दक ज च करत रहन जर र लगत 3 पत न पर ऄल श ददख कर ईसक म नलसक लमथलत लबग ड़ द त ह स त न कल पन नह दक थ दक ब हर ज कर क म करन दक घर ल मतर पर यह ककमत च क न पड सकत ह ह ईस पर चरर लहनत क अर प लगत ह लतन बच च तथ घर-ग हमथ क ब झ क स थ न कर क ईत तर-द लयत क लनभ न ऄपन अप म बड़ कर न द ख ह क यक ह द हर भ लमक लनभ त ह ए न र ज न म स घषक कर रह ह ल नय क ऄसहय ग, श क श ल और क र र म भ क क रण तथ न कर और घर- ग हमथ क द हर ब झ क क रण, स त दक क म च छ कम ह ज त ह आस ब त क ल कर भ ईसक पलत श क करत ह दक श यद ह द सर प र ष क द व र ऄपन य न-त कर ललय करत ह ग लशल त, स दर, व यल त सम पन न स त र ऄपन पलत स सहय ग दक क मन करत ह क ल श र ररक क र ड ईस ऄपन ऄपम न स प रत त ह त ह, क य दक ह क ल आमतम ल क मत नह बनन च हत आस स दभक म ड. रम श क न तल म घ क यह ल च र लचन तन य रह ग क मक ज पत न तत क ल समपणक क व यल त क च न त समझत ह, ऄपन ऄलमतत क ऄथकह न समझत ह आस तरह पत न दक स क स-स भ ग क प रलत ईद स नत द म पत य ज न क स ब ध क बब कद कर ल त ह 4 मत त त: जब स त र न कर करत ह त पलत क ईस अर म द न च लहए और ईसक मन बहल न क क लशश करन च लहए यदद ईस श र ररक स ब ध क ललए ह प रय ग दकय ज ए त लशल त न र आस ऄ मथ क भ गन क ललए त य र नह ह प त आस प रक र ईष और स त सममय ओ म हम पर त य लमलत ह ईष क पलत जगन व य स य म ड बकर पत न क भ लत ज रह थ और ल नय दक पत न स त न कर और घर ग हमथ क द हर ब झ स दबकर पलत स ल म ख ह त ज रह थ द न क ऄपन -ऄपन नरक ह, ऄपन य तन ए ह स स ररक और प रर ररक ज न म Jan. March, 2015 (128) Spacial Issue

140 ISSN व यल क य करत ज न एक नए प रक र क ऄजनब पन क ब झ क गहर त ह अध लनक ज न म व यल क यह ऄक ल पन ईसक ऄपन एक नरक ह स दभक 1. ममत क ललय क ईपन य स म द म पत य ज न, ख ट भ रख अर. प.३५ 2. नरक-दर-नरक, ममत क ललय, प.१२९ 3. नरक-दर-नरक, ममत क ललय, प.१५१ 4. ममत क ललय क ईपन य स म द म पत य ज न, ख ट भ रख अर. प.८७ Sangharsh/Struggle e-journal of Dalit Literary Studies Spacial Issue (129) Jan. March., 2015

141 ISSN लनमकल म क क न ट यक लत त न एक न त : ल ध तरण क ऄन पम प रय ग प र. ड. ऄफ़स न ज {hýxr JÚ Ho$ g OZ _mj H$mo AnZo "VH$ZrH$r n{al_' go EH$ Z`m _mo S> XoVo hþe {Z_ bor Zo h_mao gm{hë` _ ì`má hrzvm~moy Ed gåàofur`vm Ho$ g H$Q> go OyPVo hþe n{ês>v eþšb Ho$ ~roeãx "H$mì`ajm' H$r _m{zýx g_h$mbrz {hýxr _ "JÚajm' H$r g Õm{ÝVH$ ^y{_h$m à{vð>m{nv H$r & g_h$mbrz {hýxr _ EH$ g_w "JÚmoÝ_ofH$' H$WmH$ma Ed {MÝVZ Ho$ ê$n _ {Z_ bor Ho$ g_ymo dml²_` H$m _yë`m H$Z ZyVZ e br{dkmz H$r H ${V{Zð> {díbofu-àumbr na Cn{ñWV H$aZm àñvþv emoy-amboi H$m dê` -{df` h & AVEd {Z_ b dml²_` Ho$ _yë`m H$Z Ho$ {be H$bmH ${V Ho$ nmr> (Qo>H$ñQ>) H$m gyú_v: AÜ``Z Amdí`H$ h & dñvþv: {Z_ b dml²_` Ho$ nmr>h$ju H$m ^r gþ{e{jv Ed à~þõ {MÝVH$ hmozm Oê$ar hmo OmVm h & AmYþ{ZH$ g amzmë_h$ e br{dkmz H$r H ${V{Zð> {díbofu-àumbr Ho$ AÝVJ V {H$gr ^r H ${V Ho$ nmr> _ e{`v `m g nþ{q>v (Embedded) "AW ' H$mo OJmZo H$m àh$m` "gmovz' nmr>h$ju go hr Ano{jV h & S>m. H $îuxîm nmbrdmb H$m EVXW {d_e Ü`mVì` h : ""{Z_ b Ho$ OrdZ H$m "Qo>H$ñQ>' CZHo$ nmr>h$ Ho$ gmw ~XbVm h & CÎma AmYþ{ZH$ ~þ{õor{d`m Am a à~þõ nmr>h$m Ho$ ~rm CZH$r amzmam H$m "gm' nmr>h$ Ho$ "nmr>' H$r _mz{gh$vm na hr {Z^ a H$aVm h {H$ dh CÝh {H$g H$moU, {dmma, Ñ{ï>, ^md^y{_ go XoIVm h & Š`m {H$ {H$gr ^r Qo>H$ñQ> H$m H$moB _yb `m ñwm`r gë` Zht hmovm & "nmr>' _ gmoe AW H$mo nmr>h$ hr OJmH$a "AW ' XoVm h '' 1 {Z_ b dml²_` Ho$ gþk ^mdh$m Zo ^r Bg VÏ` H$m J{^ V g Ho$V {X`m h {H$ BZH$r H ${V`m H$r ì`m»`m VWm BZH$m _yë`mh $Z naån{av AmbmoMZm Ho$ à{v_mzm Ho$ _mü`_ go Cn{ñWV H$aZo Ho$ ñwmz na AmYþ{ZH$ AmbmoMZm H$r ^mfme brnah$ ^y{_h$m na Cn{ñWV H$aZo go hr {Z_ b Ho$ OrdZ d H$dZ Ho$ "Qo>ŠñQ>' H$mo ^br^m±{v g_pm Om gh$vm h & {Z_ b AnZo CÎmadVu OrdZ Ho$ "Qo>ŠñQ>' H$r Bg AdMoVZJV O{Q>b à{ñw{v H$m ñdrh$ma ^r H$aVo h : ""EH$ AmYþ{ZH$ boih$ hmozo Ho$ ZmVo AnZoH$mo Xoe H$r AZoH$ Eogr hr {dbþá, Cno{jV, {dñ_ V naånamam Ho$ ~rm nmvm hy± & do Am±Im go {Vam{hV ^bo hmo JB hm, AZþn{ñWV Zht h & {Og Vah AdMoVZ H$m {N>nm g gma ~am~a _oar MoVZm _ g K bjmh$a _oao g OZ-g gma _ Kþg-n R> H$aVm ahvm h, Cgr àh$ma àh ${V-naånam-B ída- AZrída H$r N>m`mE± _oar AmYþ{ZH$ MoVZm na AnZr N>m`mE± S>mbVr ahvr h!'' 2 S>m. H $îuzmw Zo ^r 3 Aà b 2010 H$mo ZB {X r Ho$ B{ÊS>`m-BÊQ>aZoeZb goýq>a Ho$ VÎdmdYmZ _ "nm±mdm± {Z_ b ñ_ {V ì`m»`mz' Ho$ VhV AnZm ^mfu XoVo hþe {Z_ bor Ho$ Cº$ ñd-h$wz H$mo CX²Y V {H$`m& (S>m. H $îuzmw H$m `h ì`m»`mz g ñwmz Ho$ nì "ì`m»`mz' _ ~mx _ àh$m{ev hþam&) 3 {gg jmy{_ Vm Ho$ ñva na M`Z H$r Bg à{h«$`m H$mo {Z_ b ~m {ÕH$ Zht, {H$ÝVþ g doxzmë_h$ `m AmË_g ñh$madmxr ~VmVo h & S>m. H $îuzmw Zo Bg gýx^ _ ~Vm`m {H$ "Xygao eãxm _ ' Zht, ñd` {Z_ b Ho$ hr eãxm _ - ""{bizo H$r bå~r {OÝXJr _ Hþ$N> n S>md Eogo AmVo h Ohm± ghgm ZB {dym h_ AnZr Amoa ItM bovr h & h_ Cgo MþZVo Zht, dh h_ MþZ bovr h &'' 4 Zm~mH$mod, amo_z O H$mo~gZ (àmj-ê$gr g amzmdmx-^mfm{dkmz Ho$ ñhy$b Ho$ ^mfm{dx) Am a {Z_ b d_m XmoZm Ho$ "g_mzòmov' h & dñvþv: JÚ{dYmAm Ho$ JR>ZmË_H$ (Stuctural) VWm H$bmË_H$ ~þzmdq> (Textural) Ho$ e bramh$m H$m M`Z-àg J {Z_ b Ho$ gm_zo BZH$r {dxoe`mìmam Ho$ {deofv: MoH$moñbm dm{h$`m H$r amoymzr àmj _ Am`m& 5 ñhy$b amo_z OoH$mo~gZ H$r emoy^y{_ Wr & `hr àmj ZJar {Z_ b Ho$ AZþdmXm{X gmañdv ZyVZ e br{dkmz H$m _yb òmov ê$gr-àmj ñhy$b H$m "g amzmdmx' h Am a n«mj- AZþð>mZm H$r H$_ ^y{_ ahr h & Zm~mH$mod Am a ~moi}o Ho$ CnÝ`mgm Ho$ {d_e Zo AmJo Mb H$a CÎma- AmYþ{ZH$VmdmX Ed CÎma-g amzmdmx Ho$ AmÝXmobZm H$mo ê$gr-àmj ñhy$b Ho$ amo_z O H$mo~gZ à^ {V ^mfm{dxm Jan. March, 2015 (130) Spacial Issue

142 ISSN Ho$ boiz _ ñ\y$v {H$`m & AmYþ{ZH$ g amzmë_h$ e br{dkmz Ho$ VhV ^mfm Ho$ "nmr>' H$r auzr{v H$m Zm_ hr CÎma-g amzmdmx h & 6 {Z_ b Zo "Zm~mH$mod' Ho$ _aumoîma ZmoQ>²g na H$m\$r {MÝVZ "evm{ãx Ho$ T>bVo dfm] _ ' Cn{ñWV {H$`m h & {Z_ b Zmo~mH$mod H$mo d{o {Z`m ~þë\$ Ho$ ~mx A{ÛVr` à{v^mgånþ H$WmH$ma Ed gm{hë`ü`mnh$ _mzvo h & H$hmZr-CnÝ`mg H$r VH$ZrH$ Ho$ ~mao _ Zm~mH$mod Ho$ {d_e go {Z_ b à^m{dv h & amo_z O H$mo~gZ Am{X n«mjg{h $b Ho$ g amzmdmxr {dûmzmo Ho$ {d_e na Zm~mH$mod H$m à^md h & S>m. gþyre nmm ar Zo CÎma-AmYþ{ZH$Vm Ed CÎma-g amzm-bz XmoZm g H$ënZmAm H$m _m {bh$ òmov ~moi oo VWm Zmo~mH$mod Ho$ {d_e _ B {JV {H$`m h & 7 Bg àh$ma MoH$moñbmodm{H$`m H$r amoymzr àmj {Z_ b Am a amo_z O H$mo~gZ H$mo, Eo{Vhm{gH$ AÝVa Ho$ ~mdoyx, EH$ g_mz gmañdv g doxzm Ho$ gyì _ ~m±yvr h & "VrZ EH$mÝV' {Z_ b H$r AZþn_ ZmQ>²`H ${V h, {Og_ ZmQ>²Y{_ Vm Ho$ _m`mdmxr Am^mg Ho$ _mü`_ go AmO H$r VWmH${W_ ZJa-gä`Vm _ EH$mpÝVH$ {O XJr Or aho g ^«mýv à~þõ Za-Zm{a`m Ho$ ì`pº$dmxr ê$pmz H$m {d{mì g Ho$V CnpñWV {H$`m J`m h & `hm± VrZ H$hm{Z `m H$m AmO Ho$ {deof n{adoe H$r EH$ hr EH$mpÝVH$ H$hmZr _ {ÌdoUr g J_ h & gmw hr H$hmZr H$r e brd km{zh$ VH$ZrH$ H$mo ZmQ>²`_ MZ H$r VH$ZrH$ _ T>mbH$a {Z_ bzo {hýxr _ àw_ hr ~ma {dymývau H$r gd Wm ZdrZ à{vn{îm H$mo CnpñWV {H$`m h & dñvþv: EH$mbmn H$r e br _ J{R>V BZ H$hm{Z`m H$m EH$ hr ZmQ>²`H ${V _ ê$nmývau H$mo {dymýv{av AZþdmX H$h gh$vo h & H$hmZr go ZmQ>²` \$m {dymýv{av {Z_ b d_m H$r Bg H ${V "VrZ EH$mÝV' H$m e brd km{zh$ g_rju `hm± àñvþv h & AÝ` {dymam H$r Vah ZmQ>²` H$r g amzm ^r ^mfm-gm{hë` Ho$ Zm _m] H$r EH$ {deof ì`dñwm hmovr h {OgHo$ e br ñva na Xmo gmonmzh«$_ hmovo h : gm{h{ë`h$ g amzm H$m {eia-ñva Am a ^mfm-g amzm H$m _ybñda & {H$gr ^r ^mfm Ho$ JÚ-nÚ-ZmQ>H$ g{hv EH$ à{wv g amzm-{díd hmovm h {Og_ \$m _ `m AmH ${V Ed àh ${V H$r Ñ{ï> go Mma {~ÝXþ bú` {H$E Om gh$vo h : {Z~ÝY-H$Wm-ZmQ>H$-H${dVm & `o gm{h{ë`h$ e br Ho$ Mma _mo S> h & {Z_ b _ BZH$r gr_maoim H$m Amaå^ H$hm± go hmovm h, BgH$m {ZU ` Vmo h_ àw_ gm ÝX`m Zþ^y{V H$r AmË_ g ñh$madmxr H$gm Q>r na hr H$aZm hmojm & gm{hë`-e br H$mo A{d{ÀN>Þ _mz b Vmo `o Mmam {dymjv {~ÝXþ nañna Oþ So> hr Cnë~Y hmo Jo & ZmQ>H$ ZmQ>H$r` Vmo hmovm h dh AÝ` VrZm go ^r gån{h $V hmovm h & Bgr Ñ{ï> go "VrZ EH$mÝV" H$mo {Z~ÝYmË_H$ ZmQ>H$ H$h gh$vo h Š`m {H$ BZ _ AZþZ` H$m VÎd YZr^yV h & ZmQ>H$ _ VWm{n ZmQ>H$r` VÎd "A er' hmozo Mm{hE VWm Am a VÎd "A e" & {H$ÝVþ "VrZ EH$mÝV" _ Vmo _ybv: AZþZ` `m {MÝVZ AWm V² {Z~ÝYmË_H$ VÎd hr "A er" h Am a "ZmQ>H$" Vmo Ho$db A e^yv ~ZH$a ah J`m h & BZ_ Omo Hþ$N> ZmQ>H$r`Vm h dh {ZX}eH$ XodoÝÐ amo Ho$ Ûmam _Zmo`moJ nyd H$ à`mo{ov a J_ Mr` g gma go hr CX²^yV h, ~mh$r VrZm Zm{a`m Ho$ EH$mbmnbjr {MÝVZ Vmo _yb H$hm{Z`m H$m hr h Am a BZ VrZm _yb H$hm{Z`m _ ^r Omo {MÝVZ h dh _ybv: {Z_ b Ho$ {Z~ÝYmË_H$ {MÝVZ go hr CX²^yV h & BZ ZmQ>H$m Ho$ _rbm bå~o ñdjv H$WZm Ho$ gýx^ _ BÝh ŠbmoOoQ> S> m_m (nmr>`zmq>h$) H$hm Om gh$vm h & `o AZþZo`àYmZ ZmQ>H$ dñvþv: g dmx{z~ýy h & H$WmVÎ>d Ho$ gmw ZmQ>H$ H$m Y{Zð> gå~ýy hmovm h & {H$ÝVþ {Z_ b H$r BZ _yb H$hm{Z`m _ H$WmVÎd O~ H$_Omoa h V^r BgHo$ AmYma na ~Zo BZ ZmQ>H$m _ ^r H$WmVÎd H$r _hîmm Zht h & `{X BZHo$ g dmxmo Ho$ EH$Va\$m C{X²Xï> na {dmma {H$`m Om` Vmo bjvm h {H$ _yb H$hm{Z`m _ du ZàUmbr CÎm_nþéf àymz h {H$ÝVþ dhr ZmQ>H$r` n{adoe go g d{bv hmoh$a _Ü`_nþéf n«ymz hmozoh$m Am^mg XoVr h & `m Vmo A J«oOr _ _mozmobm J Am{X H$m ñdê$n H$mì`mË_H$ àvrv hmovm h, _yb H$hm{Z`m Ho$ EH$mbmnm _ H$mì`Ëd H$m nþq> Adí` àvrv hmovm h {H$ÝVþ ZmQ>²`ê$nmÝVam _ BÝht EH$mbmn H$mì`mË_H$ g doxzm H$m Am^mg Zhr H$amVo & e br H$r Ñ{ï> go ZmQ>H$ H$m H$mì`mË_H$ ê$n EH$mbmnr ZmQ>H$m _ XoIZoH$mo {_bvm h & nmì EH$mÝV H$WZ _ ì`ñv hmovo h & do {MÝVZ _ Sy>~o hþe hmovo h & BZHo$ ñìmjv H$WZ O go EH$mbmn Xe H$m Ho$ Ûmam lì` ñva na H$mì`mË_H$ àvrv hmovo h & {H$ÝVþ "VrZ EH$mÝV" Bg H$gm Q>r na Iao Zht CVaVo & "VrZ EH$mÝV" Ho$ EH$mbmn ZmQ>H$r` A{ñVËd Ho$ ~moyh$ h & {OZ na Spacial Issue (131) Jan. March., 2015

143 ISSN M{aÌm Ed KQ>ZmAm `m {ñw{v`m Ho$ gyì Adb{å~V h & a J_ M Ho$ gýx^ go ZmQ>H$ H$r g dmx`moozm AË`ÝV à^m{dv hmovr h Am a `hr BZ ZmQ>H$mo _ EH$mbmnm H$r ^mfm Ho$ _mü`_ go bú` {H$`m Om gh$vm h & {Z_ b KQ>Zm H$r Anojm "^mfm' na A{YH$ Ü`mZ XoVo h Am a BZHo$ gm{hë` _ ^mfm ñd` EH$ KQ>Zm hmovr h & VrZm H$hm{Z`m Am a "VrZ EH$mÝV" Ho$ VrZm ZmQ>H$m _ `{X H$moB bú` `mo½` nmw Š` h Vmo BZ EH$mbmnm H$r ^mfm & BgH$m _þ»` gå~ýy CƒmaU Ho$ ñva na "Vma-ñdaVm" Ho$ gmw-gmw `Wmo{MV ê$n _ ""eãxh$moe VWm ì`mh$au H$r BH$mB`m Ho$ "M`Z' Ho$ gmw ^r hmovm h &'' 8 "VrZ EH$mÝV' H$r Zm{`H$mAm Ho$ AHo$bonZ Ho$ EH$mbmnmo Ho$ AÝVJ V ZmQ>H$r` H$Wm Ed M{aÌ Ho$ AÝV: gå~ýym H$r A{^ì`{º$ ^mfm Ho$ {d{dy {ddvm] Ho$ M`Z go hmovr h & ^m{fh$ g amzm _ àg Jm - nmìm Ho$ H«$_ Ed Amd {Îm H$m AÝdofU e br{dkmzho$ VhV g ^d h & dñvþv: ZQ>H$r`Vm gå~õ {Z_ b Ho$ {dmmam go nyu V: g_{w V hþam hr Om gh$vm {H$ "ZmQ>H$r`Vm Ho$db ZmQ>H$-{dYm H$r hr gån{îm Zht h, Š`m {H$ XaAgb H$bm H$r ha {dym AbJ-AbJ T >J go ZmQ>H$r` hmovr h &' Eogm H$hH$a {Z_ b H$bm Ho$ ahñ` Ho$ ~mao _ hozar Ooåg H$m g Ho$V noe H$aVo h {H$ "Only Dramatize', Am a ""AnZo _yh$ AÝYoao go AZþ^y{V H$m CR>H$a eãxàxoe _ AmJo amh Ty>±T>Zm EH$ àh$ma H$r hbmb `m ñ\þ$au `m H$ånZ H$mo CÝ_o{fV H$aVm h dhr ZmQ>H$r` VÎd h &'' 9 {H$ÝVþ {Z_ b "ZmQ>H$r`Vm" go "_ MZËd' H$mo AbJ _mzvo h & H$hmZr H$r {df`dñvþ CgHo$ ZmQ>H$r` _ MZ H$r {ZYm ah$ Zht h, {H$ÝVþ H$hmZr H$m dh {d{eï> \$m _, {Og_ ZmQ>H$r` VÎdm H$mo MþZm Ed ~þzm J`m h, {ZUm `H$ _hîd H$m h & BZ VrZ H$hm{Z`m Ho$ ZmQ>H$rH$aU Am a BZH$r "_m`mxn U' Ho$ {\$ë_rh$au H$r ^ox aoim Ho$ _yb _ H«$_e: Q >H$ñQ> ñq>moar H$r {d{^þvm h & ZmQ>H$r`-_ MZ _ _yb H$hmZr H$m Qo>ŠñQ> CVZm hr _hîdnyu h {OVZm ñd` ZmQ>²`H ${V H$m Qo>ŠñQ> hmovm h Ohm± Ñí` Am a eãx XmoZm _hîdnyu h, AÝ`moÝ`m{lV & EH$hr ZmQ>H$ _ AHo$bonZ Ho$ VrZ n{añí` _yb H$hmZr Ho$ H$WmZH$ _ Omo {Z{hV h, Á`m H$m Ë`m `m A{dH $V ê$n _ AJ«àñVþV hm, {Oggo EH$ hr g_` _ ZmQ>H$r` "Bë`yOZ' Xo gho$ Am a H$hmZr H$r _yb AmË`{ÝVH$ \$m _ Ed b` H$mo ^r AjþÊU ai gho$-`h {Z_ b H$m AmJ«h h & Š`m {H$ BZHo$ _V _ `hm± g_ñ`m H$hmZr Ho$ ZmQ>H$r` VÎdm H$mo MþZH$a ñqo>o na gomzm Zht h, ~{ëh$ g_ymr ZmQ>H$r` b` H$mo _ M na nþzou{dv H$aZm h, Omo b` _ybv: H$hmZr Ho$ ^rva AÑí` ê$n go ì`má h & H$hmZr H$mo nþz: eþõ ZmQ>H$ _ CVmaZm Zht h, AÝ`Wm EH$ ZB ZmQ>`H ${V hr {Z{_ V hmojr, {H$ÝVþ H$hmZr H$m _ MZ Bg àh$ma H$aZm h {H$ _yb Qo>ŠñQ> H$m ha eãx AnZo Amn _ EH$ EŠQ> H$m H$m_ H$ao, Omo EH$ {ñw{v H$m AJ«àñVmoVm hmo, {Ogo _ M na ~mobzm hr Cg {ñw{v H$mo PobZo Ho$ ~am~a hmo & VrZmo H$hm{Z`m _ `o Zm{a`m± "ñ_ {V' Ho$ Ûmam AVrV H$mo dv _mz_ OrVr h & "ñ_ {V' H$m ha eãx AnZo_ gånyu h & dh KQ>ZmH$m AÝV OmZVm h & ñ_ {V H$m {~å~ g_j«hmovm h & H$hmZr H$m `h e{ãxv {~å~ ZmQ>H$ _ bmzm _þ{eh$b h & `h ZmQ>H$ Bg MþZm Vr go, BgHo$ àë`oh$ ^mdr à`moj Ho$ ñva na, JþOa ahm h & VrZm Zm{a`m Ho$ AHo$bonZ Ho$ ^rva _mzd-ñd^md H$r hr EH$ à{h«$`m H$m_ H$aVr h Am a `h h AHo$bonZ Ho$ AnZo AZþ^d H$mo ~m±q>zm & "drh$eês>' H$r Zm{`H$m Ho$ eãxm _ `h gƒmb h {H$ ""~m±q>zona dh N>moQ>m Zht hmovm, ~ S>m ^r Zht hmovm & {g\ $ gm \$ hmo OmVm h - M_H$rbm Am a gm \$!'' 10 "Yyn H$m EH$ Qþ>H$ S>m" ZmQ>H$ _ _ MZ H$r {deofvm `h h {H$ nmh $ go Ama ^ hmoh$a H$hmZr H$m Ñí` OJV Am av Ho$ bå~o gådmx Ho$ gmw AVrV Ho$ àg JmZþgma ~XbVm ahvm h Am a XmoZm {ñwa ~ Mm na àh$me VWm g JrV Ho$ Ûmam Am a gmw hr Am av Ho$ Ûmam ì`º$ "_yìg' Ho$ _mü`_ go H$hmZr H$r nyar `mìm H$mo nh$ S>Zo H$r H$mo{ee H$r JB h & "So> T> B M D na'_ ^r Xmo hr nmì h : ~mobzodmbm Am a gþzzodmbm & eþé _ n{ah${ënv gþzzodmbo H$m nmì ez : ez : AZþn{ñWV hmovm MbVm h, {H$ÝVþ _o O-Hþ$gu na àh$me Ho$ EH$ d V Ho$ Ûmam CgH$r Cn{ñW{V H$m Ahgmg H$am`m J`m h & n~ H$m ñwmz Ka, Oob H$r g b, gs>h$ Am a ~MnZ Ho$ Iob Ho$ Ñí`-~ÝY àh$me Ho$ Jan. March, 2015 (132) Spacial Issue

144 ISSN Ûmam C^mao JE h & "Yyn H$m EH$ Qþ>H$ S>m" _ O go MM H$r K {Q>`m± VWm Am J Z-g JrV H$r Üd{Z`m H$m n«^md Wm d go `hm± n~ _ ~OVo hþe bå~o {ah$ms > Ho$ Ûmam ^r Üd{Z à^md àñvþv h & "drh$eês>' Ho$ _ MZ H$r H$gm Q>r `h h {H$ dhm± gþzzodmbm hr Zht Am a Zm{`H$m Ho$ "ñd-{mývz" VWm ñd` Zm{`H$m H$r Qo>n{aH$mS > na AmVr AmdmO go ZmQ>H$ H$r gþ~h eþê$ hmovr h & drh$eês> IË_ hmo ahm h, ào_r A^r nb J na gmo`m hþam h, Zm{`H$m AnZo H$_ao na OmZo H$mo V `ma h {H$ ~rm _ {nn>bo {XZ H$r KQ>ZmAm na dh nþz{d Mma H$aZo bjvr h Am a H$hmZr H$_ao go {ZH$b nmh $ _ nhþ±m OmVr h, Ohm± dh AHo$br ~ R>r h Am a dh AnZr ~ƒr go {_bzo J`m h & Bgr Xm amz H$^r nmh $ _ ^r H$_ao, H$^r nþéf, H$^r ~ƒr Am a H$^r IþX AnZo _ {~VmE jum Ho$ gmw dh OrVr h & AÝV _ dh ~ J Ho$ gmw H$_ao H$r gr{ T>`m± CVa ahr h & `hm± _ M Ho$ AmYo AJbo ^mj H$m hr nmh $ ~Zm`m J`m h & àh$me H$r _ÝXVm Ed VoOr go {MÝVZ H$r `mìm H$mo gmh$ma {H$`m J`m h & Bg H$hmZr _ g JrV Zht h & Zm{`H$m Ho$ d `{º$H$ AZþ^dm Ho$ ñ_ {V{~å~m go Oþ S>r Hþ$N> Üd{Z`m± hr h, O go aobjms>r, _oar-jmo-amcês> Am{X & VrZ nmìm -Zm{`H$m, nþéf Am a CgH$r ~ƒr - Ho$ ~mdoyx Ho$db Zm{`H$m Ho$ EH$ nmì Ho$ Ûmam hr H$hmZr H$r n{ah$ënzm AJ«àñVþV h & AÝ` XmoZm H$r Amdí`H$VmZþgma _yìo `m AmdmO Ho$ CVma-M T>md go Am^mg H$am`m J`m h & VrZm H$hm{Z`m Ho$ _ MZ H$mo ~mö`mamonu go gånyu ZmQ>H$r` {dym H$m \$m _ {X`m Om gh$vm Wm & {H$ÝVþ {ZX}eH$ Zo H$hmZr Ho$ AÝXa go hr àmá A em go H$m_ Mbm`m h & Bgo nyu Vm Vmo ^mdr _ MZm _ {_b gh$vr h & BZ H$hm{Z`m H$r àw M-àñVþ{V amï> r` ZmQ>²` {dúmb` aonq >ar H$ånZr Ûmam {dúmb` Ho$ ñqy>{s>`mo-{weq>a _ _B 1-6, 1975 Ho$ Xm amz hþb Wr & "VrZ EH$mÝV' _ _ MZ Ho$ CÎmaXm{`Ëd H$m A{YH$ ~mop AHo$bonZ Ho$ EH$mbmn H$r AHo$br ^m{fh$ g amzm na hr h, Eogm Adí` àvrv hmovm h & 1. S>m. H $îuxîm *nmbrdmb : _mz{gh$ XmgVm go _þ{º$ H$m AmH$m jr {Z_ b d_m : boi : AmOH$b : Aà b : n {Z_ b d_m : Xygao eãxm _ : ^mavr` kmznrr> : {X r : 1999 : n.27) 3. S>m. H $îuzmw : n{ím_ Am a ^mav : gå~ýy Ed AmË_~moY : ì`m»`mz nì : 2010 : n.14) 4. {Z_ b d_m : evm{ãx Ho$ T>bVo dfm] _ : à $WZ : ^mavr` kmznrr> àh$mez : ZB {X r : 1995:n.7 5. {Z_ b d_m : evm{ãx Ho$ T>bVo dfm} _ : dhr : ""_oao boih$r` OrdZ _ `h "n S>md" _oao `yamon-àdmg Ho$ {XZm _ Am`m Wm & : n.7 6. S>m. gþyre nmm ar : AmbmoMZm go AmJo (CÎma-AmYþ{ZH$VmdmXr Am a CÎma-g amzmdmxr {d_e ) : amymh $îu àh$mez : {X r : 2000 : CÎma : n.10) 7. S>m. gþyre nmm ar : AmbmoMZm go AmJo : dhr : n.9) 8. S>m. gþaoe Hþ$_ma : e br{dkmz : ZmQ>H$ Ho$ VÎd : _ H${_bZ : 1979 : n {Z_ b d_m : VrZ EH$mÝV : amoh$_b àh$mez : : boih$ H$m dº$ì` : n {Z_ b d_m : VrZ EH$mÝV : drh$eês> : n.73 Spacial Issue (133) Jan. March., 2015

145 ISSN अदद स स मक लतक पररप र क ष य म ज गल क फ ल ड. नयन ड ल ल ऄलममत म लक ल मशक क द र म स त र, दललत ए अदद स स लहत य क क द र म अए ह हज र स ल स लजस ईबरन नह ददय गय ख लकर ऄपन ऄलममत क, ऄलमतत क स लहत य क झररए ख ज रह ह ऄपन पर पर क तल श म लनकल यह दलमत, प लड़त गक, नय च तन, लजस हम अ ब डकर च तन द रल कहत ह, स स पन न ह दकतन ष स लजन ह दब य गय, सत य गय, ब लन, स चन नह ददय गय, लजन ह ग क ब हर, य ज गल म खद ड़ गय, बबकरत प कक लजन ह छल गय अदद स लमथक म लजन द ह, ल कग थ ओ म ज त ह ल रटश श सन लजन ह ग नहग र म नत रह, न गर सभ यत भ ईन ह नक रत रह ह अध लनक सभ यत क क इ ल ण ईनम हम द खत नह दफर भ सम ज श लस त रय न ईनक ल ह, प र म, सम ज, म त त पर पर क ज -भरकर प रश स क ह प र क लतक स धन पर ज ल त प रक लत क परर श स ज ड़ यह सम ज लम ब ऄरस तक अध लनकत स लचत रह भ रत म सन 1990 क ब द ईद र करण, न लजकरण और भ म डल करण क क रण सतत ल क स क न म पर जल, ज गल, जम न पर बड़ औद य लगक घर न न अदद लसय क ल मथ पन त व र गलत स श र दकय आनक तरफ स चल इ ज रह ऄन य य, ऄत य च र स ग रलसत प ललस ए स लनक बल न आन ह नक सल द कहकर, ऄसभ य, ग नहग र, म ओ द कहकर ब द क क न क पर क चल कर रख ददय, पररलध स ब हर रहन क ललए अदद लसय क ल श दकय गय भ रत स स र क स त बड़ तथ सबस ऄलधक (च न क छ ड़कर) जनस ख य ल द श ह यह ईत तर म बफक स अच छ ददत लहम लय, दल ण म लहन द मह स गर, प क म ब ग ल क ख ड़ और पलश चम म ऄरब स गर स लघर ह भ ग ललक ल ध य क स थ-स थ, स मलजक, स मक लतक ए स लहलत यक ल ल धत स भ फल -फ ल ह स भ स हलत यक ल ल धत म लहन द कथ स लहत य व य पक ए ल मत त ह ऐस बह र ग र प भ ल द श क रचन क र क ललए म भ ल क ह दक ऄपन ल खन स ल ध यप णक स लहत य क रचन कर ह लशय क सम ज श रमश ल तबक क सम ज रह ह यह सम ज व य मथ क लनध करक तत भ रह ह श रम क गररम और महत क स थ ह आन तबक क ब ल मत त क रचन क र न कल पन क प ट द त ह ए शब दलच स रच ह सत य त यह ह दक ऄन क प, ईत स, पर पर ओ, ल स, व य मथ क ऄ सर, ग त, स घष, प रक लत क र ग, प र न-नय ज न-म ल य अदद स ललपट ह अ अदद लसय क ज न समग र ऄलभव यल क ललए अज भ एक नय म ध यम क ऄप म ह अदद स ज न क प रलतलनलधक र प म ल मत र द त ह ए ईपन य सक र र ज न द र ऄ मथ ऄपन ल लश सममय त मक न चल छ ऄन क ललए ल ख य त ह, औऱ लशल प क त ज ग क ललए प थक पहच न ज त ह ईनक स लहत य स धन ज न क अर लभक क ल स श र ह च क थ ईनक प रथम कल त ऄ ग र ज म ललख गय थ, लजस पर ईन ह तत क ल न र ष ट रपलत र ज न द र प रस द द व र त कल प मतक द व र सम म लनत दकय गय थ ऄ मथ ज कह लनय ललखत थ कह न ललखत -ललखत ईनक र झ न ईपन य स क ओर बढ़ ब दम ईन ह न य त त, न टक, च ररक स लहत य रच, स प दन स भ ज ड़ तथ ऄन द म दखल द ह अदद लसय क पररचय प र प त करन ह त अदद स क म र ग ह घ ट ल म रह और ल ध यप णक सम ज क कर ब स द ख -ज न जह लजस सम ज म भ रह ईस सम ज क ब ररदकय क ऄपन ईपन य स और कह लनय म ग थ कथ यगत लशष ट य ईन ह यथ थक द कथ क र क श र ण म ल त ह ऄ मथ ज न श लषत-ईत प लडत जन- ज लत ज न क लचल त दकय ह ज गल क फ ल ईनक 1960 म रच गय द सर ईपन य स ह ज गल क फ ल बमतर क अदद लसय क ज न पर क लन द रत ह आस ललखन स प क स त-अ मह न आन अदद लसय क ब च रह -ज ए आस ईपन य स क र ष ट रपलत, लबह र, ईत तर प रद श, औऱ र जमथ न द व र प रमक त दकय गय ह कथ न यक स लकस ए गढब ग ल क म लखय क ब ट और घ ट ल क सरद र ह ईस क लड़क द न परमपर ज -ज न स परमपरस च हत ह र ष ट र क स क ललए अज न ल ह न करन क प रण करत ह Jan. March, 2015 (134) Spacial Issue

146 ISSN लपत क ब म र क क रण न यक न त न र क लसरह क ब ट क ब य ह म ज त ह न त य करत समय द ल हन भ सर और न यक पर त ल फ क ज त ह लजसस द ल ह क क र ध अत ह भ सर पर ट ग चढ़ द त ह और न यक पर भ र करन च हत ह पर न यक ख द द ल ह क प ट म ह लसय घ स ड़ द त ह ग ल ट अत ह नश ईतरन पर लड़क मह अ क खय ल ईस ब च न कर द त ह ईस ग ल लन ह त ह और ह ऄपन म क प स द त ड़ पह च ज त ह ऄ ग र ज द व र ऄत य च र अदद लसय क ललए ख फ़न क द श य बनत ह य ऄत य च र ग र सरक र क प रलत ल द र ह क भ न भर द त ह ददन-प रलतददन बढ़त ऄ ग र ज क ऄत य च र और त न श ह अदद लसय क हचत म ड ल द त ह ऄ ग र ज श सक अदद लसय क अपस म झगड़ त ह स लक ऄपन ग ट बन कर तथ मह अ मलहल ओ क ग ट बन कर दशहर क ददन र ज स लमलन क प रय स करत ह, पर क ललन दर लमलन नह द त ऄलपत र ज तथ ऄ ग र ज क आन स ग न क प रलत भड़क त ह ऄ त म प रत य क ग क दल ऄपन म गक म अन ल प ललस च दकय क न कर त ह ए जगदलप रक घ र ब द करत ह ल द र ह फ ट पड़त ह भ ल -भ ल अदद स ईनक ध तक क टन लत स पर लजत ह कर भ ख द क नय स घषक क ललए समर पपत करत ह ज गल क फ ल ईपन य स क ब र म ड.भ ईस ह ब ललखत ह ---- बमतर लजल क ग र म य ज न क यथ थक लच ण आस ईपन य स क ल श षत ह प रमत त ईपन य स म ल खक न शहर स द र रहन ल भ ल -भ ल अदद स य और आन ल ग क स मक लत, र लत-रर ज और म न यत ओ क यथ थक क बह त सम प रख ह आसम एक ओर अदद लसय क स मक लत, र लत-रर ज क लचल त दकय ह त द सर ओर ऄ ग र ज श सन क ल म अदद लसय द व र दकय गय ल द र ह क ऄ दकत दकय ह अदद स स मक लत म प रचललत घ ट ल पर त ऄ मथ ज न आस ईपन य स म ल मत त प रक श ड ल ह यह ईपन य स र ष ट र य भ न स भ ओतप र त ह आस ईपन य स क ब र म ऄ मथ ज क कहन ह -- जगदलप र स स म ल तक त क इ र ल म गक नह ह म टर क अन -ज न ऄभ प र र भ ह अ ह, आस ललए यह क लन स शहर सभ यत स क स द र ह और ईन ह न ऄपन प र च न स मक लतक धर हर क ऄछ त क म यक क भ लत स रल त रख ह मध य प रद श त ग ड क गढ़ म न ज त ह ग ड क स दभक म न यड क कहन ह -- मध य प रद श क अध ऄलधक लहमस म अदद स बसत ह आनम ग ड ज लत सबस ऄलधक ह सबस ऄलधक प रभ नश ल जन-ज लत ह ग ड प रक लत क क ख म दकस पह ड़ पर य नद दकन र रहन पस द करत ह ग ड क ऄलधक श ग सड़क स द र ज गल म बस ह त ह स लहत य ए सम ज क भ लत स लहत य तथ स मक लत क स ब ध सन तन ए ऄट ट ह ल मलश कर क ऄन स र-- स लहत य क लनम कण म य ग न स मक लत म लभ त पद थक क मथ न ग रहण करत ह ए स मक लत क लनम कण म स लहत य प र रक, स च लक ए स र क क भ लमक सम पन न करत ह लजस प रक र दकस मत क लनम कण म कच च पद थक क अ श यकत ह त ह क ईस प रक र स लहत य क लनम कण म स लहत यक र क य ग न स मक लत स म लभ त अध र स मग र प र प त करन क अ श यकत ह त ह स लहत यक र सम ज क ल लश अश ओ, अक ओ, अ श यकत ओ, ज न प लतय ए क यकप रण ललय, म ल य, ल च र, भ, अदत अदद क ऄपन स रग रह ए प न द रल स ग रहण कर स थक ए अकषक शब द ल ध न स कल त मक ऄलभव यल प रद न करत ह आस प रदक रय क ब च स लहत यक र क ज न-दशकन प क ए रलसक क भ जगत क प रभ ल त करत ह त द सर ओर ईस लललपब करत ह अ समक ल न स मक लत क ऄ ण ण भ बन द त ह आस प रक र स लहत य स मक लत क स र क ह और स मक लत स लहत य क लनय मक शल बन ज त ह भ रत य अदद स सम ज म ल क स मक लत क ल ल ध ईप द न ऄत य त ल कस त ऄ मथ म प ए ज त ह य ईप द न ह ---ल ल ध प रक र क ल कग त, ल ककथ ए, ल कन त य, ल क ल य ऐस सश ल क स मक लत क दशकन हम अदद स ज न क दद रत स लहत य म ह त ह यह ईपन य स ह क अदद स स मक लतक व यल त क झ क कर त ह ल कग त--- अदद लसय क परम पर म ल कन त य, ल कग त ए ल क त कओ क बड़ महत ह ल कग त द व र अदद लसय क ईल ल स प रकट ह त ह ईपन य स क प र र भ म ल क ग त प रमत त करत ह ए ललखत ह ---स रकरकरकरकरकरक क भर कइ अ झ ज गल भ स क स ग क ब ज स लनकल, और ढ़ ल क घर कय स र क स थ लमलकर ग म फ ल गइ र र र ल र र ल र // र ल र र र ल र ए ए ए Spacial Issue (135) Jan. March., 2015

147 ISSN आन ल ग म स म लहक न च-ग न क अय जन भ ह त ह लजसम एक ओर प र ष त द सर ओर स औरत न चन -ग न लगत ह लस त रय म र और त ल पर ग त ह इ प रश न करत ह त प र ष ईत तर द त ह ईद ल द न त न प प म द न म ख ल ददए त द क पत त क द न ल कर ज तन च ह,लपय अलखर म प न ल थ ढ़ ललय ऄ दर स लसहरत अ ज लनकल --- ट ठ ट ठ ट ठ ट ड र, लनस न, और दकदकर भ बज ई और ज स ह ब स र क स र न ह म लहर क पकड़ ह औरत और मद क ट ल झ म ई स लकस ए न ब च म क दकर त न छ ड़ मह अ न सबस पहल ईसक ईत तर ददय, और ध न क स थ ह ध र -ध र ग त सरक --- धन र ऄ गररजब डड// त र ऄक कल भ र र // र र र ल र र र ल र // ऄधर, चल य ररलग र, ह // ररलग र, र ड ड ड प रमत त ईपन य स म कन य लबद इ क ग त भ प रच र म म पढ़ ज त ह, ज ग ड अदद लसय क ऄपन पर पर गत स मक लतक ल र सत क प क क स मन प श करत ह --- र र ल र र ल र र ल लनय र मनद न ल न र य ह ल // ल न ग ज र लहन द र य ह ल जह म तक क दफन य ज त ह, ह थ ड़ ददन क ब द म तक क य द म एक पत थर लग य ज त ह पत थर लग त समय ग ड ल ग म तक क क रन म क य द करक ग त ग त ह स र ध र धरत र ए द त // न ख ड प र थ ल एल, हसग र म ल र ददप र ए द त //दग ल ह य ल र र एल ल क न त य----- बमतर क जन-ज न, ज गल, जनज लत, अदद लजतन अकषक और ल भ न ह ईसस कह ऄलधक म हक अकषक ईनक न त य ह बमतर क ग ड अदद स न त य क समय ऄपन अपक क इ ल श ष ऄन द झ म प रमत त करत ह लसर पर ग र क हसग और ईन पर न य पल य क क र गलबर ग प ख क लतर ज स कल ग, अ ख क स मन झ लत ह ए क लडय क झ लर ल च हर ऄपन सभ ख बस रत क स थ ऄपन न त य स द सर क भ लथरक द त ह ग ड अदद स ल ग क न त य ऄक सर ऄज ब ह त ह, न त य क गलत द य क स थ-स थ ह त ह घ र बन कर न त य करत ह ढ़ लदकय ईस घ र क ब च ह त ह ईद -- द खत -द खत ह न च ग न क ख स मजम जम गय मजम म सब ख गय त स लकस ए न गल स ढ ल क फ द लनक लकर फगर क गल म ड ल ददय फगर क न ग ह थ ढ़ ल क चमड़ पर थ प द न लग स लकस ए न अग बढ़कर मह अ क कमर पकड़ ल ह प य र क ददक स च ख ई ब स क ज न टहन क तरह ईसन कमर क लचक य और गल क झटक द कर छ त स मन त न द स लकअए न भ ह दकय य द खकर दस-प च ज ड़ म द न म ईतर पड़ ग क ऄध ड़, औरत मदक भ प छ न रह ब ढ़ -ब दढ़य क अ ख आन ह द खन म ख गई ल ककथ ए -----ल ककथ ए भ अदद स सम ज क स म लजक ए स मक लत म ल य क स हक ह हहद क अदद स ज न स ब ध ईपन य स स लहत य म अदद स सम ज क ल ल ध ल ककथ ओ क प रय ग लमलत ह ग ड अदद लसय क ल स ह दक ज द -ट न ईसक ल र सत ह और प थ पर आस ल ध क ल न क प रथम श र य ग ड ल ग क ह ह प थ पर ज द -ट न ल न क स ब ध म आस ईपन य स म बह त स र कथ ए लमलत ह ग ड अदद लसय म ल ककथ ए, ज द - ट न, शक न-ऄपशक न अदद प रचललत ह त ह त य ह र-- ग ड अदद लसय म प क औऱ त य ह र षकभर मन य ज त ह,श यद ह क इ म स ख ल ज त ह कभ द त क, त कभ ऄन न य धरत, ऄथ कभ ष क क अक क त य ह र मन य ज त ह सभ प क- त य ह र मन न क ढ ग एक सम न ह त ह आस ईपन य स म क रत प ण ड म, क र मर ग, क र प ण ड म, द र अदद त य ह र क णकन ल मत र स दकय गय ह दशहर क असप स ब य ध न य क ल ध न पकन श र ह त ह ग क लजस व यल क ध न पहल पकन श र ह त ह त ह ग क ग यत क आसक स चन द त ह स चन क ब द ध न क ललए ग यत औऱ ग लनय लमलकर म न ब झ करत ह ऄ मथ ज ललखत ह ---- क रत प ण ड म क परब अय क रत प ण ड म क र त न च-ग न क ह त ह ज न ज ड़ क तब ऄपन मन क स ध प र करन क समय लमलत ह Jan. March, 2015 (136) Spacial Issue

148 ISSN अदद स श र ग र ए क शल : ग दन ----अदद स मलहल ए अभ षण क ऄलतरर शर र क ऄल क त करन क ललए शर र पर कल त मक लच बन त ह ग दन क आस सम ज म एक ल श ष महत ह ग दन क क म ओझ ज लत क ल ग करत ह ज गल क फ ल म ऄ मथ ज ललखत ह -- ओझ प तल क एक लम ब स इ द य म रख क ल पद थक म ड ब त और लड़क क ज घ म घ स ड़ द त ह ज र स लचल ल ई त,उ आ आ आ म ड ड ड ग दन स दयक- ल क त एक ल लश स धन म न ह गय ह, ल दकन आसक स थ कइ प र तन म न यत ए, ल कल स, क लद -द त प रत क अदद भ आसस स ब ह मछल, स प, स यक, च द र अदद लच ईनक शर र पर ग द ददय ज त ह ग ड अदद स ल ग ऄलधक स ऄलधक लनखर स दरत आस कहत ह लजसक शर र पर ग दन क लनश न ह त ह शर र ग दन जर र ह लजसक द ह म ज य द ग दन ह ग, ह ईतन ह स दर ह ग ईद. नह म, छत त नह बन ई ग, मछर बन उ ग, ह मछर ज नद क प न स ऄन ख प य र करत ह ह म झ ब हद पस द ह ऄच छ ह सह क श ल न य स---- बमतर क ग ड अदद स ब ल ए क श ल न य स म द ह त ह क श ल न य स क इदक-लगदक क मल भ न ओ क क रण दकश र ऄपन प र लमक क प र म क लनश न भ ट करत ह ऄ मथ ज ललखत ह - ददन भर अ र भल ह रह, र त क लगन स स रत ह ब ल म प य र स लहररय़ ड़ लत ह पलड़य ( लकड क क लघय ) ख सत ह अभ षण---- दररद रत क क रण य मलहल ए अभ षण कम पहनप त ह ईनक म ख य अभ षण म ल ए ह ह अ करत ह ऄ मथ ज ललखत ह -- ईनक गल म डगरप ल(ग ररय क म ल ) ह त ह क न म छ ट -छ ट ब ललय ह कभ न य ललय खर दत, न डगरप ल ह ऄपन म रटय र क प र म क भ ट द त ह त म रटय र स भ आन ह भ ट क र प म प त ह आस ह थ स ल ईस ह थ स द न कभ द र न कभ ऄ ध र लशक र करन ---- आस ईपन य स म ल खक न लशक र क त र-तर क क मप दकय ह ईपन य स क प र र भ म लहरम स भर क लशक र करक म स ख त ह क ब त द ख ज त ह स दर क शब द म -- तरकस स एक त र लनक लकर ईसन ऐस लनश न स ध दक प न प त स भर मछल क तरह तड़फन लग क ल त र, फ द, भ ल स य ल ग लशक र करत ह ऐस नह ह, ह ऄपन ह थ स पत थर म रकर भ लशक र करन म द ह त ह द -द त --- अदद स सम ज क ऄपन एक ल श षत ह त ह दक ऄलधक श ध र पमक स मक र प क र प म मन य ज त ह ल ड क ज प क क ऄ सर पर ग ड अदद लसय द व र न र यण द क प ज ह त ह आस प ज क ल लध-ल ध न क स ऄर क बलल स सम पन न दकय ज त ह आसक ऄल य ल ग अ ग द क भ प जत ह न र यणद,अ ग द, करद गल द, बररय प न द क ऄल क छ म त द ल य क अर धक म न ज त ह बमतर क ग ड क स कलधक प लजत द त र द ह य प रज श तल म त, ग दन म त, म ल म त ए ऄपन प कज क ध म-ध म स प ज -अर धन करत ह क ल लमल कर कह सकत ह दक आस रचन म मध य प रद श क ज गल ग ड अदद स ज लतय क ज न त लच ण ह ज गल क ज न ऄपन सममत स मक लतक, स म लजक ए र जन लतक स ब ध ल स गलतय और च तन म म तक ह ई ह ज गल क य ल ग ऄपन लमथलत क प य र करत ह ए भ श षण क ल र ज गर क ह रह ह रचन क र न ग ड क ज त य स मक लत क स थ र जव य प भ मक ल य ल द र ह क ब त क ह भ रत य अदद स स मक लत क स र प रद न करन क सत क यक दकय ह स दभक ग र थ 1 हहद ईपन य स क स षक -- ड.ल क र य 2 हहद ईपन य स : एक ऄन तय क -- ड र मदरश लमश र 3 ह स पल क र ज न द र य द 4 ज गल क फ ल ल र ज न द र ऄ मथ 5 हहद क अ चललक ईपन य स -- ज ञ नच द र ग प त 6 हहद क अ चललक ईपन य स स म लजक स मक लतक स दभक---ल मलश कर न गर 7 भ रत क अदद स ---- प.अर.न यड Spacial Issue (137) Jan. March., 2015

149 ISSN रहमय द और लहन द कल त ड. ऄलनल ख ड लहन द क व य म रहमय द शब द ऄपन तकम न ऄथक म स मक त स ग ह त ह कर ऄ ग र ज भ ष क लमलमतलसज म शब द क ऄथक म प रय ह अ थ रहमय न भ लत दशकन क ल षय ह रहमय द शब द क प रय ग क ल क व य क ऄ तरगत ह दकय ज त ह दशकन क रहमय द ज ञ न प रध न ह त ह और क व य भ प रध न ह त ह ज ञ न क क रहमय द स स ररक ऄलनत यत ज न क प रलत ईद स नत सद स तत स ऄदभ त ह त ह जबदक भ न य क व य क क रहमय द अश चयक क भ ए अत म क परम त म स ल रह न भ लत क ल कर प र ण स चय करत ह कल प रस द क एक ईल म द ख त रहमय भ न सम प णक ददख इ पड़त ह... लसर लनच कर दकसक सत सब करत म क र यह सद म न ह, प र चन करत लजसक ह ऄलमतत कह (प रस दज ) यह ह क लनर क ररत क ख लडत दकऐ लबन ह ईसम स क रत मथ लपत करन क च ष ठ रहमयभ न क म ल ह अच यक र मच द र श क ल न कह ह दक स धन क म ज ऄद र त द ह, क व य क म ह रहमय द ह (२) रहमय द क स बध ईस परमतत क स थ ह लजसक द व र यह ल लनर पमत ह अ यह परमतत ऄभ तक ऄद श य ह, ऄज ञ य ए म ऄगम य बन ह अ ह ईसक ऄन भ लत स भ ह सकत ह, परन त ऄलभव यल नलह तभ त खर कह ल तथ पलण डत और लपर क द ढ क म ह पर झ डन ल ऄक सर कब र तक भ रहमय क व य ख य करण लगत ह एक लशश क भ लत ईनक ण लडखड ई त यह रहमय शल क कलहब क श भ नह, द ख य ह परम न कहकर रहमयग थ क ऄथक कह न प र म क बत कर रहमय न भ लत क ग ङ ग क ग ड बत कर च प ह ज त ह रहमय द क ल क स क स बन ध म ल ध धन क द मत ह एक गक रहमय द दक परम पर क स ध ऄद र त द स स बध करत ह ; दद रलतय गक क मत न स र स धन क यह परम पर द ब ह थ रहमय द क म ल तत हमक प र च नतम गम य म ईपलब ध ह त ह, और द म भ... ईत त च तन स द तत कद न न त ण भ लन (ऊग द) कब म ऄपन शर र स ईसक मत लत कर ग कब म ईस रन करन य ग य क हदय क भ तर एक क र ह सक ग ऄद र त द क प रलतप दन क स थ हमक ईपलनषद म ईस परमतत क व य करन क ललय रहमय द क व यश ल क दशकन ह त ह छ द ग य ईपलनषद म अत म परम त म क एकत क करत ह ए कह गय ह दक तत सत य स अत म तत मलस ऄथ कत ह सत य ह, ह अत म ह, ह त ह ए म ऄन य डस न य डहमलममलत न स द, म ऄन य ह - ज यह ज नत ह क छ नह आस प रक र स लहत य म क रमश ब लधकत क मथ न पर भ त मकत क ल क स ह अ, लजसक फ़लम र प ज ञ न क मथ न भल न ल ललय पलत य लप रयतम क र पम भग न क भ न क ष ण भल म गक म म ध यकभ कह गय ह रहमय द भल क ल म भल क ऄन तगकत भ क एक नय स स र क प रलत अकर पषत करत रह अध लनक क ल म ईसन छ य द क य ग ण प नज न प र प त दकय, आस य ग म आसक प र रण स त र त ईपलनषद ह रह शल ऄस म ह, म शल क एक कल ह म भ ऄस म ह (ऄज ञ य) छ य द य ग क प र तक जयश कर प रस द न रहमय द क भ रत य लचन तन परम पर क द न म न ह रहमय द स हम र त त पयक ह दक भ त मक रहमय द अश चयक, क त हल य लजज ञ स क भ अत म क परम त म स एकत ए म ल रह न भ लत तथ म न प र म क ल कर चलत ह भ कल य क रहमय द म हम Jan. March, 2015 (138) Spacial Issue

150 ISSN म न प र म क भ न लमलत ह छ य द क ल य मह द म क द व र लचल त रहमयप णक भ हम यह ददख इ पडत ह, ज स... श न य नभ म ईमड जब द ख भ र स न श तम म सघन छ ज त घट लबखरज त ज ग न ओ दक प ल भ जब स नहल अ स ओ क ह र स तब चमक ज ल चन क म दत तलडत स म सक न म यह क न ह आस प रक र मह द म क क रहमय द आस क व य पल क द व र व य ह अ ह लहन द स लहत य म रहमय द क आलतह स लसध ध और न थ स लहत य स म न ज त ह लसध ध और न थ स प रद य क रहमय द ऄपन प र र भ क ह न क क रण ईलज ह अ ददखय पडत ह भल क ल म आसक म र प बह त मप ह ज त ह और लनग कण क व यध र क कल य म कब र, दद और ज यस क क व य म लनखर ई त ह आस रहमय द क म ल ध र ऄद र त द ह, अच यक श य मस न दर द स कब रज क लहन द क प रथम रहमय द कल म नत ह लहन द स लहत य म कब र और ज यस क द व र ह रहमय द क परम पर क प र र भ ह अ थ रहमय द क द भ ग म ल भ दकय ज सकत ह ; (१) प र च न रहमय द कल क र पम कब र और ज यस प रम ख कल म न ज त ह आन ह म ल ध पत, स रद स, त लस द स तथ म र ब इ अदद क रचन ओ म य त रहमय न भ लत क दशकन ह त ह (२) अध लनक रहमय द कल लजनम जयश कर प रस द, स लम न दन पन त,स यक त ल प लनर ल और मह द म क अदद कल म न ज त ह प र च न कल य क रहमयन भ लत ऄद र कम लक ह और अध लनक कल य पर ल द श प रभ ऄलधक ह, यधलप प रस दज और लनर ल ज क उपर हम भ रत य दशकन क रमश श दशकन क अनन द व द ए म ऄद र त द क गहर र ग ददख इ पड़त ह लहन द क व य म ईपलब ध रहमय द रचन ओ क स कप रथम ल श षत ऄद र त द क म न यत रह ह आन सभ कल य क उपर स दफय क स कत म द प ल ट क प रलत लबम ब द ऄ ग र ज कल य क प रक लत दशकन अदद कइ द शकलनक लस त क प रभ पड़ हहद क रहमय द कल य न परमतत क प रलत ऄपन र ग त मक स ब ध क व य करन क ललए द म पत य प र म प लत क ऄपन य ह कब रद स स ल कर मह द म क तक प र य सभ कल य न ऄल दकक प रभ क पलत क र प म म क रकरत ह ए ऄपन अत म क प रभ क पत न क र पम प रमत त दकय ह रहमय द क ऄन य ल श षत ओ म द ख त कल य म ऄपन लनज ल श षत यह भ रह ह दक भल भ न म द ख त ऄपन पलत प रभ क सम म ख स कथ द न... हम ह त म ह र आसललए दफरभ दय क प ह (कब र) बन द त म ह र द व र म र स ह ग श र ग र द व र यह ख ल स न भ म र भ प क र जर क छ ब ल (लनर ल ) आस प रक र रहमय न भ लत क व य करन क ललए सममत कल य न दकस न दकस र पम प रलतक ए म स क लतक शब द ल क प रय ग दकय ह अत म ए म व यल गत गहन ऄन भ लतय क ध य न म रखकर म क ग लतश ल क कब रद स,प रस द,लनर ल,मह द ए पन तज अदद कल य न ऄपन य ह रहमय द क यह सन द श ह दक आस अत म क परम त म म ल न करक परम रहमयमय क गलत क स थ एक क र ह न क प रयत न कर स दभ स लच : - (१) लहन द स लहत य क आलतह स, अच यक र मचन द र श क ल Spacial Issue (139) Jan. March., 2015

151 ISSN भ रत म पयकटन : ल क स ए स भ न ए प र. च धर इ रभ इ छ ट भ इ 5I"8G SF TFt5I" W]DGFvOLZGF CL GCL A<SL jilst :TZ;[ C8FSZ HM ZFQ8=LI :TZ 5[ N[BF HFI[ TM JM SM> EL N[X S[ ;O, G.D.P. ZMHUFZ J'lâD[ 5 ti1f ~5;[ ;CIMUL CMTF C{ /JD 5 ti1f ~5 ;[ EL VG[SM VFlY"S UlT ljnim D[\ EL V5GL IMUNFG N[T[ C{ JT"DFGD[ 5I"8G /S p3musf ~5, [ R]SF C{ N]lGIF EZS[ ;EL N[X 5I"8G SM ljs;fg[ D[ H]0[ C{P 5I"8G S[ DFD,[ D[ EFZT ;A;[ HFNF ;\5G N[X C{ I[ N[X VG[S 5 S'lTSS[ J{lJwI;[ EFZT 5 FlRG C{ ICF ;EL 5 SFZ S[ 5I"8GMSL 5}ZL ;\EFJGF DMH]N C{ /S VF{Z J:T]S,F4 lr+s,f4 V,UvV,U ~5D[ HL;D[ ls<,[4 ZFHDC,4 D\lNZ4 Dl:HN4 :T}5 SL DMH]NUL 5FIL HFTL C{ TM N];ZL VF{Z GNLIF4 ;D\NZ4 hzg[4 5J"T4 UF0"G hl,4 5FS VFlN VGMB[ S]NZTL :Y,M ;FDL, C{ /S CL N[X D[.TGL HFNF J{lJwI SM> EL N[X D[ N[BG[ SM GCL DL,TL ÕSM\0[ G:8 8= [¾HZÖ S[ /S ;M\W 5+D[ ATFIFUIF C{ SL, MU ;]8LIM\ S[ ;DI D[\ 5I"8G SM VlWS 5;\N SZT[ C{ VF{Z p;d[ EFZT SF RMY[ G\AZ SF :YFG C{ P HL;D[ Nl1F6 VFlO SF4 l:jhz,[g0 ;[ VFU[ C{ l;\uf5mzd[ 5I"8S ;Z[ZFX 5 lng TS ~ST[ C{ HA EFZT D[ 26 lngm SF C{.;, LI[ EFZT SM.GSL UTLlJNLIMD[ 5lZJT"G VFJxIS C{ P HCF\ 5I"8S ;F,EZ ;DI latf XS[ VF{Z CZ HUC;[ VFZFD DC[;]; CM XS[ loz JM WFlD"S4 V{lTCFl;S4 5IF"Jl6"I IF :JF:YI IF.;S[ V,FJF VF{Z SM> SFZ6 IF pn[x S[ ;FY VFI[ CM P EFZT S[ VFlY"S 5 IMHG VG];\WFG 5lZQFN S[ /S TFHF VwIFIG lz5m8" D[\ 5 SFlXT lsif UIF C{ SL 5I"8G ;[ N[X SM G.D.P.D[ 5.9% lc:if VF{Z 5t51F ZMHUFZD[ pgsf IMUNFG 8.87% C{.; JH;[ 5I"8G SM A0[ 5[DFG[ D[ ljsl;t SZGF VFJxIS C{ VF{Z p;d[ ;O, ZCG[ S[ l,i[ EFZT WFlD"S5I"8G 5FlZl:YSLI5I"8G VF{lTCFl;S5I"8G4 VF{QFlWI 5I"8G VFlN HM HFNF ;[ HFNF 5I"8SM SM VFSlQF"T SZ XS[ P 5I"8G /JD VFlY"S UlTlJlNo 10 JL 5\RJlQF"I IMHGF SF, D[ EFZT D[ 5I"8SMSL ;\bif D[ 78% S[ A-MTZL S[ ;FY ljn[xl D] FD[ 120% SL J'lâ C]. C{ P 5I"8G D\+F,I S[ lc;fa;[ CF,CLD[ 5I"8SMSL ;\bif 80, FB C{ ;F, 2006 D[ 3Z[,] 5I"8SM SL ;\bif VNFRLT 42 SZM0 YL loésl äfzf 5IF"JZ6LI /JD U FDL6 5I"8G S[ ljsf; 5[ SZG[JF,F /S VwIFIG D[ ATFIF UIF C{ SL p;d[ ZMHUFZ /JD ZMSF6 SF, FE ;A;[ HFNF C{ 5I"8G S[ 1F[+D[ 5 ti1f 10 SZM0 ~l5im SF ZMSF6 D[ 47.5 ZMHUFZL SL 1FDTF C{ P pgsl ;FY CL ZMHUFZ S[ SFZ6 CL pgs[ ;\AlWT 1F[+D[ 77 ZMHUFZM p%,an CMTL C{ EFZTLI 5lZ5 [1ID[ 5I"8GSF A0F jif5s 5 EFJ C{ P HL;D[ DC[;}, 5}HL VG]5FTD[ prl DF+FD[ J'lâ C]JL C{ 5I"8G SM 5FZ\5FlZS S,F /JD lx1ff D[ 5]GoHLJG /JD CM8[,LU VF{ N]Z;\RFZ DFwIDM S[ ljsf; SL ;FY ZMHUFZL 5F. U. C{ ÕD[S[g;LÖ G[ /S VwIFIG S[ lc;fa ;[ ;F, 2012 TS 5I"8G ;[ EFZT 1 CHFZ SZM0 ~l5if SL DC[;},L 5F> HFI[UL P VFH 5I"8G 1F[+ SF T[HUlT;[ lj:tfz CM ZCF C{ P pgsl AFT ;DH VFlT C{ SL ;F, 2008 D[ 5I"8SM SL ;\bif 9.9% SL J'lâ N[BG[ SM ld,l YL ;F, 2007 D[ H}G TS 23,86,887 ljn[xl 5I"8S EFZTD[ VFI[ Y[ p; ;DI VJlW D[\ ;F, 2007 D[ pgsl ;\bif 21,32,174 ZCL YL p; lc;fa Jan. March, 2015 (140) Spacial Issue

152 ISSN ;[ 5I"8SM SL ;\bif D[\ 11.9% J'lâ 5F> U> YL VF{Z 5I"8SM S[ VFG[ ;[ ;F, 2007 D[ ljn[xl D] F VF> 15, SZM0 ~l5if YL 2007 D[\ VF> SL ljn[xl D] F 1, SZM0 ~l5if ZCL YL p; VJWLD[\ 13.9% VF{Z 0M,Z D}<ID[ 18.2% SL J'lâ NH" SL C{ P SFI" ;ldltsf lz5m8" o p; lz5m8"d[ J[5FZ ;\A\W IF+FVM S[ l,i[ XC[Z D[ ;EFUFZ VF{Z ;\D[,G S[g M GIF 5I"8GSF S[g SF GLDF"6 SZGF p; E,FDG S[ BZLlWS Z6lGTL AGFG[ SL H~ZT C{ P Nl1F6 VFlO SF A FlH,4 VFH["g8LGF >hzf.,4 :5[G RLG4 HF5FG Nl1F64 SMlZIF VF{Z VMl:8=[l,IF H[;[ N[XM D[ wifg S[g LT SZG[ SL H~ZT ATF. U. C{ P HFNF 5 IF;MSL H~ZTo VY"jIJ:YFD[ A-TF IMUNFG C{ OLZEL 5I"8G S[ ljsf; S[ l,i[ VlAvlA AC]T ;\EFJGF ZCL C{ P pgd[ S. 5 SFZ S[ 50SFZEL C{ HLGSF ;DFWFG SZGF EL VFJ:I C{ P JT"DFG ;DI VJlWD[ lj`j:yzl 5I"8G D[ EFZT SL EFULNFZL 0.5% C{ CFl,D[ ;[JF1F[+ D[ ATF. UIL IMHGF VFIMUD[ /S 5[G, S[ lz5m8" D[\ ATFIF UIF SL EFZT ljn[x 5I"8GSL4 5I"8G D\TjISL 5;\NUL D[ VFTF GCL VF{Z JM I[ 1F[+ S[ KM8[ N[XM H{;[ SL DSFp4 l;\uf5mz4 YF.,[g0 VF{Z D,[lXIF SM RIGUL SZT[ C{ HLGSF D}, SFZG 5 ltimutf SF VEFJ ATFIF UIF C{ p;s[ ;FDG[ EFZTD[ VFJF; SL SDL V5 IF%T JFCGvjIJCFZ VlJSl;T DF,BFSLI ;]ljnfi[ DGMZ\HG S[ :Y, ljsf; SL SDL I[ D]BI SFZ6 C{ P ljn[xl 5I"8SMSL K[0TL VF{Z lc\;fvmsl TFHMTZ 38GFI[EL EFZTSL XALSM lauf0tl C{ p; lz5m8" D[ lj`j 5I"8G ;\U9G SF VF\S0[ SF p,[b SZT[ ATFT[ C{ SL ljn[xl 5I"8G S[ VFUDG S[ AFZ[D[ EFZT ;[ VFU[ D,[lXIF4 CM\USM\U4 YFI,[g04 DSFp4 l;\uf5mz D[ ;F\bIFSLI J'âL CM ZCL C{ P 5I"8G S[ ljsf; S[ l,i[ ljlegg 5 IF;[\ S[g ;ZSFZG[ N[X D[ 5I"8G SM ljsl;t SZG[ S[ l,i[ V,UvV,U VJlWD[ leggvlegg IMHGFI[ X]~ SL YL ljn[xl 5I"8SMSM VFSl;"T SZG[ S[ l,i[, \A[ VZ;[ ;[ VF\TZ DF,BFVMD[ SDL DC[;]; SL U. YL pgsm wifgd[ ZBSZ S[g ;ZSFZG[ 5I"8G :Y,M S[ ljsf; S[ l,i[ 6 VZA 50 SZM0 ~l5im SF ZMSFG, UFIF UIF C{P pgd[ CZ ZF¾IM SM 50 SZM0 ~l5if N[G[ SF lg6"i lsif UIF C{ P HL;D[ VF{Z AMW S[g M SL ;FY VFU F4 S6F"8S4 BH}ZFCM VMlZ;F VF{Z ClTIFDF\ lj:j:tzli AC]NF VF\TZDF,BF SF ljsf; SL IMHGF pgd[ ;FlD, C{ P p;s[ AFJH]N EL VgI DCtJ5}6" IMHGFI[ lgr[sl VF{Z lni[ UI[ C{ P VlTlYN[JMEJo EFZTD[ 5I"8G 1FDTF S[ 5}J" NMCG S[ DFD,[ D[\ ÕVlTlYN[JMEJoÖ 5I"8G D\+F,I SF /S A0F 5 ItG C{.; SFI" SM 5}ZF SZG[ S[ l,/ TF,LD VF{Z VMZLVg8[XG S[ HZLI[ pg1f[+ D[, U[ C]J[, MUM SM 5I"8SM S[ ;FY HFNF ;\J[NGXL, VF{Z HJFANFZ AGFG[SF C{ P A [0 /JD A [SOF:8 IMHGF o S[g LI 5I"8G D\+F,I S[ HZLI[ p; IMHGF S[ V\TUT 3ZD[ ZCG[ S[ l,/ ;]ljwfi[ 5lZ5}6" CM.; ljqfid[ 18 VST}AZ 2006 ;[, FU] ls U. C{ pg IMHGF SF pn[xi C{ 3Z[,] VF{Z ljn[xl 5I"8SMSM :JrK VF{Z ;UJ0I]ST VFJF; p5,an SZFGF C{P EFZTLI 5lZJFZM SL ;FY ZCG[ SF VJ;Z ld,[ HLGS[ HZLI[ EFZTLI 5 YFI[ VF{Z 5Z\5ZFI[ SF VG]EJ SZS[ VF{Z EFZTLI Z;M.S,F SF :JFN 5F XS[ P 5}6" EFZT D[ X~ SL U> I[ IMHGF 2007 TS 280 ~DM JF,[ 97 I]lG8M SM VG]DMNG lnif UIF YF P Spacial Issue (141) Jan. March., 2015

153 ISSN C[lZ8[H :Y,MSF lgdf"6o S[g ;ZSFZG[ 11 JL 5\RJlQF"I IMHGF D[ N[XD[ 100 C[lZ8[H :Y,MSF ljsf; SZG[SF lhdf p9fif C{ pgd[ ;[ 25 C[lZ8[H :Y,[ VF\TZZFlQ8=I :YZ S[ CMU[ WFlD"S :Y,MSM ljs;lt SZG[SF lg6"i N[XD[ WFlD"S 5I"8GMSF ljsf; S[ l,i[ ;ZSFZG[ ZFHULZ4 GF,\NF4 VF{Z AMâUIFSM ljsl;t SZG[ SF lg6"i lsif C{ pg pn[xi;[ AMW IF+LVM S[ l,i[ N[X SL V\NZ VF{Z ljn[xm;[ ljx[qf ~5 D[ Nl1F6 V[lXIFI N[XMD[ /S 8= [GSL X]~VFT SL C{ P DCFZFQ8= VF{Z p Z5 N[XD[ AMW :Y,MS[ ljsf; S[ l,i[ S[g ;ZSFZG[ k6 ;CFITF S[ l,i[ HF5FG A\[S OMZ.g8ZG[XG, SM5M"Z[8Z S[ ;FY ;DHMT[ 5[ C:TF1FZ SLI[ C{ P pg 5lZIMHGFD[ DCFZFQ8= S[ VH\TF4.,MZF4 VF{ZF\UFAFN4 NM,TFAFN4 5F8GN[JL VF{Z, MGFZ SM ;FD[, SLIF UIF C{ P p Z5 N[X AMâ5lZ5Y S[ ljsf; S[ l,i[ k6 ;DHMT[ D[ ;FZGFY4 S]XGUZ4 Sl5, J:T] zfj:tl ;\ls,f :Y,M SF ;DFlJQ8 SZ l,if UIF C{ P E}lD A[\S IMHGF o S[g LI 5I 8G D\+F,IG[ BF,L 50L C]. HDLGMSF VlnU C6 SZS[ /S A\[S AGFG[ SF lgdf"6 SLIF C{ pgsf C[T] AGFI[ VF{Z R,FI[ H{;FSL CM8,M VF{Z.lTIFNL P S'h 5I"8GGM ljsf;o S[g LI 5I"8G D\+F,I EFZTG[ S'h 5I"8G :FY,MS[ ljsf; SZG[ S[ l,i[ AC]T ;FZL TZSLA AGF. C{ P.GS[ V\NZD[ N[X S[ VU LD V[Z5M8" S[ S'h 8lD"G, SF lgr,[ :YZM ;[ lj`j :YZLI lsif HFI[UF ;F, 2010 TS CZ ;F, 10, FB GF{SFIF+L VM S[, LI[ EFZT HFG[S[ l,i[, 1I AGFIF UIF C{P UMZD[8 5I"8G S[ l,i[ GLlT stslgslf I[ IMHGF SF pn[xi EFZTLI ji\hgmsf ;\JW"G SZGF VF{Z p;[, MSl5 ITF 5 NFG SZJFGF ;ZSFZ ljljw 5 RFZ DFwIDM ;[ VF{Z O} 0 O[l:8J,M S[ HZLI[ I[ CM XSTF C{ P D[l0S, 8}ZLhDSF ljsf; JT"DFG ;DI VJlND[ EFZTD[ D[l0S, 8]ZLhD SL J'lâ CM ZCL C{ P pgsf SFZ6 EFZTD[ ;:T[.,FH VF{Z :JF:YI N[BAF, SF ljsf; C{ ;F, 2004 D[ EFZTD[ D[l0S, 8]ZLhD SF AFHFZ 3,330, FB VDZLSL 0M,Z YF p;d[ 25% S[ J'lâNZ ;[ A- ZCF C{ P ;F, 2010 TS p;d[ 5 lt ;F, 2 VZA VD[ZLSL 0M,Z TS SF VG]DFG, UFIF UIF C{ S[g ;ZSFZG[ EL ZFHI ;ZSFZSM 5 F.;A\[lS U S[ HZLI[ D[l0S, 8]ZLhD SF ljsf; SF VG]ZMW SLIF C{ D[l0S, 8]ZLhD S[ ljs;fg[ S[ l,i[ S[g ;ZSFZG[ :JF:YI /JD 5lZJFZ S<IF6 D\+F,I VF{Z 5I"8G D\+F,I S[ 5NFlWSFZLVM SM ;ld, SZS[ /S VGMSF SFI"N,SF U9G SLIF C{ 2007 D[ 5I"8G1F[+ 4.4 VZA 0M,Z SL VF. 5F. U. C[ P Jan. March, 2015 (142) Spacial Issue

154 ISSN र म कथ क र ज न द र ऄर ण क द न स ल क धम श HLJG SM Z;DI VF{Z VFGgNDI AGFG[ S[ l,i[ ZFD SYF SF VFzI DFGJ S[ l,i[ VFJxIS C{ P ZFD SYF U\UF SL TZC VH; ~5 ;[ AC ZCL C{ HM HLJG S[ pnf 51FM\ SL V5 ltd VlEjIlÉT SZTL C{ P EFZTLI ;\:S'lT VF{Z ;eitf SF ljzf8 D}<I ZFD SYF D[\ lk5f C{ P ZFD SYF D[\ jilét4 5ZDFZ4 ;DFH TYF N[X ;ASF ljwfg EFZTLI ;\:S'lT S[ VG];FZ C{ P ZFD SYF D[\ VJUFCG SZG[ SF VFGgN CL S]K VF{Z C{ P cczfdfi6 5-³T[ ;DI ;}IF"NI S[ 5 SFX D[\ :GFG SZG[ H{;F VG]EJ CMTF C{ P lh;g[ IC DFG; :GFG GCL\ lsif p;g[ ;}IM"NI N[BSZ EL 9LS ;[ 5}ZFv5}ZF GCL\ N[BF C{ P J{;[ H{;[ lh;g[ U LS VFlN SlJ CMDZ SM GCL\ 5-³F p;g[ ;D]ã GCL\ N[BF C{ Pcc! ZFD SYF SM 5 FZdE ;[, [SZ VA TS DGLlQFIM\ G[ V5GLvV5GL ~lr S[ VG]~5 VC]VFIFDL AGF lnif P V5GLvV5GL DlT S[ VG];FZ ;AG[ N[XvSF, JFTFJZ6 S[ VG];FZ.;[ 5 F;\lUS AGFG[ SF SFI" lsif C{ P.;L 5Zd5ZF D[\ ZFH[gã V~6 SF GFD EL VFTF C{ P ZFH[gã V~6 G[ EL ZFD SYF SF 5 :T]TLSZ6 VFH S[ ;gnemå SM wifg D[\ ZBSZ lsif C{ P.G[S 5F+ Inl5 ZFD SYF S[ C{ TYFl5 J[ VFH S[ 5lZJ[X ;[ H]0³SZ HG ;FDFgI SM G> lnxf 5 NFG SZ ZC[ C{\ P T],;L SL RF{5F.IM\ SL ;Z, jifbif T],;L SF ZFDRlZT DFG; EÉTM\ S[ l,i[ ;A;[ ;Z, VF{Z 7FlGIM\ S[ l,/ VUdI C{ P.; U gy 5Z VFH TS VG[S 8LSFI[\ l,bl UIL\ lsgt] ZFDRlZT DFG; SL jifbif V5}6" CL ZC UIL P ZFH[gã V~6 G[ T],;L SL RF{5F.IM\ SM VFWFZ DFGSZ ZFD SYF l,bl P ZFD SYF S[ 5F+M\ S[ RlZ+ 5Z VFWFlZT 5]:TSM\ D[\ 5C,[ J[ ;dalgwt RlZ+ S[ ;EL TyiFM\ SM /S :YFG 5Z.SõF SZS[ loz p; 5F+ ;[ ;dalgwt 5 D]B RF{5.IF U C6 SZT[ C{ P p;l RF{5F> SM VFWFZ DFGSZ ;dalgwt 5F+ S[ RlZ+ SL jifbif SZT[ HFT[ C{ \ P 5 FIo I[ RF{5F.IF 5F+M\ S[ U]6M\ S[ VFWFZ 5Z, L UIL C{ \ P 5 ;\UFG];FZ ALRvALR D[\ RF{5F.IF vnmc[ VFlN l,bsz loz pgsl ;Z,TD jiffbif GLR[ SZ N[T[ C{ P ZFH[gã V~6 äfzf 5 :T]T T],;L SL RF{5F.IM\ SL jifbif.tgl ;Z, C{ ls ;FDFgI jilét p;sm 5- ³SZ ZFD SYF S[ EFJ D[\ 0}A HFTF C{ P cclz SYF VGgTFc 5]:TS D[\ J[ S[J8 5 ;\U SL /S RF{5F> SM.; 5 SFZ ;DhFT[ C{\v ccl5i lci SL l;i HFGlGCFZL P DlG D]NZL DG D]lNT ptfzl PP v5lt S[ ìni SM 5CRFGG[ JF,L ;LTF G[ ZFD S[ DG SL py,v5]y, SM HFG l,if P.;Ll<I[ Dl6 ;[ H0³L C]> V5GL V U}9L ptfzsz ZFD SM N[ lnif P ZFD G[ JC V U}9L S[J8 SM N[GL RFCL Pcc 2 ccezt U]G UFYFc 5]:TS D[\ HA ZFD EZT S[ VFUDG SM HFGT[ C{ TM J[ 5 [D S[ SFZ6 p9 50³T[ C{\v cp9[ ZFD ;]G 5 [D VWLZF P SC] 58 SC} lg;\u WG] TLZF PP v;]gt[ CL ZFD 5 [D D[\ VWLZ CMSZ NF{0³ 50[³ P SCL\ J:+ luzf4 SCL\ TZSX4 SCL\ WG]QF VF{Z SCL\ AF6 Pcc #.;SF VY" SNFl5 IC GCL\ C{ ls.gsl 5]:TSM\ D[\ DF+ RF{5F.IM\ SL jifbif SL UIL C{ P RF{5F.IM\ SL jifbif SZGF.GSL ZFD SYF SF pû[xi EL GCL\ C{ P.GSF pû[xi C{ ls RF{5F> S[ VF;v5F; S[ ;gne" SM 5S0³F HFI P V~6 HL :JI\ l,bt[ C{\v Spacial Issue (143) Jan. March., 2015

155 ISSN ccrf{5f> S[ VY" 5Z D{\ ¾IFNF A, GCL\ N[TF P p;[ TM ZFDRlZT DFG; SL ls;l EL 8LSF D[\ 5FIF HF ;STF C{ P D{\ IC 5 IF; SZTF C} ls p;s[ VF;v5F; S[ ;gne" SM 5S0³F HFI4 p;s[ DD" SM K]VF HFI[ Pcc $ ZFH[gã V~6 HL ZFD SYF SM jiffjcflzs AGFG[ SF 5 IF; SZT[ C{\ P.; lgld T],;L SM RF{5F.IM\ SL 5 ;\UJX jifbif EL SZ N[T[ C{\ P SCL\vSCL\ 5Z J[ RF{5F.IM\ SM pnfcz6 S[ ~5 D[\ VF{Z SCL\ p5n[x S[ ~5 D[\ EL p5imu D[\, FT[ C{ P RF{5F.IM\ SL NFX"lGSTF SM AWFZ SZ J[ éa G 5{NF SZ.;L ;CFZ[ ZFD SYF SM JT"DFG ;[ HM0³ N[T[ C{\ P ZFD SYF S[ 5F+M\ S[ U]6M\ SF lj:tfz TYF GJLGLSZ6 ZFH[gã V~6 SL ;EL S'lTIF ZFD SYF S[ ;EL VFNX" 5F+M\ S[ RlZ+ 5Z VFWFlZT C{\ P T],;L G[ ZFDRlZT DFG; D[\.G 5F+M\ S[ U]6M\ SM V5GL ;]ljwfg];fz ;LlDT SZ lnif C{ TYF 5 ti[s 5F+ S[ U]6 ;d5}6" ZFDRlZT DFG; D[\ I+vT+ labz[ 50[³ C{ \ P V~6 HL G[ ZFDRlZT DFG; S[ 5F+ ZFD4 ;LTF4 EZT4 NXZY TYF CG]DFG S[ U]6M\ SF ABFG lsif C{ P.gCM\G[ 5F+M\ S[ U]6M\ SF lj:tfz ;[ TM J6"G lsif CL C{ ;FY D[\ ZFDv;FDlISTF S[ VG];FZ U]6M\ SF[ GJLGLS'T EL lsif C{ P cclz SYF VGgTFc D[\ ZFD4 cezt U]GUFYFc D[\ EZT4 chu HGlG HFGSLc D[\ ;LTF4 czmd ZMD D[\ ZFDc D[\ CG]DFG4 cz3]s], ZLlT ;NF@@@c D[\ NXZY TYF cth] ;\;I EH]ZFDc D[\ 5]Go ZFD S[ A ï ~5 S[ RlZ+M\ TYF U]6M\ SF J6"G lsif UIF C{ P cs{s[>c D[\ S{S[> S[ RlZ+ SL DCGLITF AGF> U> C{ P ZFH[gã V~6 G[ ZFD SYF S[ 5F+M\ S[ U]6M\ SM lj:t't O,S 5 NFG lsif C{ P T],;L G[ ZFDRlZT DFG; D[\ NXZY S[ RlZ+ SM ;LlDT SZ lnif C{ P T],;L NF; G[ NXZY S[ RlZ+ SM 5 FZldES SF^0M\ TS CL ;LlDT ZBF C{ P XL3 CL D'tI] S[ SFZ6 NXZY SF RlZ+vlR+6 ~S HFGF :JFEFlJS C{ P V~6 HL G[ NXZY S[ RFlZl+S U]6M\ SM.TGF lj:tfz lnif ls cz3]s], ZLlT ;NF@@@ GFDS c/s 5]:TS AG UIL P ZFH[gã V~6 G[ ZFD SYF D[\ NXZY S[ RlZ+ SM UF{ZJFlgJT SZS[, MSFNX"G ;[ HM0³ lnif C{v cczfd SYF D[\ NXZY SF RlZ+ A0³F VG]9F C{ P pgc[\ ;F1FFTŸ ljq6] S[ VJTFZ zl ZFD SF l5tf CMG[ SF UF{ZJ 5 F%T C{ P 5ZDFtDF.; ;'lq8 S[ ;EL HLJM\ S[ l5tf CMT[ C{\4 /[;[ ljz,[ ;\;FZ D[\ CMT[ C{ \4 lhgc[\ 5 E] V5GF l5tf AGG[ SF DF{SF N[T[ C{ \ Pcc? V~6 HL G[ ZFHF NXZY S[ 5 ti[s U]6 SM.TGL TgDITF ;[ VF{Z lj:tfz5}j"s Jl6"T lsif C{ ls SM> EL AFT NXZY ;[ ;dalgwt K}8G[ GCL\ 5F> C{ P ;FY CL pgcm\g[ NXZY S[ DFwID ;[ VFH S[ l5tfvm\ 5Z SZFZF 5 CFZ SZT[ C]/ NXZY S[ RlZ+ VF{Z U]6M SF GJLGLSZ6 EL lsif C{ P ZFH[gã V~6 NXZY S[ RlZ+ ;[ AC]T 5 EFlJT C{\ P J[ SCT[ C{\ ls AF,SF^0 ;[ VIMwIFSF^0 TS O{,F NXZY SF RlZ+ N]oBv;]B SL W}5vKF J ;[ AGF C{ P NXZY SF l5tf WD" pgc[\ AC]T, ]EFTF C{ P VFH S[ l5tfvm\ SM p5n[x N[T[ C]/ NXZY S[ RlZ+ :JTo GJLGLSZ6 CM HFTF C{ P ccd{ \G[ VG[S, MUM\ SM N[BF C{ ls J[ :JI\ XZFA 5LT[ C{ \ VF{Z ArRM\ SM N}W 5LG[ SF U]6 ATFT[ GCL\ YST[ P :JI\ l;uz[8 SF W]VF 5L ZC[ C{ VF{Z ArRM\ SM VUZAÀFL SL ;]UgW D[\ ZCG[ SL ;,FC N[T[ C{\ P UF,L N[SZ ArRM\ SM 5}HF 5Z A{9G[ SL ;,FC N[T[ C{\ P l5tf S[ /[;[ VFRZ6 ;[ 5]+ D[\ ;\:SFZ SL ;defjgf 1FL6 CMTL C{ Pcc & cezt U]G UFYFc D[\ EZT S[ RlZ+ SM lj:t't SZS[ pgsm GIF VFIFD V~6 HL G[ 5 NFG lsif C{ P EZT SL NXZY4 SF{X<IF4 ZFD4 ;LTF4 JlXQ94 HGS4 CG]DFG4 5]ZJF;L4 N[JTF VFlN S[ ;FY S{;L E}lDSF ZCL C{4.; 5]:TS D[\ V~6 HL ;lj:tfz Jl6"T SZT[ C{\ P EFZT SM J[ ljxjff; SF VG]5D ~5 DFGT[ C{\ TYF pgs[ U]6M\ SM VFH S[ ;gne" ;[ HM0³ N[T[ C{\v ccljxjf; S[ lagf VF5 HL GCL\ ;ST[ P IF+F D[\ RF,S 5Z4 3Z D[\ GF{SZ 5Z4 SFD D[\ ;CIMlUIM\ 5Z4 VFZFD D[\ S]8]ldAIM\ 5Z4 ALDFZL D[\ NJF VF{Z 0FÉ8Z 5Z4 VF5SM ljxjf; SZGF CL 50[³UF Pcc * Jan. March, 2015 (144) Spacial Issue

156 ISSN cclz SYF VGgTFc D[\ ZFD S[ Vl5 TD U]6M\ SF ljxn ljj[rg lsif UIF C{ P.GS[ ;EL U]6M\ TYF RlZ+ 5Z ;lj:tfz RRF" SL UIL C{ P ALRvALR D[\ 5 [ZS 5 ;\UM\4 TYF AMW SYFVM\ SM ;lddl,t SZS[ ZFD S[ U]6M\ SF[ jifjcflzstf D[\ 5lZJlT"T lsif UIF C{ P ccs[j8 S[ 5 ;\U D[\ HCF EÉT VF{Z EUJFG S[ DW]Z A\WG SF VFEF; ld,tf C{ JCL\ ZFD SL ZFHG{lTS S]X,TF EL RlZTFY" CMTL C{ P J[ S[J8 SL V858L.rKFVM\ SM 5}ZF SZS[ U\UFT8JFl;IM\ SF ln, HLT, [T[ C{\ Pcc ( HA ZFH[gã V~6 DFG; SL RF{5F.IM\ SL ;Z, jifbif SZT[ C{\ TM pgsf IC 5 IF; ZCTF C{ ls NFX"lGS TtJM\ SF[ EL 5F9S.;L ;Z, jiffbif S[ ;CFZ[ ìni\ud SZ, [\ P chu HGlG HFGSLc 5]:TS D[\ c;ltfc S[ RlZ+ SM V~6 HL G[ 5ZFSFQ9F 5Z 5C] RF lnif C{ P J[ ;LTF S[ ;\3QF" SM VFH SL GFZL SL ;D:IFVM\ S[ ~5 D[\ N[BT[ C{\ TYF ;LTF S[ RlZ+ ;[ E8STL GFZL SM G> lnxf N[G[ SF 5 IF; SZT[ C{\ P ccvglugt IFTGFVM\ 5ZL1FFVM\ ;[ U]HZTL C]> ;LTF VgT D[\ V5G[ 5 F6[xJZ S[ 5F; VF U> P pgsl AU, D[\ A{9SZ pgcm\g[ 5tGL CMG[ SF UF{ZJ p5,aw lsif P lstgl DCFG C{ ;LTF4.TGL lj5nfvm\ SM h[,g[ S[ AFN EL GCL\ 8}8L Pcc ) ;[JF VF{Z ElÉT S[ l<f/ V~6 HL G[ CG]DFG SM 5 FYlDSTF NL VF{Z ATFIF ls ;[JF SL ;LB CG]DFG S[ RlZ+ ;[ ;DFH SM U C6 SZGF RFlC/ P J[ ;[JF S[ l,/ ;[JS S[ U]6M\ SF EL J6"G CG]DFG HL S[ DFwID ;[ SZT[ C{\ P ccha VFNDL :JI\ SM 5CRFGGF E}, HFI[ TM ljwftf EL p;sf S<IF6 GCL\ SZ ;ST[ P ;[JF VF{Z ElÉT p;[ HUFT[ C{\4 p;[ p;sl 5CRFG SZFT[ C{\ P CG]DFG ;NF HFUT[ ZCT[ C{\ P ;HUTF4 ;TS"TF ;[JSF SF :JEFJ CMTF C{ Pcc!_ V~6 HL SYF SM HLJG D[\ AC]T DCtJ N[T[ C{\, [lsg VFHS, ;DIFEFJ S[ SFZ6 zmtf cxf8"s8c SYF SL.rKF ZBT[ C{\ P SYF SF zj6 SZGF CL ;t;\u C{ P.;L ;t;\u ;[ VFtDF T'l%T CMTL C{ P V~6 HL VFH SL SYF TYF ;t;\u ;[ ;gt]q8 GCL\ lnbt[v cc;t;\u TM ;FDFlHS 5 NX"G C{ P JFæFRFZM\ S[ EÛ[ jif5fz C{\ P VFH CHFZM\ ;t;\u CM ZC[ C{\, [lsg JÉTF VF{Z zmtf D[\ 5ZDFtD EFJ lnbf> GCL\ 50³TF P /S SM Nl1F6F SL RFC C{ TM N};Z[ SM V5GL.rKFVM\ SL 5}lT" Pcc!! V~6 HL G[ ZFD SYF S[ 5F+M\ S[ RlZ+M\ SM lj:tfz N[G[ S[ ;FYv:FFY pgs[ U]6M\ SM VFH SL DFgITFVM\ S[ l,/ ;\:SFlZT VFNX" S[ ~5 D[\ GJLGLS'T SZ lnif C{ P.;;[ ZFD SYF SL ZMRSTF VF{Z ;FgNlE"STF NMGM\ D[\ J'lâ C]> C{ P ZFD SYF SF ;DFHLSZ6 DFGJ lxx] ;\;FZ D[\ 5X] SL VFJxISTFVM\ ;[ D]ÉT /S H{lJS VJIJ D[\ VFTF C{ lsgt] XG{ovXG{o JC ;FDFlHS 5 F6L S[ ~5 D[\ -, HFTF C{ P -F,G[ SL.;L 5 lêif SM ;DFHLSZ6 SCF HFI TM VtI]lÉT G CMUL P 5lZJFZ lx1f6 ;\:YFI[\4 50³M;4 ljjfc4 WD" TYF ZFQ8= ;DFHLSZ6 SL /H[g;L S[ ~5 D[\ SFD SZT[ C{\ P ZFH[gã V~6 SF DT C{ ls ZFD SYF ;DFHLSZ6 SL ;A;[ A0³L /H[g;L C{ lh;d[\ 5lZJFZ4 lx1f64 ld+4 ljjfc TYF ;\:S'lT.G ;ASF lj:t't ~5 CD[\ N[BG[ SM ld,tf C{ P.G ;AS[ äfzf ;DFH SM ;]gnz ~5 D[\ -F,F HF ;STF C{ P ZFD SYF D[\ p5l:yt I[ ;A TtJ VFNX" TYF ;DFH SL SYF C{ VF{Z SM> EL.;;[ VK}TF GCL\ C{ P cc jiflétut :JFY" 5Z C]> RM8 SM ;CSZ ZFD 3Z 5lZJFZ VF{Z ;DFH S[ labzfj VF{Z DGD]8FJ SM ARF, [T[ C{\ Pcc!2 Spacial Issue (145) Jan. March., 2015

157 ISSN CDFZL ;GFTGL ;\:S'lT D[\ WD" SM HLJG ;[ HM0³SZ p;sf ;DFHLSZ6 lsif UIF C{ P WD" HLJG SM jiffbiflit SZTF C{ VF{Z p;[ ;\:SFZM\ ;[ EZFv5}ZF AGFTF C{ P ZFH[gã V~6 G[.;L ;GFTGL ;\:S'lT SL :YF5GF ZFD SYF S[ äfzf SL C{v cclcgn} WD" D[\ HLJG SL jiffbif SFI"vSFZ6 S[ ;dagw S[ ~5 D[\ SL UIL C{ P H{;[ J'1F ~5L SFI" SF SFZ6 ALH C{ P p;l TZC ALR ~5L SFI" SF SFZ6 J'1F C{ P SEL SFI" SFZ6 AGTF C{ TM SEL SFZ6 SFI" Pcc!# 5lZJFZ ;DFH SL.SF> C{ P.;l,/ ;DFHLSZ6 SL 5 lêif D[\ 5lZJFZ SL 5 D]B E}lDSF ZCTL C{ P.; 5lZJFZ SM ;DZ; SZG[ SF EFJ 5{NF SZTF C{v 5Z:5Z ljxjf; P EZT G[ V5G[ 5lZJFZ SM V5GF ljxjf; lnif VF{Z Z3]S], SF 5lZJFZ S,\SM\ ;[ AR UIF P ccezt G[ V5G[ HLJG ;[ CD[\ ljxjf; SF 5]Q5 lnif C{ P.;[ IlN CD HLlJT GCL\ ZB[\U[ TM 5lZJFZ CL GCL\4 CDFZF ;FZF ;FDFlHS HLJG N]U"gW ;[ EZ p9[uf4 ÉIM\lS 5lZJFZ CL ;ASF VFWFZ C{ Pcc!$ V~6 HL G[ ZFD SYF SF ;DFHLSZ6 SZS[ jilét4 ;DFH4 5lZJFZ4 TYF ZFQ8= SF DFU"NX"G lsif C{ P IlN ;DFHLSZ6 SL ;\:YFI[\ ZFD SYF S[ VFNX" SM HLJG D[\ ptfz, [\ TM DFGJ HLJG ;FY"S CM HFI[UF P ZFD ZF¾I SM ;FSFZ SZG[ SF 5 IF; lj38gsfzl XlÉTIM\ S[ lj~â HLJG D[\ lxj TtJ SL VlEJ'lâ lh;d[\ J{IlÉTS4 5FlZJFlZS4 ;FDFlHS VF{Z ZFHGLlTS HLJG ;]BL VF{Z ;D'â CM ;S[4 XFlgT SF VG]EJ SZ[\4 ZFD ZF¾I S VFNX" ZF¾I SC,FTF C{ P ZFD ZF¾I S[ 5 D]B TtJ 5 [D EFJ TYF pt;u" C{\ P ZFD ZF¾I /S VFNX" ZF¾I C{ lh;sl ;]Bv;d5NF J6"GFTLT C{ P DCFtDF UF WL G[ EL /[;[ CL ZFD ZF¾I SL S<5GF SL YL P ZFH[gã V~6 G[ V5GF ZRGFWlD"TF D[\ EL ZFD ZF¾I S[ DFwID ;[ p;s[ VG[S VFNXMÅ SM 5 :T]T SZS[ ZFD ZF¾I SL ;\S<5GF SM ;FSFZ ~5 N[G[ SF :tf]ti 5 IF; lsif C{ P ZFD ZF¾I S[ AFZ[ D[\ V~6 HL G[ ZFHF S[ ST"jIM\ SM 5 D]BTF NL C{ P ccl;\cf;g ld,g[ S[ AFN S[J, 5 HF CL GCL\ N[JTFVM\ VFlN SM.TGF DFGv;dDFG ld,f, [lsg J[.;;[ E},SZ V5G[ ljj[s SM BM GCL\ A{9[ P V5G[ ST"jiF SL IFN pgc[\ AGL ZCL\ Pcc!? ZFD ZF¾I ;DZ;TF TYF ;DgJII 5Z VFWFlZT ZF¾I YF P HCF 5F54 É,[X4 S],1F64 S584 S]DFU" VF{Z S]RF, GQ8 CM UIF YF P ;ASM >xjz 5Z 5}6" VF:YF YL4 ä[qf4 GCL\ YF P cczfd ZF¾I D[\ HLJG SL UlT ;CH VF{Z ;FDFgI YL P N]oB4 NLGTF VF{Z NlZãTF SF SM> GFD EL GCL\ HFGTF YF P.;SF IC DT,A GCL\ ls CZ VFNDL, B5lT YF P.;SF VY" C{ ls CZ VFNDL V5GL SDF> ;[ ;gtmqf YF P JC V5GL SDF> G{lTS ;FWGM\ ;[ SZTF YF P VYM"5FH"G WD" ;[ VG]XFl;T YF Pcc!& ZF¾I SF ZFHF lgz\s]x CM TM VFNX" ZF¾I SL S<5GF CL GCL\ SL HF ;STL P ZFD lgz\s]x ZFHF GCL\ Y[v chm VGLlT S]K EFBF{\ EF>4 TM DMlC AZH[p EI la;zf>c SCSZ ZFD G[ lgz\s]xtf SF 5 xg CL ;DF%T SZ lnif P ZFD ZF¾I 5 HFTg+FtDS YF P cclcgn} ZF¾I jij:yf SL 5]ZFGL 5âlT D[\ ZFHF 5 XF;G Tg+ SF 5 D]B CMTF YF VF{Z U]~ ZFHTg+ SL DIF"NF VF{Z GLlT SF 5MQFS CMTF YF P p;sl :JLS'lT S[ lagf ZFHF7F SM GLlT ;ddt CMG[ SF UF{ZJ GCL\ ld,tf YF P ICL jij:yf ZFHF SM lgz\s]x CMG[ ;[ ARFTL YL Pcc!* ZFH Tg+M\ D[\ HA DlC,FVM\ SM SM> VlWSFZ VF{Z 5 ltq9f GCL\ YL P pgc[\ EMU SL J:T] DFGF HFTF YF P p; ;DI ZFD ZF¾I D[\ ZFD G[ :+L SL DIF"NF SM ;]Zl1FT ZBF P :+L SF V5DFG ZFD G{lTS D}<IM\ SF V5DFG DFGT[ Y[ P ZFH[gã V~6 G[ ZFD ZF¾I S[ VFNXMÅ S[ VFWFZ 5Z VFH SL ZFQ8= jij:yf SM ;FSFZ SZG[ S[ l,/ /S ;]gnz jij:yf SL VMZ.\lUT lsif C{ P lh;d[\ ;DZ;TF4 ;DgJI4 5 [D TYF ;CSFZ S[ ;FY Jan. March, 2015 (146) Spacial Issue

158 [ ISSN ;DTFD},S ;DFH SL :YF5GF SL HF ;S[ P ZFD G[ V5GL 5 HF SM TLGM\ N]oB ;[ D]ÉT lsif YF.;l,/ J[ EUJFG S[ ~5 D[\ HFG[ UI[ P cciln SM> ZFHF V5GL 5 HF SM HLJG 5 NFG SZTF C{ TM JC 5 E] SF /[xji" 5 F%T SZ ;STF C{cc!( ZFH[gã V~6 G[ ZFDZF¾I S[ VFNXMÅ SM V5GL ZRGFWlD"TF D[\ ;lddl,t SZS[ VFH SL ZFHGLlT TYF XF;G Tg+ SM p; jij:yf ;[ VJUT SZFIF C{ lh;sl VFJxiFSTF JT"DFG D[\ VG]EJ SL HF ZCL C{ P ;DZ;TF EFZT D[\ lcgn}4 D];,DFG4 l;b4 >;F> ;lnim\ ;[ /S ;FY ZCT[ VF ZC[ C{\ P.;l,/ IC N[X lcgn} N[X GCL\ C{ P ZFHGLlT G[ ;A D[\ V,UFJJFN EL 5{NF lsif C{ lsgt] ZFD TM ;A SM :JLSFZ SZ VFU[ A- ³T[ C{ \ P ICL ;DZ;TF SF EFJ C{ P ;A, MU ld,h], SZ ZC[\ ICL V~6 HL S[ ZFD SYF SL z[itf C{ P cczfd G[ ls;l SM KM8F IF A0³F GCL\ ;DhF P V5G[ VFNXMÅ SL 5}ltF" S[ l,/ pgcm\g[ ;ASM V5GFIF Pcc!) EFZTLI ;\:S'lT D[\ V:5'xITF SF SM> :YFG GCL\ C{ lsgt] S]K TYFSlYT WDF"gWM\ G[ chftlitf SF ALH AMSZ.; SM-³ SM HgD N[ lnif P.;l,/ EFZTLI ;DFH ;lnim\ ;[ V:5'xITF S[ ZMU ;[ 5Ll0³T ZCF C{ P VFH EL gi}gflws ~5 D[\ IC CDFZL EFZTLI ;\:S'lT SL ;DZ; EFJGF D[\ AFWF 0F,TF C{ P V~6 HL G[.; ;FDFlHS ljs'lt SF ljzmw ZFD S[ DFwID ;[ lsif C{ P cczfd U]C SM HLT, [T[ C{ \ P JC VS[,F GCL\4 V5G[ N,4 A, ;lct ZFD SF CM HFTF C{ P 5C,L AFZ ls;l ZFHF G[ K}SZ HGHFlTIM\ SM V5GF5G lnif YF Pcc 2_ ;DFH D[\ ;DZ;TF SL EFJGF SM 5lZ5]Q8 SZG[ S[ l,i[ ZFH[gã V~6 HL EZT SF VFNX" ;AS[ ;FDG[, FT[ C{ \ P ZFD SL EF lt EZT EL ;FDFlHS ;DZ;TF S[ 5 TLS C{ P pgs[ DG D[\ SCL\ EL ls;l S[ 5 lt N]ZFJ GCL\ C{ PHM ZFD SF l5 I C{4 JC ZFD H{;[ CL EZT SF EL l5 I C{ P ccezt S[.; VFgtFlZS 5 [D SM N[BSZ lgqffn EFJ ljemz CM UIF P p;g[ SEL ;5G[ D[\ EL IC S<5GF GCL\ SL YL ls EZT p;[.; UCZL VFtDLITF ;[ V5GFI[\U[ Pcc 2! V~6 HL G[ HFlTv5F lt SF ;N{J S0³F ljzmw lsif P J[ VG[S pnfcz6 N[SZ ATFT[ C{ ls EUJFG HFlT GCL\ ìni SF lgxk, 5 [D N[BT[ C{\ P VG[S pnfcz6 EZ[ 50[³ C{\ lh;d[\ EUJFG G[ pgs[ ìni SF 5 [D N[BF4 HFlT GCL\ N[BL P H{;[vGFDN[J HFlT S[ NHL" Y[ P 5]HFZL pgsm 5}HF GCL\ SZG[ N[TF YF, [lsg pgc[\ EUJFG S[ NX"G C]/ P ZlJNF; DMRL Y[, [lsg EUJFG G[ pgc[\ V5GFIF P SALZ G[ EL WD" S[ GFD 5Z AC]T VtIFRFZ ;C[, [lsg ZFDFGgN G[ pgc[\ V5GFIF P cclh;sf ìni 5lJ+ VF{Z X]â CM4 JCF ZFD 0[ZF 0F, N[T[ C{ \ P GFD VF{Z J\X ;[ GLR VG[S EÉT C]/ C{\ lhgs[ ìnim\ D[\ ZFD VF A{9[ Pcc 22 ZFH[gã V~6 G[ ;DFH D[\ ZFD SYF S[ äfzf ;DZ;TF SF EFJ EZSZ E[NEFJ SL 5Zd5ZF SM ;DF%T SZG[ SF 5 IF; lsif P ZFD SYF S[ RlZ+.; SFI" D[\ ;JF"lWS TS" ;ddt C{\ P HGJFNL R[TGF ZFH[gã V~6 SL ZFD SYF HGJFN ;[ 5 EFlJT C{ P ZFD SYF D[\ ZFD ;DFH S[ Nl,T VF{Z l5k0³ JU" S[ TtSF,LG ;D]NFIM\ D[\ V5G[ NF{Z ;[ VFU[ C{ P Nl,TM\4 HGHFlTIM\ TYF l5k0[³ JU" S[ 5 lt ZFD SF VFRFZ jijcfz pgc[\ VFH VF{Z EL VlWS ;DLRLG AGFTF C{ P HGJFNL R[TGF CL ;DFH D[\ ;F\:S'lTS R[TGF SF EFJ EZTL C{ TYF.gC[\ GIL lnxf SL VMZ VU ;Z SZTL C{ P ZFH[gã V~6 G[.; ;DFH SL lj;\ultim\ SM N[BF VF{Z.GS[ :JZ D[\ ZFD SF :JZ ld,f lnif v cczfhsli VGFRFZ4 ;FDgTL XMQF64 NLG N]A", HGTF SF NDG pgs[ EFJ]S ln, SM SRM8TF ZCF Pcc 2# Spacial Issue (147) Jan. March., 2015

159 ISSN XAZL4 H8FI] TYF lgqffnzfh.g TLGM\ SL U6GF lgdg ;DFH D[\ SL HFTL C{, [lsg ZFD S[ DG D[\.GS[ 5 lt V5FZ 5 [D YF P ZFD G[.GSL ElÉT SL ;ZFCGF SL TYF.GS[ 5 lt S'T7TF SF EFJ EL 5 S8 lsif P V~6 HL S[ VG];FZv ccs[j84 lgqffnzfh4 VF{Z XAZL S[ 5 [D SM 5 E] G[ ljglt EFJ ;[ :JLSFZ lsif P CG]DFG SM pgcm\g[ ìni ;[, UFSZ EZT H{;F SCF Pcc 2$ ZFD V5GL 5 HF ;[ AC]T 5 [D SZT[ Y[ P A0[³ :G[C5}J"S ZFD G[ 5 HF SM JG HFG[ ;[ ZMSF YF VgiFYF J[, MU EL JG R,[ HFT[ P ZFD SM V5G[ GF{SZM\vRFSZM\ SL A0³L lrgtf YL HM AR5G ;[ ZFD SL N[BEF, SZT[ R,[ VF ZC[ Y[ P ZFD pgs[ N]oB N[BSZ N]BL CM HFT[ Y[ P ZFD V5G[ U]~ ;[ V5G[ GF{SZM\ S[ AFZ[ D[\ SCT[ C{\v ccgf{szm\vrfszm\ SM DF AF5 SF %iffz N[GF P, MU V5G[ 5lZJFZ S[ ;N:IM\ S[ 5 lt.tgl VFgTZLS EFJGF GCL\ ZB 5FT[ C{ P ;[JS S[ AFZ[ D[\.TGF jiu CMGF lgtfgt N],"E C\{ Pcc 2? ZFD G[ V5G[ JGJF; SF, D[\ JFGZM\ ;[ ld+tf SZS[ pgc[\ V5GF AGFIF P JFGZM\ D[\ ÊFlgT SL EFJGF 5{NF SL P HGJFN SM plrt NXF N[SZ ;FY"S SFIMÅ SF ;'HG SZGF ZFD VrKL TZC HFGT[ Y[ P.;Ll,I[ J[ ZFJ6 H{;[ 5ZFÊDL SM I]âE}lD D[\ 5ZFlHT SZ ;S[ P cczfd SM ;LTF SL BMH S[ l,i[ ;CFISM\ SL H~Z6 YL P ;]U LJ SM AFl, S[ EI ;[ D]ÉT CMG[ S[ l,/ ZFD SL H~ZT YL Pcc 2& ZFQ8=LI ptyfg S[ l,i[ IC VFJxIS C{ ls ;A, MU ld,sz ZFQ8= S[ ljsf; D[\ V5GF ;CIMU 5 NFG SZ[\ P ZFH[gã V~6 G[ HGJFN S[ äfzf Nl,T ljdx" S[ lrgtg S[ VFWFZ SM DHA}T lsif C{ P ZFD SYF D[\ HGJFNL R[TGF 5 R]ZTo ljndfg C{ P ZFD SF JGJFl;IM\ ;[ 5 [D4 lgqffn SF 5 [D4 XAZL TYF H8FI] SF 5 ;\U HGJFNL R[TGF S[ ;JM"ÀFD pnfcz6 C{ P ;\NE" ;}lr o \ \ \!@ ZFDFI6 DCFTLY"DŸ v S]A[ZGFY ZFI v 5'@!)_ 2@ ClZ SYF VGgTF v ZFH[gã V~6 v 5'@!$$ #@ EZT U]G UFYF v ZFH[gã V~6 v 5'@ *? $@ EZT U]G UFYF v ZFH[gã V~6 v 5'@!2?@ Z3]S], ZLlT ;NF@@@ v ZFH[gã V~6 v5'@ * &@ Z3]S], ZLlT ;NF@@@ v ZFH[gã V~6 v 5'@!_$ *@ EZT U]G UFYF v ZFH[gã V~6 v 5'@ 2# (@ ClZ SYF VGgTF v ZFH[gã V~6 v 5'@!(# )@ HU HGlG HFGSL v ZFH[gã V~6 v 5'@ 2$$!_@ ZMDvZMD D[ ZFD v ZFH[gã V~6 v 5'@ (!!@ TH] ;\;I EH] ZFD v ZFH[gã V~6 v 5'@!)!2@ ClZ SYF VGgTF v ZFH[gã V~6 v 5'@!(!!#@ TH] ;\;I EH] ZFD v ZFH[gã V~6 v 5'@ 2_)!$@ EZT U]G UFYF v ZFH[gã V~6 v 5'@!$!?@ ClZ SYF VGgTF v ZFH[gã V~6 v 5'@ 2!$!&@ ClZ SYF VGgTF v ZFH[gã V~6 v 5'@ 2!$!*@ Z3]S], ZLlT ;NF@@@ v ZFH[gã V~6 v 5'@ 2#2!(@ ClZ SYF VGgTF v ZFH[gã V~6 v 5'@ 2&!)@ ClZ SYF VGgTF v ZFH[gã V~6 v 5'@ 2!2 2_@ ClZ SYF VGgTF v ZFH[gã V~6 v 5'@ 2_$ 2!@ EZT U]G UFYF v ZFH[gã V~6 v 5'@ 22$ 22@ ZMDvZMD D[ ZFD v ZFH[gã V~6 v 5'@!## 2#@ ClZ SYF VGgTF v ZFH[gã V~6 v 5'@ 2_ 2$@ ClZ SYF VGgTF v ZFH[gã V~6 v 5'@!2$ 2?@ ClZ SYF VGgTF v ZFH[gã V~6 v 5'@!2? 2&@ ZMDvZMD D[ ZFD v ZFH[gã V~6 v 5'@ $$ Jan. March, 2015 (148) Spacial Issue

160 ISSN हहद क लघ पल क य तकम न पररद श य म क ष ण र लसह लसकर र Spacial Issue (149) Jan. March., 2015

161 ISSN Jan. March, 2015 (150) Spacial Issue

162 ISSN Spacial Issue (151) Jan. March., 2015

163 ISSN Jan. March, 2015 (152) Spacial Issue

164 ISSN Spacial Issue (153) Jan. March., 2015

165 ISSN पह ड़ न र क व यथ और प कज ल क ईपन य स ईस लचलड़य क न म ड. भरतक म र भ ड १९८९ म प रक लशत ईस लचलड़य क न म ईपन य स नइ जम क तल श ह प कज ल ज न प र न ऄ चल क नए धर तल पर लचल त करन क प रय स दकय ह ऄलम ड़ क क म उ क लपछड़ पह ड़ ऄ चल आस ईपन य स म एक नए पररप र क ष य म ईदघ रटत ह अ ह आसम पह ड़ परर श क ऄलभशप त न र ज न क म ल कथ य क र प म ई य ह ईसक पररप र क ष य म प र न सन दभक और नइ म न यत ओ क गहर इ स ख ज क ह लचलड़य क प रलतक बन कर ल कज न क सच तन न र क ख जन क प रय स ह अ ह ईपन य स म ल लभन न कथ ओ क स कलन द खन क लमल त ह प लडत द नच द क परर र कथ क क द र म ह द सर ओर न र ज न क ईद घ टन ल लभन न कथ ओ क म ध यम स ह त ह लखम ल और प कत क कथ ए तकम न पह ड़ न र क ऄलभशप त और य तन मय दश क प रमत त करत ह आसक स थ ह ईपन य स म क फल प क, त न र त क दफफर, धत क कथ और अदद क ट ल क ल ककथ ए न र ज न क ऄछ त स दभक क ईदघ टन करत ह प रमत त ल ककथ ओ क ईलट-प लट न पर एक पह ड़ न र क समग र कह न बनत ह यह ल ककथ ए पह ड़ न र क तकम न दश क लनर लपत करत ह कत य ररय क कथ,अददक ट क कथ, ऄह ड म त क कथ, खड गहसह और ईनक क ल स पररक रम क म ध यम स आलतह स और ऄत त क ल लभन न कथ ए तथ ल ककथ ए लमलकर क म उ क पह ड़ परर श क सश ऄलभव यल करत ह ईपन य स म प क स ख य स लमत ह और ईनक प णकतय ल क स ह अ ह प लडत द न, लखम न द, त ईज,त इ और ध य नहसह यह प र न प ढ़ क प रलतलनलधत करत ह आनम द न क चरर क ल मत र लमल ह द नच द एक क शल ऄध य पक और लबर दर क महत प णक व यल क र प म स मन अत ह पत न क म त य क ब द द सर श द न करक बच च क द खभ ल करत ह दकन त प रथम पत न क स थ प णक लहक स ब ध न मथ लपत करन क क रण ; ईनक ब ट हर श ईन स ईखड़ -स रहत ह द न क ऄन लतक स ब ध लपत -प क अत म य ररश त दर र क क म करत ह हर श ईच चलशल त ह लपत क म त क प रलत व य ह र,क रत और र ग ण ल च र ईसक मन म लपत क प रलत एक अक र श ईत पन न करत ह म क म त य क क रण ह लपत क म नत ह आसक पररण मम र प ह अज न लपत क ल र ध करत ह ईसक मन म ईत पन न क ए ईस ऄलग दकमम म ढ लत ह ध र पमक ब धन, परम पर, स मक र आन ब त पर ईसक ल स नह ह द नच द क म त य क पश च त दकए ज न ल स मक र स ह कट रहत ह लपत क म त य पर अय हर श ध र पमक ल लध म भ ग न ल कर लचलड़य क ख ज करत ह ह ल कज न म लमथत ल लभन न कथ ओ क लचलड़य क म ध यम स च तन न र तक पह चन च हत ह हर श कथ य और ल च र क स हक प ह हर श क बहन रम ईच चलशल त ड क टर ह रम लपत क च ररक ब झ स दब लमलत ह ह स मक र क तहत द नन द नन ग रमत ह लपत क ऄथ क समय ईसक क ए ईग र र प ध रण करत ह रम क ब द न र चरर म त इक लच ण महत प णक मथ न रखत ह त इ क ज न क ऄन भ न बह त क छ लसख य ह आस क रण य ग न परर श क पहच न कर ह परर तकन क म क र करत ह त इ क ल च र और व य ह र म गहर समझ ए ग ढ़ थक ह परर श क क शलत स लपर य ज स ईसक रहन-सहन म ज न क प रलत जबदकमत दकमम आन ल म ट थ ह न कभ थक ददखल इ द त थ, न ह र ह इ (१ ) प कत और लखम ल क म ध यम स पर पर क तहत ऄलभशप त ज न ज न ल न ररय क लच ण ह अ ह पररत यकत प कत क दश ल ककथ ओ म लमथत न र क दश स कम नह ऄन य प म स र द र द, सलबर, हर श क म, स र द र क पत न अदद क यथ समय पर लच ण ह अ ह ईपन य सक र न प क मन: लमथलत क ऄन स र ईनक लनम कण दकय ह प म लत परर श क ऄन र प नह ह ब ज द ईपन य सक र न ईनक चरर म ह ईपन य स म न र ज न क ल लभन न पहल ओ क पह ड़ परर श क ऄन स र ढ लन क ल श ष प रय स ह अ ह पह ड़ न र क ज न क ऄत य त अत म यत और स क ष मत क स थ प रमत त करण ह अ ह ल श षत: क म उ क Jan. March, 2015 (154) Spacial Issue

166 ISSN पह ड़ परर श म न र ज न श लषत ए प लड़त द र व य ह त ह ज न भर तन त ड़ म हनत करन ल न ररय ऄ तत ऄपन क इ ल श ष पहच न बन नह प त ह य कह त भ गलत नह ह ग दक स म लजक मतर यत पर ख द क मथ लपत करन म प र ज न व यत त ह कर भ ह थ म क छ भ नह अत ह य पश ओ स भ लनम न क रट क ज न य पन करत ह पह ड़ न ररय एक तरह घर य ग हमथ क ललए ह बन ह मन ग हमथ ईनक मरत दम तक लनभ न पड़त ह पह ड़ प र ष कम न क ललए शहर क ओर प रमथ न करत ह त न र क परर र ए ख त-खललय न क लजम म द र ई न पड़त ह मप तय ऄ चल ल श ष क न ररय क हजदग ब ल -स भ गय ग जर ह प रमत त र य स प लड़त हर श ऄपन मन क भड़ स क छ आस तरह स लनकलन क प रय स करत ह ज स - ब ल ज य द महत प णक ह ऄसल म ब ल यह लसफक हल लग न क क यक करत ह ईसक ब द स र स ल ईस लखल न ह त ह यह न रहट ह न ब लग ड़ पर औरत क क म कभ सम प त नह ह त (२) एक तरह स प र ष क क म करन क ब ज द भ ईनक मथ न ह य म न ज त ह लजसक मप ईद हरण हर श क म ह ज द नच द क पत न ह न क ब ज द भ पत न त य ऄलधक र क ललए त ईम र तड़पत ह हर श क म अज न पर पर गत ब धन म ज कर दम त ड़ द त ह ज पत न क ऄप रखत ह दक ईस ऄपन पलत क स थ, सहक र लमल ह हर श क म क ललए बह त द र थ स र ईम र पलत प र म क ललए तरसत रह थ प कत ईपन य स म क अर भ स ल कर ऄ त प रत लड़त न र क प रत क बन ह क फल प क, त न र ट क दफकर और ध त आन ल ककथ ओ क लचलड़य क म ध यम स न र ज न क स दभक ईज गर ह त ह पह ड़ न ररय क ददक क आन ल ककथ ओ म सश च लमल ह हर श क एक ऄन म लचलड़य क ख ज म लत पह ड़ च तन न र क ख ज ह ज स ईपन य स क श षक क ऄथकग र पभत और व य जन द व र यह तथ य बह त कल त मक ढ ग स ऄलभव य दकय ज सकत ह दक ऄलग-ऄलग न म स, ल ल ध मतर पर, ज न ज न ल दकतन ह लस त रय क ल ककथ क ऄन म लचलडय म र प तरण ऄ तत ईस स त र क ह न मह न प ड़ क स दर पभत करन क प रय स ह, लजसक ऄपन क इ ऄलममत नह ह (३) द सर ओर यह क न ररय म सह स,स घषकश लत और सम य जन क मत भ ल द यम न ह त इ,प कत,लखम ल,रम अदद न ररय पर पर क द स ह न क ब ज द ईनम ऄथ ग स हस ह ईपन य स म क म उ क पह ड़ प र क लतक स न दयक सज र प स प रमत त दकय गय ह प रक लत क ल लभन न हरकत क ज स -ज ड़ ( ड), क हर, बफक, गध र, पह ड़, प र क लतक स षम, प र त:, र, र न पन, जड़त अदद ऄदद रत त य स न दयक ईपम ओ स क म उ क पह ड़ परर श क ईपन य सक र न लचल त दकय ह प रक लत क म न करण क चरर -लच ण म प रय ग ह अ ह प रक लत लच ण म क व य त मकत, हबब और ऄल क ररत क सट क ए सज प रय स ह अ ह आस प र क लतक परर श क यह क ज न पर गहर प रभ लमलत ह यह क ज न स प रक लत ऄलभन न र प स ज ड़ ह यह ज स हर च ज ऄपन अप चलत ह, य न प रक लत करत ह स बह, द पहर, श म गम, बरस त और ज ड़ यदद कभ प रक लत गड़बड़ त ह त ज स सब क छ गड़बड़ ज त ह (४) प रक लत न यह क ज न म गहर जड़त भर द ह द सर ओर ईन ह स हस और स घषकश ल भ बन य ह त इ, लखम ल, प कत ज स न ररय म क चरर म सम लहत स घषकश लत भ ई प रक लत क ह ईपज ह ईपन य स म ल कज न और ल कस मक लत क सम यक अ कलन ह अ ह ल कज न म भ र त,भ ल पन,अमथ और ध र पमक दक रय कल प क ऄलधक र प स मन अय ह ग क स म लजक ज न क गहर इय स व यल -व यल क ब च क द र क मप करण ददख इ पड़त ह च ह ह हर श ह य रम प रर ररक ज न म ल ग एक-द सर स कट ए र ह ए ह जह हर श ऄपन आर द स लपत ज पर श न करत ह, ह रम प रर ररक स ब ध क ज त रखन क ललए, ख द क व यल गत भ क दब त ह इ द ल प त ह त ह रम और लपत म भ च ररक स धषक ऄ श य ह ल दकन ह स प त मथ ह रम ईस स मक र क द पर म ह करन म ल श ह कर सहत ह स थ-ह हर श और रम म भ च ररक लभन नत क क रण स ष प त लखच ल द यम न ह लजसक बद लत ऄक सर एक द सर क ब त और ल च र क क टत रहत ह समस मलयक च ररक म द द पर बहस क न म स ऄलधकत तर टकर हट द ल गत ह त ह ज स - स भ त ह और द ज य द ऄलग-ऄलग ल च र मतर पर बह रह थ, ज कह अपस म म ल नह ख रह थ एक द लनय कभ रह थ, बचपन क द लनय लजसक ह भ ग द र रह थ पर ईस ईन ह न ऄलग-ऄलग मतर पर और ऄलग तर क स लजय थ (५) प रमत त ईपन य स क सभ चरर म एक प रक र क ऄलग द ल च रध र ल द यम न ह ज कह नइ प ढ़ और प र न म त, कह एक दशक क ल ग म स म लजक य च ररक स घषक ददख इ पड़त ह परर र म म त न सदमय ह न ब ज द दकस भ ब त पर ईनम समझ त नह ह त Spacial Issue (155) Jan. March., 2015

167 ISSN ईपन य स क भ ष अ चललक र ग म र ग ह भ ष म तर त ज पन ह भ ष क स त ललत रच ईपन य स क नइ ऄथक त त प रद न करत ह ल ककथ, ल कग त और दक दलतय म क म उ क पह ड़ ब ल क स जन त मक प रय ग ह अ ह त इ,प कत, लखम ल,त ईज अदद प पह ड़ ब ल म ब लत ह अल चक परम न द श र मत क ल च र ह दक - ईस लचलड़य क न म म पह ड़ परर श और ईसक ऄ र हजदग क म ख य कथ बन त ह ए म न ऄलमतत क गहर प रश न क भ छ न क क लशश क गइ ह (६) लशल प क द ल स ईपन य स लनज पहच न रखत ह ल रण त मक, स द त मक और प त मक श ल क आसम सफल स य जन ह अ ह लबखर क ब ज द कथ म गहर कस ह, ल लभन न अय म क स क ष मत स लच ण ह अ ह प रमत त ईपन य स म ल खक न न र ज न क गहर ख ज करन क प रय स दकय ह ईपन य सक र न प क चरर - लच ण मन ज ञ लनक अध र पर दकय ह जह कह पर ब ल कत पररचय लमल ज त ह स थ ह ईसक म ध यम स ऄलमतत और ऄलममत क ख ज क भ ईज गर दकय गय ह ल क स क ध र स ऄछ त पह ड़ ज न क ऄनछ ए तथ य भ आसम ऄलभव य ह ए ह आसम ऄ चल क ब ह ज न क ऄप अ तररक ज न क प रमत लतकरण पर ऄलधक बल ददय गय ह ल लभन न ल ककथ और पह ड़ न ररय क मत लच ण क जह स क र ग ह म ब ध ह इ ऄलभशप त न र क ज न स घषक क आसम ब ल ग कह न व य ह इ ह स दभक स लच १ ) ईस लचलड़य क न म - ईपन य स, ल खक- प कज ल, प क रम क -७३-७४ २ ) ह प क रम क -१५८ ३ ) स - ल.स.ल द य ल क र, प रल क - प रकर, मइ. १९९१, प क रम क -३६ ४ ) ईस लचलड़य क न म - ईपन य स, ल खक- प कज ल, प क रम क -५० ५ ) ईस लचलड़य क न म - ईपन य स, ल खक- प कज ल, प क रम क -५६ ६ ) ईपन य स क प नजकन म -ड. परम न द श र मत प क रम क -१७५ Jan. March, 2015 (156) Spacial Issue

168 ISSN ગ જય ત વ હશત મ : નલલરક ભ ન ય પ ર. જમ ભણલય મ દ લ વલવ ભ ત ષ ળકત ર ણ વ સ થથત નભથતથમ નભથતથમ નભથતથમ નભ નભ અ ય ત સ ષ ટ ન વજ નઔ થ જ ન ય લ દન ઔયલ ભ અલ યશ છ. જમ જમ જમ ગખરયય જ રઔળય, શ ભશ ળ મ ક ચ દ ર ચઔય, શ ખજ નન ડ નન ભ ત... અ પ રઔ યન ગખયજ લ દન ય ભ મણ ભ વ ત દ વ ય ન ભશ બ યત, શ ર ભદ બ ખલદ ઇત મ દ ભ ફ ક ષ ભણ દ વ ય ઔયલ ભ અલ છ. ઔન મ વ ય તત ભ લલ લવત યભ શ વય ઔ અ ફ ભ ત ન જ ચવન ઔયત શત. ત લ તનદ ળ પ ર ચ ન ન ભધ ય ખભ જલ ભ છ. શ થ રઇ ન ય અજમવત વ રત રદ ઔભ ઔય છ, ત સ તલરદત છ. અભ છત ન ય ન અ ફધ ઔ મ સ લ ગબભ ન લ ળઔ છ? ન ય ન ભ નતવઔ ય ત ફ તધત ઔય ત ભન ત ભન ફ ધનભ જ ય ચત ન ભ ણત ઔયલ ભ અલ છ. ન ય જ મ ય તલદ રશ ઔ ય છ ત મ ય ત ભન લ દન ઔય પય વ વ યન ગ ભ ભ ખઠલ ભ અલ છ. અન વ ભ લ ત વયવ વન તન છ. વ ઔઇ જ ણ છ ઔ ફ દઔ ન લ દઔ થ લશ ત અલત લ ત વ ભધ મઔ ર નય ખભ ગ જય ત વ રશત મભ દ ય સ લફ પ રખ શ વય જ લચ છય જ ચઈઆ એ અણ ભધ મઔ ન પ રથભ દ યલ ત વ છ. મખ ન મખ લ વચ નય ખન પ રથભ ખદ યલ ત વ ખણ મ ર ખલ રણ એ ન તમઔ રક ષ ન ભ ઔયણ જ પ રતવદ થમ ર છ. અ ય ત જઇએ ત, દ યલ ત વ શ વય જ લચ છય જ ચઈઇ ન ભરમ ન રક ત ખલ રણ ન ય રક ષ ન ભ ઔયણ પ રથભલ ત વક ષ ત ર ન ધન મ છ. ભધ મઔ ર નય ખભ ગ જય ત દ યલ ત વ રઔશદમસ ળ શત. ઔ ર ઔ લ ત વભ ય જક ભ ય બ ર શભણ ઔ લગણઔ ત ર વ થ પ ર ભ ઔયત શત. જ ભ ઔ, ગફલ શણ ચ તળઔ, ભદનઔ તત પ રફ ધ, ભ ધલ નર-ઔ ભઔ દર દગ ધઔ, ફ સ દયઔથ, ભદનભશન, ઇત મ રદ ત ઔ ર ઔ ન તમઔ પ રથભ ળ દ વ ણ શત. જ ભ ઔ, શ વ લત, પ ર ભ લત, ઔ ભ લત, ઇત મ રદ. ઔ ર ઔ ળ લ ળ તલચ ય ન તતન ન ભ ન ઔ સ ત ર ન યણત ત, ઔ ર ઔ ન તમઔ ગણ યઝડ, અપત, લચનખ ન તલજખ ન બલલ ડત. જ ભઔ, ઔ ભ લત, ભશન ઇત મ રદ... શ દ યલ ત વઔ ય ળ ભ ન પ રદ ન ઈલ ર કન મ છ. નમ ન ભ ફ દ રટ ત જઇએ: તવશ વન ફત ર વ ભ અ ર લ ઔય ત તત લ ત વ છઠ ઠ ત ગચત ર ખદ ઔશ છ. તલક રભ ચ ય તભત ર જ દ જ દ તલદ ય ળ ક ન ઔ ટઠ ત ન ગડ છ, વજ લ છ. ગય ણ શ ય લ ન જ લત જ લત ઔય છ. ણ શલ અ ઔન મ ન તત ઔણ? ઝ લ મ ભ ફ ઠ લ ત ક ઈત તય અ છ ન ફર ય ણ મ ઝ ઇન ફર ઈઠ છ. જ ઔશ સ લણવઔ ય, ફ જ ન શચ નરશ, ત સ ત ર ન બયથ ય અભ ચત ય તલક રભ ય જ ય ક તત લવઔ ફર ય ણ ન ફરત ઔય ન ત ન હ રદમ જ ત ર છ! Spacial Issue (157) Jan. March., 2015

169 ISSN લ ત ચ વ ભ દવભ દ યલ ત વ વત મ ભટ વહ ઔ થઔ ભ વત મન ભરશભ છ. તલક રભન કબ ય યશ લ ત અ લ ત વ ઔશ છ : ઔગય ખભ ઔગ તત ક ષણ ન મ મ ઔયલ ન ક ષભ છ. એઔ લ લભ ચ ય ચય ણ લ ખમ ત મ ય ધન જય ત મ યફ દ યસ યન ભત ન ગ ઈત મ વ, સ યતત ઔગય ખન ઔશ છ ઔ જ ન ણ મ વ થ લધ ય શળ. એન થ અ જ લત થળ! અ દયમ મ ન ચ ય ય લત અલ ન તત ન ણ મન જ શ ય ત ઔય છ. લ ત છ છ : ઔન ણ મ જ વ મ? તલક રભ જલ ફ અપ મ ઔ, જ ણ ઇ સ પ ય વત મ, અભ વત મ ચયણન મ લ મ ફત વ ય છ. યઘ લ ય ચ ધય ન ધ છ : પ ર ચ ન ન ભધ મઔ ર ન વ રશત મભ ન ય ભ મ ન પ રતતઔ ફન ન અલ છ, થલ બગ મ ફન ન અલ છ એ ળ પ રધ ન વભ જન રક ષણ છ. ય ત ભશ નવજ ઔએ અ ર ન ય ત ર વભગ ર વભ જ ભ શ રદ મ યહ છ. એ ભ રલ ન નથ. એ ગ રશણ વગચલ વક તભથ: (ઔ ગરદ વ) છ, દ લ વશચય ભ પ ર ણ છ.(ન ત) વભસ મ વજ વમ છ ધ ય વભવણથ તનત ન ત તનશ ત ઔ પ ર ભન તનફ ણ વ રશત મન વલ ચ ચ રક ષ મ છ. યઘ લ ય ચ ધય ન અ ન ધ ધ મ નભ રઇન ગ જય ત વ રશત મભ ળ વજ ઔ તથ સ ત ર વજ ઔ દ વ ય નલગરઔ ભ ન ય તલળ એઔ છય તલશ ખ લરઔનન ઈક રભ છ. સ ધ યઔય ખભ દરતય ભ ત રઔ ઔફધ (૧૮૭૯) ન ભ ફધપ રધ ન લ ત વન વ ગ રશ પ રખ ઔય છ. તત શ વ દ યણછડબ ઇ, પય ભજ ફભનજ, ન ય મણ શ ભચ દ ર, મ તર ર રઢમ ય, યણક ષ ભતય ભ લ લ બ ઇ ભશ ત, યભણબ ઇ ન રઔ ઠ, બ ખ ન દ રય લ રદલ ર મ, ફ.ઔ.ઠ ઔયન દળવતનય, અ ફ ર ર દ વ ઇન ળ તતદ વ (૧૯૦૦) ઇત મ દ ભ લ ત વતત લ જલ ભ છ. ય ત અણ જ ન Short Story ઔશ એ છ એ ત નલગરઔ ન પ ર ય બ ઇ.વ. ૧૯૧૮ભ ભગરમ તનર ઔ ચનર ર લ સ દ લ ભશ ત ન ખલ રણ લ ત વન છ. એઔ દ ધલ ન પ રબ લઔ વ મક તતત લથ અ જ ઇન તલમલ વન થ ડ ત ન ત ન છ ખર ય લ નન ત ન ન શ જય ભ ક ષબજનઔ ક સ થતતભ મ ઔ લવ ડ છ. અ ય ત ખલ રણ ન અઔવઔ વ મક તતત લ ન ધ ત ર છ. હ, વયર ન તભત રભ ડ, (૧૯૨૦) ધનસ કર ર ભશ ત તથ ભ ય ઔભ ન ફ જ લ ત (૧૯૨૩) ઔ.ભ.મ નળ અ ક ષ ત ર પ રદ ણવ ઔય છ. અભ, ભરમ તનરથ વ મલક સ થત ય ત પ ર ય બ મ ર ન ધ ભઔ ત દ વદ વતયપ દ ઢ થમ ર ગ જય ત નલગરઔ તલઔ વન મ ક ફન છ. ખ ય ળ ઔય ખલધવનય ભ જળ (૧૮૯૨ થ ૧૯૬૫) ધ ભઔ ત ન પ રથભપ ર ભ ટ ઔ લ ત વ ર કનન શત. ટ ઔ લ ત વ ભ ય જભ ખવ આ ઔ અન ય તથ ગ જય તન લ ત વલત ઔયન ય ચ વ ઔ લ ત વવ ગ રશ વન ય ધ ભઔ ત ન લ ત વ ન તમઔભ લ ળ ર ન અમ ર ર, રકભ, યજ ત ણ આત મ રદ ર ફ વભમ મ દ યશ ત લ છ. ત, જ લન યવઔથ ભ એભ ઔશ ત ય.તલ. ઠઔ દ વદ વય પ ન દ વદ વય પન લ ત બ ખ : ૧ થ ૩ લ ત વવ ગ રશ ન ધન મ છ, ક ભ, જક ષણ જ લ લ ત વન તમઔ ન ધન મ છ. દ વદ વય પ છ ભ ગ ણ એ વ ય ટરન ધ ખ ધયત ન ત ર દ વ ય લ ત વન તલઔ વળ ર ય ક છ. નલગરઔ ક ષ ત ર અ દ જ વએઔ નલગરઔ ન દઢવથ ફસ વ જ ર ન ય ત ર ફ ર ઔ થ ભ ડ ન વ દ સ ધ ન તથ ભજ યણથ ભ ડ ન ળ ઠ ણ સ ધ ન જ તજ તન ન બ તબ તન બ ત ખ જલ ભ છ. ન ય સ ષ ટ ભ ન ય ન સ લત ત ર ઔ સ લમ મ વપ ત ઔઇ ક સ તત લ ભ બ ખ નથ. લ, ઔઇન Jan. March, 2015 (158) Spacial Issue

170 ISSN ઔઇ ળ વ થ જડ મ ર ઔ ર ઔ ન તમઔ વર ભત ન વમ દ વદ ઝ ક છ. ત, ઔ ર ઔ ળ ન ઔઠ ત જ લ ફન ખઇ છ. ખ ખ તન શ થ મ છ? જ લ ઔ ર ઔ લ ત વભ લ ય લ ય સ લ લડન ર ધ થત સ ત ર ન લદળ તથ ભ છ ન સ લ લડ ભ લશ ભ ન અ ધશ રદ ન ર ધ થત ભ છ ન ભત સ ત ર ન લદળ સ ચલ છ. ન વઔ તતન છઠ ઠ રદલવ વ બ લ ન તતન ફ જ લ ય થત લ તલળ ઔ લ ચભનન લહ ફલ ન ત ર છ. યવધ યન લ ત વભ ન ય ઔ ર, ચ ન યણચ ડ જ લ છ. ખય વણ ભ ફ ફ ફદભ ળન દ ત ક ઔય છ. ચ ર લ ભ યજ ત ણ ખ લ ર તરલ ય ચ લ રડમ ન નવ ડ છ. ઔરયમ લય ન દ ઔય ન શ યફ ઇ ણ ઈજ જલ દ રટ ત છ. ઔ યબ ય ન જળદ, યરશણ ન ત ય, છત જ બ મ ખ ન લ યભત, છ ગરય છ ળ ન ક ડ તવ દ, બ ય ઇન દ વ ય યથ ન ય લ ન ઔણ અ વલ ઈદ ત ભ તમતત છ. ત, ત ડળ, ઔ ક ભ, નઔય ડળ, બ ભ ભ અ ચ ય મ તલધલ એઔ થવભ ફ ડકય છ. ર ડઔ ય ડ ન ગ ર ફડ ન લદ ય લ ન તલધલ છ. અલ જ ય લ ન તલધલ ન તન ફશ ન બદ ર તલધલ તય ઔ વભ જન જ ર લ ઠલ ઔયત અઝ દ ન આ દરનભ બ ખ રઇન અ ગ ર જ વયઔ યન જ ર લ ઠલ ન વ દ ઔય છ. ઇ.વ. ૧૯૩૦ છ સ ન દયમ ન લ ત વભ જ ત મ અલ ખન તલતલધ સ તય ચઔ વ ન ન ઔ ળક યત ન ત ખ જલ ન લરણ જઇ ળઔ ળ. નમ ન તય ઔ, કરઔ. ઔથ ન તન અભ પયન કરઔ ઈરઔત ન ઔ તય ખ જન ભ લ છ, જ લનન નક કય લ સ તતલઔત ન યજ ઔય વ ભ જ ઔ ચ તન ન ભ આ ચઔ અપ મ છ. અળ ભ રગ ન શ ર ન મ ગ ધ ન મ ઝલણ, યણલ ન ઉ ભય શચ ર ઔડબય ય લત સ ન શ જખતન ર ય યશ ર જખતભ શ શળ? ન ળક ય મ ઝલણ યજ ઔય ન સ ત ર ન દ વદ વજત લન પ રશ ન ઔર ઔ યન વશજત થ મ ઔ છ. ત, યધ ધ ન -ખ ધ લ દ વ મલશ ળ તતન ત ન ન રગ નન પ રથભય તન સ લપ ન ન ખરયઔ ભ તલપ યશ છ. ત રયણ ન શ રયણ ન મઔ ભ કય જ ત રયણ વ ગફત થ મ છ. ઈબ યશ ળ ન ન તમઔ પ રત ક ષ ભ જ લન પ રવ ય ઔય છ. ભ ન ક ન ળબ ન તત તથ વવય યસ ત ભ જ ભતન ગ ઈત ય છ, વખબ વ ળબ ન અક ર દ જ ણ ભશ નદ ન ઔણ ઔણન ઔ લ યશ છ. ન ન ન ક લ ડ જ લનન અ ત ર લ છ, ત એઔ જ ગ ન ત ન વભગ ર ત રન -વ મક તતતત લન પ રઔ ઔયલ ભ ણવ છ! શ ઈ ખતનખ આન ય વ ન અ જન, નભડ ઇત મ રદ લ ત વન તમઔ ઈલ ર કન મ છ. લ સરઔ ઈન ભ લ ત વ રકત ઈભ ળ ઔય જળ ન, શ ર લણ ભ, તલવ ભ, ઈલ ર કન મ લ ત વવ ગ રશ છ. સ ત ર હ રદમન આ ઘ ન વ મસ ત ન વભ તય વ ફ ધન વ ઔ તતઔ અર ક ભ ય ચ ન લય ભ છ. રક ષ ભ પય ચ ડ લ ક ય રક ષ ભ ન ચરયત રન જ દ ય ત ઈવ લ છ. જ જલ, મ ઔભ ઔયતત, આત, અ ગય ર ગ ય ઇત મ દ જમક ન ત દર રન લ ત વ વ ગ રશ છ. શ ત ન થમ ર ન મ મન ન ય સ લભ ન લવઔ લ ઠ ર છ ન છ લ જ ત વભક ષ વલ ર ઔય ન ત ન શઔન સ તલધ ણ અ ગ ય ર ગ ય ન ન તમઔ છડ દ છ. ન ન ર ર ર છવ લ વ ઔ જ ર લ ત વવ ગ રશ ન ણ ચવ જ ર લ ત વ અ છ. લ ત વન તમઔ ગબન ન-ગબન ન બ ત ખ રયલ ળ ઈક સ થતત થ મ છ. ઔ ળ ભ ન ઔ ફય પતય પ રત મ ન પ ર ભ, વ જખન ર ચ ય ન ર ધ એન તયપ જન ભત તતયસ ઔ ય, ક રધ લ ળભ ક તય ન ભ મ વ છ Spacial Issue (159) Jan. March., 2015

171 ISSN થત શ ચ ત ન છ થ એન ન મ દ વ ય થત વ યલ યભ ત અ ર વ ગચત વશમખ-અલ બ લક સ થતત ઔ ળ ભ ન ક તય ભ ઔ ળ ભ ન ત ર દ વ ય વ-યવય ત તનફ છ. મ ત રઔન ઔ ઠ ભ ન ય હ રદમન દ વદ વતનટઠ ઔળ મ લખણ તલન યજ ઔય છ. ઇશ વય ર ઔયન ફ ય ઔ લ ત વવ ગ રશભ આ તયય ટર મ ખ મ ત પ ર પ ત આન ભતલજ ત ઔર ક તત રશ ન વખ ઇ ઔર ન ઈત ક ટ તળકય વય ઔયત જણ મ છ. અ લ ત વભ ભ ત ન લવ લ ત વલ મ બ લન તનફ ણ છ. ખ ડ ભ ગ ઈય લધ શ ત દ કલત ન જ લન જ ભ દ કબ ઔયત ભયતઔ ઔ જમ ય ત ન ખ ડ ન દલ ક ન ભ મ ઔલ જ મ છ ત મ ય ન ત મ યફ દ જ એન ક સ થતત-રયક સ થતત ફન છ એન ક રભળ ત મ ત પ રબ લઔ લણવન ઔય ન અ ત ભ ગ ભમ ફનત ભયતઔ ઔ ભ ગ ન ન તભ લ ર ઇ જ મ છ, અ રશ ન વખ ઇ ન ભ ત ત લ એન ચયભઈત ઔવ સ ધ શ ચ છ. અ યત લ ગ ર ફદ વ બ રઔયન ફ લ ત વ, ભણ ર ર શ. રન જ જ ભ, રઔળનતવ શ ચ લડ જજપ વત ન ન ભશભ દ ભ ઔડન ભ ત ન ભ ત ત લ તનફ ણ મ દ ઔયલ ગ. ટ ઔ લ ત વઔ ય તય ઔ ડ. જમન ત કત ર, સ ય ળ દર ર ન ધન મ છ. ત, ભરડમ ન લ ત વ ખ ધ ય ખ વ થ સ લ ત ત ર મતયઔ ન ન વ ધ ન ઔય લ છ. ઇ.વ.૧૯૪૪ભ ઘ ગલત ય લ ત વવ ગ રશ દ વ ય ભરડમ ન વ રશત મન દ તનમ ભ પ રલ ળ થમ છ. ફ ય ઔ લ ત વ વ ગ રશભ ત ભન ઔ ર ઔ લ ત વ ગચયમળ લ છ. લ ત વન તમઔ તયપ નજય ઔય એ?. ભ દ ન ય ખ ભ ઈચન ચન બ દબ લન ઔ યણ ધ ય યશ ર મ ગ ધ પ રણમન ઔભ સ ક ષ ભબ લ શ ભ ન બલ છ. ખચ લક ભ યગણત સ ત ર ન ય ળ પ રત મ ન ઔ ભ બય ય અવક તત છ. ન ર જ વ ભ ઇ વલળ ગ ત ન જ તપ રમ ત રન ઠ ડ ક ર યત થ ભ ય ન ક છ. ઔ ય ત, ઔ ઢણ, ઔ ચ વ ન તનય ધ ય ન વ જખ વ ળ ત ર ચ યક સ થતતભ મ ઔ મ ર ન ય ઈયન વ મરશઔ ફ ત ઔ ય ઔભઔભ ણવ છ. ભજજમ ય છ તન થ થય ન જ ઔય દ ય ણ ન લ ગઝમ ભ ણ થ ઈઔ ઈઔ ઈઠ એન ણ ત ન જ લ તન વ ત ન ઔય દ લ ઔ ફદ ફન છ. ઔ ઔલ ધ મ ન લ વલ વ ત નઝ કન ન ઔળ ણ પ રતતઔ તય ઔ અણ વભક ષ અલ છ. અયવ ન બ તયભ ય લ ન ન ય ન અ તયભ જ ખ ઈઠત ત ન મ ત તપ રમતભન સ મ તતન ત ડલ છ. લ ન ભ ય ઔમર ભ મ ગ ધલમભ જ ણ -જ ણ મ થઆ જત જ ત મ સ કરનન ગચત રણ છ, અ લ ત વન તમઔ વ ત અત ભશત મ દ વ ય જ લનન અ ત ર લ છ. ઠ ઔ, અ જ ય ત લ ત વભ થ ન મ તય એ ર ઔ અ તસ ત રત ઈયથ બલબલ એઔ ઔ ન ન તમઔ જ નફ ઇ ઈલ ર કન મ છ. ધ ભઔ ત થ રઆન ભરડમ સ ધ ન લ ત વઔ ય વહ ન ય ત લ ત વ તવદ ઔયલ પ રમ વ ઔય છ. ય ત, નલગરઔ ક ષ ત ર ઇ.વ. ૧૯૫૭ભ ગ શપ રલ ળ અ ત ન પ રથભ લ ત વવ ગ રશ રઇ પ રલ ળત સ ય ળ જ અ ક ષ ત ર ધ તન પ રમખળ રત ન ભ ડ ણ ઔય છ. સ ત તત ન શ ર તત લ ત વન ફ ઔ વ બત નથ છત શ ર તત છ. ત, ચ દ રઔ તન ફક ષ ન ફ ઔ ઔળ દ દ ઔ વય તવ ગ વ થ નન મપ ર ભ જડ મ ર છ, ચ :શ રમ ભ દ દ ન એભન પ ર ત ર લચ ચ ચમ વ લવન પયઔ શલ છત એઔ બ લ ત ભઔ તનદ વ ફ ધન લણવન છ. ગ શપ રલ ળ ન એઔ લ ત વન તમઔ છ ન ભ ન ચય ન ગ ક લ ન વતત ધય લ છ. ત, ગચન ભદ ક ત છર ખન એઔ લ ત વન તમઔ ચટ ટ ણ થ ણ ચય ન ક મ છ. ભધ ય મ સ ય ળ જ ન ચ દ રઔ ન ત ફક ષ એ ફ ન અ તતભન લચ ચ ક ય ઔ છ. Jan. March, 2015 (160) Spacial Issue

172 ISSN તભન ખભ ન? ઇલ ડ લન એઔ સ દય લ ત વ છ. લ ત વ ન તમઔ ઇર ન તલભ રયક સ થતતભ મ ઔ એન વત લ વ દમવન ર કઔ અણન રયચમ ઔય વ મ છ. દ ખ ળ શ તર, ઔયળનદ વ ભ ણ ઔ, ટઔય ચ દયલ ઔય, બખ ર ર ખ ધ, ળઔ શવ, ચ દ ર ર ર, તળલક ભ ય જ, યઘ લ ય ચ ધય, બખલત ક ભ ય ળભ વ, રઔળય જ દલ, ય ધ શ મ ભ ળભ વ, સ ભન ળ શ, જમતત જ ન, ભ ળ ધ લય વ, તલભ ત ળ શ ઇત મ રદન લ ત વભ અધ તનઔત ગબતનલ ળ દળ વમ છ. ન ભન લશ ત બર થઇ ક ટણ વ ચ લ ત ઔહ એઔ છ ડ ત ભ ય શ થભ છ ચ યન x x x x x x x x x x x x ક ડ લયન લય વ શ ર હ ત ક ડ લયન લય અ ય ત ક ડ લય ન લય ચ ઔ ર ભધ મઔ ર ન ય ખન ઔતલમત ર ભ ય ફ ઇ વ રશત મન ઔતલત ક ષ ત રન વમ દ ઔય છ, એ જ ણ ત લ ત છ. લ વચ ન ય ખભ, ઇ.વ. ૧૮૮૫ભ સ ત ર ભ ન વ પ રથભ સ ત ર ફધ ભ તવઔ ળફ થય. અ પ રભ ણ તનદ ળ ભ છ. અ વ દબ, વ પ રથભ ન ધ ત ર પ રદ ન ઔય ગ જય તન પ રથભ દલ ધ ય ફશ ન તલદ ય ખ ય ન રઔ ઠ (૧૮૭૬-૧૯૫૮) ન ળ યદ ફશ ન ભશ ત એ (૧૮૮૨-૧૯૭૦) ન છ ભરશર ભ ળફ થમ ર વ ભતમઔભ સ ત ર રકલ ભ ડ. પ રથભ દલ ધ ય અ ફ ન ફશ નન ય ક ગચત ર અન ય નલગરઔ ઔ ય ર ર લત મ નળ ન વત ઔ ક ષ લ ત વ ન ધ ત ર છ. સ ત ર સ લત ત ર મન રડતભ વરક રમ યશ ન ય અ ર ગકઔ એ અ વ દબવન સ ય જ ન પ રસ ત ત લ ત વભ પ રસ ત ત લ ત વ લશ વ મ છ. ત ન ફશ ન દમ ઔયન દમ ઈય જ લત દ તભન ત ન જ જ જ ન વ ક ર ય ભ ધલર રન તત ફનલ પ ર ય છ ન ફશ નન જહ ઔભ વ ભ ફ ડ ઔ ય ભ ધલર રન રગ ન ન પ રસ ત લન સ લ ઔ ય છ. શ વયર ળ ઠન ચ રડઔ ન ચ ચ ર ભ ફશ ન ભશ ત ન ભ ત ન ખ યલ ન વ તલત ર, ગફ દ ન ઔભ, ધ ળ ફશ ન રન ભનક સ લન સ લણ વ, બ યત લ દ યન ફરત ભ ન ન ભ, બ લન ભશ ત ન? કલ મ ર ક ન તલબ દ ન ડય ન રશ ન ફર ળ ન વજ, જમત થ નઔ ન શલ જ વ ચ જ લન ળફ થ મ છ. ન ય જક લય દ ર ય, ગફ દ બટ ટન ફ ધણ ન મ તત ફ, સ ળ ર ફ, સ ધ, ચ ચ ન ભ ખસ ત ર ન ટ. પ રજ ઞ રન તય ન તલળ, પ ર ત વ ન ગ પ ત વશ મ ન ન તતભ ઇત મ રદ ર ગકઔ ન એભન લ ત વન તમઔ -વશન તમઔ એન અખલ અ દ જ તભજ જ વ મતત થત જઇ ળઔ મ છ. ર ર લત મ નળ તલનરદન ન રઔ ઠ, ર ભ ફશ ન- એભન લ ત વભ ઔ ય ક ચ ત રભ સ ત ર ન ઈ ક ષ ઔ ળણન અર ક છ. ણ ળ ન ડઔ યત ભ નતવઔત શ પ રઔ થત નથ - ત વભમન વભ જન મ લ મ એભન વ મક તતત ત લભ ઔદ ચ એ ય ત લણ મ ર ર ખ છ ઔ ત ભ થ ન ય વભવણન ખ યલ વ મતત થ મ છ. ટ ઔ લ ત વન ક ષ ત ર અય બન અ ર ગકઔ ન ક તતભ વભ જ તનય ક ષણ, ન ય -ઈત ઔવ જ લ તલમ મ ખ મત લ લણવત છ. Spacial Issue (161) Jan. March., 2015

173 ISSN લ વભ વદ ન ઈત ધવન ધ ળ ફશ ન ર, ક ન દતનઔ ઔ ડ મ, વયજ ઠઔ ઈત તભ લ ત વર ગકઔ છ. ક ન દતનઔ ઔ રડમ ન પ ર ભન આ સ, લધ ન લધ સ દય, ઔ ખન શડ, જલ દઇશ તભન લખ ય લ ત વવ ગ રશ જ ણ ત છ. એઔરલ ય જ લન જ લત જ દ ન થ વ લવ શ ર ન થ નલજ ત ઔલ મ ણ ન ત ર ખણ ન - ભ ઔય વ વય લ લ છ, અ લ ત વ લસ ત ન લ ઔ ભ ર ય ઔડ લ ન ત ન સ ન શશ ત ર ન ઈપ રવ ખ મ ઔ ન ભભત બમ વ સ ન શન ભશત લ સ થ પ ય છ. એ ર ઔ વ વય જત ઔલ મ ણ ડધ થ દ દ જ વ યત અલ જ મ છ. ન મ મ ભ ગ શસ થજ લનન મ ત ર ભ ય તધઔ ન આચ છ રદન લખણ ન શ મ ભ ત ન અતધ ત મ જભ લ છ ત મ ય ખઠલ ઇ જલ ન ફદર ત ન અ ગય તથ લય ન છડ છ. ત, બ લ ભ જ લનન વ લ રખ ય ત તનશ ત, સ કન ગબન ન વ મ ખ મ ધય લત તત-ત ન ન તલવ લ દન ઔથ છ. જલ દઇશ તભન ભ ભયણન મ ક ન ય ન જ લનભ તલદ ળ ત રલધ ભ રયમ ઔ લ અત ભ મત થ ફ ધ મ છ, એન અર કન છ. અ લ ત વન ભ લહ ભ મ શતળમ ય, ઔ મવદક ષ સ ભ વ ન સ લ થ શત, ત ન જઇત ફધ ભ લ ર ત ન લચ લહ છ મ અન દ, ઈદ ય, ગ ર મ મ ભજ ઔથ બય ર, સ થ, ફરશમ વક, વ લ દન યરશત છ. જ મ ય, ભ રયમ ન આ ક વયવ શત એભ ર ગ ય, ઉ ડ ણ બય, વ લ દન બય, જ ણ ત ઔશ ત શમ તભ ય ભનભ શ છ. હ વભજ છ.? ન થ મ છ. તત જ લ ત શમ ત મ સ ધ ભ ત ન ભ યલ ઔયલ ન ત લ દ, ત ત ન વ બ ગ મલત ઔશ લ મ... અન દથ ભય ળઔવ ત જ વ થ ભટ વ બ ગ મ છ. અવ જ ઔઈ ઔ યઢ થત શ ર ભ ફ ર ન અ જન શ ર ભ જલ ભ છ. ધ ળ ફશ ન ન ક ન દતનઔ નલરઔથ ભ જ ર ન ય લ દ છ એ ર નલગરઔ ભ નથ. ફ ન ન વજ ઔ વ મક તતત લભ એવ વશજ ઓદ મવ છ ઔ એ એઔ ખ ઔ ક ષઔ ય ફન ન ળઔ. અ ય ત ત રન ઔય ન યઘ લ ય ચ ધય વયજ ઠઔ તલળ, અય ગબઔ નલગરઔ યભણ ઠઔ વ થ સ ધ વભ ઔ યશ એ ફ યન શત. ત મ ત ભન તલય ક વ ગ રશ દ વ ય ધ મ ન ક ચ ય. ન ઔ વન ફશ ય નલગરઔ વ સ ક તત ભ પ રખ થઇ એન વ થ વશદમન ર ગ ય ઔ લ ત વન તળકય વય ઔયલ ભ ગ જય ત ર ગકઔ ન ણ પ છ. અલ ડ ફ ય ય ખદળ ણ ય તત વયજ ઠઔન જયસ થ ન તમઔ ધ મ ન ઔવઔ છ. જ ભ ત ન બયલ શ ત ભદ ય ન ન લ દય ન નચ લ ત ભ વહ વહ ન સ લ થવ ભ વહ વ રયઔ ન નચ લ છ. તતન મ ત ય થત યડ ન ળઔત વ રયઔ ન ભ ન ર શક સ રભ ધઔ ર દ લ ભ અલ છ. અ ય ત વ રયઔ ત જયસ થ ભ વ રયઔ ન ગચતન વભજમ ન ફદર ખ ડણન શ થલખ વ મ ખ મ કભ ર લ મ છ. શ ભ ય વફ ફ જઇએ: ન ઔ પ રઔ યન સ ચન અ ન ત ન તમય ખમ ર છ. ત ણ ન ભ નવ છ ઔ ત ન ખ યશ જય ભ તત તઔર પન ર ધ ઔ ર શળ ન એ ઔ યણ ગય ણ સ તવ મસ ત શળ! ગ ય જઇન ત ન ગયઔ ભ લધળ! ય ત યત પયત તતએ ય ક ર નઔયન તનટઠ થ ફધ વ મલક સ થત છ, તત નઔયન આન ભ અલ ન દયક સ ત ઔય છ ન વફ ફ વ મલક સ થત શલ થ તતન ય ખ ન સ ભદ ન બલ ઔયત ત ન નઔયન છ ઔયલ ન લ ત ઔય છ, અ લરણભ ત ણ ન તલરક ષણત સ ક ષ ભ ય ત વ મતત થઇ છ. વયજ ઠઔ, ઔર સ લફ ન ય ત રખ તય અલત ન ત ન સ લત ત રથ ઈબ યશ ત લ ત ભ તથ ધ ળ ફશ ન ન ક ન દતનઔ ન લ ત વ Jan. March, 2015 (162) Spacial Issue

174 ISSN ન ય ન રયલતવન થત જત ગચત રન અર ક છ... અ ર ગકઔ વ થ લ વ ડ રજ ન ઇર અયફ ભશ ત ન મ ઔ ન જઇએ ત ર ખ ઔ અ ફધ વજ ઔન ર કનભ ઔ ન દ ર ફદર ય છ. ન ય ન વ મક તતખત ક સ ભત ન સ થ ન એ ત ભન રક ષ મ ફન છ. ન ય ન વ મક તતતલઔ વ લળ ધ ધ થલ ન અ તયભ ઉ ડ વ મથ શલ છત શત. ર ગકઔ ભ બ ખ ઔઈ ઔ વભ ધ નન ભ ખવ ન લત ન ય ત ર વજ છ. અ ત યતમ મ રક ષભ ય ક ન લ વ ડ રજ, ઇર અયફ, ભશ ત ન લ ત વ ય નજય ઔય એ. લ વ ડ રજ ન ળ ય ન ક સ ભ ધ મ ન ત ર છ. ત ન શરયદ વન ત મ ચથ વ ત ન તય ઔ જન ભ ર ત મ યથ જ ઔયભબ રદમ ખણ મ ર છ. લ, જન ભ લ ત ભ મ ત ય ભ છ. ય ય ખત વ લઔ ભ ત દ ક અ છ. વ વય જત શ ળઔ ય ન બલત ક સ ભન અત ણ ળ ત ન જ ભ છ. એઔલ ખ ભ ડત તત દ લ વ ન ઔ ડ ચ છ ન ક સ ભ ચ ણ ન થ થય લડ ત ન ભતન ગ ઈત ય ન, ઔ મભ ત વફ બય ન જમ ર ળ ય ન વન ન વ ઔ ય ઔયત બય ન ળ ય શર લલ ફ વ છ. ત, આર અયફ ભશ ત ન તલસ ત ય ભ ભભત ન લ દન ન તલસ ત યન ક ષણ છ. ત વભજ ત છ ન ભભત, અભ ત ણ ન છડ ન ભઔય દ ઔઇ ફ જ વ થ યશ છ. ત મ ય ય લ દન ન પ રત તત ઔયત ભભત તલચ ય છ : એ ક ય વશ મ, દ ક, તનય ધ ય ફ શત? એ શત જખતન તભ ભ દ કન ધફઔ ય ઝ રત એઔ તલય વ લ દન... અ ફન ર ગકઔ ઈય ત દભ પરડમ, શ રધ ધ તત રલ દ, લસ ફશ ન બટ ટ, લ રલ બટ ટ, આન દ ય મ લખ ય ર ગકઔ ન ઔરભ દ વ ય લ ત વન તલમન પરઔ તલસ તયત યશ છ. ન ત-જ ત, ઔભ-બ, ધભવ અ ફધ જ ગબન ન શલ છત ણ યદ ળ ફ ઔન લ ત વલ મન છ મ ભ થડ પયભત ક ષણ અ ન તળક ષ બ યત અલલ ન ઔ છ એ લ, Don t go didi we love you please don t go અવ ફડવન રઇન ફ ઔ અડ ઈબ યશ છ. લ રલ બટ ટન અ લ ત વલ મન ધ ન ગક ષપ ર છ ચ દ રભ ર ણ ધ મ ન ત ર છ. શ આન દ ય મન જમ બ યત ભ સ લત ત રત ભ એન ચ વલવ ય થમ છત પ ર તલ દ-ઔભલ દ-ધભવલ દન વ ઔ ફ ધ મ ર બ યતભ ત ન ફધ જ વપત લવઔ ય ડલ વભથવ છત ઔઇ લ ત સ લત ત ર નશ એલ ત ન ભ ન પ રત તત એઔ જ ત ર જલ ત છ. તત એ ભ ત ન પ રતતબ ન સ લ ઔ ય ઔમ ત મ ય પ રત તતન અળ ફ ધ મ ર ઔ, શલ બ યતભ ત ન વ ઔ ક ય ય ઔ ત ળ... વ પ રત સ ળવત વલ ર ભ ગરન ફશ ન ઔણ છ? ભ જલ ભ છ. ત ર- ત ર લચ ચ જમ ફચણથ જ ક ષ ત થત અવ મ છ. એ ગયન ત ન ભ ન ન છ મ થડ રદલવ અલ છ. ણ, શજ એ ય ય ન મથ લત જઇ ભનભ ખ ચ ય ન ભ ગરન ફશ ન મ દ અવ મ! છ મ ન ભ ગરન ફશ ન ઔર જભ ર ઔચયય છ. રદલવ-ય ત વખ ત રયશ રભ ઔયત સ ઔરઔડ ળય યલ ન ગયન છ ભ ણવન ણન જ ન ય અધ ય છ ન ફ.એડ.ન પ ર મગખઔ ય ક ષ અ યશ છ. ત ય ક ષ ન લ તવન તમઔ ધ મ ન ઔવઔ છ. અ ય ક ષ ન ર ગકઔ દભ પરડમ ન દ ઔય નરશ ણ ડય ભ ન ભ ન ગય છડલ ન લકત અલ એ લ જ ગય ન વ દ શ રભભ પ યલ ન ક ન ભ લ વય દ ઔય -લહ ન તલદ મ ઔય છ. ત, ઈજ તલસ ત ય ભ દ ય ણ ન ત ન દ ઔય ન લ ય લ ય ઈત ય ડત બગરન ફશ ન જમ ય ભ દ ડ છ ન વયર ન ન વ Spacial Issue (163) Jan. March., 2015

175 ISSN ફન ર દ ઔય ન યજન ન ચ ઔય એ ફ ઠ થમ ત મ ય... વયર, ભ ય ફ દ ઔય... ણ વ ચ દ ઔય ત યજન જ શ... એભ ઔબ ર છ ન ઔશ છ. ભ ત ર દ ઔય શલ ત ઈજ લસ ત ય નશ શ. કય કયત વ સ ઔ ય ન ક નદ ન વ ત ન શમ ત ઈજ લસ ત ય... શ રધ ધ તત રલ દ ન ભન ણ ભ ળ ગય ભળય છ એભ ઔશ ત અ જ ન ભ એઔ છઔય ણ ધ મ ન ત ર છ. તવરઔભ ઔ ઇજ ન ય કત વ સ ક તતય ણ દ વ ઇન લ ત ર ક ષણન ઝ ભક ભ લ ત વ ન તમઔ એઔ રદલવ શ ભ ત ભ રયઔ થ અલળ ન વહ વ ય લ ન થળ. અલ અળ ભ જ લન કયચ ન ક છ. ત ન બણલ ન ઈધ ય વ અલ ન ળક તત દળ વલત શ ભ ત ત ન દ ઔય ભ ફશ ન જ લ શતળમ ય ફન એ ભ બ યતભ જ ય કલ ન ભ ખણ ઔય છ. અમ ર ર દ વ ઇન પ ર પ પ ત ભ દય લયવભ શ ર લ ય ય ધ એ ય ત ળ વભક ષ ત ન એઔ ન નઔડ ઇચ છ જ શ ય ઔય. ય ત ય ત ળ મગ મ રયબ લ અત નથ, તડ યશ લ ર ખ છ ત મ ય અ પ રવન ન દ મ ત મન અ લ ન વયલ ય ઔ ઢત ત શ ભ વ ય એ ય ધ ન પ રથભલ ય વભજ ય છ! શ આ ઔડ ન ફ ર સ ન ત ભજ ઠ મ -ચ ધય ન પ રત તત પ ર ત ળન ત મ ખ ઔય છ. ઔ ભ ઔ, પ ર ત ળ વ થ જડ ત ત ન સ લ ત ત ર મ જકભ ય ન વ ત ફ પ ર ભ ણ ખમ! ઠ ઔ, અ જ વ દબ, ઝ ણઝણ ઈલ ર કન મ છ. લ વદ વન અ લ ત વભ વક એઔલ ય જ ન અધ ય અ છ. એ દસ ત ત ણ ન છ તય ન ઔઇ નલ ન જ ઔ શ થન અધ ય ફનલ તત ય ફન મ ત મ ય શલ ભ ખ પ મ છ એભ વક ન ર ખ છ, ત મ જ દસ તન પય અધ ય ન જફ ય ડ ત મ ય છ લ ર લ ય શ થ ઔડય, રશ ભત અ ન શલ થ ત ન શ થ છડ લ વક અખ લધ જ મ છ... વ ઔવ પ રત મ સ ખ એ બ યત મ વભ જન અખ રક ષણ છ. ફ જ ફધ ફ ફત પ રત મ વતવઔ ન વજ ખ તથ ન ઔ સ ચન અત ભ ત તત અ મ દ ઔ યશ છ ત મ ય ફ ઔ ખભ ત મ થ વ ભગ ર ભ લ ત ન ઈત સ ઔત વ તલ ભથ છ, અ પ રઔ યન તનરદ રટ ત વતલત ય ણ ય એ પ ભ ઔય ર છ. એ બ ઔય ય ય ક છ ન યજ રદર વ અ છ એભ ઔશ ત ઈ ઈ ધ મ મ હ ત અ ચ ર ઔશ ઈઠ છ. ઔ ભ ઔ, ય જ દ ઔ ભન ગય ડન જ બ ખ થમ ર ગયન લહ ન લ છ ડ ક છ. અ ડ કન લ દન ભ ર ન શલ ફ ર શ ળ ઔય ન જ મ છ. ઔ રથ ગરડમ ન ઔ દડલ ન ફ ધ ય ત, વ યલ યન વય થત ન લ છ ન ઝ ય ઈતય જત દ ધલ ન બ ભથ વલ ય ડ છ... રશભ ળ ળ રતન લ ત વ ય ખન ન ફ જ લનફધ ન ઔર ત ભઔ ન ભતત ફ ઈ દ રષ ટ એ હ રદમ ન લડ છ. રપલ ભન યર ભ જમ ય ત ન વ દખ થ મ છ ત મ ય શયકગ ર લ ય ખન ન જ ણ થ મ છ ઔ એણ ત ભ ત ર ઔડ તલન ળય યન પ રદળવન ઔયલ ન છ ન અગ ત ભ છ. રપલ ભલ છ છ : અ વ નન શ ર ળ? ઔઇ ય ત નક ક ઔય ભશન ત ન રઔ ભત? તવદ પ રતવદ વજ ઔ બખલત ક ભ ય ળભ વન સ ત ર ય ન ળભ વ ભશ ત ખવ લ ત વ રક છ. ભનથ નજ ઔ ય ત, ળય યથ દ ય એલ લ -તનગકર લ ય લ ય ઇચ છ છ. છત અ તય ખ ળઔત નથ. સ લ તતભ ઢન ચઔ -ચઔ ન અધ તનઔ ફધઔથ ભ ચઔ ન ઈડલ ન -ચણલ ન ભજ છ. ત, છ ફ યવદ ફ ન લચ ચ ન પયભન ક ષણ શજ અફ દ છ. એલ વ થ ન તવ દ ય ન દ ત ધ મ ન ઔવઔ છ. તળ રત દલ ન શ ફઔ ન ન ય ભ તથ ત ન ન ભતભઔ તનબ લ છ. અ Jan. March, 2015 (164) Spacial Issue

176 ISSN ઈય ત ત રયણ દ વ ઇ, તળ રત ભશ ત, સ લણ વ, બ ન ભત જ ન, ઈ ળ ઠ, ભ ન ક ષ દ ગક ષત, ન ન ન મઔ, ચ દ ર શ ર ભ, શ સ મદ ડય, ય ન તત રલ દ ઇત મ દ લ ત વર ગકઔ, ટ ઔ લ ત વ ક ષ ત ર ત ન મથ પ રદ ન ન ધ લ યશ છ. અય બથ જ ર ર લત મ નળ, વયજ ન ભશ ત, વયજ ઠઔ, રશભ ળ ળ રત ઇત મ દ ન ય ર કનન વ ભગ ર તલતલધત ભ થ વ ય થત ઔશ ળઔ મ ઔ લ ત વર કનભ ગણ વળતત ઔરભ ફશ ય અલ છ. લ ત વર કનન મ ખ મ પ રલ શન વભક ષ એલ લ ત વ પ ર પ ત થત યશ છ ત ફ ફત એ સ લફ ન ન ય ર કનન ઈજ જલબ તલન તનદ ળ ઔય છ. શ પ ર ચ ન-ભધ મઔ ર ન-અલ વચ ન સ ત ર વજ ઔ તથ ત ન ઔરભન ન ય તનફ ણ ધ મ ન ર ત યઘ લ ય ચ ધય ન ઔથન ન ધલ મગ મ છ : ર ગકઔ ર કઔ જ ર દ ફ ધ બ ગ મ જ શળ. બર એભ ઔશ લ ય શમ ઔ જખતન છ લ ળ સ ત ર ભનતલજ ઞ ન શળ ન એન છ લ ર વભસ મ સ ત ર ન ગચત ર શળ. જ ઔ અફ ર-વ દ વહ જ ણ છ ઔ વભત ત ન ય શટ મ ત મ તત રઔ ફનત જત વ વ યન લ ય ન ભ લ યડ વમ છ, એન તર અલ ભ ત ર વ તન ઔળ ણ. એઔ દય પ ર ય બભ ન ય ર કઔ ન ય ર કનન નલ નલ રયભ ણ ફક ષ છ. ત, લ વભ વદ ન ઈત તય ધવભ સ ત ર વજ નભ લનલ જ ગ તત અલત નલ તનળ ન ત ઔ છ, તલમવ મ તલસ ત ય છ, ગબવ મક તતન નલ તય શ ઈગ ડ છ, તલશ વવ મ ન ય આ દરન વ લ દનન ઝઔઝય છ ન ર કનન નલ લ ઔ ભ છ. અ વ દબ સ ત ર વશજ ઉતભ ળ રત, ળય યયચન ન ભ નતવઔત ન ગબન નત ન ઔ યણ ત ભન ર કનન ગબવ મક તતન રક ષણ ણ ઔ ર ઔ અ ળ રખ ન ઈવ અલ છ શ ડ. શ ન પ રત ઔ ભશ ત એ ણ નલરઔથ ભ ન ય તલમઔ તનફ ણ ળ ર કઔ ન સ ત ર ર કઔન ભ નતવઔ વ દબ ન ગબન નત ન ન ધ રઇન ર કન યત લ ત ય ક ઈ ગખત ઔય ન પ રતત રદત ઔયલ ન ઔતળ ઔય શત, એ ન ધલ મગ મ કળ! ખ ઈ યઘ લ ય ચ ધય એ ન ધ ય છ ત ભ, ન ય બગ મ ફન ન અલ એ ળ પ રધ ન વભ જન રક ષણ છ. ય ત ભશ ન વજ ઔએ અ ર ન ય ત ર વભ જ ભ શ રદ મ છ., એ ણ મ દ ઔય વ ય છ. શ ન ય તલમઔત ન સગચત ઔયત શ ન મ રન ય ન! ળ ય ઔ એ : વ ત વભ દય તયલ ચ ર જ મ ય ઔઇ એઔર, ઝ ઝ ફર કમ ભ કમ ભ રશભ ત ફર લ ર ફ ર. Spacial Issue (165) Jan. March., 2015

177 ISSN સ ત ર ઓભ પ ર ભ અન જ ત મ અ ક ષ ન અલબવ મસ તતન થલ ત ત ર મ ડ. ભ ન દ ર જ. બ રહ મબટ ટ 1) «MíkkðLkk AuÕ k çku ËkÞfkyku{kt ¼khíkeÞ Mk{ks{kt ktríkfkhe ÃkrhðíkoLk ykôþk Au. ¼khíkeÞ e ylku íkulke rð[khmkhýe{kt ÃkrhðíkoLk ykôþwt Au. yksu ðäwlku ðäw eyku Mk{ksu Lk e fhu e ¼qr{fkÚke ftef rðþu»k EåAu Au. MkËeykuÚke ÃkkuíkkLke ykøkðe Ãknu[kLk ylku Mðíktºk yâmíkíð Ít¾u Au. ykäwrlkf e ÃkkuíkkLke syrhþkíkku ytøku çknw s MÃkü Au. íku ÃkkuíkkLkwt Mkw¾ òíku þkuäðk EåAu Au. íku {kxu íkulke yr¼ôþâõík fhíke ÚkE Au. elke ølksðlklke yãkuûkkyku çkë ke Au. AuÕ k ËkÞfk{kt ykäwrlkf ylku ÞwðkÃkuZeLkkt kufku{kt ølk ylku ËktÃkíÞSðLk ytøkulkk ÏÞk ku{kt yk{q ÃkrhðíkoLk ykôþwt Au ylku yk ÃkrhðíkoLk Þwðfku (ÃkwÁ»kku) fhíkkt Þwðíkeyku ( eyku) {kt ½ýwt rðþu»k Au. ykäwrlkf eykulke ølksðlklke yãkuûkk çkë ke Au ylku nðu íku hku{klmk, «u{ ylku òíkeþ MktçktÄku ytøku [[ko fhíke ÚkE Au. yr¼ôþâõík fhíke ÚkE Au. hku{klmk ylku «u{lku ðäw {n ð ykãkíke ÚkE Au ylku òu íku Lk { u íkku AwxkAuzkt ykãkíkk nkuðklkk rfmmkk Au. yk ytøku {ÿkmk Vu{e e fkuxolkkt fkwlmku h erlkðkmk fnu Au - ykslke ÞwðíkeykuLke ølksðlk ytøkulke çkë ke hnu e yãkuûkkyku ylku Ít¾LkkykuLku {kuxk¼køklkk Þwðfku Mðefkhe þfíkk LkÚke. ykslke Þwðíkeyku MðrLk¼oh çklke Au. rþûký ylku fkhrfëeo Úkfe íkuyku{kt Mð{kLk òøþwt Au. Ãkrhýk{u ðýmktíkku»kkþu e yãkuûkkðk k ølksðlk [k w hk¾ðk {ktøkíke LkÚke. ð e, Ãknu k fhíkk yíþkhlke eyku{kt MknLkþe íkkt Ãký ykuae òuðk { u Au. yk fkhýkumkh ykäwrlkf ÃkuZe{kt AwxkAuzkLkwt «{ký ðäíkwt òþ Au. rþûký, Mkt[kh MkkÄLkku, þnuhefhý, fklkwlkefhý suðk Ãkrhçk kuyu eykulke yãkuûkk ylku yr¼ôþâõík{kt ð]rø fhe Au. eyku{kt «u{ ylku òíkeþ yãkuûkklke yr¼ôþâõík{kt ð]rø yk Ãkrhçk kulkwt Ãkrhýk{ Au. «Míkwík yçþkmk yk çkkçkíkkulku òýðklkku «ÞkMk Au. (h) eyku{kt «u{ ylku òríkþ yãkuûkklke yr¼ôþâõík «u{lke fkueãký ÔÞkÏÞk fheyu fu øk{u íkux e {òf fheyu Aíkkt íkulkku økt¼ehãkýu rð[kh fhðku òueyu. {nklk Mk{ksþk e - {klkmkþk e yurhf ku{u MksoLkkí{f «u{lkku ÏÞk ykãþku Au. yk søkík{kt MkkiÚke ðäw ðøkkuðkþu þçë nkuþ ylku sulkkt k¾ku {Lkøk{íkkt yúko Úkíkk nkuþ íkku íku «u{ þçë Au. fkueãký òíklke køkýe Mkk[e ÔÞÂõík íkhv ÚkkÞ íku Mkwtðk e nkuþ íkulku «u{ íkhefu yku ¾kðe Eyu Aeyu. «u{ yu fwëhíke køkýe Au. silk {wrlk e r[ºk¼klkwt Lkk {íku «u{ þçë, MðkÃkýo, Mk{sý ylku íþkøk ELku ykðu Au. fku kf fnu Au, Love is Drug «u{lkwt ÔÞMkLk ÚkE òþ Au. «u{{kt ÃkzðkLkku ylkw¼ð - Mx : òríkþ ykf»koý, hku{klmk : «u{íãkrík, {kxulkku ykðuøk ylku yuxu[{ulx : «økkz MLkun MktçktÄ yu{ ºký «fkhu ÚkkÞ Au. «íþuf ylkw¼ð {øks{kt [ku Mk VuhVkh fhu Au su yu{.ykh.yke. îkhk òýe þfkþ Au. «u{ Úkðk ÃkkA Lkkt hmkkþýku ylku nku{kuolmk Ãký þkuäkþk Au. hku{uâlxf «u{lkkt ÃkkÞk{kt ÃkrhfÕÃkLkk, hnmþ ylku ¼úktrík Au. yk «fkhlkku «u{ køkýelkwt MðYÃk Lkne Ãký «òuíãkrík {kxulkwt [k f çk Au. fwëhíku {klkðelkkt {økslke h[lkk s yu heíku fhe Au fu hku{uâlxf «u{{kt Ãkzðk {kxulktwt Ãkwhíkwt ðkþhªøk ÚkE [wõþwt nkuþ Au. yk hkmkkþrýf «u{ Au. hku{uâlxf ykurmxùþlk frð huelkh {urhþk rhõfu fnu Au, «u{ yu elkku ÃkkuxoVku eyku Au ylku e s Mkk[ku «u{ fhe òýu Au. e «u{lke ÔÞkÏÞkLke {kúkkfwx{kt Ãkzíke LkÚke. e «u{lkwt y{ efhý fhu Au ÃkwÁ»k {kºk «u{lke Ãkt[kík fhu Au. Jan. March, 2015 (166) Spacial Issue

178 ISSN LÞw MkkÞÂLxMxLkkt íkk.14/05/2002lkkt ytf{kt «u{lke [[ko ÚkE Au. {klkðelkkt MktçktÄku{kt «u{ MktçktÄ ÚkkÞ Au. íþkhu ÃkwÁ»k e MkkÚku MkuõMk (òíkeþíkk) {kxu ktçkku Mk{Þ hnu Au ylku e Mk k{íke {kxu Ãkhtíkw ykslke eyku ytøku {Lkkurð kklklkkt «ku. YÃkk þkn sýkðu Au fu, eykulke MkkiÚke {kuxe {w~fu e yu Au fu ÃkwÁ»k íkhvúke íku{lku syhe MktðuËLkk fu køkýe { íkk LkÚke. WÃkhkuõík çkkçkíkkulku æþklk{kt E y{ëkðkëþnuhlke eyku{kt «u{ ylku MkuõMk òíkeþíkklke yãkuûkklke yr¼ôþâõík ytøku yçþkmk fhðku ykð~þf çklþku nkuðklkwt sýkíkk yk yçþkmk fhðk{kt ykôþku Au. (3) òíkeþ yãkuûkklke yr¼ôþâõíklkwt MðkíktºÞ : {æþþwøk{kt eykulkwt MÚkkLk Lke[wt níkwt eykuyu {kºk yk kklkwt Ãkk Lk fhíkk hnuðwt íku{s ½h ylku ÃkríkLke Mkuðk fhðklke hnuíke íkulku yr¼ôþâõíklkwt MðkíktºÞ Lkníkwt. Ãkhtíkw rçkúrxþþwøk ylku ykíkëe çkkë rðrðä Ãkrhçk kulku eäu eyku{kt Mðíktºkíkk Mk{kLkíkkLkku ÏÞk «çk çklþku. Ãkrhýk{u ËktÃkíÞSðLkLke {n ðlke çkkçkík{kt òríkþ Mktíkku»k ylku òríkþ yãkuûkk ytøku Ãkrík MkkÚku ðkík[eík fhíke ÚkE. fwxwtçk-rlkþkuslklkk «MkkhLkkt ¼køkYÃku òríkþrþûký Ãkh ¼kh {wfkðk køþku. Ãkrhýk{u òríkþíkk (MkuõMkÞwyk exe) ytøku [[ko fhíke ÚkE. xeðe, rvõ{ku ELxhLkuxLku eäu òríkþ yãkuûkk ðäe ylku òríkþ yãkuûkklke yr¼ôþâõík fhíke ÚkE. òríkþ yãkuûkklke yr¼ôþâõíklkwt MðkíktºÞ yux u eyku ylku ÃkwÁ»kku ÃkkuíkkLke òríkþíkk MkuõMkÞwyk exe ytøku fhðk{kt ykðíke ðkík[eík rð[khkulkwt ykëklk-«ëklk (4) yçþkmklkkt WÆuþku : 1. eyku{kt «u{ ylku «u{lke yr¼ôþâõíklkku ÏÞk íkãkkmkðku h. eyku{kt òríkþ yãkuûkklke yr¼ôþâõíklkwt «{ký ylku heíkku òýðe. 3. ølksðlklke çkë kíke yãkuûkkykulke òýfkhe {u ððe. (Ãk) ÃkØríkþk : «Míkwík yçþkmk {kxu Mkki «Úk{ WÆuþ {wsçk {w kfkík ylkwmkqr[ íkiþkh fhðk{kt ykðe íku{s 18 Úke 3Ãk ðhmklke Ãkrhýeík eykulkku yçþkmk fhðklkku nkuðkúke y{ëkðkë þnuhlkk y{hkeðkze, ¾ku¾hk, ykuzð ðkuzolke Mk{rü íkhefu ÃkMktËøke fhe íku{ktúke MðiÂåAf heíku {w kfkík ykãkðk íkiþkh ÚkLkkh Ãk0 eyku ÃkkMkuÚke {w kfkík ylkwmkqr[ îkhk {krníke yufºk fhðk{kt ykðe. yuõºk fhu {krníkelkwt Ãk]ÚÚkfhý yúko½xlk fhíkkt Lke[uLke çkkçkík òýðk { u Au. (6) Ãk]ÚÚkfhý : 1. «Míkwík yçþkmk{kt 18 Úke 3Ãk ð»kolke ðþ Ähkðíke eyku W khëkíkk Au su{kt 30 xfk 18Úke h3, Ãk0 xfk h4 Úke h9, 30 xfk 30Úke 3Ãk ð»kolke Au. h. «Míkwík yçþkmk{kt Wå[ kkríklkwt «{ký 60 xfk Au ylku rlkblk kkríklkwt «{ký hh xfk Au ßÞkhu {æþ{ kkríklkwt «{ký 18 xfk Au. 3. «Míkwík yçþkmk{kt 6h xfk W khëkíkk yu þk kfeþ rþûký eäwt Au. ßÞkhu 38 xfk MLkkíkf ÚkÞu Au. 4. {kuxk¼køklkkt fwxwtçklke {krmkf ykðf 6 Úke 10 nòh Lke Au. (6-yu) «u{ ytøkulke {klþíkk 1. Ãk4 xfk W khëkíkk {klku Au fu «u{ e - ÃkwÁ»k ðå[ulkku {Äwh MktçktÄ Au. çkkfelkk {klku Au fu yklktë ylku Mkhûký fhíkku ¼kð Au. Spacial Issue (167) Jan. March., 2015

179 ISSN h. Ãkrík Mk{ûk «u{lkku yufhkh fhíke eykulkwt «{ký 90 xfk sux wt Au {kºk 10 xfk yufhkh fhíke LkÚke. 3. fþk «Mktøkkuyu yufhkh fhu Au? íkulkk sðkçk{kt 90 xfk «MktøkkuÃkkík ßÞkhu 10 xfk rëðmk{kt yufðkh ßÞkhu h0 xfk ðkhtðkh yufhkh fhíkkt nkuðklkwt sýkþ Au. 4. su yufhkh LkÚke fhíkkt íkulkk fkhýku òýðk «ÞíLk fhíkk òýðk {éþwt fu þh{- kslku fkhýu íku{s Mkns nkuðklkk eäu yufhkh fhíkk LkÚke. Ãk. eyku «u{lkku yufhkh fuðe heíku fhu Au? íkulkk sðkçk{kt Ãk3 xfk þkçëef heíku 10 xfk fkue ðmíkw ykãkelku ßÞkhu çkkfelkkt ylþ heíku yufhkh fhu Au xfk eyku {klku Au fu eyku «u{lke yr¼ôþâõík fhíke ÚkE Au. 7. fþk fkhýu «u{lke yr¼ôþâõík fhíke ÚkE Au? íkulkk{kt sðkçk{kt 60 xfk {klku Au fu rþûký uðklku fkhýu 18 xfk MðíktºkíkkLke ¼kðLkkLku eäu hh xfk «Mkkhý, {kæþ{ku, MkkrníÞLku eäu fhíke ÚkE nkuðklkwt {klku Au. 8. su kufku {klku Au fu, eyku «u{lke yr¼ôþâõík fhíke LkÚke ÚkE íku{lkk {íku rþûkýlkku y¼kð, {klkrmkf Mktfwr[íkíkk ylku YrZ, ÃkhtÃkhkøkík Mk{ksLku eäu yr¼ôþõík LkÚke fhíke. (6-çke) eyku{kt òíkeþ yãkuûkklke yr¼ôþâõík 1. eyku òíkeþ MktçktÄ rðþu ðäw òøk]ík ÚkE nkuðklkwt 88 xfk W khëkíkk {klku Au ßÞkhu 1h xfk íkuðwt {klkíke LkÚke. h. fþk fkhýu ðäw òøk]ík ÚkE Au íkulkkt «{ký{kt 60 xfkyku e rþûkýlku 36 xfk «Mkkhý {kæþ{kulku ßÞkhu 4 xfkyu ðiïefhýlku sðkçkëkh {klþw Au. 3. fþk fkhýlku eäu òøk]ík LkÚke íku {kxu ÃkhtÃkhkøkík YrZyku ylku rþûkýlkku y¼kðlku eäu íkuðwt {klku Au. 4. ølk Ãknu kt òríkþ MktçktÄLke òýfkhe nkuþ íkuðwt 64 xfk W khëkíkkykuyu sýkôþwt. fuðe heíku íku{lku òýfkhe { e níke? íkulkk «rík¼kð{kt Ãk7 xfk Mk¾eyku ÃkkMkuÚke 43 xfk Mkt[kh {kæþ{kuúke íku{s xeðe ELxhLkuxÚke òýfkhe { e nkuðklkwt sýkðu Au. Ãk. òíkeþ MktçktÄLku økíke {wtíðý{kt fkulke Mk kn ku Aku? íkulkk «rík¼kð{kt 46 xfk rlk»ýktík zkìfxhlke 1h xfk {kæþ{ku îkhk 4h xfk ðrz ku-r{ºkku ÃkkMkuÚke Mk kn {u ðíke nkuðklkwt sýkðu Au. 6. MkufMk rðþu Ãkrík MkkÚku [[ko fhíke nkuðklkwt 8h xfk sýkðu Au ßÞkhu {kºk 18 xfk [[ko fhðklkwt {wlkkmkeçk {klkíke LkÚke xfk òríkþ MktçktÄLku økíke ÃkwMíkfku, Mkk{rÞfku, ðíko{klkãkºklke Ãkwíkeo{kt ðkt[u Au. ßÞkhu Ãk4 xfk eyku ðkt[íke LkÚke. íkuyku{kt YrZ[wMíkíkk òuðk { u Au. 8. Ãk4 xfk eyku fu{ ðkt[íke LkÚke? íkulkkt fkhý{kt 8Ãk xfk Mk{ÞLkkt y¼kðu 1Ãk xfk MkkrníÞLkkt y¼kðlku sðkçkëkh Xuhðu Au. 9. òríkþ MktçktÄ{kt Ãknu fkuý fhu Au? íkulkkt «rík¼kð{kt 6h xfk eyku Ãknu fhíke nkuðklkwt sýkþ ßÞkhu 38 xfk{kt Ãkrík Ãknu fhíkk nkuðklkwt sýkðu Au. 10. {kuçkke, Mkeze, fbãþwxh, uãkxkuãklkku WÃkÞkuøk òríkþ MktçktÄLke òýfkhe {kxu fhu Au. íkulkk «rík¼kð 3Ãk xfk yu fhíkk nkuðklkwt ßÞkhu 6Ãk xfk yuðku fkue s WÃkÞkuøk fhíkkt Lk nkuðklkwt sýkðu Au. 11. MkuõMk MkkrníÞ ík{khk ølksðlk WÃkh ymkh fhu Au? íkulkk «rík¼kð{kt 3h xfk nfkh{kt sðkçk ykãku Au 68 xfk Lkfkh sðkçk ykãþku Au. 1h. Ãkh xfk W khëkíkk òíkeþ MktçktÄ ðtþð]rø {kxu syhe nkuðklkwt íku{s 3Ãk xfk òríkþ MktçktÄ Mkw¾ «kóelkwt MkkÄLk {klku Au ßÞkhu 14 xfk e - ÃkwÁ»kLku òuzíkw MkkÄLk {klku Au. 13. eyku òíkeþ yãkuûkklke yr¼ôþâõík fhíke ÚkE nkuðklkwt 88 xfk sýkðu Au. íkulkk fkhý{kt 40 xfk eyku{kt Mðíktºíkk ylku Mk{kLkíkkLke ¼kðLkkLku eäu h4 xfk rþûkýlku íkku 16 xfk «Mkkh {kæþ{kulku sðkçkëkh Xuhðu Au. Jan. March, 2015 (168) Spacial Issue

180 ISSN ) íkkhýku : 1. eyku «u{lku {n ð ykãku Au. «u{lku e- ÃkwÁ»k ðå[ulkku {Äwh MktçktÄ Ëþkoðu Au. h. çknw{rík eyku «u{lkku yufhkh {wfík heíku fhíke ÚkE Au. «u{lke þçë ylku ðmíkw îkhk yr¼ôþâõík fhu Au. 3. ykðe yr¼ôþâõík rþûký-mðíktºþ ¼kðLkk, «Mkkhý {kæþ{kulku eäu ðäe nkuðklkwt sýkðu Au. 4. çknw{rík eyku òríkþ MktçktÄ ytøku ðäw òøk]ík ÚkE nkuðklkwt sýkþ Au. íku {kxu rþûký-«mkkhý {kæþ{kulku sðkçkëkh {klku Au. Ãk. {kuxk¼køklke eyku ølk Ãknu kt MkuõMk ytøkulke òýfkhe Ähkðíke nkuðklkwt íku{s íku MkneÞh íku{s ELxhLkux- ÃkwMíkf îkhk {u ðíke nkuðklkwt sýkðu Au. 6. òríkþ MktçktÄ ytøkulke {wtíðý{kt MkuõMkku kusmx, {Lkkur[rfíMkfLke Mk kn uíke nkuðklkwt sýkþ Au. 7. çknw{rík eyku Ãkrík MkkÚku MkuõMk rðþu [[ko fhíke nkuðklkwt ylku yãkuûkk Ëþkoðíke nkuðklkwt sýkðu Au. 8. 6h xfk eyku òríkþ MktçktÄ{kt Ãknu fhíke nkuðklkwt sýkðu Au ylku òríkþ MktçktÄLke òýfkhe {kxu {kuçkke - uãkxkuãklke õ eãkªøklkku WÃkÞkuøk fhíkk nkuðklkwt sýkðu Au. 9. ykðe yr¼ôþâõík ylku Mkt[kh {kæþ{lkk MkkÄLkkuLkk eäu ølksðlk Ãkh nfkhkí{f ymkh Ãkzíke nkuðklkwt 3h xfk eykulku sýkþ Au. 10. òíkeþ MktçktÄLke yãkuûkklke yr¼ôþâõík fhíke ÚkE nkuðk {kxu e Mðkíktºkíkk - Mk{kLkíkkLke ¼kðLkk, rþûký- «Mkkh {kæþ{kulku çknw{rík eyku sðkçkëkh {klku Au. WÃkMktnkh rþûký íku{s Mkt[kh MkkÄLkkuLke ð]rø Mðíktºkíkk Mk{kLkíkkLke køkýelku eäu eyku{kt «u{ ylku òríkþ yãkuûkklke yr¼ôþâõík ðäe Au. íkuyku íku {kxu Mk{Þ {wsçk xe.ðe.-rvõ{ku-elxhlkux{kt Ëþkoðíke çkkçkíkkuúke «¼kðeík ÚkE nkuðklkwt Mðefkhu Au. eykulkk ølk SðLkLkkt ÏÞk ku çkë kþk Au. ølksðlklke yãkuûkkyku çkë ke Au. su íkuykulke yr¼ôþâõík{kt Lkshu Ãkzu Au. ykslke elke rð[kh Mk]üe ylku ¼kð søkík çkë ke hìkk Au. íkulke ÃkkuíkkLkkt {kxulke yãkuûkk Ãkrík ÃkkMku hk¾u Au. ykslke Þwðíkeyku Ãkrík fhíkkt ðäw hku{ulxef hnu Au. ÃkwÁ»kLke {klþíkk çkë ðklkwt ¼khíkeÞ eykuyu þá fþwo Au. eykulke «u{ ËktBÃkíÞ Mkw¾ ytøku y{uhefk{kt þuh nkexu ðw{lk ELk ð ÃkwMíkf ÏÞwt Au su{kt MkðuoLkwt íkkhý fkzíkkt ÏÞwt Au. 9Ãk xfk y{uheflk eyku ÃkríkÚke Ëw:¾e Au. ¼khík{kt {wtçkelkk Ãkºkfkh rð{ k Ãkkxe fnu Au. ¼khíkLke eyku ÃkríkÚke çknwmktíkwrü LkÚke Aíkkt ølkku íkwxíkk LkÚke. fkhý fu y{wf çkkçkík{kt eyku çknw Ëw:¾e LkÚke. xqtf{kt eyku «u{ ylku òíkeþ yãkuûkklke yr¼ôþâõík fhíke ÚkE Au. su ¼khíkeÞ ølk SðLk çkë kíkk «ðknlke Mkkçkeíke ykãku Au. Mkt˼o Mkqr[ : 1) fks sþðíke ykt¾u ykmkw, nkuxu ÂM{ík - Lkkhe Ãk xkíkkt htøkku h006 Lkð¼khík MkkrníÞ {trëh, y{ëkðkë h) [kðzk økeíkk e Mkóf h001 yûkh ¼khík «fkþlk fåa, ¼qs 3) Xkfh çku k Mkkt«ík Mk{Þ{kt Lkkhe h001 økwsoh økútúk hílk fkþko Þ - y{ëkðkë 4) Ëkuþe xelkkt {klkw»ke : ykäefõãklkk ykäe fkþk h009, Lkð¼khík MkkneíÞ {trëh- y{ëkðkë Ãk) {nuíkk Mke. ðe. þ]tøkkhþk {kt Lkkhe Mk{ksþk Lke árüyu h006 Ãkkï Ãkç efuþlk, y{ëkðkë 6) {kºkkðzeþk {wëw k Mkðkýe hksð (Mkt) yfk u ymík þk {kxu? h004 økwsoh økútúk hílk fkþko Þ, y{ëkðkë 7) ¼è fklíke «u{ : yuf SðLk hmkkþý 2006 Lkð¼khík MkkrníÞ {trëh, y{ëkðkë 8) Mkn kk ¼khíkeÞ MktMf]rík{u Lkkhe 1961, Ãkrh{ Ãkç efuþlk, rëõne Spacial Issue (169) Jan. March., 2015

181 ISSN નનય જન બગતન કનલત ભ નગયવ લ દન ભહશમ ન.જ ડય વન ૧૯૫૭૭ભ તનય જન બખત વ લ છ પ રલ રદ વ પ રખ ઔય છ ન ગ જય ત ઔતલત ભ વ પ રથભ નખયચ તન તનળ મ છ. પ રલ રદ વ ભ વ જ ર ઔ વ મભ મ ફઆનખય અવ ભયડ ન જ ખ છ. તનય જન મ ફઆન લ ત ઔય છ. નખય ન સ થ,ઔ ન ત ર શલ છત, મ ફઆન ભ ખ શલ છત એઔ ચ તતવઔ ભ ખ ર ખ છ, ઔતલ ઔશ છ. હ જ એ નખય છ. ઔતલ સ લભનન નખય જલ ઔશ છ : ચર, ભન મ ફઆ નખય જલ ચ છ તલન ન ભખય! ઔતલ ભખય ળબ દથ મ ફઆન લર ત, તયપડ દળ વલ છ. ઔતલન નખયવ લ દન પ રલ રદ વ ન મ ય ગઝમભભ, ઝ ભ, ન એઔલ રયમભ ભ તવ શ, ઔ ભ છર ન જઆન ભ નલ ન વભજલ ભથ છ. અધ તનઔ યણ મભ તવ શ ઔ ભ વગમ છ? ત ન જલ ફ પ ઉ નન ફવ સ ય ઔ વ મભ અ છ. અજન નખયલ વ ઔ ર મ ક ઔય છ, ણ વ જ ત ગ ચ ન ફરદમ જ લ જ ક સ થતત છ. અ ગચ ત ન પ ઉ નન ફવસ ય - ભ વ મઔત ઔય છ : વલવ અ ઔઆ રદળ બણ યહ ગવ? વલ ખ ળ ખતત! તતભસ ત ર રઔન પ રતત? [.૨૧૩] ઔતલન તનય ળ ન સ થ ન જન ભ અ છ : અ નખયન બ ડન દશ મ જ ; ડર ડમ શ ણ? ભગક ષઔ વહ સ ત સ ત ર શ ધ ભ ત ક રધભ? (.૨૧૩) અધ તનઔ નખયવ સ તતન ત કટ સ લળ ઔતલ વભજ છ. વલ યન સ લપ ન વ જ ક રડત થ મ છ. જજ દખ ન શ ન મ એઔરત એ ર અ યભણ. એન ભલ ઔતલ મ ત ય ન જ જજ દખ ભ ન ન અત મ છરન ભ ડ ફ છ. ઔતલન પ રત તત થ મ છ : અ ત વ તનત મ જન ભ ન છ તનત મ ભય! ( ૨૩૬) વ ચ થવભ તનય જન બખત જ નખયઔતલત ન પ ર ય બઔ છ. ત છ તપ રમઔ ત, શવમ ક, શય ન દ ર, નગરન,ય જ ન દ ર-તનય જન ય ખભ ત ત ત ન ર ફ લ છ. ધતનય ખભ સ ય ળ જળ, ગ ર ભ ભશમ ભદ ળ ક, ય લજ ર, ર બળ ઔય ઠ ઔય, તવત શ મળશ ર ચન દ ર, અરદર ભ સ ય જ લ ઔતલ નખયઔ વ મ અ છ. છત મ નખયઔતલત ન પ રતતટઠ ઔયલ ન શ ર મ ત તનય જનન પ જળ ત દષ ટ એ પ રલ રદ વ ન મ લ મ તત ભ ળ છ. ગ જય ત ઔતલત ભ ભત નખયઔ વ મન ભતભઔ ભ ફ તલશ વય ધ ધન રયણ ભ અતથ ઔ, વ ભ જજઔ,વ સ તતઔ તવપ ધ ધન તભન ય ત ડમ. નખય તલપ ચ છન ન થમ. શ ર મ-પ ર મન તલલ ઔ ભ ર ર ભ નલ ક સ થયત, એઔરત ન શત ળ થ ગ ય ત ખમ. ત ન વશ મત ઔતલત ભ ઉતય. અણ દ ળ ભ સ લ ત ત ર મવ ગ ર ભ, ઓધ ખ ઔયણ, તલગબન ન જ લનતલચ ય ઔ લ દ ત બ ખત ખ ભડ ન લધત ળશ યન પ રશ ર નથ વ મરઔત તછન ન ગબન ન થત ખમ. નખયઔતલત ભ પ ર યણ ળ અજન ઔતલત ભ શત ળ, મ લ મન ળ, શ ર ધ ધ, એઔરત,ક ર, તલપ ચ છન નત, લ દન લખ ય ન અર ફનથ શ ન મલ દ, ક સ તત લલ દ,તતલ સ તલલ દ જ લ જ લનલ દ ખતતળ ર ફન મ. તલમદ ષ ટ એ ગ જય ત ઔતલત બ યત મત ન વ ભ લ ન લ ક શ ર લઔ ફનત જ મ છ. નખયચ તન વ લ દન થત યહ છ. તપ રમઔ ત ઔતલત ભ ણ નખયવ લ દન જલ ભ છ. ળબ દ ય તત ર ન નક ક શ અ હ યહ છ?. અણ ત Jan. March, 2015 (170) Spacial Issue

182 ISSN સ ળવ ન ત લય થ, વ મભગરત ન ક ય છ ભ ળ નખય? તથ ગ ગ ન નખયભ ન પ રફ ખતત ન ઔ ર ઔ યચન નખયલ વ ન સ ળ છ. અજન વયન ભ ભન ભત ફધ ત ર બ મતગમ, છ ઔ ન ચ, સ ન યફ રડમ જ ર ત છ જખ, ત ઈયન છ ઔ ન ન ર રઔ વયક એઔ ફ ય. અ વ ઔડ, છ ઔ બ મતગમ લવત રઔન વ મથ ન ગચત ર છ. ફ જ યચન અણ ભ અધ તનઔ ભ નલ લ ધઔત થ ચ તય મ છ : ઔ ળબ દન ક ષય વભ વ અણ ઔ લ તનઔ! થવ રઔ ત એઔ ન એન થત! ભ ય તભ ય ભ ઔળ એ બ દ ન, ઔઔ છ મ ન શજ ય પ રત વભ વ અણ. નખયજ લનન એઔરત,એઔસરયત વ મરઔત તલચ છ દ ન તનયથવઔત ણ ફર છ. ચ રત ચ રત ઔ વ મભ ળશ ય છ, ય તન લન છ, વરયમ ભ યસ ત ળ તત છ. ભ ત ર ત જ ર લ જ-દ લ જ ખ છ. ઔ વ મન અય બ - ળશ ય ય તત રન ભ ખવ તલચ યથ બમ બમ ત જ ર લ જ-દ લ ન લચ ચ થ હ લહ જત. અ નખયલ વ ઔ લ છ? ત ઔતલ ઔ ક ષન ત વ ર ધ ય ઔશ છ : એ રઔ ત ત રઔ છ જ નશ, એ ત ન ન ક આ ઉછયત ઉધઆ ફ જ એન બ લત નથ. તપ રમઔ ત પ રફર ખતત ભ ત ન આ તયવ લ દન વ થ નખયવ સ તતન વ ઔ છ. નખયજ લનન વ લ દન ઈગ ર ફ ધ ય છ. ણ ગ ગ ન યલ ફન છ. નખયઔ વ મ લ સ તલથ ધફઔ છ. ત ભ સ લ ઔ ય છ, તલદ રશ નથ. નખયન તલળ ત અ ય ત દ ક મ છ : ભ રન ઊ ચ ભ ખ ન ઔઆ ચ દનન ખયફત ભ ર લ દ, વ ભ ક ર રક ર ન ભઔ નન ઔઇ ળ લનભ પ યલ દ, ઔતલન ળ તત જઆએ છ. નખયજ લનભ ળ તતન ળફ ડ છ, ઔઆન દ ક ત નથ ત ન ત વ ર અગ ત ઔતલ વ મઔત ઔય છ : Spacial Issue (171) Jan. March., 2015

183 ISSN : અસ પ લ ન વડઔ ય ન ઔ ર મ તન ન વયગવન ન ત ખ ય ભ ય ર લ નથ, ભ ખવ ય ભત ચશ ય ન લ દન લ ચલ ન ભન ફ યવદ નથ! નગ ન વત મન ઔટ ત ઔ ત નથ! ભ ત. વ ય જ મ ન નભ ર વ જ ભ નખયલ વ ન ર ખણ શ ન મત ન ઔતલ ઔતલન મ ત ય ભ લણવલ છ ચઔન લચ ચ ડ ર એઔ ઈદયન ભય ર દ શ ય ત ણ ઈઝયડ ન શયન થ જ યહ છ અજ ઠ ડ શયન જઉ છ, જઉ છ, જઉ છ, જત નથ (ઔ યણ ઔ ) ભ ય નજય ત વ લ ક ર આ ક જ ણ ઔ ચન ઔ ઔ. નખયલ વ ન ભન ઉ દય ભય ઔ ઔતલ ભય ફન ન વયખ છ, ઔ યણ ઔ આ ક ત ઔ ચન ઔ ઔ છ. ઔઆન ઔ આ ઔશ વ છ? એ ણ શવમ ક ઠઔન ર ક ષગણઔ નખયચ તન ન લણવલત ઔ વ મ છ. અ નખયન ગડ ઔ લ? ઔ વ યઢ (તળશ ન ફખ સ ) ઔ લ ફય (ગયડ ણ લ ઝણ સ ત ર ) ન વ જ (ગરષ સ ઔ લડ ળણખ યત ટઠ) નખયન નગ ન ગચત ર અ ત જઆએ, જ ભ ઔતલ તલદ રશ ર ખ છ : ખ ચ યસ ત (વ બ મ છ અજ ઔર શર ઔમ શ!) _ ય ભ ણવ ભ ય વરશત યસ ત ઝ ફ ધ ન ઝ મ ય ગઝઔ ય વ ભયક ય ય ર મ ન ચ યહ ખ યભ ઠરલ મ ત જ. ઔતલન નખયજ લન તયપન ણખભ સ સ લયત મ છ. નગરન ય લ ન ઈદ ગ ય ન યચન વશલ ય ભ ઔતલન નખય ભ ન તતયસ ઔ ય સ ટ થ મ છ. વલ ય થત ળશ યન યસ ત લ જભ ડ ફ જ મ છ. જ ભ ઔ ; ઊ ગન વડ ર ગગણમ ય ડ ર ળશ યન વ ખ લ ઔચ ઔથ લ ર Jan. March, 2015 (172) Spacial Issue

184 ISSN ભ ખવ ; સ મવન ત ક તયત ત જત ન ઔ રઔયણ ઈળ ર ખ ર ઉઠમ તયત શડ દ ધ તયર લ જ... લ જ... લ જભ ડ ફ ખમ. નખયજ લનન લ દન ન ઈદ વ ખ ઔ વ મભ સ યજ, અ ધ ય, ખ ધન ઔલ નથ યજ ઔય છ. નખયન ગબખભફ ઈભ ન અ છ, નખયન ઠયડ મ ર ફ ડ ઔ તન ઔશ છ. ક ય ઔ લઔ ળ ન યચન ભ તલશ વ વ લ દન દ ક ળ. લ ભ ભશ નખયભ ઉઠ ર લ ન ખધ ત ભઔ ગચત ર ભ છ. લ વ થ ઉડત ન ડત ન ઔ ભશ નખયન ઈવ લ છ. ઔતલ ત ન જન ભરદન જ નખયત મ ખ ઔયલ આચ છ છ : અજ ભ ય જન ભરદન રશ નખયન ક ર ય ખ લ ર ફ જઠય જડફ ભશ થ છ ઔ લ દ યન ય એ લ મ ક સ ભતભ કલ ઉ છ. નખયલ વ ઔતલ નખયન તતર જગર દ લ આચ છ છ એ નખયઔતલત ન તલળ સ ય છ. જ ન ક ગ ર ભચ તન ઔતલ તય ઔ થ મ છ ત લ ઔતલ ય લજ ર નખયલ વ વ લ દન અ ખત ભ ઔશ છ : હ શલ નખયન થ વચળ ત મ અક મ વ ભ મ જન લખ યશ છ. ત થ હ જ લત છ એ ઔ વ મભ ઔશ છ : ખ યળ ભ ઝ રત ડ જઆ ળઔ મ છ. નખયન જડત ન પ રત ઔ ખ યળ છ ન ગ ર ભજ લનન ચ તન ન પ રત ઔ ઝ રત વજ લ ડ છ. નખયજ લનન એઔ સ દય ળબ દગચત ર જઆએ : છત ર ન ચ છ ફ જણ ગ ચ વલવ વ બ. ભગણર ર દ વ આ ય ન ય ભ નખયન ળબ દસ થ ઔય છ : શલ વખત વગફ બડબડ શલ ત ત તડતડ શલ તણ ત ગડ ય શલ ખફડત દડદડ દડદડ શલ શવ છ કડકડ (શલ નખય અ શ વ ન વય ખ શ પ ) શલ ઔત. યલ ન ઔ ય ળબ દથ નખયન પ રવ તતન ધભધભ, ધ ધરધભ ર પ રત મક ષ થ મ છ. Spacial Issue (173) Jan. March., 2015

185 ISSN સ ય ળ જળ નખયજ લન પ રત મ ન ઘ ણ ઈય ત ભ નલ ન ભ નલ ણ ન પ રક તતન ભ નલ ણ પ રખ ઔય છ : મ ત રય ખન જડત ભ થ ન જત ઘ ણ ન તલગચત ર ગચત ર અ છ : ળશ યન ખર ભ શલ ર થમ ર પ રઔ ળન ખ યન ન ગબભ થ ધ ભય ત પ રઔ ળ લ વ ઈઔયડ ન ચ શ પત મ મ ષ ભ નલ કક આ ખણ આ ખણ બ ઔ ન ઠઔય ત યખત તત સ યજ, અ ઈય ત તવત શ મળશ ચન દ ર,ર બળ ઔય ઠ ઔય,ગ ર ભ ભશમ ભદ ળ ક,અરદર ભનસ ય લખય ગ જય ત ઔતલત ભ નખય તલમઔ યચન ણ અ ર છ. વ દબવ :- ૧ અધ તનઔ ઔતલત સ ભન ળ શ ૨ તનય જન બખત પ રવ દ બ રહ મબટ ટ ૩ ય જ ન દ ર-તનય જન ય ખન ઔતલત - પ રવ દ બ રહ મબટ ટ Jan. March, 2015 (174) Spacial Issue

186 ISSN બ યત મ મ વલયણ નલચ યન ત ત ત લક પ ષ ઠભનભ ડ. હકળયક ભ ય એ. નલમ ય પ રથત લન અધ તનઔ ય ખભ બ તતઔલ દ, જડલ દ, ઈમખ ત લ દ તલચ યધ ય ન પ રબ લન ઔ યણ ભ ણવ ફ જ ભ ણવ તયપન બ લ કઇ ફ ઠ છ. વ ક ગચત વ મક તતલ દ ત ન સ લ થ ફન લ દ ધ છ. અજ ભ નલ વભ જ બ તતઔ સ ક-વખલડ અ ઔ ઔય ર લ ભ ય થઇન આ ધ દ રખ લ યહ છ. જ ન રયણ ભ મ વલયણન તનઔ દન ન ઔ યહ છ. અધ તનઔ ભ નલ ન ત ન આ ખણ ન મ વલયણન ણ ડ નથ ત મ ય લ તશ વઔ મ વલયણન જ લણ ન ત લ ત જ ક ય ઔયલ? અધ તનઔ ઔ ન ઔશ લ ત તળગક ષત વભ જ મ વલયણ જ લલ ન ફદર ઈર ન ફખડ યહ છ. અજ ભ ણવ જ ર તળગક ષત થમ છ ત ર જ મ વલયણ થ દ ય થમ છ. જમ ય અણ લવજ બર બણ શત ય ત મ વલયણ ભ ખ ફજ જ ગ ત શત. મ વલયણ ત ભન ધભવ ન યજજ દ જ લન વ થ વ ઔ મ શત ઔ યણ ઔ ત ન ટઠભતભભ ત જત લઔ દ ષ ટ ઔણ શત જ તત લજ ઞ ન ઊત એ ઈબ ઔમ શત. મ વલયણન લતવભ ન સ થથનત લતવભ ન વભમભ ભ ણવન બ તતઔ સ ક તયપન આ ધ દ ન ઔ યણ મ વલયણન ખ બ ય વભસ મ ઈબ થમ ર છ. ઓદ યગખઔ ઔયણન ઔ યણ થત યવ મગણઔ પ રદ ણ જમ ય વ ભ લ લ જ મ છ ત મ ય મ વલયણન જફ ય એલ ન ઔ જ લ-જ ત ન નટ ઔય ન ક છ. ક ષ ન વસ તન પ ર ણ ન ૪૦૦ થ લધ જ તત છ લ ર ૪૦૦ લવભ તલન ળ થમ ન પ રભ ણ ભળમ છ. 1 ઈદ યખ દ વ ય ઠરલ ત યવ મગણઔ ઔચય ન લ જ ઞ તનઔ ઢફ તનઔ ર ઔયલ ન ફદર જભ નભ ન નદ -ન ભ વ ધ તનઔ ર ઔયલ ન ઔ યણ જ ન જભ ન પ રદ ણ ઈભ થય છ. ભ ભ ઈદ યખન ચ ભન ભ થ ન ઔત યવ મણ ય તત ધ ભ ડ ન ખ ખ શલ ન પ રદ તત ઔય યહ છ. તવ ચ ઇ ભ ભ ખબવજ ભમ વરદત ણ ક ચ ર લ ત ન ભ ખબવજન રયચ જજ ખ નરશ ઔય ત વમ દ રન ક ળ ણ ભ ખબવભ બય ઇ જ મછ. અ ણ તવ ચ ઇભ ઈમખભ ર લ ત જભ ન પ રદ તત થ મ છ. અ ઈય ત ક ત ભ લધ ઈત દનન ર રચ લધ ડત યવ મગણઔ ક તય ન દલ ન છ ઔ લ ણ જભ ન ન ન જ ન પ રદ તત ઔય છ. પ ર ષ સ ઔન ઔચય ન પ રદ ણથ અણ વહ તલરદત ન રડત છ એ જ. વ ક ષન ઈછ ય ભ ન અણ ઈદ વ નત ય ઔ ટ એ શ ચ ખઇ છ. અ ફધ ફ ફતન પ રથભ ઔ યણ લધ ન લધ ભ લ ર લ ન અણ ર રચ છ ન તનઔ રન મગ મ વ મલસ થ નન બ લ છ. ન ફ જ ઔ યણ અણ ભ અ સ ષ ટ પ રત મ ન બ લન બ લ છ. 1 - મ વલયણ વ થ ટઠ- ૩૭ Spacial Issue (175) Jan. March., 2015

187 ISSN મ વલયણ તયપન આણ પ લવજન બ લન અજન અણ અધ તનઔ તળગક ષત વભ જ મ વલયણન વભસ મ જ ણલ છત ત ન પ રત મ ઈદ વ ન છ. જમ ય પ ર ચ નઔ ન વભ જ અજન જ લ વભસ મ ન શલ છત ણ જ ગ ત શત. જ ભ થ અ વભગ ર સ ષ ટ ન તનભ વણ થય છ ત ચ ભશ ભ ત થ લ, ણ, ક ગ ન, લ ય, અઔ ળ તયપ ત ભન જ મ બ લ શત. જમ ય અધ તનઔ ઔ ભ ત ન તયપ ઈમગખત લ દ દ ષ ટ ઈબ ઔયલ ભ અલ છ. અણ લવજ પ ર ણ, ક ષ, વ ક ષ, થ થય, પ રક તતન તત લન જન ઔયત શત. ઔ ડ મ ળ યત, ચઔર ન ચણ એઔઠ ઔયત,ચબ તય ફન લત, શ ભ શલ ડ ફન લત, ક ષ ભ ણ ન ક ડ ફ ધત, ત રળ, લડ, ન વ ક ષન પ રતતતનતધ ફ જન ઔયત,સ મવ-ચ દ રન દ લ ભ નત,વમ દ રન જન થત, નદ ન ભ ત ન સ થ ન શત, લવતન જન થત, વભગ ર થ લ ભ ત શત. ત થ જ વલ ય ઈઠત ન વ થ જ થ લ ભ ત ન ત ન ખન સ ળવ થ મ છ ત થ ક ષભ મ ચન ઔયત શત ક તય ક ડત, ભઔ ન ફ ધત ભતભ જન ઔયલ છ ક તજ ઞત ન બ લ યશ ર શત ત ન છ ભ ત ર બ વ ઔત, શબ લ, વભજણ લખયન ધ તભ ઔત, ઔ લ લર લ ડ નશત ય ત જ ઞ નન યભ ણવત સ ધ શ ચ ર ઊતન વભગ ર સ ષ ટ ન ઐક યન, દ વ તન ત જત લઔ દ ષ ટ શત. તત લભ થ ત ત ત લક પ ષ ઠભનભ લ દ, ઈતનદ, ખ ત, દળવનળ સ ત ર લખ ય ન તત લજ ઞ ન અ વભગ ર સષ ટ ન ઈત તત ત એઔ જ થમ ર લણવલ છ. લ રદઔ ન વદ મસ તત ન વ ય અ વભગ ર જખત એઔજ તત લ ભ થ તનભ વણ થમ છ. ળ સ ઔતન લણવન પ રભ ણ તલય ળ એ ર ઔ યભ ત ભ ભ થ જ ભન ટમ,શ -ક ષ, ચ દ ર-સ મવ, અ તરયક ષ ફધ ઈત ન ન થમ છ. ઇળ લ સ મ ઈતનદભ ઔશ લ ભ અવ ય છ ઔ થ વત અજખતભ જ ઔઇ સ થ લય-જ ખભ લસ ત છ ત વલવ ઇશ વયથ વ મ પ ત છ. છ દગ મ ઈતનદભ ઔશ લ ય છ ઔ. થ વત અ વભગ ર જખત બ રહ મ જ છ. શ ર ભદબખલદખ ત ણ દળભ ધ મ મ તલભતતમખ ભ પ રતતન ધ મ ત ભઔ તનદ ળ દ વ ય વભગ ર સષ ટ ન ઇશ વયન સ લફ દળ વલ છ.ગખમ યભ ધ મ મભ તલશ વફ દળવનભ ણ અ જ ફ ફત ફ ઔ ત ભઔ ય ત વભજ લ છ. નયતવ શ ભશ ત બ યત મ તત લજ ઞ નન અ જ લ તન ન ચડ અત ઔશ છ ઔ. 1 પ ર થવન -પ ર તત ટઠ ૧૮ 2 ઊગ લ દ ૧૦/૧૧૯ 3 ઊગ લ દ ૧૦/૯૦ 4 આળ લ સ મઈતનદ ૧ 5 છ દગ મ ઈતનદ ૩/૧૪/૧ Jan. March, 2015 (176) Spacial Issue

188 ISSN અલ ર બ રહ મ ડભ એક ત શ ર શહય જ જલ ર અન ત બ વ 1 અભ થ લ, ણ, ક ગ ન, લ ય, અઔ ળ અ ચ તત લન ફન અ લ તલધ મ ણવ જખત અ ત ત એઔ જ યભ તત લન જ સ લફ છ. ઈયતત ત જત લઔ વભજણ અ જખતભ યશ ર દય ઔ તત લભ ઇશ વયન ન યકલ ન દ ષ ટ અ છ.ન ત ન જ લનભ, લતવનભ સ લ ઔ ય ન અણ લવજએ મ વલયણન બ લ-બક તત થ જતન ઔય છ. સ લ ધ મ મ તલચ યન યસ ઔત વ. ડ ય ખળ સ ત ર અઠલર સ ષ ટ તયપ જલ ન ભ ણવન ત રણ દ ષ ટ ઔણ 2 સ ટ ઔય છ. ૧. બગલ દ દ ષ ષ કણ દ ષ ટ ઔણ છ. વ ક ષ લ લલ થ શ પ મદ થળ પ, લન તધ, ર ઔડ, ક તવજન ભળ અ બખલ દ ૨. ક વ મ ત ભક ક બ લ ત ભક દ ષ ષ કણ શ વ દમવન દ રષ ટ છ ળબ ભ વ ક ષ,ફ ર-છડ લ લલ ભ અલ ન ત ન પ રત મ બ લ શમ. ળક તર ન વ ક ષ પ રત મ બ ડયડ જ વ શ ત શત જ ભ બ લ ત ભઔત છ. ૩. બગલદર દ ષ ષ કણ બ યત મ વ સ ક તતભ પ રક તતન તત લન દ લત લ વલ ભ અવ ય છ. શ, ક ષ, વ ક ષ, નદ, લવત,વમ દ ર લખ ય તયપ જ મત ન દ ષ ટ ય કલ ભ અલ છ. ખ મ, ત રળ, લડ, ન જન થ મ છ. ન ખ, તવ શ, ભખય, ન દ, ખળ ડ, લખયન ધ તભ ઔ ભશત લ છ.. ડ ય ખળ સ ત ર અઠલર જ મત લન ભતભઔ ન ચ ય ખથ મ દળ વલ છ. 3 ૧. અત ભખ યલ ૨. ભન ટમખ યલ ૩. પ ર ણ ખ યલ ૪. સ ષ ટ ખ યલ ઈયતત ચ ય પ રઔ યન ખ યલ ભ ત ભ ઇશ વયન દળવન તનલ મવ છ.ભન ટમ ત ન ભ ઇશ વયન દળવન ઔય ત અત ભખ યલ તનભ વણ થ મ ફ જ ભ ઇશ વયન દળવન ઔય ત ય વન ભ ન તનભ વણ થ મ. પ ર ણ ભ ઇશ વયન દળવન ઔય ત પ ર ણ ખ યલ તનભ વણ થ મ. ન વભગ ર સ ષ ટ ભ ઇશ વયન દળવન ઔયલ ભ અલ ત સ ષ ટ ખ યલ તનભ વણ થ મ. અણ લવજન અલ જ મબ લ મ વલયણન જતનભ ઔ મવયત થમ શત. 1 અદઔતલન અવ લ ણ ટઠ-૨૯ 2 ખ ત મ તભ ટઠ-૩૯૯ 3 ખ ત મ તભ ટઠ-૪૦૩ Spacial Issue (177) Jan. March., 2015

189 ISSN વભ ન બ યત મ મ વલયણ તલચ ય બ તતઔત લ દ, ઈમખ ત લ દ તલચ યધ ય ય ઔ ભ ત ર બ લ ત ભઔત ય યચ મ ર નથ ય ત ત ન છ શ દ ત જત લઔ, અધ મજત ભઔ તલચ યધ ય ન ઊ ડ મ યશ ર છ. જ અ મ મ ન ણ ભળ ત મ વલયણ તયપ રઔન બ લ વશજ ય ત ઈબ થળ ન મ વલયણ તયપન ત ન પયજ પ રત મ જ ગ ત થળ. Creative Space International Journal हभ अऩन च त र/प ट आदद स भग र ब ज, स ऩ दक भ डर क अन य ध ऩय उन ह सभम सभम ऩय मह प रक श त ककम ज एग स ऩ दक creativespaceip@gmail.com Jan. March, 2015 (178) Spacial Issue

190 ISSN થલબ ફન નળક ષણન ભ ધ મભ : એક અન ય નનલનવ ન હયચમ પ ર. ડ. ય ક ળ ર શલ અણ ખ યલથ ઔશ ળઔ શ ઔ ભ ય વ છ ભ છ થ વત ભ ત બ ભ (સ લબ ભ ) તળક ષણ ભ લલ ન વ મલસ થ છ. એન થવ એ થમ ઔ ઉચ ચ તળક ષણન ભ મ વન ભ ધ મભ રશ દ (સ લબ ) ફનલ ન રદળ ભ શ ખ ભ ડ આ ખય છ. અ નલ ન ન અઔવઔ પ રઔલ ન ળફ અત થઆ છ બ રન ર ગફશ ય લ જ મ રશ દ તલશ વ તલદ ય રમ થ. અ દ ળભ એલ વ ઔડ તલદ ય થ છ જ ભ ત રન ભ ત ર અ ગ ર જ બ ભ ઔઆ વ જખન ઔ યણ નફ યશ ખમ શમ ન ઉચ ચ ભ મ વ ન ઔય ળક ય શમ. અલ તલદ ય થ ન વ બન ય ઔ વભજન ય ઔઆ ન શત. બર અણ ભ થ ગણ એભ ભ નત શમ ઔ ભ ધ મભ ફદરલ થ ઔ આ પ ય ન ડ ન અવ ઔ આ ળક ય ર ખત નથ. અ ગ ર જ ભ ધ મભ તલન ત ઔ આ યવ મણતલજ ઞ ન, લનસ તત તલજ ઞ ન, મ વલયણ, બ તતઔ તલજ ઞ ન, પ ર ણ તલજ ઞ ન, લ ગણજ મ ન પ રફ ધન જ લ તલમન ભ મ વ ળક ય છ? શ, ળક ય છ. અ ફધ તલમન ઈયતત તલશ વ તલદ ય રમ ભ ત રન ભ ત ર રશ દ ભ ધ મભભ ભ મ વ ઔય લલ જઆ યશ છ. ( જ ભ અ ગ ર જન ગ ર ભ લકત ઔ ર ઔ ઔશ ત ઔ અ ગ ર જ તલન ત ઔ આ દ ળ ચ રત શળ, ણ ત લ તભ ઔ આ દભ શત? ) અ તલશ વ તલદ ય રમન ઈદ શ મ રશ દ બ ન ધ મ ન, પ રતળક ષણ, જ ઞ નન વદ વદ તથ પ રવ ય ભ ન તલજ ઞ ન, વ રશત મ, ઔર ન ન મ તલધ ભ ઈચ ચસ તય મ વ ળધન ભ તળક ષણન ભ ધ મભ ફન લલ ન છ. ફધ તલમન વ ઔગરત ઔયલ, ન લ રદત ઔયલ ન સ યગક ષત ઔયલ ન ઔ મવ ણ અ તલશ વતલદ ય રમ ઔયલ જઆ યહ છ. ત ભ અ તલશ વતલદ ય રમભ ઔ મવતળગફય, રયવ લ દ ન તધલ ળન ણ અમજજત થત યહ છ. ફધ ધભ, પ ર ચ ન વભ મત ન વ સ ક તતન ધ મમનન રશ દ બ ન ભ ધ મભથ તળક ષ ત થલ ન ણ એઔ ઔ મવ રશ થઆ યહ છ. અ ય તનલતવ ન વત રભ મખ ગચરઔત વ, મખ પ રતળક ષઔ, મખ તળક ષઔ પ રતળક ષણ અ ખ ન પ રભ ણ ત ર ભ મ વ ક રભ ળફ ઔય ચ ઔ છ. ઈય ત લ રદઔ ખગણત, જ લ તલતલધત ન મ વલયણ, ન લ દ, ઔ મવ વ સ ક તત વ લધવન જ લ ન મ પ રભ ણત ર ભ મ વ ક રભ ળળ ઔય દ ધ છ. જ તલઔ ક ત પ ર દ યગખઔ પ રફ ધન, લવ થ એચ.ડ ( અ તરયક ષ તલજ ઞ ન, લનસ તત તલજ ઞ ન, જ લ તલતલધત વ યક ષણ, મ વલયણ, ન પ રય તત યવ મણ, પ ર ણ તલજ ઞ ન જ લ તલમભ ), એભ.રપર.( બ તતઔ તલજ ઞ ન, જ લ તલતલધત વ યક ષણ, મ વલયણ પ રફ ધન, લનસ તત તલજ ઞ ન, જ લ તલજ ઞ ન, યવ મન તલજ ઞ ન, ખગણત, પ ર ણ તલજ ઞ ન), એભ.એવવ. ( બ તતઔ તલજ ઞ ન, જ લ તલતલધત વ યક ષણ, મ વલયણ પ રફ ધન, લનસ તત તલજ ઞ ન, જ લ તલજ ઞ ન, યવ મન તલજ ઞ ન, ખગણત, પ ર ણ તલજ ઞ ન, મખ ન ભ નલ ચ તન ) ફ.એવવ. ( બ તતઔ તલજ ઞ ન, જ લ તલતલધત વ યક ષણ, મ વલયણ પ રફ ધન, લનસ તત તલજ ઞ ન, યવ મન તલજ ઞ ન, ખગણત, લનસ તત તલજ ઞ ન) લ ગણજ મ ન પ રફ ધન ભ એચ.ડ., લ ગણજ મભ એભ.રપર. એભ.ફ.એ ( વ મ લવ તમઔ થવળ સ ત ર વ બ ય ત ત ર ન અતત શ કર પ રફ ધન ) સ ન તઔ ( ફ.ઔભ, ફ.ફ.એ.) વભ જ Spacial Issue (179) Jan. March., 2015

191 ISSN તલજ ઞ ન ભ એચ.ડ. ન એચ.ડ. ( થવળ સ ત ર, ય જન તતળ સ ત ર,આતતશ વ, વભ જળ સ ત ર), એભ.એ. ( થવળ સ ત ર, ય જન તતળ સ ત ર, મખ ન ભ નલચ તન, ભ ખ, સ દ ય વ લ દન), ફ.એ.( થવળ સ ત ર, ય જન તતળ સ ત ર,આતતશ વ) જ લ દલ અ તલશ વતલદ ય રમ અ છ. ગ ર ભ છ ઔ યતતલ રશન ભ રયભ રભણ ઔયલ ર ખ ન ત ન ક જલ ક ય ય ઔ ભ ઠ ર ખલ ભ ડ ત શ ભ નવ? ત લ ન યતત તતવ ય થ મ ત ણ શ? અ ગ ર જ પ રત મ વન ભ ન વ ન શમ ણ ભશ ત નઔ ભ જ ખણ મ. બ ન ળ સ ત ર ન વભજન ય વ મક તત એ નથ જ ણત ઔ રશબ ર બ એ આઝય આરન એઔ દ ળન વ બ લન ન જ લત ય ક શત. ગ જય ત ફશ ય જઆએ ત મ ય ઔઆ ણ વ મક તત ગ જય ત ફરત વ બ મ એ ર ઔ લ ય જ યખ યખભ વ મ જ મ છ. બ વ મક તત ન વભ જથ અખ વદ ન સ ય ન ચતત લથ તયફતય શમ છ. શવદબ આ ળ શન ભ ત બ અ ખ ન ગચ તન પ રખ લત એઔ ક સ તઔ ન ભ મ વ ઔયલ જ લ છ. સ તઔ છ ભ ત બ ન અ ગ ર જ : શ શ ર શ છ? ત અગ રશ લવઔ જણ લ છ : ભ ત ન ભ ત ત લભ ન એન લ ત વલ મભ જ ળક તત છ, એલ જ ભ ત બ ભ ણ છ.યબ ન મ ય ઊ ચ આભ યત ચણ ળઔ ત નથ એ વત મ શલ વભ જન ધ ભ ધ ભ વભજ આ યહ છ. આ ક લ ચ ન ચશ ભ કય દલ ન જલ મ એ લ ત ણ શલ ગણ ન વભજ આ યશ છ.વ ણવ તલશ વ એ સ લ ઔ ય છ ઔ ફ ઔભ ગ ણ ન ક ષભત ન લધ ભ લધ તલઔ વ ભ ત બ ભ તળક ષણ અલ થ જ ળક ય ફન છ. ય ન સ ઔએ ણ અ તથ મ ય તવક ક રખ લત દય લ 21 ભ પ બ ર અય ન ભ ત બ ખ યલ રદલવ તય ઔ ઉજલલ ન અગ રશ ઔમ છ. ભ ત,ભ ત બ ન ભ ત ભ તભ એ ત રણ ઔઆ ણ ભન ટમન બ લતલશ વન તત રલ ણ વ ખભ છ. એ ત રણ ન ખ યલ ન ઔય ળઔ એ નગ ણ છ. રશ દ બ ન ઔ ર ઔ તથ મ જ ણલ જ લ છ. 22 દ ળભ રખબખ 1 યફ રઔ રશ દ બ ન પ રમખ ઔય છ.ય નસ ઔન વ ત બ ભ રશ દ ન સ થ ન ભળય છ. વ વ યબયન રખબખ 150 તલશ વતલદ ય રમભ રશ દ બ ન ધ મમન-ધ મ નન વ મલસ થ છ. રપજ ન ભ ય ળવભ રશ દ ન દ વદ વત મ ય જબ ન સ થ ન પ ર પ ત છ. ભ ય ળવભ તલશ વ રશ દ ઔ ન દ રન સ થ ન ઔયલ ભ અલ છ. 71 પ રતતળત બ યત મ રશ દ વભજ ળઔ છ. ઔ મ પ ય ય ભ વ થ અવ ન દ લન ખય ગરત રશ દ બ છ. ત ન ઈમખભ ર લ ભ ભ ત ર 1000 ગચન શન અલશ મઔત છ. ત ન ત રન ભ ચ ન બ ભ 1,00,000 ગચન શન જફ ય ડ છ. છત ણ રશ દ ઔ મ પ ય ય ( વ ખણઔમ ત ર) ભ છ ત બ ફન ખઆ છ. ત ન વ ભ ચ ન બ ય ક ળત થ વ ખણઔ ભ ઈમખભ ર લ મ છ. રશ દ ન લતવભ ન ક સ થત ભ ન મ ઔઆ જલ ફદ ય નથ, ણ અણ જ ઔશ લ ત તલદ વ ન ન ખરયઔ છ. જ ભ ન છ ઔ અ ગ ર જ તલન રદલવ ઈખ જ નશ! ગ જય ત ભ રક મ ર વ રશત મ તલળ અણ ઔ જ ણ એ છ એ ન અખન ઢ ન શ અ ળઔ શ? બ યત દ શરયશ ચન દ ર એ વભ જન શ ન દ ય ઔયલ ન ઈ મ અ ક તતભ અ દ ધ છ. તનજ બ ઈન નતત શ, વફ ઈન નતત ઔ મ ર. ગફન તનજ બ જ ઞ ન ઔ, તભ ન રશમ ઔ સ ર શ સ મન ભ ધ મભથ વભ જન ગડન ય શ ર યતતર ર ફય વ ખય ણ ભ ત બ ન લ ત ત ખ બ ય થઆન જ ઔય છ. : જ વભ જભ ભ ત બ નફ ડ એ વભ જ ધ ભ ધ ભ ઔર ન વ રશત મથ તલમ ક ફન ન જ વભ જ તર ન વ રશત મથ તલમ ક ફન એ વભ જન વલવતમ ક તન થ મ છ ન ત થ ભ ત બ ન વ યક ષણ ન વ લધવનન જલ ફદ ય વભગ ર વભ જન છ. શ સ મર કઔશ ર ન લ તભ દભ છ Jan. March, 2015 (180) Spacial Issue

192 ISSN ઔ યણઔ ગ જય ત ઔતલત તભન અજ ઔઆ ફ ઔન મ કભ થ વ બલ ભ છ? ફ જ ફ જ ભ ઔ - ભ ઈવ ઔ એલ તલદ ળ ત ર થલ રપલ ભ ખ ત ફ ઔન ભઢ ભ વશજ યભત શમ. ક ય ખઆ એ ઔતલત ન એ ભજ ન ઠ જ અણ ભ રત જઆએ છ એ. બ ખર લશય ઔ ભ ર જ લ અજ ઔઆન ત ન ર ખત નથ. ત ર ફદર આ ખમ છ. વ લ દન ન શ ન મ ફન લન ય ઔથ ન લ તથ અખ ફજ ય ઈબય મ છ. ઔ ર ઔ ઈ મ તલળ તલચ ય એ ત જણ મ છ ઔ જ ન ભર અણ ખભ ત મ ય ળફ ઔય ળઔ એ છ એ. અણ શસ ત ક ષય ગ જય ત ભ ઔય ળઔ મ. ફ ગ જય ત ભ ન અ ગ ર જ ભ લ ત ઔય ત લ ત ઔ ર ઔભવભ ર ખ છ? અણ દ તનઔ વ મલશ યભ લખય ઔ ભન ઔ ર ળબ દ અ ગ ર જ ભ ચર વ મ ય ક એ છ એ. ફ ઔ શજ ભ ડ ભ ડ ફરત થય શમ ન ત ન ણ થ દ ય ન લ યથ નજ ઔ રઆ જલ ન ઔ આ ઔ યણ કળ? ય! જ મ ય જફ ય ડળ એ ર એ બર ન અ ગ ર જ ફર. ભમ ભ ન અ ગ ર જ ત વ બલ જ વ શમ શ ર આ ઔય ર ફ, છ અણ અ ઔરન ગય વ ઔયલ જઆશ ન છ વ ધ ત ય વયન ભ ઔયલ જઆશ. ફર અ ફ ઔન અ ગ ર જ ણ ઔ વ ગ જર ળ ફનળ? બ યતભ અ ગ ર જ જ ણન ય ન ન જ ણન ય એલ ફ લખવ જ ણ -જ ણ ડત યહ છ. જ ણન ય ઔશ તલળ પ રદ ન ઔમ વ તલન લ ત ઊ ચ ચ ર છ. ન ન જ ણન ય... એન ત ઔઆ શયભ ઉબ યશ લ ભ તઔર પ ડ છ. શ અણ ફ ઔન બ યત મ આતતશ વ, ધભવ, જ લનદળવન ન વ સ ક તત સ ધ શ ચલ ન ભ ખવ ફ ધ ઔય દ લ ભ ખ એ છ એ? અ ગ ર જ જ લ તલદ ળ બ ન લધ ય ન ફજ અણ ફ ઔન વભજ મ લખયન છ (6) ખણ ભશ નત લધ ય દ છ. તલશ વભ અણ બ શ ન ય ટર તય ઔ ક આએ ત ભ ન મ થ મ ત લ ફ ફત છ? અણ બ યત મ છ એ ત બ યત મ બ ફરલ ભ ળ ન ન બલ થલ જઆએ? ખલવ ઔ ળયભન? અણ ઑરપવન ન ભઔયણ અ ગ ર જ ભ શમ છ, જ ન થ અ ગ ર જ ન જ ણત રઔન ભ નતવઔ ક સ થત દ કદ ફન યશ છ. દ ઔ નન ણ જ ણ અ ગ ર જ ન ભઔયણ લખય ચ રત નથ, જ ણ ફધ દ ઔ નભ તલદ ળ ગ ર શઔ અલલ ન શમ! લતવભ નત ર ન તલજ ણ ભ ધ મભ ત જ શ ય તથ ભ ડ ન વ લ દભ ભપ ડ અ ગ ર જ ન ઊ ધ ય ફન લ ય ક છ. પ રશ ન થ મ ઔ ઈ ગ ર ડભ ફ ઠ ર ઔઆ અ ગ ર જ, જ 1947 શ ર બ યતભ યહ શમ ન ત ત મ ય બ યત મ ચ નર ( ક વ ઔય ન જ શ ય ત ) જત શળ ત મ ય ઔ લ ખલવ ન બલત શળ? વ દબવ- 1. ગ જય ત તલશ વઔળ બ ખ 2 2. ર ગફશ ય લ જ મ તલશ વતલદ ય રમ લ ફવ આ Spacial Issue (181) Jan. March., 2015

193 ISSN दकर त ज कन यम ભ લન ચયન દ ત મકભવ ય ઠડ બ ન ફ ન ન થ બ ઈ N}To4 N}TSo sn] ÉT4 NL3"xR4 N}T SGŸf N}lTSF4 N}TLo sn} lt SGŸ 8F54.lT 0LQFŸ W}TL N}tIDŸ sn}t:i EFJFvN}T stlf ITŸf N}lT S],LGo XL,;d5gGM JFuDL N1Fo l5 I\JN P IYMÉTJFNL :D'lTJFGŸ N}To :IFTŸ ;5 leu6{ N}T\ R{J 5 S]JL"T ;J"XF:+lJXFZNDŸ P.l0 DTFSFZJ[QF]7\ ;]lr\ I1F\ S],MNŸDUDŸ EFDC Jan. March, 2015 (182) Spacial Issue

194 ISSN GlC l5 I\ 5 JÉTlDKlgT D'QFF lct{lqf6o P lct\ DGMCFlZ R N],"E\ JRo P DCL\E}H[ P S'T5 F6F\D:I DCL\ 1FTMèC\l; VgTD;FW] ;FW] JF P VCM\ N]ZgTF A,JläZMlWTF Spacial Issue (183) Jan. March., 2015

195 ISSN s!f JFDG lxj ZFD VF%8[ P ;\:S'T lcgnl SMQF4 5'@ $&( s2f ;FlCtIN5"6 P #q$* s#f DCFEFZT v ZFHWDF"G]XF;G5J" 2?q2( s$f DG]:D'lT *q&# s?f s&f ;FlCtIN5"6 #q$* s*f lszftfh]"glidÿ P!q2 5'@ 2 s(f s)f s!_f s!!f s!f s2f s#f DCFSlJEFZlJZlRT\ lszftfh]"glidÿ VFRFI" EFDClJZlRTo SFjIF, ŸSFZo ;\5FNS o 5 F@ ZD[X D@ X]É, DCFEFZTDŸ VG]JFNS4 ;d5fns 5ZDC\; :JFDL HUNLXZFGgN ;Z:JTL 5 SFXS o ljhi S]DFZ UMlJgNZFD CF;FGgN4 ln<,l4 5 YD ;\:SFZ6 Jan. March, 2015 (184) Spacial Issue

196 ISSN ગ જય ત ભ જભ ન લય ળ અન ક તય શ આત ભન ળ શ પ રસ ત લન : ઔઇ ણ ય જ મન તલઔ વ ભ ક ત ક ષ ત રન તલઔ વ ખ ફ જ ભશત લન બ ખ બજલ છ. ગ જય ત ય જ મન અતથ ઔ તલઔ વ ભ ક ત ક ષ ત ર એઔ ભશત લન રયફ છ ભ ક ત ક ષ ત રન એઔ દય ગયખથ થ ઈત દન ફ શજ ય ઔયડ શત. જ ય જ મન એઔ દય ગયખથ થ ઈત દનન 11.54% છ. એ ર ઔ ભ ય જ મન ક ર ઈત દનભ ક ત ક ષ ત રન પ 11.54% છ ત ભ ઔશ લ મ. ક ત ક ષ ત રન ચખ ખ ગયખથ થ ઈત દનભ ન ય જ મન ચખ ખ ગયખથ થ ઈત દનભ ત ન પ તલળ તલખત ઔટ ઔ 1ભ દળ વલ છ. ઔટ ઔ 1 ક ત ન ચખ ખ ગયખથ થ ઈત દન ન ય જ મન PSDNભ ત ન રશસ વ લવ ઈત દન. ss શજ ય ઔયડ રશસ વ (%) ન ક સ થય બ લ ન ક સ થય બ લ ૩ ૩ ન ક સ થય બ લ ૩ સ રત વ ભ જજઔ-અતથ ઔ વભ ક ષ , , ગ જય ત ય જ મ ઔટ ઔ 1 યથ સ ટ ય ત જઇ ળઔ મ છ ઔ ક ત ક ષ ત રન ચખ ખ ગયખથ થ ઈત દન વતત લધત યહ છ ભ ss 2.43 શજ ય ઔયડ શત જ ભ લધ ન ss શજ ય ઔયડ થય છ. જમ ય ભ ક ત ક ષ ત રન ચખ ખ ગયખથ થ ઈત દન ss શજ ય ઔયડ શત. અભ, થ ન 34 લવન વભમખ દયમ મ ન ક ત ક ષ ત રન ઈત દનભ Spacial Issue (185) Jan. March., 2015

197 ISSN % ન લધ ય થમ છ. ય ત ય જ મન ગયખથ થ ઈત દનભ ત ન પ ગ ત ખમ છ ભ ય જ મન PSND ભ ક ત ક ષ ત રન પ 37.2% શત. જ ભ ગ ન 16.3% થમ શત ભ ત ભ ત ર 11.54% છ. એ ર ઔ ગ જય ત ય જ મન ક ત ક ષ ત રભ થ પ ર પ ત થત અલઔભ ગ ડ થમ છ. અ ગ ડ રખબખ 25.66% છ. ય જ મન ક ર યજખ ય ભ ક ત ક ષ ત રન પ લવતત ખણતય 2011 મ જફ 49.6% ન શત, જ ખ ફ જ લધ છ. શ એ ફ ફત ણ ન ધન મ છ ઔ ય જ મન PSDNભ ક ત ક ષ ત રન પ ભ ખ ફ જ લધ ગ ડ થમ છ ય ત ય જ મન યજખ ય ભ ક ત ક ષ ત રન પ ભ ત ર ગ ડ જલ ભત નથ. જ ક ત ક ષ ત ર પ રલતવત પ રચ છન ન ફ ઔ ય ન ધવફ ઔ ય દળ વલ છ. જભ ન લય ળ : ગ જય તભ જભ ન લય ળન ક સ થતત ઔટ ઔ 2 ભ દળ વલ છ. ઔટ ઔ 2 ગ જય તભ જભ ન લય ળન ક સ થતત ક ર તલસ ત યન ઔ તલખત જ ખર ચ ડતય ન ન મ ડતય ૩. ઔ મભ ખચય ન ન મ ચય ણ ક ડલ ર મઔ ડતય ક ત તવલ મન ઈમખભ ર લ મ ર જભ ન ઈજ જડ તથ ક ડ ન ળઔ મ ત લ જભ ન ચખ ક લ લ તય તલસ ત ય સ રત વ ભ જજઔ અતથ ઔ વભ ક ષ ગ જય ત ય જ મ ન ગ જય ત ય જ મ (1) ઊત ન ઔ શ લ ર પ રભ ણ ય જ મભ ક ર ર ક શ ત યન તલસ ત ય ઔ ર ક શ ઔ ય એ ર ઔ 52.68% ચખ ક લ લ તય તલસ ત ય શત ભ ચખ ક લ લ તય તલસ ત ય 94.૩ ર ક શ ઔ ય ન ક ર જભ નન 50.14% શત. એ ર ઔ ગ જય તભ ચખ ક લ લ તય તલસ ત ય લધ મ છ ત ભ ઔશ ળઔ મ. (2) ભ ક ડ ન ળઔ મ ત લ જભ ન ર ક શ ઔ ય એ ર ઔ 13.82% શત. જ ભ ગ ન ર ક શ ઔ ય એ ર ઔ 13.56% થઇ છ, અભક ડ ન ળઔ મ ત લ ઈજ જડ જભ નભ ખ ફ ભ તપ લત જલ ભત નથ. (3) ભ ક ત તવલ મન લય ળ શ ઠન જભ ન ર ક શ ઔ ય (6.07%) શત. જ ભ લધ ન ર ક શ ઔ ય (6.23%) થઇ શત. શ ણ ક ત તવલ મન લય ળ ન જભ નન ફ ફતભ ખ ફ ભ તપ લત જલ ભત નથ. Jan. March, 2015 (186) Spacial Issue

198 ISSN (4) ઔટ ઔ 2 યથ જઇ ળઔ મ છ ઔ જ ખરભ ગ ડ થમ છ ભ ર ક શ ઔ ય તલસ ત ય (9.92%) જ ખર તલસ ત ય શત જ ભ ગ ન ર ક શ ઔ ય (9.75%) થમ શત. ગ જય તભ ક ધ ઔ ન ગફન-ક ધ ઔ શ ઠન તલસ ત યન શ ક સ થતત છ ત ઔટ ઔ ૩ ભ દળ વલ છ. ઔટ ઔ ૩ ગ જય તભ ક ધ ઔ ન ક ધ ઔ શ ઠન તલસ ત ય ર ક શ ઔ યભ લ ક ધ ઔ તલસ ત ય શ ઠન ક ધ ઔ શ ઠન તલસ ત ય એઔ દય તલસ તય લ લ તય સ ત રત વ ભ જજઔ અતથ ઔ વભ ક ષ ગ જય ત ય જ મ (1) ઔટ ઔ ૩ યથ જઇ ળઔ મ છ ઔ ગ જય તભ ક ધ ઔ શ ઠન તલસ ત યભ વતત લધ ય થમ છ ભ ક ધ ઔ શ ઠન તલસ ત ય ર ક શ ઔ ય શત. જ ભ લધ ન ર ક શ ઔ ય થમ શત ભ ત તલસ ત ય ર ક શ ઔ ય શત. અભ થ દયમ મ ન ગ જય તભ ક ધ ઔ શ ઠન તલસ ત યભ ર ક શ ઔ યન લધ ય થમ છ. (2) ગ જય તભ ક ધ ઔ શ ઠન તલસ ત યભ થ દયમ મ ન વતત ગ ડ થત ખમ છ ભ ક ધ ઔ શ ઠન તલસ ત ય ર ક શ ઔ ય શત. જ ભ ગ ન ર ક શ ઔ ય થમ શત, એ ર ઔ ર ક શ ઔ ય જભ ન ગ શત ન ક ધ ઔ શ ઠન તલસ ત ય ર ક શ ઔ ય શત થ સ ધ ભ ક ધ ઔ શ ઠન તલસ ત યભ ભ ત ર 2.19 ર ક શ ઔ યન લધ ય થમ છ ભ ક ધ ઔ શ ઠન તલસ ત ય 46.73% ન ક ધ ઔ શ ઠન તલસ ત ય 53.27% શત. (3) ગ જય તભ એઔ દય લ લ તય તલસ ત ય થ ન વભમખ દયમ મ ન ગ ય છ ભ એઔ દય લ લ તય તલસ ત ય ર ક શ ઔ ય શત. જ ભ ગ ન ર ક શ ઔ ય થમ શત, એ ર ઔ 2.48 ર ક શ ઔ યન ગ ડ થમ શત. અ ગ ડ ન ઔ યણ એ છ ઔ અ જ વભમખ દયમ મ ન ક ધ ઔ શ ઠન તલસ ત ય ણ ગ ય શત. Spacial Issue (187) Jan. March., 2015

199 ISSN ઔઈત દન : ગ જય તભ ઔ ઈત દનન ક સ થતત ઔટ ઔ 4 ભ દળ વલ છ. ઔટ ઔ 4 ગ જય તભ ઔન ઈત દન ર ક નભ ઔ ચક ગઉ જ લ ય ફ જય ભઔ ઇ ક ર ધ ન મ ઔ વ ભખપ ૩૩ ક ર ત ર ફ મ સ રત વ ભ જજઔ અતથ ઔ વભ ક ષ ગ જય ત ય જ મ ઔ વન ઈત દન દય ઔ 170રઔરગ ર ભન 1000ન ખ વડ ભ છ. (1) ભ ક ર ધ ન મન ઈત દન ર ક ન શત. જ ભ ત ગ ન ર ક થય શત, એ ર ઔ થ ન વભમખ ભ ક ર ધ ન મન ઈત દન ગ છ. ત ન મ ખ મ ઔ યણ એ છ ઔ ત જ વભમખ દયમ મ ન ગઉ, જ લ ય ન ફ જય ન ઈત દનભ ન ધ ત ર ગ ડ થમ છ ભ ક ર ધ ન મન ઈત દન લધ ન ર ક ન થય શત થ દયમ મ ન ક ર ધ ન મ ન ઈત દનભ ર ક નન લધ ય થમ શત. (2) ચક ન ઈત દનભ વતત લધ ય જલ ભળમ છ ભ ચક ન ઈત દન 6.81 ર ક ન શત જ ભ લધ ન ર ક ન થય શત. ત જ ય ત ભઔ ઇન ઈત દનભ ણ વતત લધ ય જલ ભ છ. ભઔ ઇન ઈત દન ભ 4.00 ર ક ન શત જ ભ લધ ન 6.81 ર ક ન થય શત. (3) ગઉ ન ફ જય ફ ન ન ઈત દનભ થ દયમ મ ન ગ ડ જલ ભળમ શત ભ ગઉ ન ઈત દન ર ક ન શત જ ભ ગ ન ર ક ન થય શત. જમ ય ફ જય ન ઈત દન ભ ર ક ન શત જ ભ ગ ન 9.82 ર ક ન થય શત ભ ફ ન ઔન ઈત દન લધ મ શત. ગઉ ન ફ જય ન ઈત દન ન ક રભ ર ક ન ન ર ક ન શત. જ લ યન ઈત દનભ વતત ગ ડ થત ખમ છ ભ ત ન ઈત દન 6.87 ર ક ન શત શ ભ ગ ન 1.75 ર ક ન થય છ. Jan. March, 2015 (188) Spacial Issue

200 ISSN (4) ગ જય તભ ક ર ત ર ફ મન ઈત દનભ વતત લધ ય જલ ભ છ ભ ક ર ત ર ફ મ ન ઈત દન ર ક ન શત. જ ભ ગ ન ર ક ન થય શત. ત મ ય ફ દત ન ઈત દનભ લધ ય થત ભ ક ર ત ર ફ મ ન ઈત દન ર ક ન શત. (5) ગ જય તભ ઔ વન ઈત દનભ ણ ન ધ ત ર લધ ય થમ છ ભ ઔ વન ઈત દન 170 રઔરન એઔ એલ ર ક ખ વડ શત. જ ભ લધ ન ર ક ખ વડ થય શત. એ ર ઔ 83.5 ર ક ખ વડ ન ઈત દનભ લધ ય થમ છ. (6) ગ જય તભ ક ર ન જન ઈત દન ભ ર ક ન શત. જ ૦ભ ગ ન ર ક ન થય શત. એ ર ઔ 5.2 ર ક નન ગ ડ થમ શત. ક ર ઔઠન ઈત દન ભ 5.20 ર ક ન શત જ ભ ગ ન 4.86 ર ક ન થય શત. એ ર ઔ ત ભ ૦.34 ર ક નન ગ ડ થમ શત. ક ર ન જન ઈત દન ભ લધ ન ર ક ન થય શત જમ ય ક ર ઔઠન ઈત દન 7.29 ર ક થય શત. તલતલધ ઔન તલસ ત ય : ગ જય તભ ઔન તલસ ત યન તલખત ઔટ ઔ 5 ભ અ છ. ઔટ ઔ 5 ગ જય તભ ઔન તલસ ત ય ર ક શ ઔ યભ ઔ ચક ગઉ જ લ ય ફ જય ભઔ ઇ ૩ ક ર ન જ ઔ વ ભખપ ક ર ત ર ફ મ સ ત રત વ ભ જજઔ અતથ ઔ વભ ક ષ ગ જય ત ય જ મ (1) ગ જય તભ થ દયમ મ ન ક ર ન જન તલસ ત યભ ગ ડ થમ છ ભ ક ર ન જ શ ઠન તલસ ત ય ર ક શ ઔ ય શત જ ભ ગ ન ર ક શ ઔ ય થમ શત. એ ર ઔ 20 લવન વભમખ ભ ર ક શ ઔ યન ગ ડ થમ છ ભ ક ર ન જ શ ઠન તલસ ત ય લધ ન ર ક શ ઔ ય થમ શત ૦ ઔયત અ પ રભ ણલધ છ ય ત ન વયક ભણ એ ત ત ભ ગ ડ જ થમ છ થ Spacial Issue (189) Jan. March., 2015

201 ISSN ન 34 લવન વભમખ દયમ મ ન ક ર ન જ શ ઠન તલસ ત યભ 6.82 ર ક શ ઔ યન ગ ડ થમ છ. (2) ચક ન ઈત દન શ ઠન તલસ ત યભ વતતલધ ય થત ખમ છ ભ ચક ન ઈત દન 5.75 ર ક શ ઔ ય જભ ન ય થત શત, જ ક ર ન જન જભ નન 11.23% શત. જ ભ 17.76% એ ર ઔ 7.88 ર ક શ ઔ ય થય શત. (3) ગઉ ન ઈત દન શ ઠન તલસ ત યભ થ 1999 ૦૦ દયમ મ ન ગ ડ થમ શત. ય ત ત મ ય ફ દલધ ય જલ ભળમ શત ભ ગઉ ન ઈત દન શ ઠન તલસ ત ય 6.17 ર ક શ ઔ ય જ ક ર ન જન તલસ ત યન 12.05% શત ભ ત લધ ન ર ક શ ઔ ય ન ૩૩.81% થમ છ. (4) જ લ ય ન ફ જય ફ ન ન ઈત દન શ ઠન તલસ ત યભ વતત ગ ડ થત ખમ છ ભ જ લ યન ઈત દન. શ ઠન તલસ ત ય ક ર ન જન 21.૩૩% (10.92 ર ક શ ઔ ય) જ ભ ગ ન ભ ત ર 2.88% (1.28 ર ક શ ઔ ય) થમ શત. ત જ ય ત ફ જય ન ઈત દન શ ઠન તલસ ત ય ભ ક ર ન જન તલસ ત યન 29.34% (15.02 ર ક શ ઔ ય) શત જ ભ ગ ન 15.02% (6.94 ર ક શ ઔ ય) થમ શત. અ ફ ન ઔન ઈત દન શ ઠન તલસ ત યભ ખ ફ જ ભ ગ ડ થલ ન ઔ યણ ત ભન ઈત દનભ ણ ન ધ ત ર ગ ડ થમ છ. (7) ઔ વ ન ક ર ત ર ફ મ ફ ન ન ઈત દનશ ઠન તલસ ત યભ વતત લધ ય જલ ભ છ ભ ઔ વન ઈત દન શ ઠન તલસ ત ય ર ક શ ઔ ય શત જ ભ લધ ન ર ક શ ઔ ય થમ શત. એ ર ઔ રખબખ 60.85% ન લધ ય થમ છ ત ભ ઔશ લ મ. ક ર ત ર ફ મ ન ઈત દન શ ઠન તલસ ત ય ભ ર ક શ ઔ ય શત જ ભ લધ ન ર ક શ ઔ યન થમ શત. એ ર ઔ 16.14% ન લધ ય થમ છ. અથ જ ત વભમખ દયમ મ ન ત ભન ક ર ઈત દનભ ણ લધ ય થમ છ. Jan. March, 2015 (190) Spacial Issue

202 ISSN ક ભવપ ય ણભ લ દ તન પ રત દ ય બ રહ મ અન યબ રહ મન નલચ યણ જ દલ લગય ળબ ઈ ઠ બ ઈ A ï XaNGL pt5l ;\:S TGF A'CŸ WFT]DF\YL Y. K[PH[GM VY" éuj]\ S[ JWJ]\ YFI K[P VFYL X\SZFRFIF"G];FZ HM VF56[ T[GF WFtJY" 5Z ljrfz SZLV[ TM A ïxangm VY" lrz X]âFlN ;DHFI K[ VG[ 1 Vä{T J[NFgTDF\ 5 lt5lt5flnt pét V[S ljx]â VFtDF H A ï K[ Vä{T J[NFgTDF\ VFtDF VG[ A ï AgG[ XaNM 5ZDTÀJGL DF8[ 5 I]ÉT YIF K[PVFtDF H A ï K[PSFZ6 S[4 H[ 5ZDTÀJ AFæ, MSDF\ A'C6XL, CMJFYL A ï K[4 T[ VFeIgTZDF\ VFtDF SC[JFI K[P VF56M VFtDF SM6 K[ m A ï X]\ K[ m VCL\ VFtDF VG[ A ï XaNYL z]lt N[C 5lZlrKgG VFtDFGF U C6G]\ lgjfz6 SZ[ K[ T[DH VFtDF XaNYL VFtDFYL legg VFlNtIFlN A ïgf p5f:itjgl lgj'l SZ[ K[PVFYL AgG[GM VE[N CMJFG[ SFZ6[ VFtDF H A ï K[ VG[ A ï H VFtDF K[ V[ l;â YFI K[P A ïgf\ ljljw ljx[qf6m XFgT4 ;lrrnfggn4 lglj"sfz4 lgzfsfz4 lgzjn4 VjII4 lgzfdi4 lgzfef;4 lglj"s<54 lgu]"64 lglqêi4 lgti4 D]ÉT4 VrI]T4 lgd"/4 lg`r,4 VGgT4 X]â4 VHZ4 VDZ K[ H[G[ X\SZFRFI"GF 5 SZ6U gymdf\ 56 HM. XSFI K[P 2 A ïgm 5 YDM<,[B 5ZD[`JZ DF8[ YIM K[PS}D"5]ZF6s!q!qZ$4 0f SC[ K[ S[v A ï 7FIT[ 5ZD[`JZo P VYF"TŸ 5ZD[`JZ A ï H6FI K[PH[G[ 5ZA ï 56 SC[JFI K[PH[YL S}D"5]ZF6 SC[ K[ S[v ljnfljn[ U}-~5\ INŸ A ï\ 5ZD\ ljno P S}@5]@!q!q?! S40 VYF"TŸ H[DF\ VlJG`JZ U}- :J~5JF/L ljnf VG[ VlJnF AgG[ 5 ltlq9t K[ VG[ T[G[ 7FGLHG 5ZA ïgf GFDYL HF6[ K[P VCL\ ULTF5 [;GL VFJ l DF\ U}-~5\ INŸ A ï\ 5ZD\ 5F9G[ AN,[ ItTNŸ A ï 5Z\ V[JM 5F9 D/[ K[P 3 S}D"5]ZF6s!q!q5( S40fDF\ ljq6]g[ 5ZA ï 5ZD[`JZ SæF K[PJ[NFgT;FZDF\ 56 ;lrrnfggn4 VGgT4 Vä{T A ï J:T] K[ VG[ V7FGFlNYL,. ;d5}6" H05 5\R VJ:T] K[ T[D ;5"ZßH}gIFIGL RRF" J[/FV[ H6FJL A ïgm J:T] TZLS[ p<,[b 56 SZ[ K[P 4 S}D"5]ZF6 A ï7fg ljx[ H6FJTF\ SC[ K[ S[v TJt5 F;FNFN;\lNuWD]t5gG\ 5]Z]QFM D P 7FG\ A ï{sljqfi\ 5ZDFGgNl;lâNDŸ S}@5]@!q!q(2 VYF"TŸ C[ 5]Z]QFM D TDFZL S 5FYL DG[ 5ZDFGgNGL 5 Fl%T SZFJGFZ V[SDF+ A ï ;dagwl ;gn[czlct 7FG 5 F%T YI]\ K[P VCL\ A ï7fg ;gn[zlct CMI K[P S}D"5]ZF6 5ZA ï ljx[ SC[ K[ S[v 5ZFt5Z\ TÀJ\ 5Z\ A ï{sdjiidÿ P lgtifggn\ :JI\ ¾IMlTZ1FZ\ TD;o S}@5]@!q!q)2 VCL\ EUJFGŸ SC[ K[ S[ T[ 5ZYL 5Z TÀJ V[SDF+ VB^0 5ZDA ï H K[P T[ lgti VFGgN:J~5 K[4 :JI\ 5 SFXDFG K[4VlJGFXL K[ VG[ VgWSFZYL ;J"YF 5Z K[P T{lTZLI p5lgqfnÿszq$q!fdf\ A ï lgti VYF"TŸ SF,5lZlrKgG K[P _ VFtDF R A ï P 5'@ (! _ TÀJDl; JFÉI[ Tt5N:I 5 S'T;rKaNJFrIA ï 5ZFDlX"G:tJ\ 5N[G;FDFGFlWSZ^IFlNtIY"o P EFDTL J[NFgTS<5TZ]4 5'@ (! _ 5ZM1FFG]E}lTo 2$v2(4 X ZFRFI" 5 SZ6U gyfo 5'@ # _ VFtDAMWo #$v#&4 X ZFRFI" 5 SZ6U gyfo 5'@!? ljnfljn[ U}-~5[ I NŸ A ï\ 5Z\ ljno P S}@5]@UL@!q!q?_ S40 J:T] ;lrrnfggnfggtfäi\ A ï P V7FGFlN;S,H0;D}CMèJ:T] P J[NFgT;FZ v&4 5'@!$) Spacial Issue (191) Jan. March., 2015

203 ISSN \RNXLSFZ[ VFtDF VG[ A ïg[ V[S H6FJTF\ Sæ]\ K[ S[ v VF VFtDF.lgãIHgI 7FGGM VlJQFI CMJF KTF\ 56 V5ZM1F K[PVFYL :J5 SFX~5 K[PVF VFtDF :J5 SFX~5 K[ V[ l;â YJFYL 56 T[ VFtDF A ï K[P VF H6FJ[ K[ S[v z]lt A ïg[ ;ti4 7FG VG[ VGgT~5, 1F6 SC[ K[ T[, 1F6 VF VFtDFDF\ ljndfg K[PVF SFZ6[ VF :J5 SFX TÀJG[ A ï DFGL, [J]\ HM.V[P 1 5\RNXLSFZ A ïgl VGgTTF l;â SZ[ K[ VG[ SC[ K[ S[ v lgti\ lje]\ ;J"UT\ ;];}1D\Š sd]^0s@!q!q&f4 VFSFXJTŸ ;J"UTÈ lgtioš4 lgtimlgtifgf\ R[TGÈ[TGFGFDŸ PŠ ss9@2q$q!#f4.n\ ;J"INIDFtDF sa'@ 2q$q&f4 ;J" N'I{TNŸ A ï sdf0}éi@ 2f A ï{j[n\ A ï JU[Z[ z]ltvmdf\ A ïgl jif5stf4 lgtitf VG[ ;JF"tDSTFG]\ 5 lt5fng K[PVFYL A ïdf\ +6 5 SFZGL VGgTTF DFGJL HM.V[P jif5s CMJFYL T[GM N[XS'T VgT GYL lgti CMJFYL T[GM SF/S'T VgT GYL VG[ AWFGL VFtDF CMJFYL T[GM J:T]S'T VgT 56 GYLP VF 5 SFZ[ N[X4SF/ VG[ J:T]GF 5lZrK[NYL ZlCT CMJFG[ SFZ6[ T[ A ï +6 5 SFZ[ VGgT K[P 2 A ïgm 5 FUEFJ CMI K[ GlC S[ wj\;fefj V[8,[!v:JI\ 5MTFGF VEFJG]\ U C6 SZJFDF\ ljzmw YX[P ZvU Fæ SF/ U FCS GCL\ ZC[ VG[ U FCSGF G ZC[JFYL U Fæ GCL\ ZC[P #vs'tcflg TYF VS'TFeI]5UD 5 ;\U VFJX[PSFZ6 S[4 VFtDFGM GFX G DFGJFYL SZ[,F IFUFlNHgI VN'Q8 T[ ;DI[ O/GF HGS GYL CMTFPH[GFYL S'TCFlG VG[ p5fnfg VFtDFGM GFX YJFYL p5fn[i VN'Q8GM 56 GFX VFJxIS K[ VG[ STF"G[ O/GL 5 Fl%TGF VEFJGF SFZ6[ 5 J'l GL VG]5l YX[ vvf I]lÉTVMYL VFtDFGM wj\; VG[ 5 FUEFJ YTM GYLP ;ã}5 VFtDF ;J"+ VG[ C\D[XF\ ljndfg ZC[ K[ VFYL T[GM VtIgTFEFJ ;dej GYLPVFYL YM0F XaNMDF\ lgtitjgl jifbif GFZFI6 TLY[" wj\; 5 FUEFJ 5 ltimlutjš V[D SIM" K[P S}D"5]ZF6 SC[ K[ S[ v VFtDgIFtDFGDgJL1I :JFtDgI[JFlB,\ HUTŸ P ;d5 F%I EFJGFDgtIF\ A FïLD1FZ5}lJ"SFDŸ S}@5]@!q!q!_# VYF"TŸ 5MTFGL VFtDFDF\ H 5ZDFtDFG]\ NX"G SZL VG[ 5MTFGL VFtDFDF\ H ;d5}6" HUTGM VG]EJ SZL V1FZTÀJ;dAgWL VlgTD A FïL EFJGFG[ 5 F%T SZMP A ï 5 SFX:J~5 K[4 H[ DM8]\ T[H K[4 H[ VudI K[ T[D SC[TF\ S}D"5]ZF6 SC[ K[ S[v DCFgT\ T[H;M ZFlXDUdI\ A ïljläqffdÿ P S}@5]@!q!q!!! V4A S}D"5]ZF6 A ïefj ljx[ SC[ K[ S[v A ï6f NLIT[ N[I\ A ï6[ ;d5 NLIT[ P A ï{j NLIT[ R[lT A ïf5"6ldn\ 5ZDŸ GFC\ STF" ;J"D[TNŸ A ï{j S]Z]T[ TYF P /TNŸ A ïf5"6\ 5 MÓD'lQFlE:TÀJNlX"lEo S}@5]@!q#q!?v!& p5zmét `,MSDF\ A ïg[ HF^IF 5KL ;3/]\ T[G[ V5"6 SZJFGL EFJGF J6"J[ K[P H[DF\ VF5JF IMuI 5NFY" A ï FZF H 5 F%T YFI K[PA ïg[ H V5FI K[ VG[ A ï H VF5JFDF\ VFJ[ K[PVF H z[q9 A ïf5"6gl EFJGF K[P C]\ STF" VYF"TŸ SZGFZ GYL VG[ H[ S\. 56 SZFI K[ T[ A ï H SZ[ K[ VFG[ TÀJãQ8F klqfvm A ïf5"6 GFDYL H6FJ[ K[P A ï ljx[ SC[TF\ S}D"5]ZF6 H6FJ[ K[ S[v UgWJ6"Z;{CL"G\ XaN:5X"lJJlH"TDŸ P VHZ\ W ]JD1FiI\ lgti\ :JFtDgIJl:YTDŸ HUnMlGD"CFE}T\ 5ZA ï ;GFTGDŸ P lju Co ;J"E}TFGFDFtDGFlWlQ9T\ DCTŸ VGFngTDH\ ;}1D\ l+u]6\ 5 EJFjIIDŸ P 1 VJ[nMè%IZM1FM To :J5 SFXM EJtIIDŸ P ;ti\ 7FGDGgT\ R[tI:TLC A ï,1f6dÿ 5 RNXL4@(45 RSMX ljj[s[ 5 SZ6 v# 2 G jifl5tjfû[xtmègtm lgtitjfggfl5 SF,To P G J:T]TMèl5 ;FJF"tdIFNFGgtI\ A ïl6 l+wf 5 RNXL4#?45 RSMX ljj[s[ 5 SZ6 v# Jan. March, 2015 (192) Spacial Issue

204 ISSN V;Fd5 TDlJ7[I\ A ïfu [ ;DJT"T S}@5]@!q$q*v) VYF"TŸ UgW4J6" VG[ Z;YL CLG4 XaN VG[ :5X"YL ZlCT4 VHZ4 W ]J4 V1FiI4 lgti 5MTFGL VFtDFDF\ l:yt ;\;FZGF ALH~54 DCFE}T ;GFTG 5ZA ï4 AWF\ 5 F6LVMG]\ D}lT"~54 VFtDFYL VlWlQ9T4 DC ÀJ4 VGFlN4 VGgT4 VHgDF4 ;}1D4 l+u]64 pt5lt VG[ 5,IG]\ :YFG XF`JT T[DH VlJ7[I A ï H VFlNDF\ ljndfg CT]\P S}D"5]ZF6s!q!_q*ZfDF\ A ïljqfis p DEFJGL DF8[ A ïgl A ï;àfj\ V[JM XaN 5 IMU YIM K[P 5ZA ï ljqf[ S}D"5]ZF6 H6FJ[ K[ S[v tjd1fz\ 5Z\ jimd DC¾¾IMlTlG"Z\HGDŸ lxj\ ;J"UT\ ;}1D\ 5Z\ A ï ;GFTGDŸ P S}@5]@!q!2q2!$v2!? V4A VCL\ lcdjfgÿ DCFN[JG[ SC[ K[ S[ TD[ V1FZ4 5ZDjIMD4 DCFGŸ ßIMlT4 lgz\hg4 S<IF6~54 ;J"UT4 ;}1D T[DH ;GFTG 5ZD A ï KMP S}D"5]ZF6DF\ lcdjfgÿ DCFN[JG[ VFU/ SC[ K[ S[ v ;J["QFF\ tj\ 5Z\ A ï tjgdi\ ;J"D[J lc P ss}@5]@!q!2q22? V4Af S}D"5]ZF6s!q!ZqZ)!vZ)#fDF\ DFIFYL A ïtàjg[ HF6L XSFT]\ GYLP T[YL T[GF ljljw ljx[qf6m 56 5 IMßIF\ K[PT[ A ïtàjg[ H, l1ft SZ[ K[P A ïg[ HF6JF SM6, FISsIMuIf K[ m T[JF 5 `GGM p Z S}D"5]ZF6 VF5TF\ SC[ K[ S[v ;J"E}T[QF] RFtDFG\ ;J"E}TFlG RFtDFlG P VJ[1I RFtDFGFtDFG\ A ïe}ifi S<5T[ S}@5]@!q!2q2)* VYF"TŸ AWF\ 5 F6LVMDF\ 5MTFG[ T[DH AWF\ 5 F6LVMG[ 5MTFGL VgTZFtDFDF\ l:yt H]V[ K[ T[ VFtDF FZF VgTZFtDFGM ;F1FFtSFZ SZL A ïg[ 5 F%T SZJF IMuI AG[ K[P VF `,MSDF\ ULTF5 [;GL VFJ l s!q!!q#_(fdf\ VgJ[1I 5F9G[ AN,[ VgJL1I 5F9 D/[ K[P 1 A ï;f1fftsfz ljx[ S}D"5]ZF6 SC[ K[ S[v A ïe}to 5 ;ggftdf ;J"E}TFEI5 No P /[`JI" \ 5ZDF\ ElÓ\ ljgn[tfggiufldgldÿ JL1IT[ TTŸ 5Z\ TÀJD{`JZ\ A ï lgqs,dÿ P ;J";\;FZlGD]"ÓM A ï^i[jfjltq9t[ FF S}@5]@!q!2q2)(v2)) VYF"TŸ AWF\ 5 F6LVMG[ VEI 5 NFG SZJFJF/F TYF 5 ;gg DGJF/F A ïdf\ V[SLEFJYL l:yt4 VGgIUFlDGL 5ZD.`JZElÉTG[ 5 F%T SZL, [ K[P T[VM T[ V{`JI"I]ÉT lgqs, A ïtàjgm ;F1FFtSFZ SZ[ K[ VG[ ;D:T ;\;FZYL VGF;ÉT YTF\ V[SDF+ A ïdf\ H 5 ltlq9t Y. HFI K[P VCL\ ULTF5 [;GL VFJ l DF\ /[`JI"\ 5F9G[ AN,[ /[`JZL\ VG[ JL1IT[ 5F9G[ AN,[ JL1FT[ V[JM 5F9 D/[ K[P 2 H[ ljq6]g[ 5ZA ï SC[ K[ T[ ljx[ 5 C,FN Al,G[ SC[ K[ S[v I:DFNlEgG\ ;S,\ lent[ IMèlB,FNl5 P S}@5]@!q!*q## V4A VYF"TŸ ;D:T lj`j H[GFYL VlEgG K[ VG[ H[ ;D:T lj`jyl 56 legg K[P T[ ljq6] TÀJ K[PS}D"5]ZF6 SC[ K[ S[v VGFngT\ 5Z\ A ï G N[JF GQF"IM ljn]o FF S}@5]@!q?!q$) S40 VYF"TŸ VF VFlN VG[ VgTZlCT 5ZDA ïg[ N[JTF S[ klqfvm HF6L XSTF GYLP S}D"5]ZF6 SC[ K[ S[v /JD[TFlG TÀJFlG 5 WFG5]Z]QF[`JZo 1 ;J"E}T[QF] RFtDFG\ ;J"E}TFlG RFtDFlG F VgJL1I RFtDFGFtDFG\ A ïe}ifi S<5T[ S}@5]@UL@!q!!q#_( 2 A ïe}to 5 ;ggftdf ;J"E}TFEI5 No P /[`JZL\ 5ZDF\ ElÓ\ ljgn[tfggiufldgldÿ JL1FT[ TTŸ 5Z\ TÀJD{`JZ\ A ïlgqs,dÿ P ;J";\;FZlGD]"ÓM A ï^i[jfjltq9t[ S}@5]@UL@!q!!q#_)v#!_ Spacial Issue (193) Jan. March., 2015

205 ISSN ljq6]a "ïf R EUJFGŸ Z]ão SF,.lT z]lto P +ID[TNGFngT\ A ï^i[j jijl:ytdÿ TNFtDS\ TNjIÓ\ TN1FZlDlT z]lto P VFtDFGgN5Z\ TÀJ\ lrgdf+\ 5ZD\ 5NDŸ VFSFX\ lgqs,\ A ï T:DFNgIgG ljnt[ P S}@5]@ 2q#?q*!v*$ V4A VYF"TŸ VF AWF\ TÀJM 5 WFG4 5]Z]QF VG[.`JZ~5 K[P z]lt VF TÀJMG[ ljq6]4 A ïf VG[ SF/~5 EUJFGŸ Z]ã SC[ K[PH[ +6[I VGFlN TYF VgT A ïdf\ l:yt K[PVFYL z]ltg]\ SYG K[ S[ H[ +6[I N[J TNFtDSs5ZD5]Z]QF.`JZ~5f4 T[ VjIÉT~54 T[ V1FZ~5 VFtDFGgN:J~54 5ZDTÀJ4lRgDF+ VG[ 5ZD 5N~5 K[ T[ VFSFX~5 VG[ lgqs, A ï K[PVFD A ïgm jif5 VF `,MSYL Ol,T YFI K[P p5zmét RRF"GF ;FZ~5[ A P;}PEFPDF\ H6FJFI]\ K[v lgti4 X]â4 A]â4 D]ÉT :JEFJ4 ;J"7 T[DH ;J"XlÉT ;d5gg A ï TM 5 l;â K[P A'CŸ WFT]GF VY"GF VG]UDGYL ji]t5l l;â A ï XaNGF lgtitj X]âFlN VY" 5 TLT YFI K[ VG[ AWFGL VFtDF CMJFYL A ïg]\ Vl:TtJ 5 l;â K[PVFtDFGF Vl:TtJGM VG]EJ AWFG[ YFI K[P C]\ GYL V[JM VG]EJ SM.G[ YTM GYLPHM VFtDFG]\ Vl:TtJ 5 l;â G CMI TM AWF, MSM C]\ GYL V[JM VG]EJ SZX[P VFtDF H A ï K[PHM,MSDF\ A ï VFtD~5DF\ lh7f:itj 5 F%T YI]\ V[JL X\SFI]ÉT GYLPSFZ6 S[4T[GF ljx[qf 7FGDF\ lj5 lt5l K[P 1 ;gne"u gy;}lr! >XFlN G[M p5lgqfnÿsxf ZEFQIFY";lCTfvULTF5 [;4 UMZB5]Z GJF 5]GD"]ã6v ;\@ 2_&( 2 5 RNXL ;\@ JF;]N[J XDF"4 RF{BdAF ljnfejg4 5M@AF@G\@!_&)4JFZF6;Lv22!!4 5]GD] lãt ;\:SZ6 2 ( # A ï;}+dÿ EFDTL 8LSFvlG6"I ;FUZ 5 [;4AdA>4;\:SZ6v!)#( $ A ï;}+xf ZEFQIDŸ ;\@ :JFDL ;tifggn ;Z:JTL4 RF{BdAF ;\:S T 5 ltq9fg4 #( I}@ /@ HJFCZGUZ4 5M@AF@G\@2!!#4 ln<,lv!! *4 5]GD]"lãT ;\:SZ6v2_!#? J[NFgT;FZ v ;\@ 0F@ ZFS[X XF:+L4 5lZD, 5la,S[Xg;Ÿ4 ln<,l ;\:SZ6v2 # & zls}d"5]zf6dÿ jif;4 ULTF5 [;4 UMZB5]Zv2*#?4 K9F 5]GD]"ã64;\@ 2_&) * zls}d"dcf5]zf6dÿ jif;4 ;\@v B[DZFH zls Q6NF;4 GFU 5la,XZ4 HJFCZGUZ4 ln<,l ( zlx ZFRFI"lJZlRTv 5 SZ6U GYFo v RF{BdAF ljnfejg4 5M@AF@G\@!_&)4 JFZF6;Lv22!!4 ;\:SZ6 v2 * ) fifteen upanishadas_maharishi university of management, Vedic literature collection online e-source :- 1 Vl:T TFJNŸ A ï lgtix]âa]âd]ét:jefj\4 ;J"7\4 ;J"XlÓ;DlgJTDŸ 4 A ïxan:i lc ji]t5fndfg:i lgti X]âtJFNIMèY"o 5 TLIgT[4A'CT[WF"TMZYF"G]UDGFTŸ P ;J":IFtDtJFrR A ïfl:ttj 5 l;lâo P ;JM" æftdfl:ttj\ 5 ti[lt 4 G GFCD:DLlT P IlN lc GFtDFl:TtJ5 l;lâo P:IFTŸ 4;JM",MSM GFCD:DLlT 5 TLIFTŸ P VFtDF A ï R P IlN TlC",MS[ A ïftj[g 5 l;âdl:t 4 TTM7FTD[J[tIlH7F:ItJ\ 5]GZF5gGDŸ PG TläX[QF\ 5 lt lj5 lt5 [o P Jan. March, 2015 (194) Spacial Issue

206 ISSN તયન ન ભ : અન ભનતન વચ ચ ઈ શ ર ત જગ ન ળ યભ ય વ તભ -અઠભ દ મઔભ ગ જય ત ખઝર વયજનભ પ રવ ત ત થન ય ખઝરઔ ય ભ મ ક ર ચતવ ન સ થ ન છ. ત ભન તત ભનશયર ર ચતવ ગ જય ત ન ચ છ ખઝરઔ ય. ખઝર એ ય ત એભન ખથ થ ભ થ જ ભ ર. અભ છત તત થ ત રખ ડ ન ગ જય ત ખઝરભ તતઔ અલ જ યજ ઔયલ ભ વપ યહ છ. તયન ન ભ ખઝર વ ગ રશ ત ૧૯૮૧ ભ પ રખ ઔય છ. ન અ પ રથભ ખઝર વ ગ રશ થ જ ત ખઝરઔ ય તય ઔ ન અખલ ક યજ ઔય ળક ય છ. અ ખઝર વ ગ રશભ થ વ ય થત જણ ળ ઔ અ યચન ભવય થ જ દ ત ય અલ છ. અ વ ગ રશ અધ તનઔ ય ખન ખઝરઔ યન છ. ન ત ભ અધ તનઔ ભ નલ ન વ મથ -લ દન, અધ તનઔ ન ખય, ભ નલ ભ જલ ભ રતત વર ભત, બમ, પ રણમન ફદર ત ળ, ઈય ત ઔલ ન ન પ રતતઔન તલતનમખ અ સ ગ રશભ અણન જલ ન બલલ ભ છ. અ વ ગ રશભ ક ર ૬૯ જ ર યચન ન વભ લ ળ થમ છ. વ ગ રશભ યજ થમ વયજઔન બ ઔભવ ણ ધ મ ન ક ચ એવ યહ છ. ભ ણવ શ વમ દ ર ન યનણ ઈબમન તઔવ ફન ન યજ થમ છ. વભમ ન લસ થ ન ન ઔ તલધ ફ ણ અણન જલ ભ છ. જ ; અલ ખમ છ ઔર અ ન ઔન અ તન ઉભ છ વ ક ષ ઔ ઈત ય લવ તન. લવ તન ઔ ઈત ય દ ધ ર વ ક ષન લ તભ ઔ ળબ દએ ચભત ક તત ઈય ત ન લ ન મન ણ યજ ઔય છ. ત ઔતલ ક ય ઔ ભ તઔ ન ન ખતન વ ભન ફ લવત લચ ચ યશ ર ક ણ જ ભ સ ચલ છ ન વયઔ યઔત વ ધ છ. વલ યન વભણ ઔ ઉખત સ મવન અવ ઔલ ન વ બ ય ગચત ર ણ ઔતલ અ છ. જ - લધ ખઇ છ ગક ષતતજ ન અ સ ળન શરચર ઔ અલ ખઇ છ સ યજ રઇ વલ યન રઔર. વલ ય થત જ દડધ ભ ઔયલ ર ખત ન ખય ન નખયભ ઉખત સ મવન અ ગચત ર લધ સ ળવક ષભ ફન ય છ. એઔ લસ ત ન ફ જ લસ ત વ થ મગ મત તભ ય ત જડ અલ ન ઔલ નવબય ચભત ક તત ણવ ગબવ મક તત વ ધલ એવ ત અ વ ગ રશન અન ખઝરન ળ યભ ણ જલ ભ છ. અધ તનઔ વભમભ ય ચત ઔતલત ભ ક સ તત લ તલમઔ ન ઔ ઔતલત જલ ભ છ. ખઝરભ ણ અ પ રઔ યન ઔતલત જલ ભ જ છ. અ વ ગ રશભ ણ ભ નલ મ ક સ તત લ તલમઔ ન ભ નલ મ વ ફ ધ ખઝરન તલમ ફન જ છ. શલ ણ, ક સ તત લ, અ ન ભતતન ઔતલએ પ રત ઔ ત ભઔ ય ત યજ ઔય છ. અલ તલમન યજ ઔયલ ભ ય વ લધ વ થવઔત થ ઔતલએ પ રતતઔ ત ભ ય ત પ રમજ મ છ. યહ છ હ એ દવણન નખય ઔ વ જ મફ છ Spacial Issue (195) Jan. March., 2015

207 ISSN પ રતતગફ ફ જઈ છ હ જ જ, એ ત જ ખ મફ છ. *** શલ ણ ન બ વ ય વ ફન ખમ ક સ તત લ ધય રઇન હ ઔ લ ફન ખમ. દવણન જ મફ નખયભ યશ ત ભ નલ ત જ ત ન ક ળઔત નથ, ઔ ર મ અબ વ વત મભ એ જ લ છ. અ ભ નલ ન ન ઔ ચશ ય છ, ન અ ભ નલ ત જ ય ત જ લ છ એન ક સ તત લ ધય ન જ લ છ, વ ચ ક સ તત લ ત ઔઇ ઔ અવ જ શમ... અ રદળ ન છ શલ થ લધ ઔતવવ મ શ? શ વ વન ન ત રપય શ ન ગ વન લ મવ મ શ? શલ ણ ત રતત ર વલવત ર શમ છ. ભ નલ ત જ ત ન ભ ફ ધ ઇ ખમ છ. ફ ઔ ત ગફળન શલ તવલ મ ઔઇ ઔતવવ મ ઔતલન જણ ત નથ. ત ઔમ ઔ જ લનભ શ ભ ળ નલ નત જ કત ઔતલન અલ ણ ન બલ થ મ છ. જ - ઔશ બજલત શ એવ ભન બ ગ મ જ ર ખ છ ત ત એન ર લખયન સ ન વન સ જ ર ખ છ. જ લન જ ણ ઔ સ તબ ધ થઇ ખય છ, ફધ જ ઔ ખય છ છત ખતતન અબ વ અણન થ મ છ. ઔણ એન ર નથ. મ તત રતત ભ ઠ જન ભ ર અ સ ક ષ ભતભ ન ભતત છ. ક સ તત લન જ ભ જ ઔતલએ ભ નલ મ વ ફ ધન ભ નલ મ વ મથ લ દન ન વ મતત ઔય છ. દય ઔ તલસ તય છ બર દય ઔ સ ધ... છ એવ ઔણ જ શ ચ ળક ય શ ચ ઔ સ ધ. *** તભ ન ત થ ળફ અત થ મ ત શ ર, ઔદ ચ ઔઇ જ નશ શ મ ઔ ર ઔ સ ધ. એઔ જ ખઝરન એ ફ ળ યભ ભ ણવ ભ ણવ સ ધ - ચ ઔ સ ધ શચ ળક ય નથ. ભ ણવ ફ જ ભ ણવન ણવણ ક ભ ળક ય નથ ન લ ત વ થ ફ જ ળ યભ વ ફ ધ લ ન લઔ ળન સ ય યજ ઔય મ છ. ઔતલ ભ ણવ તય ઔ જ લ ખમ ન પશ ર તત અભ જ યજ ઔય છ - વ ફ ધ, વભ મત ન વ સ ઔ ય, વ સ ક તત ભ ણવ તય ઔ જ લ ખમ ન પશ ર તત. ભ ણવન દક ન વભ મત,વ સ ઔ યથ થ મ છ. ઔતલ એભ ણ ઔશ છ ઔ બ તન ગરડ જ અ ડળ જ વ શમ છ, ભ નલ એ જ બ ત ચણ ન ત ન જ દ જ દ ક ણ ફન લ દ ધ છ. ત ન ચ શય, ક ગ ભ લ ચ ઔ ર ભ નલ ન અ ઔતલન એઔ વર શ છ - ઔ યણ- ક ડ કદ, ઢખ ઔય વ ચ જ ઔ મ શ ત લડ ઔદ રઇ ભતભ વભથ ઔય. વભસ તન ભ રટ ઔયલ ન ઔ ભ ભ નલ ઔય ત ત ન વભથ ઔયલ ન ઔ ભ ણ ત ઔય ળઔ Jan. March, 2015 (196) Spacial Issue

208 ISSN ભ જ ત તડ ન લ દન ઔય ઊ ખ જલ ન ઔણ છ ઝ કન ઔય. ક રવ, ઊ ખવ ભ ણવન ઝ કન છ ણ ભ ણવ જ ત ન તલયધ ફન યશ છ. જજ દખ ત એઔ લ ચ મ લખયન લ યત છ, ન ભ નલ દ :ક ભ ણ શવ ળઔ છ, ખઇ ળઔ છ, ઔ ભઔ લ દન ન ણ એઔ તયન ન ભ શમ છ, શ આ ક એ ત આ સ ન તધક તત તલક ર ત છ? ઔતલ ઔશ છ - આ સ ન તધક ત તલક ર ત છ થડ આ ક અ? ક ત ર લવઔન ન જથ થ ફ ધ ક ય થ યઇએ? એભ થઇ ળઔત નથ, ક ત ર લવઔન યઇ ળઔ ત નથ ઔ યણઔ હ દમ શ ભ ળ એલ જ લ યત અય બ છ જ ન ન વ ધ ન આ કભ શમ છ. જ લતયથ ગરપ ત થલ ઇચ છત ઔતલ ક ય ય મ ફ રપઔય ણ ફન છ. ત ન અ ચ લ મ જલ ન ધભઔ ભ ઔઇ દભ નથ, પ ર ભ ડછ મ ન ઔયલ ભ ઔઇ જકભ નથ. બર તન:શ વ વફ ઔઇન ભભ થ ન ઔ શ ભ ય જ લલ ભ શલ વ થ ભતરફ છ. ન જ લતયન ઈઔ ખઇ વ વભસ મ ભ ભગણ ર ધ વલવ લસ ત ન તભત થ મ. અ ઔતલએ જ લતય તલ રખ ય છ. ત, જ લનથ ખ થઇન ણ રખ ય છ. શ મ ઢ લ ળ ક ડ ડ છ ભ યન ય ઔતલ તય ઔ ગચતય મ છ. જ મ ચ ર ભ ઔ વ ર જ લ ળબ દ ણ ઔતલ પ રમજ છ. ઈદળ ન દત તઔ ર ન ય ઔતલએ ઈદળ વ થ ન અડ વ ફ ધ તન ણ લ ત ઔય છ, જ તલત લ છ એ ળય મ ય અભય ય ત એનઅય દ ડ! મ દન યજસ લર ત વ જન વદ ખત ઔશ લ ઇ છ. બ ઔભવન ય ત જઇએત ઈદ વ ળબ દ ઈય ત ફરચ રન ળબ દ ણ લય મ છ. શ વ વન સ ડ, વલ પર રયઔ એતવડ, પ રફદ, નફ પ, તવરપઔણ, ઔ ઔરયમ ણ, એન ર, સ જ, ઔ ઔટ વન ઔ ઠ, ઔ યત વ, ફ સ રઔ, બ કય -ન ખ, ભન એષ ત ખ લખ ય જ લ ળબ દ ણ તયત ધ મ ન ક ચ છ. ઔ ર ઔ ળ યભ સ લ દ ત ભઔ, ન ય ત ભઔત ણ જલ ભ છ. વજ નભ ય ત ઔતલએ વજ ન પ રરક રમ તલ ણ રખ ય છ. જઇએ. ઔ ખન શ વવ-ભ ભ તભ જય છ વતત, ળબ દન વ થ ક ષણન ન વતત વ લનન. ક ઇ ન ન શ ન ઔતલત નથ ફનત શ દસ ત! રશ લશ ત મ ય જ ઔ ખ લચ ચ ધયલ ળબ દ વ થ વ લનન ઔયત ન રશ લશ ત મ ય ઔ ખ ધયત એ ઔતલએ ઔલ નન ન લ ન મ ણ યજ ઔય છ. એઔ દ-ફ ઈદ શયણ જઇએ- ભન સ યજ ઈય તલશ વ વ છ, ણ ડય વતત એ છ ઔ અ ડછ મ એન ભઔર ર શમ જ સ વ ણ. Spacial Issue (197) Jan. March., 2015

209 ISSN અ ઠ ડ વ ક ષ એ અળ ભ રદન તલત લ ળઔ યણલ જ લડ ભવભન ભ ગ અલ ળઔ, યણલ જ લડ ભવભન ભ ગ અલ ળઔ એલ ક ષ ભ ઉબ ઠ ઠ વ ક ષ ન ડછ મ ન સ યજન જ સ વ- એભ ઈબમ ઔલ ન અસ લ ધ છ. ત ઔતલએ ક ય મ દ તઔથ ણ પ રમજ છ,- જ ઔ ઇ શત ત એ ઔ કબ ય ભડ શત. ન ધયલ ન એ ઔ નખય ઢ ઔફ શત. ભ એન તભ ળ ગય વ તભ વ જ ન તભન ભય ર શ થણ ન સ ઢભ ક ર ઔળ ભળ. તયન ન ભ ભ થ વ ય થત અણન ભ ભ લલ ખભ એલ ગણ ળ ય ભ છ. ઔતલન બ ઔભવ ધ મ ન દવ છ. લ દન, વ લ દન, ન ભતતન વચ ચ ઇ ત સ ક ષ ભતભ ય ત પ રખ લ ળઔ મ છ. વભગ ર વ ગ રશન ખઝગરમત અસ લ દ ય ફન છ. વ દબવ: તયન ન ભ (ખઝર વ ગ રશ) મ ક ર ચતવ, પ રઔ ળઔ, ત, પ રથભ અવ તત-૧૯૮૧ Jan. March, 2015 (198) Spacial Issue

210 ISSN હકય દ ધ તન ફ ય લ ત વભ વયઠ ફર ન નલનનમગ ભગન યભ ય ટ ઔ લ ત વ ર કન ભ ઈભ ળ ઔય જળ રયતતઔ ભ લ ચ ઔ ર રઔય દ ધ ત ન અધ તનઔય ખન જ ણ ત લ ત વઔ ય છ. ત ભણ ૧૯૯૮ભ ફ ન ય ન ૨૦૦૮ભ અભ થ ઔ જવ. જ લ ફ લ ત વવ ચમ અપ મ છ. લ ત વઔ ય રઔય દ ધ તન ફ ન ત ય લ ત વ વ ચમ ભ ગ જય ત વ રશત મ રયદ ન ધ ભઔ ત રયતતઔ ણ ભળમ છ. રઔય દ ધ તન ઔ ર ઔ લ ત વ ખ ફ જ જ ણ ત છ જ ભ ઈઝયડ, ફ ય, ડચ ય, મ ઝ ય, જ લ લ ત વ વભ તલટ ઔય ળઔ મ છ. ન અધ તનઔય ખન નલ લ ત વભ ઔર ત ભઔત જ લ ય કલ ન લ ત વયવન લ વજ ઔએ જ રઔફર, રઔઔશ લત, ફ રઢપ રમખ, લખ ય ન જ તલતનમખ ઔમ છ ત જ ત વજ ઔન ન અધ તનઔ લ ત વઔ ય તય ઔ ન પ રભ ણ અ છ. ય ત શ ભ ય ઈક રભ ફ ય લ ત વભ થમ ર રઔફર ન તલતનમખ ત યલલ ન છ. લ ત વઔ ય રઔય દ ધ તન ફ ય લ ત વ તળટ ફર ન તફર ફ ન ય ત વયઠ તસ રન વ લ દનતલશ વન યજ ઔય છ. ફ ય લ ત વ વ ય ટ ન તફ ન ભ રક મ ર લ ત વ છ. અભત, અ લ ત વન તળવઔથ જ બ લઔન વયઠ ફર ન અછતળ પ રભ ણ ભ જ મ છ. ય ત લ ત વ અય બ વલજ અત તય ઔ ન વ ફધન લ ત વભ પ રમજ મ ર વયઠ ફર ન ત સ થ થ ત યલ અ છ. તલમલસ ત ન લ ત ઔય એ ત, શ લ ત છ ભ જ ન વ થ ઔઢ છ ઔ નશ ત ક તય ઔયલ ન. લ ત વ ન તમઔ ભ જ ન વખ ઇ ભ ડ ન વય ચ યતતબ ઇ તલય ણ ન રદઔય રદન ળ વ થ ન નણભ થઇ છ. રગ ન શ ર ભ જ ન વ થ ય ઔઢ છ. એવ ઔઇન ઔશ લ થ રદન ળ ત ન ળ ઔ ન વભ ધ ન- ક તય ઔયલ ઔઇણ બખ ચ શ છ. ન ત થ ડ. કકયન દલ ક ન ભ જ ન ફર લલ ન ભ ખણ -લ ત ભ જ ન ક ટ ફ અખ મ ઔ છ, ત વયઠ ફ ય ન વખ ઇ ત જ મ ત બર ણ ભ જ ય નથ ન વયઠ ફ ન ભન અ લ ત નક જ લ છ. ય ત શ લ ત છ સ ત ર વન ભ નન. શ સ ત ર ન ળ લ દ વભ જ વ ભ અત ભવન ભ ન ભ લલ ન ઝ ઝલ પ રમ વ છ. ફ ય લ ત વ ન ય ન વ લ દનન યજ ઔય ન ય લ દન ફ ફ ભ લશ મ ઢ છ. ય ત અ લ ત વ સ ત ર ન વ લ દનન - બ લન બ લઔન હ દમ સ ધ શચડલ ભ ર કઔ જ ફર પ રમખ ઔમ છ ત જ ણલ ન ભ ણલ જ લ છ નધ ર લ જ લ છ. અક લ ત વ સ લ દ ત ભઔ ય ત અખ લધ છ લ ત વન ળફ અતન વ લ દ જ ; જ મ લ ધ છ ઇ ત ફ ય ન જ છ ન, શજ મ ભ ય ફ ન ઔ ઔ ઔ છ ઔ ભ જ ન નથ ભઔરલ. (.૧૬૧) શ સ ત ર ન પ રથભ તલદ રશ ભ જ ન ન ભઔરલ છ અત ભવન ભ નન છ. ત,વલજ અત ગ સ વ થઇન ઔશ છ - શ ડફ ન ડફ જ મ...ન શભજ ત ક ય ઔ ધધર લલ ડળ. વયઠ લ ત લયણ ન દ ય નભ ય ક ઔય મ ર શ ન ફર પ રમખ લ ત વભ Spacial Issue (199) Jan. March., 2015

211 ISSN વલજ અત ન ભ નવગચત ર સ ટ ઔય અ છ. વયઠ ળ ન વયઠ રમ લ ત વભ જ લ તત અ છ. ત, ભ ય ફ ઔ મ છ ઔ મ ઔ અ શખણભ તલય ણ તવલ મ ફ જ મ કયડ ભ યશ લ ન, એન ઈય જ ક ય ભ ખફ બ ગ ય છ? શ વયઠ ઔશ લતન ણ ઔ લ કભ ર ધ છ ધ મ નભ ર લ જ વ છ. જ વયઠ ફર ન જ લ ત ત વ ય યજ ઔય છ. શ સ ર ન વયઠ રઔફર ન રમ ણ લ ત વભ પ ર ણ ય છ.ત,શ ભ જ ચ ય બ ઇ લચ ચ એઔન એઔ જ છઔય છ ન ત ન ફચ ચ ડ તય ઔ ઔલ લ ભ અલ છ. ત વયઠ ળ ન ભ નતવઔત ન સ ત ર ન રયક સ થતતન રયચમ ઔય લ છ. લ ત વભ ભ જ ત ન વ થ ફત લ ન રદન ળન ળ ઔ ન વભ ધ ન ઔય લલ આચ છત ળ ન ભન એ લ ત નક જ લ બર શમ ય ત એ જ લ ત સ ર ભ શ ડ જ લ છ. ત થ અ લ ત ભ ન-વન ભ નન વ થ વ મલશ યન ણ છ. ર કઔ વયઠ વ લ દનન ઔર ગ અલ વયઠ ફર વ થ વયઠ રઔજ લન વ થ લણ ઇ ખમ ર ઔ ર ઔ ફ ફતન ણ અ લ ત વભ પ રમજ છ. જ ; ભ જ ઔશ ત, -ત ત ય મ એઔ દ લ લ અલળ. ઈત લ શમ ત, જ ગ ય જઇન ખભ ણઔ ન ખ મ. (.૧૬૪) એઔ ચ ર લ લ લ ઔ ભ ગણ મ ઔય, ફ ચ ર લ ળણખ ય વજલ ભ થ ઉચ અલ ત મ ય ગયન ઔ ભ ઔય ન? અલ વયઠ રઔફર ભ યજ થમ ર તલધ ન લ ત વભ વ-યવ ય ત પ રમજમ છ. ત, ચ ચભ ત ન દ ઔય ભ જ ન વયઠ ફર ભ જ તળક ભણ અ છ. જ ચ ચભ ન ભ નભબ વ થ ત ભન ઉ ભયન ણ ત યલ અ છ. ત ણ જલ જ લ છ ; નભ બ આ, અમ ફ ન ગ મ ક ય ઔ ઔ ભઔ જ તળખ મ ન તય ત ય વ વય ત ત ખ ળય ક હ ણ બ ખ ભન મ કલય લલ ન! (.૧૬૫) અ તળક ભણ બર એઔ શવ ભજ ઔભ ઔશ લ ઇ શમ ણ લ ત વન ઔર ગ અલ ભ એ ર જ ઈઔ યઔ ન લડ છ. વયઠ રમ વ થ વ મતત થમ ર દ ઔય પ રત મ ન અ ગચ ત જ મજ છ. વ થવ થ દ ઔય ન સ લભ નન ગચ ત વ મતત ઔયત ભ ત અ વયઠ વ લ દભ જલ ભ છ. જ ; ભ જ ભ ય દ ઔય છ, અલ ત કય ઔઇ એન યખ ઔયલ, ડ ચ જ ય ખ ન ખ ન! (.૧૬૬) ચ ચભ ન તલદ રશ, ગ સ વ એઔ ન બલ લડ ર તય ઔ વયઠ રમભ નક તય અલ છ. રદન ળન ભ ખણ ન ળ સ લ ઔ યલ ત મ ય છ ય ત સ ર ન અ ભ જ ય નથ જ ; ફધ ફ ય એ ઔહ ઔ, બર અ વફ ધ ત જ મ ણ અણ ભ જ ન યક નથ ઔય લલ. (.૧૬૬) લ ત વભ ઔ ર ઔ જગ મ એ લ ત વયવન ઔ એલ ઔ ર ઔ અ ગ ર જ ળબ દ ણ અલ છ જ ; ન થ ભ ભ ઔશ છ - બ ણ, ફ ય ન ક કરન એઔ જગ મ એ એન ડ અલ જ મ છ. ત, લ ગજ ફ એ ઔહ, બ ઇ અડ ઔ લ મથ લ લ ય મ ઔ ન ય ધલ ફ શ જ ઇ. જ લ વ લ દ તસ રન ઉતયત ઔક ષ ન ઔલ ત અ વભ જન ગચત ર સ ટ દ ક ઇ છ. જ દલભ ભ ન તનશ ચમ દળ વલત અ વ લ દ જ જ વયઠ રમ વ થ ત ભન ઈમ ભયન ણ દળ વલ અ છ. ત ય બ બ ભય જ મ ત હ ફ જ ઔળ, ણ અ ખ ડ ત છ ન જ લ (.૧૬૮) ભ જન લ ય લ ય યડવ, ન ભ જ ન ઔથઔન ઔડ ય કવ ન અન ઔયત ત ભ ય જવ ફ તય જ લ વ લ દ ણ ભ જ ન ત ન Jan. March, 2015 (200) Spacial Issue

212 ISSN વ થ ઔયલ ભ અલત યખ વ દ નથ ત યજ ઔય છ. ત, લ ત વન ત જ દલભ ભ વભ ચ ય ર લ છ ઔ યતતબ આએ રખન ભઔર લલ ન ઔહ છ ન ઔશ છ ઔ ર લ અ ન ગમ ય ભ જ ન ભ થ ભ પડ એ. અભ ત ફધ ફ ય ન ભ થ ભ પડવ જઇ, ભ બ ખ થઇન યરડમ ભણ ઔયત શત.(.169) ત મ ય લ ગજ ફ, ય ભજ મત થ ભ ડ ન વ લજ અત સ ધ ન ફધ જ સ ત ર ન ઠઔ અ જ મ છ ત મ ય, ચ ચભ ન અ વ લ દ ત ભન તલદ રશન વ થ ત ભન ભ ન-ભબ ન પ રખ ઔય છ. તભ ય ભ ન ધણ, શલ અવ મ છ ડ મ થ લ, તભ ય ફ મ ક ર ડ ભ દ લ જઇ, ભ ય યતન જ લ દ ઔય ચ ચભ ન અ ધ ય વયઠ રમભ મ ઔ મ ર વ લ દ ત ભન ગચ ત, ગ સ વ, ન ળ વભ જ પ રત મ ન તલદ રશ ત યલ અ છ. તથ લ ત વભ ઈ ધણ ઔ ડ લ દ લ ર ય ભ યવ એ ળ વભ જન ઔ ઔભ તયપ વ ઔ ત ઔય છ ન વખત ઈ ધન સ ત ર ન અત ભવમ ભ નન ગચ ખ ય ન વ ઔ ત છ. ત લ ન ય ર ફ ન ઔરવ થઇ જલ ત સ ત ર ન અત ભવમ ભ ન ફ જલ ન સ ઔ ત છ. વભગ ર લ ત વભ સ ત ર ન અત ભવમ ભ ન ળ ન જહ ભ વ ભ દ ત -દફ ત જલ ભ છ. સ ત ર વ લ દનન લ ચ અત અ લ ત વભ જ ત વભ જન સ ત ર ન ક સ થતત, દયજ જ, અત ભવમ ભ નન ઈગ ડ અ છ. અ લ ત વભ પ રમજ મ ર વયઠ રઔફર ન ઢઔ વ લ દ લ ત વન જ લ તત અ છ. વયઠ રઔ જ લન વ થ જ મ ર ઔ ર ઔ ઔશ લત જ લ ઔ - શખણભ મ ઔલ, ભ ખફ બ ખવ, ખ ભ ણઔ ન કલ,દ રડમ ન દ ઔય, ડ ચ ય ખ ન કવ, ઔઠ ડ શ સ ત ર, યક ઔય લલ, પ રઔય ભત યક લવ, ય જ ન જ ભ ઈછયવ, ગ ગય રન ઔશ લ, ક કર ન એન ડ અલલ,લખ ય લ ત વભ ઈઔ યઔ ય ત પ રમજ ઇ છ ત, અ લ ત વભ અલત તદ ળબ દ જઇએ ત, યશડ ભ યવડ ભ, ન મ -ત મ, શ વ ય,ય શય, યથ-થવ, ઔ મ ઔશ, શખણ-વખણ, અડ-અણ, કમડ -કયડ, ણ ત મ ય, શરપવ-ઑરપવ, મડ -યડ, ફચ ચ ડ -ગફચ ય, લ લ ય લશ લ ય, બક ગ ત બક તત, અભન મ -ભમ વદ, લલ-લહ, જરભ જન ભ,લખ ય જ લ વયઠ ળબ દ લ ત વભ ફખ ફ ય ત વજ ઔ પ રમજ મ છ જ લ ત વન પ ર ન ગડલ ભ ખ ફ જ ઈઔ યઔ ન લડય છ. ન લ ત વન વયઠ તલ તલ યણ ળ ડલ ભ ણ એ ર જ વયઔ યઔ યલ ય થ મ છ. લ ત વન ઔરતત લન ગ અલ વજ ઔ જ વયઠ તફર પ રમખ ઔમ છ જ લ ત વઔ યન વ લ દનન વરશમ ળ ફન લલ એ ર જ ઈઔ યઔ તનલ ડય છ. ત રન બ લન ગબવ મક તત ભ વજ ઔ જ ફર પ રમખ ઔમ વ છ ત વજ ઔન બ ગબવ મક તતન ક ષભત ન સ ટ ત યલ અ છ. Spacial Issue (201) Jan. March., 2015

213 ISSN ર ઉઆ અન કડલ દ યન ઓ : એક અભ મ વ ર મરફ ન નલન તર ર Jan. March, 2015 (202) Spacial Issue

214 ISSN Spacial Issue (203) Jan. March., 2015

215 ISSN લ દ અ તગવત લસ ધ લ ક ટ ફકમ ડ. ક હયમ દ ક ગ ર બ ઈ JF;]3{J S]8]dASD ãgl EFJGFYL VMT5 MT J{lNS VFIM"V[ ;J"+.`JZGL ;TFG[ :JLSFZLG[ 5 F6L DF+ 5 ti[ DDtJ T[DH V[StJGL EFJGGFG[ ;A/ AGFJJFGM 5 IF; SIM" K[P ;DU N[XG[ V[S;}+DF\ AF\WLG[ ;];\I9LT ZFQ8=GF ~5DF\ 56 VtI\T DCtJGL ;FY[ 5 ltlq9t SZJFGM ;O/ 5 IF; SIM" K[P EFZT N[XDF\ K[S 5 FRLG ;DIYL VF56[ Ô6L XSLV[ KLV[ S[ N[X DF8[GL, FU6L VG[ lj`ja\3]tjgl EFJGF Ô[JF D/[ K[ VG[ T[ VF56G[ ;\:S'T EFQFF VG[ T[GF U \YM äfzf 7FT YFI K[P ZFQ8=DF8[GL tifuefjgf4 ;D'lâ VG[[ ;\DTL VG[ jij:yf DF8[GL H[ RRF"VM K[ T[ VF56G[ D]bITo VYJ"J[N4 kuj[n4 IÔ]J"[N4 X]S,IÔ]J"[N H[JF VG[S U \YMDF\ Ô[JF D/[ K[P VF56L ;D:T p5f;gf VG[ ;F\5 NFlIS E[NEFJMGL lgd"/tf VF J{lNS 3MQF6FFDFYL 5 DF6LT YFI K[P ;J"[+F ;]lbgo ;gt] ;J"[ ;gt] lgzfdif o ã ;J"[ EN=Fl6 5xIgT] DF Sl`RT N]oBDFiG]IFT ãã VFD J{lNS 5 FY"GFVMDF\ ;DlQ8EFJ VG[ 5]6" ;FDF HI N=lQ8UF[RZ YFI K[ VG[ J[NMDF\ lj`jxf\lt VG[ lj`j A\W]tJGL EFJGF DFGJDF+G[ DF8[ 5Z:5Z ;M{CFN"GL4 ld+tfgl EFJGF 5 U8 SZ[ K[P EFZTE]lDG[ ;\:S'T EFQFFGL HGGL U6JFDF\ VFJ[ K[ VG[ ljljwtfdf\ V[STF V[ EFZTLI ;\:S'TLGL ljx[qftf K[P ;\:S'T EFQFF ZFlQ8=I V[STFGM D]/ ; MT K[P ;\:S'T H[JL 5 FlRGTD EFQFFVMDF\ 56 N[X ElST4 N[X 5 ti[gl, FU6L4 T[GF 5 ti[gl JOFNFZL VF56G[ H6FI K[P VF56F J[NM H[JF S[ VYJ"J[N4 kuj[n VG[ T[GF H[JF ALÔ J[NM VG[ 5]ZF6MDF\ VF56G[ ZFQ8= VG[ T[G[, UTL AFATM T[GF ;}STMDF\ Ô[JF D/[ K[P VF56[ J[NMDF\ ZFQ8= XaNGL jifbif Ô[. XSLV[ KLV[ S[ T[ E}lD S[ T[DF\ lgjf; SXGFZL HGTFGF VY"DF\ H GYL 5 IMHI] 5Z\T] T[GL J[N;\DT 5lZEFQFF K[P ëzfht[ TN ZFQ8=D ã ë VFJM EFJFY" VF5JFDF\ VFjIM K[P J[NMDF\ VF56[ ZFQ8= 5 ti[gl E}lD 5 TI[GL EFJGF jist SZTF W6F ;}STM K[ S[ H[DF\ ZFQ8= 5 ti[gl VFUFW EFJGF jist YI[,L Ô[JF D/[ K[ H[JF S[ E}lD;}ST4 :JZFHI ;}ST4 ;\7FG ;}ST VFJF J[NGF W6F ;}STMDF lj`j A\W\]tJGL EFJGF prr lxbz[ 5MCMR[,L Ô[JF D/[ K[P VFDF VYJ"J[N G\] E}lD ;}ST V[ ;DU ;FlCtIDF\ 5 lylj ;}ST TZLS[ Ô6LT\] K[P EFZTLI 5Z\5ZFDF\ DFT'E}lD 5 ti[gl VUFW 5 [D VG[ `F wwfg[ jist SZT\] VF J{lNS ZFQ8= ULTˆ TZLS[ VM/BFI K[P VYJ"J[NGF\ E}lD ;}STMDF\ HUTGF\ ;J"5 Fl6IM T[DH DG]QIDF+GF S<IF6GL SFDGF SZJFDF\ VFJL K[ VG[ VgI V[S D\+DF\ Sæ] K[ S[ 5 E] VFDFZF A[ 5UJF/F VG[ RFZ 5UJF/F 5X]VM DF8[ S<IF6SFZL VG[ ;]BNFIL AGM VG[ V[JLEFJGF 56 jist SZJFDF\ VFJL K[ S[ C[ 5 E]! S'5F SZM S[ C\] 5 ti1f S[ 5ZM1F ZLT[ 5 F6L DF+ 5 lt ;\EFJGF ZFBL XS] J/L C[ DFT'E]lD H[ VDFZM ä[qf SZ[ K[P H[ ;[GF åfzf VDG[ 5ZFHI VF5JF.rK[ K[P H[ VDF~ VlGQ8.rK[ K[ S]rQ8F SZ[ K[P H[ VDFZM ;\CFZ SZL VDG[ 5L0F 5CMRF0JF DF\U[ K[P T[ VDFZF X+]VMGM VF5 ;D]/ GFX SZMP IM GM Î[QFT 5'lYlJ Io 5'TgIFN IF[0lEN=F;FgDG;F ã IM JW[GF T\ GM E}D[ o ZgWI 5}J"S'tJlZ Jan. March, 2015 (204) Spacial Issue

216 ISSN VYJ"J[NDF\ H6FjI\] K[ S[ VDFZL DFT' E[NEFJ CMJF KTF\ 56 5Z:5Z W6L ;DTF VG[ V{\SIGL VYJF D{+LGL EFJGF K[ J/L DG\]QIMV[ V[SALÔ ;FY[ ;\U9G SI"] V[8,[ S[ V[S+LT YIF K[ T[DGF ;DFHDF\ VDG[ :YFl5T SZ VG[ VF 5 DF6[ VDFZL Z1FF SZ C[ E}lD T\] VDFZL DFTF K[ VG[ VD[ TFZF 5]+M KLV[P DFTF E}lD o 5]+FM0C\ 5 lyjif o ã J[NDF\ ;CEFJ DF8[ ;CEMHG 5Z B]A EFZ D]SJFDF\ VFjIM K[ VG[ VYJ"J[NDF\ Sæ]\ K[ S[ VD[ AWF ;FY[ D/LG[ BFG5FG SZLV[P J[NDF\ V,U v V,U WD"ÔlT VG[ EFQFFDF\ 56 ZFQ8=GL V[STFGM lgn"[x SIM" K[ VG[ EFZTDF\ ljljwtfdf\ V[STFV[ EFZTLI ;\:S'lTGL ljx[qftf K[P EFZTGF ljljw 5 N[XMDF\ legg legg EFQFFVM CMJF KT 56 EFZTDF\ EFQFFUT V[STF 56 ljwfdfg K[P H[D S[4 TF G o 5 HF o ;\ N]CITF;DU F JFRM DW] 5'lYlJ W[lC DCID ãã VYF"T VD[ ;J",MS TFZL AWLH 5 Ô DW]ZJF6L AM,LG[4 5 [D56" ZLT[ V[S+ AGLG[ ZC[ VG[ VDG[ DW]Z JRG AM,JFGL XlST VF5 J/L VDFZF, MSMDF\ SM.56 å[qf G SZ[4 ;J", MSM V\NZ V\NZ ld+tfyl ZCMP kuj[ngf ;\7FG ;}STDF\ 56 VF56G[ ZFQ8=LI EFJGFGF ljrfzm VMT5 MT YTF N[BFI K[P ;\7FGGF RFZ[I D\+FMDF\ DFGJ DGDF\ ;NEFJ pnigl SFDGF SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P ;NEFJ V[ H ;\7FG K[P ;\7FG V[ 5 [Z6F :+MT K[ T[ DFGJDGDF\ EFJFtDS V[STFG[ ;]:YFl5T SZ[ K[ VG[ ;\;FZGF 5 Fl6VMG[ ;];\U9LT SZ[ K[P ;DFGL J VFS'lT o ;DFGF CNIFlG Jo ã ;DFGD:T\] JM DGM IYF J o ;];CF;lT ãã VF56F ljrfzm lgqrim V[S~5 YFVM VF56F CNIM V[S 5 SFZGF AGMP VF56F DG ;DFG AGM VG[ H[GFYL VDFZM ;\]NZ ;CEFJ Y. XS[ VFD VlC ;DFG ~5[ ljrfz VG[ EFJMG[ VlEjIST SZJFGM p5n[x VF%IM K[ VG[ VF p5n[x åfzf EFJFtDS V[STF, FJJF.rK[ K[P ;\ UrKwJ\ \ JN=wJ\ ;\ JM DGF\l; HFGTFD ã N[JEFU\ IYF 5}J"[ ;\ HFGFGF p5f;t[ ãã VYF"T H[JL ZLT[ 5 FRLG N[JTFVM V[SDT Y.G[ TtJG[ U C6 SZ[ K[ T[JL ZLT[ VF56[ AWF 56 ;FY[ D/LG[ RF,LV[ VG[ TDFZF DG ;DFG~5[ TtJGL :YTL JU[Z[G[ ;DH[ VF ZLT[ ;\7FG ;}STGF ALÔ D\+DF\ EFJFtDS V[STF 5 :YFl5T SZJFGL 5 Z6FF VF5JFDF\ VFJL K[P p5zmst D\+MDF\ ;\JGG klqf åfzf ;\7FGGF ;J" 5 Fl6VMG[ 5FZ:5ZLS E[N EFJ E],FJLG[ V[STFGF ;]+DF\ VFAå YJFGL 5 [Z6F VF5JFDF\ VFJL K[ CÔZM JQF" 5]J"[GL S[JL ;NEFJGF K[ AWF V[S AG[ T[JL 5 FY"GF ZFQ8= V{SIGL EFJGFGL 5lJ+ SFDGF ;J"5 YD kuj[ngf ;\7FG;}STDF\ Ô[JF D/[ K[P kuj[n T[DH VgI J[NMDF\ ZFQ8L=I V[STFGM ;\N[X D/[ K[P ZFQ8= VlJR/ ;]N=- VG[ ;J" 5 SFZ[ ;\5gG YFI T[JL 5 ti[s VFIM"DF\ EFJGF CTLP I7F[DF\ J~64.gN=4 A'C:IlT TYF VluG H[JF XlSTXF/L N[JMG[ T[VM ZFQ8=G[ l:yz AGFJJFGL 5 FY"GF SZ[ K[P 3]J\ T[ ZFHF J~6M 3 ]J\ N[JM A'C:IlT o ã 3 ]J\ T[.gN=`RFluG`I ZFQ8=\ 3FZITF\ 3 ]JD ãã ;D:T ZFQ8=DF\ lgjf; SZGFZF J{lNS I]UL DFGJ V[STFGF ;]+DF\ VFAâ CTFP T[VM ZFQ8=GF SM. 56 EFUDF\ lgjf; SZTF CMJF KTF V[S H U'CDF\ lgjf; SZGFZ CMI T[D 5lZJFZ ;DFG ZC[TF CTF VG[ N]u3F+L 3[G\] H[JL 5'YJL 5F;[YL VG[S 5 SFZ[ WG VG[ V{`JI"G\] NMCG SZL VFG\NDI HLJG jitlt SZTF CTFP VYJ"J[NDF\ 56 ZFQ8=GL V[STF Spacial Issue (205) Jan. March., 2015

217 ISSN Z H EFZ D]SJFDF\ VFjIM K[ VG[ H6FjI\] K[ S[ DF EF TF E FTZ\ lî1fgdf :J;FZD]T :J;F ã VYF"T EF. EF.GM ä[qf G SZ[ VG[ AC[G AC[G GM ä[qf G SZ[ T[VM AWF V[S ljrfz TYF V[S SD"JF/F Y.G[ 5Z:5Z S<IF6 SFZL JFTM SZ[P ;FDFGL 5 IF ;C JM0gG EFU o ;DFG[ IMS+F[ ;C JM 5]GlHD ã VYF"T C[ ;DFGTFGL SFDGF SZGFZF DG\]QIM VF5G\] 5LJFG\] :YFG V[S H CMI TYF VgG GM EFU ;FY[ ;FY[ CMI VG[ VF5G[ V[STFGF 5 D5F;DF\ ;FY[ AF\WLV[ KLV[P EFQFF VYJF :YFG ljx[qfdf\ ZC[JFG[ SFZ6[ tifz[ V{SIGL EFJGF JW] 5 A/ CTL ljlegg WDF"G\]IFlIVM CMJF KTF\ AWF V[S CTFP J[NGF W6F ;}STMDF\ X+]VMYL Z1FF SZJF VG[ ptdljz 5]~QFM J0[ X+]VMGM JW SZL ZFQ8=G[ VWo5TGYL ARAJJFGL JFT SXJFDF\ VFJL K[ S[ C\D[XF lgzmul HLJG VF5 S[ H[YL VD[ ZFQ8=G[ T[Ô[DI AGFJLV[P VF p5zf\t kuj[ndf\ 56 VG[S ;}STMDF\ ZFQ8= EFJGFGF ALH N[BFI K[P A dcf.gn=g[ 5MTFGF :JZFHI 5 ti[ N[XESlT VG[ T[G[ ARFJJF DF8[ SC[ K[ S[ :JZFHIGM :TSFZ SZLG[ T\] X+]VMGM GFX SZ VG[ TFZF X+]VMGL ;FD[ Ô VG[ T[G[ CZFJL TFZF ZFHIDYL N]Z SZ VG[ 5MTFGF N[X 5 ti[gl JOFNFZL T] ATFJ T[DH :JZFHIGL Z1FF DF8[ VG[ 5MTFGF ZFHIDF\ ;NFI ;D'wWL ZC[ VG[ 5IF"%T DF+FDF\ VgG GL pt5tl YFI V[JL 5 FY"GF SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P :JZFHIGL :YF5GF DF8[ GNLVMGL GHLS J;JF8 SZL l:yz SZJFG\] SC[ K[ VG[ :JZFHIGM ;tsfz SZJFG\] VF ;}STMDF\ SC[JFDF\ VFjI\] K[ H[D S[4 ;C;\ ;FSDR"T 5lZQ8MDT lj\zflt o ã ZFT[GDgJGMGJ]lZgN=FI A CDMwIT UR"gGG\] :JZFHID ãã VYF"T :JZFHIGL XF\lT VG[ ;D'wWL DF8[ AWFG[ V[S9F Y. 5 FY"GF SZJF DF8[ ;]RjI\] K[ VG[ Ô[ AWF V[S9F G Y. XS[ TM Z_ GL ;\bifdf\ V[S9F Y.G[ 5 FY"GF SZJFG\] SC[JFDF\ VFjI\] K[P :JZFHI ;}STDF\ :JZFHI DF8[ UD[ T[ EMU VF5JFGL JFT SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P IÔ]J[N V[8,[ I7GM J[N VF56F klqfd]lgvm I7 SZTL JBT[ ZFQ8=5 F%TLGL SFDGFYL4 V{SIGL EFJGF DF8[ ljljw 5 SFZGF N[JTFVMG[ EFJ5 6" VFC}lTVM VF5TF CTFP H[D S[4 ZFQ8=IF ZFQ8=\ D[ NT :JFCF ã J/L X]S, IÔ]J"[NDF\ H6FjI\] K[ S[ C[ 5ZD[`JZ VDFZF lglbt ZFQ8=DF\ A ï T[H:JL 5ZD HLT[lgN=I A Fï6M E[UF YFIP ;]ZJLZ4 V:+X:+DF\ 5 lj6 1F+LVM pt5gg YFI TYF ZFQ8=GL XlST :J~5 UFIDFTF VlTXI N]W VF5GFZL YFI VG[ VlTXI EFZ JCG SZGFZF ;1FD A/N TYF l1f5 UFDL WM0F 56 pt5gg YFIP GUZ Z1FF SZL XS[ V[JL ljzf\ugfvm T[DH ~TJTL GFZLVM pt5gg YFVM ZFQ8=GF 5]~QFMG[ T~6M4 ;EFDF\ S]X/ V[JF X}ZJLZ 5]+M pt5gg YFVM VDFZM AWFGM IMU1F[D ;]BDI AGMP VF A ªgA Fª6M A ªJR";L HFITFDPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPJLZM HFITFD ãã VFD p5zgf ;}STM YL :5Q8 YFI K[ S[ J{lNS JF\UDIGM D]/ pn[xi N[XJF;LVMDF\ ZFQ8=ElSTGL EFJGFGM ;\RFZ SZL T[G[ :JF,\AL AGFJJFGM CTMP ALÔ VY"DF\ SCLV[ TM klqfvmv[ VF D\+M åfzf N[XJF;LVMG[ XLB VF5L K[ VG[ ljlegg WD"4 ;\5 NFI ÔlT ;FY[ ;\A\lWT CMJF KTF V[S H DFTFGF VF{Z; 5]+M CMJFYL N[X A\W] KLV[ VFD EFZTLI J{lNS ;FlCtIDF\ lj`ja\w]tjgl EFJGF VMT5 MT K[P VFJF 5 SFZGL EFJGF V[8,[ S[J/ ZFQ8=5 lt V5FZ VF:YF 5 U8 SZJFG\] H GlC 5Z\T] ZFQ8= VYJF T[GF WD"EFQFF4.lTCF; V[JD ;\:S'lTDF\ 56 5}6" zwwf ZFBJFGL K[P VF p5zyl :5Q8 YFI K[ S[4 J{lNS JFïIGM D]/ pn[xi N[XJF;LVMDF\ ZFQ8=ElSTGL EFJGFDF\ lj:tfz SZL T[DG[ :JFJ,\AL AGFJJFGM CTM T[G[ DF8[ klqfvm V[ SìF] K[ S[ DFT'E}lD4 DFT';\:S'lT VG[ DFT'EFQFF GFDS l+ljw ;]BM VF5GFZL N[lJVM TDFZF V\ToSZ6DF\ ;J"NF DF8[ lgjf; SZMP Jan. March, 2015 (206) Spacial Issue

218 ISSN FN8L5 J{lNS ZtG D\H]QFF v 5 FP 0MP lcgfa[g SLSF6L v ACFpNLG SM,[HvH]GFU- ;\:S'T ;FlCtISF.lTCF; v JFR:5lT U{ZM,F v RF{BdDF ljwfejg4 JFZF6F;LP VYJ"J[N v D}lD ;}ST v 0MP ZHGLEF. Ô[QFL v UM\0,P kuj[n v :JZFHI ;}ST v VG\]JFN 5\P zl5fn ;FTJ[,SZHL VYJ"J[N v & q (*v&q(( kuj[n v! q!*#!p VYJ"J[N v!@ q! q!$ #P VYJ"J[N v!@ q! q!@ $P VYJ J[N v!@ q! q!& 5. kuj[n v!_ q!)! q $ &P kuj[n v!_ q!)! *P VYJ"J[N v & q (( (P VYJ"J[N v & q #_ q # )P VYJ"J[N v # q #_ q &!_P kuj[n v! q (_ q (!!P IH]J"[N v ) q $_!@P X]ü,IH]J"[N More Information Please Contact Dr. Haresh Parmar Spacial Issue (207) Jan. March., 2015

219 ISSN બ યતભ ધ ય ક મ વ ફ ધન હયપ ર ક ષ મભ ળસ તતળ ક ન દ ર અન ય જ મન સ થથનત ડ. હદન ળ યભ ય :JT\+TF 5 Fl%T AFN EFZT[ ;DJFIT\+L XF;G jij:yfgm :JLSFZ SIM"P ;DJFIT\+DF\ A[ :TZGL ;ZSFZ Vl:TtJDF\ HMJF D/[ K[P V[S4 S[lgN=I :TZ[ ;\3 ;ZSFZ H[ S[gN= ;ZSFZ VYJF DwI:Y ;ZSFZGF GFD[ VM/BFI K[P ALHL4 ZFßI ;ZSFZM H[ V[SD ZFßIMGL ;ZSFZ U6FI K[P NFPTP VD[lZSFGL S[gN= ;ZSFZ VG[ 50 V[SD ZFßI ;ZSFZM4 EFZTGL S[gN= ;ZSFZ VG[ 29 ZFßIMGL ;ZSFZMP V[8,[ S[ ;DJFIT\+DF\ GFGF GFGF 36F :JFI ZFßIM4 38SM S[ V[SDM V[S H S[lgN=IXF;GDF\ ;DFI K[P ;DJFIT\+DF\ S[gN= VG[ ZFßIMG[ A\WFZ6 äfzf ; F 5 F%T YFI K[ VG[ A\G[ 5MT5MTFGF 1F[+DF\ :JT\+ K[P VFD KTF\4 A\G[ ;ZSFZM JrR[ WFZFSLI4SFZMAFZL4GF6F\SLI ; FVMGL AFATDF\ ;\3QF" HMJF D/TM CMI K[P VD[lZSFV[ ;DJFIT\+L XF;G jij:yfgm ;F{5 YD :JLSFZ SIM" CMJFYL T[6[ ;DJFIT\+GF, 1F6M TFZjIF\ K[P HM S[ EFZT[ 56 ;DJFIT\+GM :JLSFZ SIM" K[ 5Z\T]4 EFZT[ VD[lZSG ;DJFIT\+ SZTF\ S[8,F\S H]NF 5 SFZGF, 1F6MGM :JLSFZ SIM" K[P H[GF, LW[ EFZTG]\ ;DJFIT\+ VW";DJFIL5 YF VYJF lxly, ;DJFIT\+ K[ V[JL 8LSF 56 YTL ZCL K[P EFZTDF\ ;\3sS[gN=f VG[ V[SD ZFßIM JrR[GF ;\A\WMGM.lTCF;, F\AF ;\3QF"GM VG[ J{lJwI;EZ CMJFYL T[GM VeIF; SZJM H~ZL K[P EFZTDF\ S[gN= 5F;[ DCtJGF WFZFSLI 1F[+M4 GF6F\SLI VFJSGF 1F[+M4 JCLJ8L ; F 1F[+M VG[ A\WFZ6LI Rl0IFTL ; FVM K[ ßIFZ[ V[SD ZFßIMG[ VMKL VFJS VG[ ; FGF 1F[+M 5 F%T CMJFYL ZFßIMV[ S[gN= p5z lge"z ZC[J]\ 50[ K[ H[ A\G[ JrR[GF ;\3QF"G]\ SFZ6 AG[ K[P HM S[ EFZTGF A\WFZ6DF\ Union of states szfßimgm ;\3f XaNGM p5imu SZJFDF\ VFjIM K[P EFZTGF A\WFZ6DF\ SM. HuIFV[ ;DJFIT\+ XaN HMJF D/TM GYLP EFZTGL A\WFZ6;EFGL D];ÛF ;ldltsdrafting committeefgf VwI1F 0F"P ALPVFZP VF\A[0SZ[ A\WFZ6;EFDF\ H6FjI]\ CT]\ S[ D];ÛF ;ldltv[ VF szfßimgm ;\3f XaNGM 5 IMUV[ :5Q8TF SZJF DF8[ SIM" K[ S[ EFZT V[S ;\3 ZFßI K[ 5Z\T] VF ;\3ZFßI SM. 5 SFZ[ 5Z:5ZGL ;DH}TLG]\ 5lZ6FDGF CMJFG[ SFZ6[ SM.56 ZFßI ;\3sS[gN=fYL K}8F 50JFGM VlWSFZ WZFJT]\ GYL 1 EFZTDF\ XlSTXF/L S[gN=s;\3fGL TZONFZL ov EFZTDF\ S[gN= VG[ ZFßIGL ; FVMGL AFATDF\ A\G[ ;ZSFZM JrR[ 36F ;\3QF"GL l:ylt HMJF D/L K[P CSLSTDF\ TM S[gN= S[ ;\3 TZLS[ VM/BFTL ;ZSFZ VFH[ EFZTDF\ ;J"jIF5L VG[ JW] XlSTXF/L HMJF D/[ K[P A\WFZ6 VD,GL X~VFTYL VFH ;]WL S[gN=vZFßIGF ;\A\WM ;\3QF"GF ZCIF K[P A\WFZ6LIZLT[ ZFßIMG[ ; FVM VF5JF ;FY[ 56 EFZTGL A\WFZ6;EF DCNŸV\X[ S[gN=G[ Rl0IFTL ; FVM VF5JFGL TZO[6DF\ CTL S[gN=G]\ XF;GD\0/ S[ ;ZSFZ JW]G[ JW] ; F S[gN= C:TS ZFBJFGL J'l WZFJ[ K[ VG[ ljxf/ N[XG[ ;]U lyt ZFBJF V[ H~ZL 56 K[P ßIFZ[ V[GF GFGF V[SDMG[ :YFlGS, MSM VG[ :YFlGS 5 `GM ;FY[ H JW] ;\A\W CMJFYL4 ZFQ8=G[ EMU[ VG[ SIFZ[S ;FYL ZFßIMG[ EMU[ 564 JW], FEM VG[ ; F S[ :JFI TF D[/JJF pt;]s VYJF 5 J'lTXL, CMI K[P 2 EFZTGF EFTLU/ J{lJwIG[ VF56[ ;\:S'lTG]\ 3Z[6]\ U6TF ZCŸIF KLV[ 5Z\T] EFZTDF\ S[8,FS V[SD ZFßIMV[ ;DIF\TZ[ H[ DFY]\ prsi]\ K[ T[ HMTF\ VG[ S[8,F\S V[SD ZFßIMV[ V[S GJF N[X TZLS[ 5MT[ SZ[,L DFU6LVM VG[ T[GF :JLSFZ DF8[, LW[,M lc\;fgm VFXZM snfptp V,U BFl,:TFGGL Jan. March, 2015 (208) Spacial Issue

220 ISSN DFU6L4 VF;FDGF 5J"TLI ZFßIM VG[ Nl1F6GF RFZ ZFßIMGL DFU6Lfv VF AWL 5lZl:YlT HM.V[ TM S[gN=G[ VD]S CNGL Rl0IFTL VG[ XlSTXF/L ; FVM VF5JL H~ZL CTL V[ AFATG[ ;DY"G VF5[ K[P N[XGF EFU,F 5F0JFGL IMHGF :JLSFZFTF\ G[TFVMV[ S[gN=GF JR":J ;lctg]\ ;DJFIL DF/B]\ 30JFGM :JLSFZ SIM"P :JT\+TF 5KL ZFQ8=LI V[STFG[ 50SFZ~5 H[ 5lZA/M pef\ YIF\ T[G[ ; FXF/L S[gN= DF8[GM VJFH ;A/ AGFjIMP 3 8}\SDF\4 EFZTDF\ ZFQ8=G]\ ljefhg4 SMDJFNL4 lc\;f4 ;FdIJFNLVMGL lc\;s R/J/M VG[ ZFQ8=LI V[SLSZ6GL ;D:IFVMG[ wifgdf\ ZFBLG[ ;DJFIL DF/BFDF\ DHA}T XlSTXF/L S[gN= ;ZSFZGL HMUJF.VM SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P EFZTDF\ ;\3 5 EFJL ;DIUF/M ov EFZTGF ZFHSFZ6DF\ S[gN=vZFßI ;\A\WMGM VeIF; SZLV[ TM S[gN=G]\ Rl0IFT]\ :YFG VG[ ; F HMJF D/[ K[P 5Z\T] ;DIF\TZ[ ZFßIMV[ 5MTFGL ; FVM AFAT[ ;EFGTF VG[ HFU'lT S[/J[,L 56 HMJF D/L K[P EFZTDF\ BF; SZLG[ V[S51F 5 EFJ5 YFGF J/TF 5F6L VG[ ldz ;ZSFZMGL ZRGF T[DH 5 FN[lXS51FMGF JWTF JR":J ;FD[ S[gN=GL V[SFlWSFZJFNL ; FVM 5Z V\S]X VFJJFGL ;FY[ ;FY[ S[gN= ZFßI ;CIMUGL l:ylt 56 HMJF D/L K[P EFZTDF\ 1964DF\ J0F5 WFG HJFCZ,F, GC[Z]GF D'tI]\GF ;DIUF/F ;]WL S[gN= VG[ ZFßI :TZ[ EFZTLI ZFQ8=LI SM\U [; 51FG]\ V[SRS L XF;G SFI"ZT ZCŸI]\P ZFßI:TZ[ DM8FEFUGF TDFD ZFßIMDF\ VG[ S[gN=:TZ[ EFZTDF\ 1950 YL 1967;]WLGM ;DI S[gN=LIS'T ;\3JFNGM ;DIUF/M U6FI K[P 1967 YL RMYL, MS;EFGL R}\86L 5KL EFZTGF ljljw ZFHSLI 51FM VG[ D]bID\+LVMV[ S[gN= ljz]ww ZH]VFTM X~ SZL 1969 DF\\ EFZTLI ZFQ8=LI SM\U [; 51FGF EFU,F 50JFYL SM\U [;GL S[gN=GL V<5DT ;ZSFZ[ V[SD ZFßIM ;FD[ h}\sj]\ 50ŸI]\ VG[ EFZTDF\ S[lgN=IS'T ;\3JFNDF\YL ;CIMUL ;\3JFNDF\ 5 J[XJ]\ 50ŸI]\P VF UF/FDF\ ZFßIMV[ ZFßI5F,MGL lgd6]\syl,. 5MTFGF V[SD ZFßI lj:tfzdf\ pnmumgl :YF5GF SZJFGL 56 DFU6LVM SZL CTLP 1975 YL 1977GF ;DIUF/FDF\ J0F5 WFG.lgNZF UF\WLV[ N[XDF\ S8MS8L, FNL H[GF, LW[ ;\3JFN V[ST\+L ZFßIjIJ:YF TZLS[ JT"T]\ YI]\P HM S[ 1977DF\ HGTF51F[ ; FGF ;}+M ;\EF?IFP 5]Go 1979 YL SM\U [;51FGF J0F5 WFG.lgNZF UF\WLGF peztf jilsttjg[, LW[ ; FG]\ WMZLlAgN] 5]Go S[gN= TZO -/T]\ YI]\P.lgNZF UF\WLV[ 1980GL, MS;EFGL R}\86L 5KL EFZTDF\ SFI"ZT 9 ZFßIMGL lagsm\u [;L ;ZSFZMGL ljwfg;ef E\U SZL N. OZL V[ST\+L V[SFlWSFZJFNGL X~VFT SZL V[D SCL XSFIP 1984 DF\.lgNZFHLGF D'tI\] AFN 1989 ;]WL ZFHLJ UF\WLGF J0F5 WFG5N NZdIFG S[gN=vZFßIGF ;\A\WM 5 DF6DF\ VMKF ;\3QF"GF HMJF D?IFP ZFHLJ UF\WLGF D'tI\] AFN EFZTDF\ ldz;zsfzmgm V[S, F\AM ;DI VFjIM H[6[ S[gN=vZFßIGF ;\A\WMGM V[S GJM VwIFI ZrIMP EFZTDF\ 1989DF\ JLP5LPl;\CGL HGTFN/sDMZRF ;ZSFZf ; F 5Z SFI"ZT Y.P EFH5 VG[ 5 FN[lXS 51FMV[ 8[SFGF AN,FDF\ DFU6LVM X~ SZLP ;JF A[ JQF"GF VG[S R-FJvpTFZ 5KL JLP5LPl;\CGL ;ZSFZ 50L EF\ULP tifzafn 5LPJLPGZl;\CZFJ4 R\N=X[BZ4 V[RP0LPN[JUF{0F4 VF.PS[PU]HZF,4 V8,lACFZL JFH5[. VG[ DGDMCGl;\CGL ldz ;ZSFZMDF\ OZL S[gN=vZFßI JrR[ ;CIMU VG[ ;MNFAFHL RF,]\ ZCLP K[<,L, MS;EFGL R}\86LDF\ V[GP0LPV[P T[DH EFZTLI HGTF 51FG[ GZ[gN= DMNLGF G[T'tJDF\ AC]DlT 5 F%T YTF\ S[gN=vZFßIGF ;\A\WMG[ S. ZLT[ D},JL XSFX[4 A\G[ JrR[ S[JF ;\A\WM ZC[X[ T[GL V8S/M RF,L ZCL K[P DF\ V[SDZFßIMGF ZFßI5F,MGL AN,LYL,. ~B;NGL 38GFVM ;FY[ 56 S[gN= VG[ ZFßIMGM ;CIMU RF,] ZCŸIM K[P V[S\NZ[ HM.V[ TM EFZTGF S[gN=vZFßIGF ;\A\WMGL l:ylt R-FJvpTFZGL ZCL K[ V[D SCL XSFIP EFZTDF\ S[gN=vZFßIGF WFZFSLI ;\A\WM ov Spacial Issue (209) Jan. March., 2015

221 ISSN EFZTGL ;DJFIT\+L XF;GjIJ:YFDF\ S[gN= VG[ ZFßI V[D A[ :TZGL ;ZSFZM JrR[ WFZFSLI1F[+MGL JC[\R6L SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P lj`jgf H]NFH]NF N[XMDF\ ;DJFIT\+L jij:yf :JLSFZ[,F N[XMV[ WFZFSLI ; FVMGL JC[\R6L 5MTFGF N[XG[ VG]~5 SZL CMI K[P BF; SZLG[ ;DU N[XG[ HM0TF ljqfim S[gN= ;ZSFZ C:TS VG[ AFSLGF ljqfim ZFßI ;ZSFZMG[ ;]5ZT SZJFDF\ VFJTF CMI K[P A\WFZ6GL S,D 245 D]HA S[gN=GL WFZF;EF 5}ZF N[XGF RMSS; EFU DF8[ SFINM 30L XS[ K[ VG[ VF SFINM EFZT ACFZ 56 VD,L U6FI K[ H[DS[4 lcgn], ug WFZMP VD[lZSF VG[ VM:8=[,LIFDF\ WFZFSLI ; FVMGL JC[\R6LDF\ ;DJFI ;ZSFZGL ; FVMGM p<,[b SZL AFSLGL ; FVM V[SD ;ZSFZMG[ ;]5ZT SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P V[H ZLT[4 S[G[0FDF\ V[SD ;ZSFZMGL WFZFSLI ; FVMGL IFNL A\WFZ6DF\ l,lbt K[ ßIFZ[ AFSLGL ; FVM ;DJFI ;ZSFZG[ ;]5ZT SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P EFZTGF A\WFZ6GL S,D 245 YL 255DF\ ;\3vS[gN= VG[ ZFßIGF WFZFSLI ;\A\WMGL HMUJF. SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P S[gN= VG[ ZFßIMGF ljwfgd\0/mg[ SFINF 30JF DF8[GF ljqfimgl JC[\R6L A\WFZ6GL S,D 246 DF\ K[P EFZTGF A\WFZ6DF\ S[gN= VG[ ZFßIM JrR[ ; FVMGL JC[\R6L AFAT[ +6 IFNLVM VF5JFDF\ VFJL K[P A\WFZ6GF ;FTDF 5lZlXQ8GL 5C[,L IFNLDF\ ;\3vS[gN=GL IFNLGF 97 ljqfim ALHL ZFßIIFNLDF\ 66 ljqfim VG[ +LHL ;CJTL" ;\I]ST IFNLDF\ 47 ljqfimgm ;DFJ[X HMJF D/[ K[P VF +6 IFNLVMDF\ GM\W[,F 5{SL SM. ljqfi AFSL ZCL HTM CMI TM X[QF ; FVM OST S[gN=G[ ;]5ZT SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P saf ;\3IFNL ov ;DJFIT\+ V\TU"T EFZTDF\ ;\3IFNLDF\ ;DU N[XG[ :5X"TL DCtJGL AFATMGM ;DFJ[X YFI K[P EFZTDF\ ;\3IFNLGF 97 ljqfim p5z S[gN= ;ZSFZG[ SFINF 30JFGL VG[ JCLJ8GL ; FVM 5 F%T K[P ;\3IFNLDF\ ;\Z1F64 +6[I, xszln/m4 ljn[xgllt4 Z[<J[4 R,6L GF6]\4 ljn[xl C]\l0IFD64 VFJSJ[ZM4 BF6 VG[ BGLH ljefu4 JFCGjIJCFZ JU[Z[ ljqfimgm ;DFJ[X YFI K[ VG[ VF ljqfim 5Z DF+ S[gN= H SFINFVM 30L XS[ K[P sbf ZFßIIFNL ov WFZFSLI AFATMDF\ ZFßIGF 66 ljqfim 5Z V[SD ZFßIMG[ ; F ;M\5JFDF\ VFJL K[P ZFßIGL IFNLDF\ B[TL4 lx1f64 HFC[Z jij:yf4 HFC[Z VFZMuI4 ZFßIDF\ J[5FZ VG[ JFl6ßI4 l;\rf.4 H\U,M4 :YFlGS :JZFHGL ;\:YFVM JU[Z[GM ;DFJ[X YFI K[P scf ;\I]STIFNL ov ;\I]ST IFNLGF 47 ljqfim 5Z S[gN= VG[ ZFßI ;ZSFZM A\G[G[ Z; CMI VG[ A\G[ T[GF 5Z SFINM 30L XS[ K[ 5Z\T]4 ZFßI[ 30[,M SFINM H[8,F 5 DF6DF\ S[gN=GF SFINFYL H]NM 50TM CMI T[8,F 5 DF6DF\ ZNAFT, YFI K[P ;\I]ST IFNLGF ljqfimdf\, ug4 K}]]8FK[0F4 GFNFZL4 DH}Z S<IF64 JT"DFG5+M4 OMHNFZL VG[ lnjfgl SFINFVM JU[Z[GM ;DFJ[X YFI K[P S[gN=vZFßI JrR[ WFZFSLI AFATMDF\ ;\3QF"GF D] FVMov S[gN= VG[ ZFßIGF WFZFSLI ;\A\WMDF\ 36L V[JL AFATM K[ H[ S[gN=vZFßIGF ;\A\WMDF\ ;\3QF" 5[NF SZ[ K[P H[ GLR[ 5 DF6[ K[P S[gN=GL IFNLGL DCtJGL 97 ; FVM S[gN=V[ :JT\+ ZLT[ EMUJJFGL K[P VF ; FVMDF\ ZFßIMG[ SM. EFULNFZL S[ NZdIFGULZLGL TS GYLP ;\I]ST IFNLGF ljqfim p5z S[gN= VG[ ZFßI ;ZSFZ A\G[ SFINM AGFJL XS[ K[P 5Z\T] V[S H ljqfi 5ZGM SFINM S[gN= ;ZSFZGF SFINFYL ZFßIGM SFINM H]NM 50[ tifz[ S[gN= ;ZSFZGM SFINM Rl0IFTM ;FlAT YFI K[P 8]\SDF\4 ;\I]ST IFNLDF\ 56 ZFßIG]\ ptzt]\ :YFG VG[ S[gN=GL Rl0IFTL l:ytl S[gN=vZFßIGF WFZFSLI ;\A\WMG[ 0CM/[ K[P EFZTGF A\WFZ6 VG];FZ +6 IFNL l;jfigl AFSLGL ; FVM V[8,[ S[ X[QF ; FVM S[gN= ;ZSFZG[ ;M\5JFDF\ VFJL K[ H[ S[gN=GL ; FVM JW] lj:t't AGFJ[ K[P A\WFZ6GL S,D 249 VG];FZ ZFßI;EF CFHZ ;eimgl 2/3 AC]DlTYL 9ZFJ SZ[ TM ZFßIIFNLGF SM. RMSS; ljqfi DF8[4 ZFQ8=LIlCTDF\ H~ZL CMI T[JM SFINM ;\;N 30L XSX[P VFJM Jan. March, 2015 (210) Spacial Issue

222 ISSN SFINM V[S JQF"GL D]NT DF8[ VD,L ZC[ K[P VFJM SFINM D]NT AFN JW] 6 DF; VD,L ZCL XS[P ZFßI;EF VF 9ZFJGL D]NT JWFZL XS[ K[P A\WFZ6GL S,D 250 D]HA ZFQ8=LI S8MS8L VD,L CMI tifz[ +6[I IFNLGF SM.56 ljqfi 5Z S[gN= ;ZSFZ SFINM 30L XS[ K[P HM S[ S8MS8L C8FJL NLWF AFN K DF;DF\ VFJF SFINF ZN U6FI K[P 8]\SDF\4 S8MS8LGL l:yltdf\ ZFßIIFNLGF ljqfim 5Z S[gN=G]\ 5 E]tJ :YFl5T YT\] CMJFYL S[gN=vZFßI JrR[ ;\3QF" 5[NF YFI K[P A\WFZ6GL S,D 252 D]HA A[ S[ T[YL JW] ZFßIMGF ljwfgd\0/ 9ZFJ 5;FZ SZ[ S[ ZFßIIFNLGF SM. ljqfi p5z ;\;N SFINM 30[ T[.rKGLI lctsz K[ TM ;\;N VFJM SFINM 30L XS[ K[P A\WFZ6GL S,D 25 D]HA EFZT H[G]\ ;ei CMI T[JL VF\TZZFQ8=LI ;\:YFVMGF 9ZFJM TYF ZFQ8=M JrR[GF SZFZM S[ ;DH}TLVMG[ VD,L AGFJJF DF8[ SFINF 30JFGL ; F ;\;NG[ H VF5JFDF\ VFJL K[P VFJF 9ZFJM 36LJFZ V[SD ZFßIMG[ :5X"TF CMJF KTF\ T[G[, UTF lg6"im VG[ WFZF OST ;\;NvS[gN= ;ZSFZ H 30[ K[P ;\;N[ 30[,M SM.56 SFINM HM ZFßIIFNLGF SM. ljqfi ;FY[ R}:TZLT[ A\WA[;TM G CMI TM S,D 248 TYF 5lZlXQ8v7 GL 5 YD IFNLGL V[g8=L G\AZ 97 5 DF6[ T[ V\U[ SFINM 30JF OST ;\;N H ;1FD U6FI K[P S,D 246(4) D]HA ZFßIMGL IFNLDF\ GCL\ ;DFJ[X SZ[,F S[gN=XFl;T 5 N[XMGF XF;G DF8[ ZFßIGL IFNLDF\GF ljqfi V\U[ ;\;N H SFINF 30[ K[P A\WFZ6GL S,D 251 VG];FZ S[gN= VG[ ZFßIMGF SFINFVM JrR[ lj;\uttf CX[ TM ;\;NGL HMUJF. H VD,L AG[ K[P HM S[ ZFßIGF VFJF SFINF DF8[ HM ZFQ8=5lTGL ;\DlT D[/JFI[,L CMI4 TM V[ SFINM S[gN=GF SFINFYL lj;\ut CMI TM 56 VD,1FD AG[ K[P VF p5zf\t4 ZFßIMDF\ A\WFZ6LI S8MS8LGL S,D 356 VG];FZ A\WFZ6LI S8MS8L VD,L CMI tifz[ ZFßIMGL A\WFZ6LI HJFANFZL S[gN=GL AGL ZC[ K[P A\WFZ6GL S,D 200 VG];FZ ZFßIGL WFZF;EFV[ 5;FZ SZ[, SM.56 BZ0FG[ ZFßI5F, ZFQ8=5lTGF VlE5 FI DF8[ VYJF D\H]ZL DF8[ DMS,L XS[ K[ VG[ ZFQ8=5lT T[G[ GFD\H]Z SZL XS[ K[P ;DF5G ov EFZTDF\ WFZFSLI1F[+[ 36F VUtIGF ljqfim S[gN= ;ZSFZG[ 5 F%T YIF K[P ;\I]ST IFNL S[gN=vZFßI A\G[ ;ZSFZMGL CMJFKTF\ S[gN=G]\ T[GF 5Z JR":J :YFl5T YI[,]\ HMJF D/[ K[P J/L4 X[QF ; FVM V[S,F CFY[ S[gN= C:TS HMJF D/[ K[P S[gN= ;ZSFZG[ ZFßIIFNLGF ljqfimdf\ 56 C:T1F[5 SZJFGL 36L A\WFZ6LI TSM 5 F%T K[P 8}\SDF\4 WFZFSLI1F[+[ ;\3;ZSFZ Rl0IFTLvXlSTXF/L VG[ ZFßI ;ZSFZGL ; FVM 5F\U/L HMJF D/[ K[P HM S[ VD[lZSF H[JF N[XMDF\ S[gN= VG[ ZFßIGL WFZFSLI ; FVM AFAT[ H[ ;\3QF" YIF K[ T[JL l:ylt EFZTDF\ HMJF D/TL GYLP 0F"P VF\A[0SZ GM\W[ K[ T[D ;DJFIT\+L ZFßIMDF\ AW[ H HMJF D/TL H0TF VG[ SFINFAFHLGM 5ZFEJ SZJF DF8[ VlEGJ DFUM"GM ljlgimu V[ TM EFZTGF ;DJFIT\+GL ljlxq8tf K[ 4 CSLSTDF\ EFZTDF\ ljlxq8 5 SFZGF ;DJFILT\+G[, LW[ S[gN= TYF ZFßIM JrR[ WFZFSLI ;\A\WMDF\ ;}D[/ H/JF. ZCŸIM K[P ;FDFgI ;\HMUMDF\ ZFßIM SFINF 30JFGL ;\5}6" :JT\+TF EMUJ[ K[P T[D KTF\4 EFZTGF ljlxq8 5 SFZGF ;DJFIT\+DF\ WFZFSLI1F[+DF\ ;\3vS[gN= ;ZSFZ XlSTXF/L HMJF D/[ K[P ;DU,1FL VeIF; SZLV[ TM V[S\NZ[ EFZTDF\ S[gN=vZFßIMGM ;CIMU RF,] ZCŸIM K[P વ દબવ!P D, 5]Z6 ov S[gN=vZFhI ;\A\Í VFlJQSFZ 5la,X; 4 HI5]Z4 5 YD ;\:SZ6 v [H 1 Spacial Issue (211) Jan. March., 2015

223 ISSN ZP GFIS 0LPALP ov EFZTGM A\WFZ6LI SFINM4 I]lGJl;"8L U \YlGDF"6 AM0"4 VDNFJFN RMYL VFJ'lTv2010, 5[H 490 #P X]S, lng[x VG[ VDLG C;D]B ov EFZTLI ZFHSZ6GL ~5Z[BF4 I]lGJl;"8L U YlGDF"6 AM0"4 VDNFJFN 5 YD VFJ'lT v1972, 5[H 159 $P X]S, UH[gN= ov EFZTLI ZFHSFZ64 5M%I],Z 5 SFXG4 ;]ZT 5 YD VFJ'lTv2011 5[H Creative Space : Intarnatioanal Journal નલજ ઞ ન દ ત ત ભજ ળ ક ષલણક વભ ચ ય ભ વ કવ કયલ. દય ક પ રક યન નલજ ઞ ન આલક મવ છ. ળ ક ષલણક વભ ચ ય વભમવય ભકરલ. ળ ક ષલણક ક મવક રભન જ શ ય ત ણ અશ આ ળક મ છ. વ કવ : ૦૯૪૦૮૧૧૦૦૩૦ ડ. શય ળ યભ ય Jan. March, 2015 (212) Spacial Issue

224 ISSN ગ જય ત ન ય ન અભ ણ : રઔવ સ ક તતન અખલ ક વનર ક. લર VFE}QF6M GFZL ÒJGDF\ 5 FRLG ;DIYL J6FI[,F K[P XS]\T,F4 5FJ"TL4 pj"xl4 D[GSF JU[Z[ O},MGF\ VFE}QF6M WFZ6 SZTL CTL V[JM p<<[b VF56F 5 FRLG ;FlCtIDF\ 5 F%T YFI K[P VF56F XF:+MDF\ HMJF D/[ K[ S[ 5C[,FGF\ ;DIDF\ VFE}QF6M DF+ ZFHF4 ZF6L4 ZFHS]\JZ4 ZFHDFTF4 ZFHS]\JZL JU[Z[ H 5C[ZFTF\ CTF\ ;FDFgI jilst B}A H ls\dtl VFE}QF6M 5C[ZL XSTL G CTLP T[DH VD]S Z\UM 56 ZFHFXFCL, MSM H 5C[ZL XSTF CTF ;FDFgI jilst GCL\P 5Z\T] ;DI 5lZJT"GG[, LW[ VtIFZ[ V[J]\ GYLP H[GL 5F;[ GF6F CMI T[ NZ[S jilst VFE}QF6 BZLNLG[ 5C[ZL XS[ K[P 5C[,FGF\ ;DIDF\ DF+ ;MGF4 RF\NL 4 CLZFvDF6[SGF\ VFE}QF6M HMJF D/TF\ CTF\P VtIFZ[ V[J]\ GYLP VtIFZ[ ljljw WFT]GF\, FS0FGF4 DF8LGF\4 X\B KL5,FGF4 SM0LGF\4 DMTLGF\4 EZT EZ[,F 5yYZGF\ JU[Z[ D8LlZI<;GF VFE}QF6M HMJF D/[ K[P lnj;[ G[ lnj;[ CH] 56 VFDF\ GJLGTF J{lJwI HMJF D/[ K[P ljljw 7FlTVMGL :+LVMGF\ VFE}QF6M o EFZT N[XV[ VG[S 7FlT4 WD"4 ZLTvlZJFHMGM AG[,M N[X K[P EFZTDF\ H[8,L 7FlT4 WD"4 ZLTlZJFHM K[ V[J]\ lj`jgf\ VgI N[XMDF\ SIF\I GYLP T[YL H EFZT N[XDF\ ljljwtfdf\ VG[STF HMJF D/TM N[X K[P EFZTD\ VG[S 5 F\TMGF 5MT5MTFGF\ T[JFZ CMI K[ VG[ VF TC[JFZ VG]~5 5MT5MTFGF 5C[ZJ[X4 VFCFZ VG[ VFE}QF6 CMI K[P NZ[S 5 F\TGL GFZL 5MTFGF TC[JFZ S[ 5 ;\UM5FT 5MTFGF ZLTvlZJFH D]HA VFE}QF6M 5C[ZLG[ X6UFZ ;H[ K[P EFZTDF\ BF; SZLG[ U]HZFTDF\ 56 VG[S 7FlTVM J;[ K[P H[JL S[4 D[Z4 SM/L4 VFlNJF;L4 ZAFZL4 S6AL JU[Z[ 7FlTVMGL :+LVMGF\ VFE}QF6M V,UvV,U HMJF D/[ K[P VF :+LVM 5MTFGF pt;jm ;DI[ JWFZFGF\ VFE}QF6M 5C[ZLG[ 5MTFGL ;]\NZTFDF\ JWFZM SZ[ K[P VFlCZ 7FlTGL :+LVMGF VFE}QF6M o VFlCZ 7FlTGL VM/B U]HZFTGF\ NZ[S 5 F\TDF\ VFUJL K[P T[DF\ BF; ;F{ZFQ8=4 SrK4 GF3[Z VG[ Nl1F6 U]HZFTDF\ J;JF8 SZ[ K[P VFlCZ 7FlTGL JC]VMG[ VFlCZF6L TZLS[ VFUJL VM/B 5 F%T YI[,L K[P T[ 5MTFGF ÒJGDF\4 ;NFRFZ4 5lTJ TF4 ;ti 5F,GSTF"4 NIF/] VG[ 5ZM5SFZ SZGFZL ZCL K[P T[GF 5C[ZJ[XDF \4 ;F0L4 SF50\]4 T[DH CF\;0L4 DUDF/F4 J[-,F4 lj\8l4 S0,F4 5MRF4, 8S6LIF\4 R[G4 A,MIF4 ALHCFZ4 S\NMZF4 GFSDF\ GY0L4 SFGDF\ DM8L S0L JU[Z[ H[JF X6UFZ S[ 3Z[6F\ 5C[Z[ K[P D[Z 7FlTGL :+LVMGF\ VFE}QF6M o 5MZA\NZ VG[ 3[0 5\YSDF\ DM8[ EFU[ D[Z ÔlT J;[ K[P T[DGL :+LVMGF VFE}QF6M ;]J6" VYJF RF\NLGF CMI K[P T[VMGF\ Spacial Issue (213) Jan. March., 2015

225 ISSN VFE}QF6MDF\ 56 B}A J{lJwI CMI K[P T[VM 0MSDF\ ;MGFGL DMCGDF/F4 NJF;Z4 5FJ,LCFZ4 SFGDF\ J[-,F4 lxxmlzif4 SMl/IF4 5F\Nl0I]\ 5C[Z[ K[P 5UDF\ SF\ALvS0,FG[ DF6J8 JL\8L 5C[Z[ K[P SIFZ[ D[Z SgIFVM SFGDF\ h}dsf DMTLGL JFl/I]\4 0MSDF\ CF\;0LG[ C],Z 5C[Z[ K[P S6AL 7FlTGL :+LVMGF VFE}QF6M o S6AL TZLS[ U]HZFTDF\ 58[, 7FlT VM/BFI K[P H[DF\, [pjf 58[, TYF S0JF S[ 5F8LNFZ 58[,GM ;DFJ[X YFI K[P VF 58[, S[ S6AL 7FlT U]HZFTEZDF\ VG[ EFZT TYF N[XvlJN[XMDF\ 56 J;JF8 SZ[ K[P T[DF\ H[ U]HZFTGL VM/B VF5M VF5 H KTL Y. ÔI K[P T[G]\ SFZ6 K[P T[GM 5MXFS VG[ X6UFZS[ VFE}QF6M 58[, 7FlTGL :+LVM DM8[ EFU[ ;F0L 5C[Z[ K[P VG[ ;FY[ CFZ4 R[G4 SFGGL A]8L4 D\U/;]+4 JL8L4 5MRF4 A\U0L4 DM8L S0L4 GFSGL R}S4 JF/L4 5UDF\ hf\hz4 GB,L4 RF\NLGL DF;L s5ugl VF\U/LDF\ 5C[ZJFGLf JU[Z[ T[DGL VFUJL VM/B K[P SM/L 7FlTGL :+LVMGF\ VFE}QF6M o SM/L 7FlTGL :+LVM 5C[ZJ[XDF\ SF50]\ VG[ ÒDL 5C[Z[ K[P BF; SZLG[ DF\UZM/4 SrK4 ;]Z[gãGUZ JU[Z[ 5\YSDF\ SM/L 7FlTVM lgjf; SZ[ K[P T[DGF\ VFE}QF6MDF\ J{lJwI HMJF D/[ K[P VF :+LVM U/FDF\ CF\;0L4 SFGDF\ J[-,F4 5UDF\ SF\ALvS0,F4 CFYDF\ JL\8L 5C[Z[ K[ T[DH SF\ALvS0,F4 A,MIF4 VF\U/LDF\ RF5 G[ J0[,F 5UGL VF\U/LI]DF\ DMZ4 9M/LIF4 U/FDF\ ZFGMDL ~l5im VG[ CFZ 5C[Z[ K[P HIFZ[ hf,fjf0l SM/L :+LVM U/FDF\ SMSZL 5FZM G[ GFSDF\ ;MGFGF\ O}, 5C[Z[ K[P EZJF0 7FlTGL :+LVMGF VFE}QF6M o EF, 5 N[XGL EZJF06M 5UDF\ SF\AL4 S0,F ~5FGF\ S]Z0F4 S6;]\4 V\U}9L4 BMA[lZI]\4 Ol/I]\4 SFGDF\ J[-,F4 5MBJFGL SMSZJF4 0FaI]\4 5F\Nl0IF4 VFSM8F4 S6\lNIM4 GFS[ GY0L G[ CFY[ CFYLNF\TGF\ A,MIF 5C[Z[ K[P ZAFZL 7FlTGL :+LVMGF\ VFE}QF6M o ZAFZL 7FlTGL :+LVM B0T, ~5J\TL VG[ GD6L CMI T[VMGF\ EZFJNFZ XZLZ 5Z ljx[qf VFE}QF6M T[DGF\ XZLZGL ;]\NZTFG[ B}A XMEFIDFG AGFJ[ K[P T[VM VFE}QF6MDF\ p Z U]HZFTGL ZAFZ6M SFGDF\, Ml/IF4 5UDF TZM0LIF hfaf4 DFNl/IF S6SL 3]\AZ4 hf\hz4 5U5FGF\ 0MSDF\ ~l5im 5{CFZ4 h}d6]\ NMZM4 5U,F\ VG[ CFYDF\ RF\NLGM DM8M R}0M 5C[Z[ K[P SrKL ZAFZ6M HMTZ4 9Ml/IF4 J0[,F4 VF\8LJL\8L4 V\U}l9IF4 SZRZ0F4 SFTlZIF VG[ ~5FGL R}0L 5C[Z[ K[P VFlNJF;L 7FlTGL :+LVMGF VFE}QF6M o AGF;SF\9FGL VFlNJF;L :+LVM 5UDF\ S0,F4 V\U]9L4 5U5FG S[0[ 5FT/L ;F\S/L h},jf/m S\NMZM4 CFYDF\ D}l9IF 5F8,F4 UHZF4 SFTlZIF4 SF\S6L4 R}0L4 R}0M4, ]\U0L R}0L CFYGL VF\U/LVMDF\ J[- JL\8L CFY4 5FG VG[ 0MSDF\ ;MGFGL S\9L4 JßHZ 8LS0L ;F\S/LCFZ4 S\9L4 D]94 J<,L4 C[0SL4 CF\;0L JU[Z[4 HIFZ[ SFGDF\ J[-,F 0MZ6FJF0L h]ddz4 BMZ\U5TL ;FY[ NFD6L VG[ 8LSM 5C[Z[ K[P Jan. March, 2015 (214) Spacial Issue

226 ISSN VF p5zf\t EFZTGF\ VgI ZFHIMGL :+LVMV[ 5C[Z[,F VFE}QF6M p5zyl HF6L XSFI K[ S[ T[ VF ZFHIGL :+LVM K[P NFPTP DCFZFQ8=LIG :+L GFSDF\ DM8L GY0L T[DH U/FDF\ 5C[Z[, D\U,;}+ FZF T[ :+L DCFZFQ8=GL K[ T[D HF6L XSFI K[P VF p5zf\t ZFH:YFG4 S[Z,4 VF\W 5 N[X4 TFlD, JU[Z[ ZFHIMGL :+LVMGF\ VFE}QF6M V,UvV,U CMI K[P VFD4 ljljw 7FlTGL :+LVM VFE}QF6M WFZ6 SZ[ K[P AWF VFE}QF6MGF 3F8 H]NF4 Z\U~5 H]NF4 NZ[SGL VFS'lT H]NL KTF\ 56 VFE}QF6 ;H[,L :+L, MS;\:S'lTGL V[S VFUJL VM/B éel SZ[ K[P VFE}QF6M V[ U]HZFTL, MSÒJGGL XMEF K[ VG[ GFZLGM GD6M X6UFZ K[P VFD VFE}QF6M FZF ljljwtfdf\, MS;F\:S'lTGL V[STF HMJF D/[ K[P Creative Space Internationl Journal Spacial Issue (215) Jan. March., 2015

227 ISSN ગ જય ત રઘ નલરભ અય ધ ભ નવ ધય લત ન મક ડ. કભર ળ ક. ર Jan. March, 2015 (216) Spacial Issue

228 ISSN Spacial Issue (217) Jan. March., 2015

229 ISSN Jan. March, 2015 (218) Spacial Issue

230 ISSN Spacial Issue (219) Jan. March., 2015

231 ISSN ગ જય ત દલરત વ હશત મન ત ત ત લક ભનભક ડ. હદર ક ભ ય ચ લડ પ ર થત નલક : ગ જય ત વ રશત મભ બ ખફ ન દગરત તલમઔ રક ણ એઔ ચલન દગરત ન ભ ગબધ ન વરશતન દગરત વ રશત મ અખલ છ લ ફ ઔ રક ષણલ ફ વ રશત મવજ ન ૧૯૭૦ન દ મઔ ભ થમ જલ ભ છ. જ અ પ રઔ યન વ રશત મન રક ષ મન ય ડલ ય તનટઠ થ અખ ધ યહ છ. દગરત વ રશત મ ળબ દપ રમખ ૧૯૫૪થ થલ ર ગ મ છ. એ શ ર અ ળબ દ લય મ નથ. ય ત દગરત વ રશત મન ગબવ મક તત ૧૯૨૮ભ થઇ ચ ઔ શત. ગ જય તભ ય.તલ. ઠઔ વ થ અણન ક ભ જ લ સ દય દગરત વ લ દન પ રખ લત લ ત વ ભ છ. ગ જય તભ ણ દગરત વ રશત મન પ ર ય બ આ ફ ડઔય વ રશત મથ ૧૯૩૦ભ થમ ન ડ..જ. જ મતતઔય ત ભન વ ળધનગ ર થ ગ જય તન આ ફ ડઔય ચલન ઇતતશ વ ભ ન ધ છ. દગરત વજ ઔ ભ પ ર યણ ફ ઔ પ ર યણ સ ત રત ડ. આ ફ ડઔયન જ લનદળવન શત. ભ રયઔન ઔ પ રજ ન આ દરન બ ર ઔ થય ન બ ર ઔ ગર ય ચય અદળવફ શત. જ ન રયણ ભ સ લફ ભશ ય ટરભ દગરત થય ન દગરત વ રશત મ ન પ ર દ બ વલ થમ. દગરત વ રશત મન ન ભ ભય ઠ વ રશત મ ન ય મણ સ લ, દમ લ ય, ફ બ ય લ ફ બ ર, ળ ઔયય લ કય ત, ય જ ઢ ર, રક ષ ભણ ભ ન જ લ વળતત વજ ઔ ભળમ. ત ભન વ રશત મ બ યતબયભ ક ય, લકણ ય ન પ રસ થ તત ફન ય.૧ ભય ઠ બ ન ડળ પ રદ ળ ગ જય ત બ ન શઇ એ ર એભન વય ગ જય તભ ગઝર મ એ સ લ બ તલઔ છ. જ મતતફ ફ ર ન ડ. આ ફ ડઔયન ઔભવભતભ ભશ ય ટર શત, ત થ ત ન જ ર ર બ ભય ઠ વ રશત મન ભળમ ત ર ઔદ ચ ગ જય ત વ રશત મન નથ ભળમ. ત ન થ લ ગચત યશ ખમ. ગ જય તભ કય ય ત જત ૧૯૮૧ ન ૧૯૮૫ન ન ભત તલયધ આ દરન થમ. ત ભ દગરત, છ ત, સ શ મ ઈય ભ ન તઔ ત મ ચ ય ઔયલ ભ અવ મ. દગરતન જ લત વખ લ દ લ ભ અવ મ. ત ભન ઝ ડ ફ ન ક ક ઔય દ ધ. ઈચ ચ લખવ દ વ ય અ ફલ ન યત થ દ ફ દ લ ભ અવ મ. વ મ રશઔ ત મ ચ યન ઔ યણ જ ન વ ભ ત ર શ ય ન શ થ શત. ત ભન જ લત જર લ દ ધ અ વભમભ જ ણ ઔ ભ નલત ભય યલ ય ન લસ દ લ ક ટ ફઔમ ન બ લન શ એ ચઢ ખઇ. ન મ મન દ લ એ આ ક ભજબ ત ફ ધ દ ધ. ન ઔ જલ ફદ ય વ મક તતએ આ ક અડ ઔ ન ઔમ વ. દગરતન ભ નલ મત ન ગચત ઔ ય ઔ લત ર કયન ફશ ય ઔ ન ન ડય. જ ણ ઔ વભત, વભ નત ન ફ ધ ત ન બ લન કતભ થઇ ખઇ. જ ન રયણ ભ દગરતભ લ દન ન ચ તન ન જ લ બભ ક ય, છ ત છ ત, સ શ મ-સ શ મ ન લણવવ મલસ થ ન ઔ યણ વદ થ જ લત દજક ભ વફ યશ ર ભ નલ વપ જ ગ મ, ત ભન ભ યશ ર મ ક તતન બ લન પ રફ ફન જ ન રયણ ભ દગરત ચ તન પ રખ થઇ.૨ Jan. March, 2015 (220) Spacial Issue

232 ISSN દય ઔ પ રજ ન ત ન વ રશત મ શમ છ. દગરત ભ ત ર જ તત જ નથ. ત તલતળટ રખ ન છ ત વભ જ છ. ત ન ત ન ફર, રમ, રશ ઔ, તદ બ લખ ય તનજ જ લનળ ર છ. ત ન રખ ન બલ ન રખ પ રઔ યન લ દન છ. એઔ ભય ઠ વ રશત મઔ ય વ ચ જ ઔહ છ ઔ, અણ વભ જભ એઔ જ તતન રઔન ફ જ જ તતન દ કન ખ મ ર નથ શત. અ ણ અણ ઔળ ણ લ સ તતલઔત છ. દગરત વભ જન ત ન ક સ ભત ન બ ન ડ. આ ફ ડઔયન જ લન ઔલનભ થ પ ર પ ત થય છ. ત થ એ ત બ ય લવઔ ઔશ ળઔ મ ઔ ત ભન પ ર યણ થ જ દગરત વ રશત મ ક સ તત લભ અવ ય. દગરત વ રશત મ એ દગરત ક સ ભત ન તનય તય ળધ છ. ભશ ત ભ જ મતતય લ ફ ર ન ડ. ફ ફ વ શ ફ આ ફ ડઔયન ગચ તન, ભનન, તલચ યધ ય ન ત ન વ રશત મન રયચમ થલ ર ગ મ. વ મરશઔ ત મ ચ યન બખ ફન ર ઔઠય ન ઔડલ ન બલન ઔ યણ તળગક ષત દગરતભ વજ ઔ ચ તન ન પ ર દ બ વલ થમ. ત ન ક સ ભત ન કજ ભ ક ક - ક ઔયલ ર ગ મ. અ પ રઔ ય રક ત વ રશત મન દગરત વ રશત મ તય ઔ કલ ભ અલ છ. શહયજન દગરત વ થ વ ફ તધત શરયજન ળબ દ ણ ફહ ચગચ ત ન તલલ દ સ દ યહ છ. ખ ધ જ એ શરયજન એલ ળબ દ અપ મ. ય ત ત ભ વ લ ન બ લ યશ ર શલ થ ડ. આ ફ ડઔય ત ળબ દ ન સ લ ઔ મ, ત ન તલયધ ઔમ, ન ત ન વ ભ દ દગરત એલ ળબ દ પ રમજ મ. ગ જય તન બતત ઔતલ નયતવ શ ભશ ત દગરતન લસ ત ભ જઇન બજનઔ તવન ઔયત શત. નયતવ શ ભશ ત ન એઔ દભ શરયજન ળબ દન પ રમખ ઔમ શત. અ શરયજન ળબ દન થવ શરય થલ બખલ ન એલ થવ ઔયલ ભ અવ મ શત. શલ કભવન હ નયવ મ, મ જન ત લ ષ ણલ લશ ર ય, શહયજનથ જ અ તય ગણળ ત ન પગ પ ય ઠ ર ય. ૩ શહયજન કળગત અથવન વ દબવભ : - શરયજન. શરયન તલટણ ન ભ ણવ, દ લદ ત, શરયન બતત - हरयजन (स, ऩ.) (स ) २ ईश वय क बक त ऩद दशरत म अस ऩ श म ज ततम क स भ दहक न भ - हरय (ड -इन) ववष ण, ईन र, स मय, अग नन, व म, शस ह, घ ड, फन दय, क मर, स ऩ, भ य, य श ૪ શહયજન ૧.. ત મ જ ૨.. યભ શ વયન ભ ણવ, બતતજન, શરય ઔ તલટણ ન ભ ણવ, દ લદ ત, શરયન બતત, વ વ ય, શરયજન શમ જ શ, જ ન તનગ વણ વ થ સ ન શ એલ બતત શરયન ઔશ લ મ, ત ન વ બલ ન એશ ઔથ મ. ૩.. બ ભ ણવ, બર ન વ રવ ભ ણવ. ૪.. વત વ ખ સ લ ભ ન ય મન અતશ રત ઔ જ ગ શસ થ શ રભ શમ ત ન ફ રઢથ શરયજન ઔશ લ ભ અલ છ.૫ Spacial Issue (221) Jan. March., 2015

233 ISSN સ લ ત ત ર મન રડત ન ત ન આ દરનન વ થ -વ થ ભશ ત ભ ખ ધ જ યચન ત ભઔ ઔ મવક રભ ણ ચર લત શત. જ ભ છ તદ વ ય ન સ શ મત તનલ યણ ન ઔ મવક રભ ણ વ ભ ર શત. ભદ ર વન ન મ મ ધ ળન ત ર રખ મ ત ભ એલ તનદ ળ છ ઔ શરયજન ળબ દ ગ જય તન એઔ બતતન બજનભ થ ર લ ભ અવ મ છ. ઇ.વ. ૧૯૩૨ભ ખ ધ જ એ અ પ રમખ ઔય ર ઈભ ળ ઔય જળ શરયજન ળબ દ ણ વભ જજ લન એઔ તલત ર ક ષણ છ.૬ રશન દ ભ રદયભ દ લદ વ થલ જખણ ન એઔ તન દ જનઔ પ રથ શત. અ પ રથ ન વ ય સ શ મ રયલ યન ત ન સ લફ લ ન પ રથભ યજસ લર (ભ તવઔ ધભવ) લ ત ર ન ભ રદયભ બખલ નન જ ઔયલ ન ઈદ શ મ વ થ ભઔરત શત. થ વત અ ધભવ દ વ ય સ લ ઔ ય ર લ શ મ વ ત ત શત. જ જ યજ વ ત ન શમ ત ન શરયજન ન ભ અ દ લ ત. લસ ત ત: શરયજનન થવ જ યજ થલ તછન ન ન એલ ખ ન ફ ભ થત શત. ભશ ભદ ખઝનલ એ જ મ ય વભન થ ય ચઢ ઇ ઔય ત મ ય ચવ જ ર દ લદ વ ભ રદયભ શત. ત ન વ ધ, જ ય દ વ ય બખલલ ભ અલત ન જ ખબવલત થ મ ત ત ન લ શ મ ગ શભ લ ચ દ લ ભ અલત ન ત ણ ફ ઔ ન જજ દખ ત મ જ ગ જ યલ ડત. ય જઔ મ ક ષ ત ર ણ શરયજન ળબ દન નઔ યલ ભ અવ મ છ. ઈત તયપ રદ ળ, રશભ ચર પ રદ ળ ન ય જસ થ નભ અ શરયજન ળબ દ ય પ રતતફ ધ છ. પ ર વ ઔ ઈન વ ર ઑપ ઇષ ન ડમ એ તન ધ પયભ વ મ. ઔ ન દ ર વયઔ યન ગ શ ભ ત ર રમ રયત ર ૧૨૦૨૫/૪A CO/SCEBCD ૪/૧ ત ય ક ૧૦-૦૨- ૧૯૮૭ ન વ ય ય જ મ વયઔ ય ન ઔ ન દ રળ તવત પ રદ ળભ અ ળબ દપ રમખ ન ઔયલ ભ ન અદ ળ ઔયલ ભ અવ મ છ. અજ ગ જય તભ અ જ તત ભ ફ ક વભ જ, લ પ લ ભઔ લખ ય ળબ દન પ રમખ ઔયલ ભ અલ છ. દગરત લખવ ભ ઔ ર ઔ ફ જ ળબ દપ રમખન ણ ઈમખ થ મ છ,૭ ચભ લણવ લણવવ મલસ થ ભ બ ર હ મણ, ક ષતત રમ, લ શ મ ન શ દ ર એલ ચ ય બ ખ ડલ ભ અવ મ. ય ત ત ભ છ તન વભ લ ળ ઔયલ ભ અવ મ નથ. ત ન તતશ દ ર તય ઔ લણવલ મ છ. જ ન ચભ લણવ ચ ય લણવન ફશ યન લણવ તય ઔ વભ લલ ભ અવ મ છ. ભદ ર વભ અજ ણ સ શ મન ચભલણવ તય ઔ કલ ભ અલ છ. સ શ મ ઈયન ચ ય લણવભ થ ણ ખમ!૮ અત મ જ ભન એ સ થ ર લણવવ મલસ થ ભ જ સ થ ન નક ક ઔમ. ત ભ શ દ રન સ થ ન છ લ અ ત ય ખ ય, ત થ અ તભ જન ભલ થ ત મ જ તય ઔ ક લ ર ગ મ. ભશ ત ભ જ મતતફ ફ ર અ ળબ દન પ રમખ ઔયત શત. અ તવલ મન ણ ફ જ વ ખ મ ફ ધ ળબ દ પ રમજલ ભ અવ મ છ. જ ભ દફ મ ર, દ ફ, તતયસ ક ત, ઈ ગક ષત, ભ તનત, યણ મલ વ, અરદલ વ, ઔચડ મ ર લખવ, લવલ મ, ઠ ઔય મ ર, છ લ ડ ન, ઔરયમ, શરઔ લણવ, વ ભ તતક ત, ન ખ, ઢ ડ. ચભ ય, બ ખ, ભ, રયશ ય, ફરશટક ત, લ ગચત, છ ત જ તત, ફ ઔલડવ તર વ, તતછ ત, તલઔતવત, છ તય મ ર, તનમ ન, ન ચ લણવ, Jan. March, 2015 (222) Spacial Issue

234 ISSN તલકય મ ર, દ બ મ ર, તલસ થ તત થમ ર ક ન ફદળ, જ તત, મ તનલ વ, અરદભજ તત, ન ખ, લણવ, ળતત, રડત, દ દગરત, તલઔ વળ ર વમ દ મ તલઔતવત લખ ય ૯. ઉવ શ ય ઈયતત મ દ યથ એ ઔશ ળઔ મ ઔ બ યત દ ળભ જ તત- તત, બ દબ લ, અબડછ ન ઝ ય જ મ સ ધ મ ભ થ ન બ દ ન થ મ ત મ સ ધ ત ન ક સ તત લ ભ લ ન નથ. ઔ યણ ઔ રશન દ વભ જભ અ રક ષણ ગય ઔય ખમ જ ભ ક વ ત વભ જ જ દ -જ દ લખ ઔ લ ડ ભ લશ ચ મ ર છ. ત ભ ણ ચડત -ઈતયત ઔર ન ધભવગ ળ છ. યશ ણ ઔયણ, ક ણ ણ ન વ ભ જજઔ વ મલશ ય વ ફ ધ તનમ ત રણ છ. ઔ ર ઔ લખ ન ન મ લખવન વયક ભણ ભ ત ભન ન ખરયઔ તય ઔ ન ન ધ તભ ઔ તલળ તધઔ ય ભ ર છ. જ મ ય એઔ લખવ ત ન થ વ ણવ ફશ ય છ. ય ફ ન વ મલશ ય ણ જ ઞ તત ભમ વદ ભ જ થ મ છ. લ, જ ઞ તત એ લ ળય ય ખત છ. ત ભ ત વય અઝ દ રપલ ભ જલ જ યશ. ત ભ થ અલ જ ઞ તતન ક ડ ભ થ ન ઔલ ન યસ ત શથ ર ખ ત લ છ. વ દબવ સગચ ૧ दललत य ओ म परर र पतत द ल क ण, जगद श र र, प. १, २, ३, १०, ११ ૨ ન વ ધ ન બ.ન. લણઔય,. ૨૨૯ ૩ શરયજન તત રઔ,. ૨૦, ૨૩ ૪ તલરદત શય ળ ભ ખરમ,. ૩ ૫ બખલદદ વભ ડ બખતતવ શજ, બ ખ-૫,. ૪૩૯૭, ૪૩૯૮ ૬ વ થવ ળબ દઔ. ૧૩૧ ૭ બખલદદ વભ ડ. ૯૧૧૩ ૮ વ થવ ગ જય ત જડણ ઔળ.૮૮૩ ૯ ન ર દ તલળ ર ળબ દવ ખય.૨૫૩૨ ૧૦ વ સ ક ત રશન દ ઔળ- લ ભન તળલય ભ અપ.૨૩૩૯ ૧૧ દ રન દયલ જ દસ તઔ ડ. ફ ફ વ શ ફ આ ફ ડઔય ૧૨ ન વ ધ ન બ.ન. લણઔય,. ૨૨૯ ૧૩ શરયજન તત રઔ,. ૨૦, ૨૩ ૧૪ તલરદત શય ળ ભ ખરમ,. ૩ ૧૫ ફહ જન વ રશત મ વ. મળલ ત લ ગ ર,. ૬૫ ૧૬ એઔલચન - શય ળ ભ ખરમ,. ૪ ૧૭ दललत च तन स. रमलणक ग प त, प. 125 ૧૮ બખલદદ વભ ડ બખતતવ શજ, બ ખ-૫,. ૪૩૯૭, ૪૩૯૮ ૧૯ વ ણવ ક ષયદ શ ડ. ફ ફ વ શ ફ આ ફ ડઔય,. ૩ ૨૦ ગ જય ત દગરત વ રશત મન ઔ ડ એ દરત ચ શ ણ Spacial Issue (223) Jan. March., 2015

235 ISSN નલરન અન સ ય ગ દલરત લ ત વભ ળ ક ષલણક વ ઘવ : એક ત રન ત ભક અધ મમન શય ળ યભ ય બ યત એઔ ગફનવ પ રદ તમઔ દ ળ છ. બ યત તલશ વન લસ ધ લ ક ટ ફઔમ ભ ન છ, ય ત દ યથ ડ ખય યગમ ભણ. બ યત મ વભ જ વ મલસ થ લણવ વ મલસ થ ભ તલબ જ ત છ. અ લણવવ મલસ થ ચ ય લણવભ વભ રશત છ. પ રસ ત ત લણવવ મલસ થ ન ઔ યણ ચ ય શજ યથ ણ લધ જ તત વજ વઇ છ ન શજ ણ લધ જ તત ફનલ ન પ રરક રમ અજ મ ત ચ છ. ભ ય-ખય ફથ ણ અ બ દ તલળ તલક ત ન જન ભ ધ રયત છ. જ તત વ મલસ થ ભ અતથ ઔ ફ ફત ણ ત ન ભશત લ કઇ ફ વ છ. અતથ ઔ ફ ફત વમ દ શલ છત એઔ દગરત અજ લન દગરત જ યશ છ. ડ. આ ફ ડઔય, ઔ. અય. ન ય મણ, ઔ ળ ય ભ, ભ મ લત લખ ય અતથ ઔ ત ભજ ફ દ વદઔ ય ત વમ દ શલ છત ત ભન જ તત મથ લત યશ. ત ભન ક ભ ત ર જ તત અધ રયત થ મ છ. ઔઇન દગરત ન ત, ત ઔઇન દગરત મ ખ મભ ત ર ઔશ લ ભ અલ છ. અભ, જ તત તલળ છ ત ન વ ભ પ રતતબ ખ ણ છ. ઈય વતત જ ઔઇ અખ ત અવ મ તળક ષણન ઔ યણ અખ અવ મ. તળક ષણન ઔ યણ ત ન પ રતતભ તવદ વદ ન ખ મ તત પ ર પ ત થઆ. તળક ષણ ર લ ન દગરતન શક ક ઔ તધઔ ય ભન લ દ ળ સ ત રન અધ ય પ રતતફ તધત છ. દગરતન તળક ષણથ લ ગચત ય કલ એ ર ળણ ન ત મ ચ યન ભન લ દ ધભવળ સ ત રન અધ ય મગ મ ઠ યલલ. ય ભ ય જ મભ ણ દગરતન તળક ષણ ર લ ન શઔ નશત. અ વ મલસ થ ન જ લ ય કલ ખ દ ભમ વદ ળ તભ ય ભ ધન ફ ણ રઆ ળ બ ઔ લધ ઔય છ. ઔશ લ મ છ ઔ ય ભન શ થ ત ન મ ક તત ત ભજ સ લખવ ભળય ય ત જ લત જ લ વલણવ વભ જન સ લખવ ન દગરત ય ત મ ચ ય-ન મ મ અચયલ ન મ ક તત(સ લત ત રત ) ભ ખઇ ત ન શ? શ ર ટઠ ધન ધવય શલ છત ઔણવન શ ભ ળ જ તત અધ રયત ડ ન બખ ફનવ ડ છ. એઔરવ મન ત ન સ લતળક ષ દ વ ય ભ લ ર તલદ ય ભ ત ન અ ગ ઠ દ રણન દ નભ અલ ડ છ. અરદ ઔ થ વલણવ ન દગરતન ય દ ચ રત યહ છ. ક ય ય ઔ ક ડલલન વખ છ ત ક ય ય ઔ ર ઔ. ભશ ત ભ જ મતતફ ફ ર એ તલદ ય ન ભશત લ દગરત ભ ઔ છ ન તળક ષ ન શલ થ દગરતન થમ ન ઔળ ન તલળ ઔહ છ ઔ ल द य क न ह न स ब ल नह ; ब ल क न ह न स न लतकत न रह ; न लतकत क न ह न स गलतम नत न अइ ; गलतम नत न ह न स धन-द लत न लमल, धन-द लत न ह न स श द र क पतन ह अ. आतन ऄनथक एक ऄल द य स ह अ. 1 1 दकस न क क ड़, मह त म ज लतब फ ल रचन ल (1), ड. एल. ज. म श र म ल मलक र पत, नइ ददल ल : र ध क ष ण प रक शन, प र. स. 1994, द सर अ लत त 2009, ऩ. 289 Jan. March, 2015 (224) Spacial Issue

236 ISSN ડ. ફ ફ વ શ ફ આ ફ ડઔય દગરત વભ જન તળગક ષત ફન, વ ખઠ ત ફન, વ ગવ ઔય ન સ ત ર અપ ય શત. અજ દગરત વભ જ તળક ષણ ભ લ યહ છ. ય ત અઝ દ ન ડધ વદ લ ત ખમ છ ણ ઈચ ચ દ ય બ ર હ મણ ત ભજ બ ર હ મણલ દ રઔ અવ ન છ. ત મ ય ઈચ ચ તળક ષ ભ લન ય દગરત વભ જન તલદ ય થ ન ગ ર ભ ન ભ નતવઔત ભ યશ ત ન ભ મ વ જ લ ય કલ ડ છ. ઈચ ચ ભ મ વ ભ જન ય તલધ થ ન ક સ થતત અજ ખ ફ દમન મ છ. ય જ વ એ ણ દગરત તલદ ય થ ય થત ત મ ચ ય ન જ તતઅધ રયત પ રત ડન ન ફ ફતન ખ બ ય ફ રઆ દય ઔ ય તનલતવ ભ દગરત તલદ ય થ પ રત મ ન તળક ષઔન વ મલશ ય ફ ફત જ શ ય નર વ 1 અ છ. અજ એન જફ ય ળ ભ ઉબ થઆ? ઔ યણ ઔ, મ ઔ તલદ ય થ જ ઈચ ચ ભ મ વ થ અઆઅઆએભ, અઆ લખ ય તલદ ય રમભ દગરત તલદ ય થ ન જ તત અધ રયત વત ભણ ફ ફત અત ભશત મ ઔયલ ન રઔસ વ ફન યહ છ. ત ભજ ઈચ ચ ભ મ વ થ ભશ તલદ ય રમભ ભ મ વ ઔયત તલદ ય થ ન એઔ મ ફ જ ય ત જ તત અધ રયત પ રત ડન ન બખ ફનવ ડત શમ છ. બ યત મ વભ જન એઔ ભ રશસ વ અયક ષણન તલયધ ઔય છ, ય ત અયક ષણ કય કય ઔણ બખલ યહ છ? લણવ વ મલસ થ એઔ ય ત અયક ષણ પ રથ જ છ. જ ભ એઔ લણવ, જ તત, ઔભ ન લવયન ઇજ ય અ ત ન સ ક-સ તલધ ન વખલડ ઔય છ. ળ ભ ઈચ ચ વ સ થ ભ અજ ણ બ ર હ મણ ન બ ર હ મણલ દ ભ ણવન પ રભ ત લ યશ છ? શ અ અયક ષણ નથ? લણવવ મલસ થ એઔ અયક ષણ વ મલસ થ છ. ભ લણવવ મલસ થ બ યત મ વભ જન એઔ તલક તત ત છ. અ વ મલસ થ એ તળક ષણ ત ત રન કક ફન લ બ યતન જનત ન ણ કકર ફન લ દ ધ છ. અજ જમ ય ઔઇ દગરત તલધ થ એચ.ડ. ઔયલ ભ ખ છ ત ત ન ભ ખવદળવઔ નથ ભત. ભ ખવદળવઔ ભ છ ત ત ન ભ ખવદળવઔન ગ ર ભ ફન ત ન જ લનન ભશત લન ચ લવ ભ નતવઔ ત ભજ ન ઔ ગ ર ભ ભ વ ય ઔયલ ડ છ. ભ ખવદળવઔન ગયન વલ યન દ ધ થ રઇન ય તન ર ઇ ફ દ ઔયલ સ ધ ન ઔ ભ ચ રત જ યશ છ. દગરત તલદ ય તથ ન ન ત ભજ વ ભ ન મ તલદ ય તથ ન ન વભસ મ ત એથ ણ તલઔ છ. ક ય ય ઔ ત દલ ભ ભ ખવદળવઔન ફ ડન ખયભ ણ ઔયવ ડત શમ છ. અલ -વ મલસ થ ન ઔ યણ અધ તનઔ જ લન ળ ર ત ભજ ત મ તધઔ ભશત લ ઔ ક ષ ન ખણ લલ ભ અલ છ. ત શ ત ર થ વભસ મ ન વભ ધ ન થવ ળક ય છ? અન જડ ત લણવ વ મલસ થ ભ ડ છ, જ અજ મ ત ચ ર યશ છ (!) ભ થઆ યશ ર દગરત ત ભજ સ ત ર યન ત મ ચ યન વ ભ ન મ ગ ન ખણ દ ય શડવ ર દ લ ભ અલ છ. દગરતન વભસ મ ફદર ઇ યશ છ, લધ તલઔ ફન યશ છ. અણ ઔ ભય ન ઝ ભ ઔય અજન દગરત જ લનન સ ક ષ ભ ય ત લરઔલ ન જફ ય જણ મ છ. અણ ઔરભન એ બમ નઔ ત ભજ ન દ ક ત ત મ ચ યન ખ લ ર ડ અલન ય ઢ ન સ યક ષ ન લધ ફશ તય ફન લ ળઔ એ ત લ પ રમત ન અલઔ મવ છ. અજ દગરત વ રશત મ ખ ફ યચ મ છ. શજ ણ ર ભ ન ત મ ચ ય દગરત વ રશત મઔ યન છ છડત નથ ત મ નલ વભસ મ ત ન વ ભ અલ જ મ છ ન ત વભ જવભ 1 UGC Latter 'Suicide Dalits Studant', Web link - Spacial Issue (225) Jan. March., 2015

237 ISSN ડ જ મ છ. ત ન વભ જભ ત ભજ તળક ષણ જખતભ થત વભ નત ન ભ નલ મત ર લલ ન પ રમત ન ઊ ન ભભ જ ય વભ ન જ એ છ. ત મ ય અજ દગરત વ રશત મભ તળક ષણ જખતન રઇન ગણ લ ત વ યચ ઇ છ ન યચ ઇ યશ છ. ગ જય ત ત ભજ રશ દ બ ન દગરત વ રશત મભ અલ લ ત વભ વર ભ (ભપ રઔ ળ લ પ લ ભઔ ), તવગરમ (સ ળ ર ઔબ ય ), તર ળ (જમપ રઔ ળ ઔદવભ), સ ય ખ (દમ ન દ ફ શ ). તલરન (બ. ન. લણઔય), એઔરવ મ (પ રલ ણ ખઢલ ), ય ર નજય ઇ ખમ! (જવ પ ભ ઔલ ન), પ રલ ળ (ભ મ ડ મય જય ), ઠ ડ રશ (દરત ચ શ ણ) લખ ય યચ ઇ છ. શ અણ તલરન ન સ ય ખ લ ત વભ ગબવ મતત ળ ક ષગણઔ વ ગવ વ દબ તલળ લરઔલ ન અળમ યશ ર છ. તલરન લ ત વન ર કઔ બ. ન. લણઔય છ. તલરન લ ત વ ર કઔન પ રથભ દગરત લ ત વ છ જ ચ દન (૭-૧૯૮૬)ભ પ રખ થઆ શત. તલરન લ ત વન ઔથ લસ ત જઇએ ત, પ રસ ત ત ઔથ ન ન મઔ આવર છ. આવર તળગક ષત ફ ઔ ય દગરત ય લ ન છ. જ જ ગ ત શલ છત ત ન વભ જન અતથ ઔ, વ ભ જજઔ, ળ ક ષગણઔ ભદદ નથ ઔય ળઔત. આવર વ લ દનળ ર દગરત ય લ ન ણ છ ત ય જઔ મ ય ત ત ભજ વ ભ જજઔ ય ત દગરત વભ જન અખ રઆ અલલ ન લ ત ઔય છ ણ ખ દ ઔઇ તધઔ ય ઔ નઔય ન ઔયત શલ ન ઔ યણ દગરત વભ જભ ણ ત ન પ રત મ ન ય શ મ છ. ત ઈજગમ તન ત મ લ ઠ ઔય છ. એઔ તળગક ષત ય લઔ ન મ મ ન ત મ ચ ય થત શલ ન જ ણ શલ છત લ ઠ ઔય છ. ય ત દગરતન લધ દ ફભ ય કલ ભ વલણવ વભ જ દગરત લ વ તયપ અલત ણ ન ઇ ર ઇનન જ ફ ધ ઔય દ છ. આવર ન પ રથભ ત ન અ લ ઠ ન અતથ ઔ ત ખ ન ઔ યણ જ ચ ર જ મ છ, ગય ણ ત ન નથ, પય રગ ન ભ વભ જ ન ત ન ભ અગ રશ ય ક છ. ણ આવર જ ણ છ ઔ બતલટમ અ ધઔ યભમ છ. ત ન વલણ પ રત મ ન તલદ રશ ન અખ ત ન જ ખ જ મ છ. આવર જજ દખ થ ઔ ન ત ન ઈય ઔ યવ ન છ ફચ લ ન બ ભ ડ દગરત વભ જન લચ ચ લખય ણ એ મ ત ય ભ છ. સ ય ખ રશ દ દગરત લ ત વ છ. ત ન ર કઔ ડ. દમ ન દ ફ શ છ. ભશ નખયભ લવ ર તલશ વતલદ ય રમભ ઈચ ચ ભ મ વ થ ભ મ વ ઔયન ય દગરત તલદ ય થ ન વભસ મ ય ઔ ષ ન દ રત છ. ઔથ ન મઔ ભ (હ ) છ. ઔથ ન મઔ એભ. એ. રશ દ તલમભ વ ઔ ડ તર વ વ છ. ત ન છ વલણવ વભ જન તલદ ય થ ણ છ જ થડવ તર વ રઆ અવ મ છ. ણ અજ ત રઔ એચ. ડ. ઔય છ. જમ ય ઔથ ન મઔ અજ ણ વ ક ષ ત ઔ ય ભ ઈક સ થત થ મ છ ન ત ન લ ય લ ય તનટપ થઆ ત ન લવ ફખ ડવ ડ છ. ગયન અતથ ઔ રયક સ થતત ણ વ ય નથ, રગ ન થઆ ખમ છ. ગય રયલ યન જલ ફદ ય ત ન અખ ભ મ વ ભ ણ યઔ છ. અભ છત, એઔ અળ છ ઔ ભ મ વ જ ય ય કલ છ ભ ત શભ ળ પ રમત નયત યશ છ. ય તનલતવ ન ધ મ ઔ ત ન મગ મત શલ છત ભ ત ર જ તતન અગ ય ય એચ. ડ. ભ નઔ ય છ. ઔથ ન મઔ ત ન એચ. ડ. ભ વ ગવ ઔય છ ન અ ત ભ નલ મત ન ક ષ ર ન ય ય જન તતઔ તલદ ય થ ન ભદદથ ત અખ ભ મ વ ઔય ળઔ છ. અભ, ન મઔ ત ન તનણવમ ય દ ઢ યશ વપત ભ છ. ત ન રયણ ભ ણ અ ત સ કદ અલ છ. Jan. March, 2015 (226) Spacial Issue

238 ISSN તલરન લ ત વભ ળ ક ષગણઔ વ ગવ લત વન મઔન ચરયત ર દ વ ય પ રખ થ મ છ. દગરત વભ જ અજ ણ તળગક ષત છ જમ ય ત ભ થ ઔઇ એઔ થલ થડ ય લ ન તળગક ષત થ મ છ ત મ ય ણ ત તળગક ષત ફ ઔ ય ફન તનય ળ ન શત ળ ન કપ યભ ખ ચ ત ન જ લન ફયફ દ ઔય ન ક છ. દગરત વભ જન ત ન તળગક ષત ય લ ન વ થ ગણ ક ષ શમ છ. રયલ ય ણ ફ ધ બણ લ ર શલ તળગક ષત ફ ઔ ય ય લ નન જલ ફદ ય અલ ભજબ ય ફન છ. આવર જ ગ ત ન તળગક ષત દગરત નલય લઔ છ. ણ ત ન વ નઔય નથ. નઔય લખય ત રયલ યન અતથ ઔ ક સ થતત ણ સ ધ ય નથ ળઔત. ભદ લ દન તભર ણ ફ ધ ડલ ર ખ છ. ળશ યભ ખમ ર દગરત ર ચ ય ફન ખ ભ બણ લ છ. ખ ભ દગરત ભ વદ નયઔ યહ છ. ખ ભભ અલ ણ લ ઠ પ રથ ચ છ. આવર અ પ રત મ વજ ખ છ ન ત દગરત ગ ર ભ ચ મત વભ મન વ થ અ છ. દગરત ગ ર ભ ચ મત વભ મ ણ લ સ તતલઔત જ ણ છ. ત ઔશ છ ઔ ન ચ ર 1 ખ ભ વબ ભ એઔર વ લઔ ય જ ભ છ. છ એ રઔ જ ઔ ત ઔયવ ડ એવ લ ય ત અતથ ઔ ય ત વધ ધય એલ વલણવ વભ જ દગરત વભ જન એ જ અલ ભ ખ છ ઔ જ થ ત ભ ત ર જ લ ળઔ ન અજ લન વલણવ વભ જન ગ ર ભ યશ તનતડ ભશ નત ઔયત યશ. આવર ણ અ ર ચ ય ભ થ મ તત નથ. ત ન ગયડ ભ ન ત ન બયલ ભ ત ણ તળગક ષત દગરત ય લ ન વ થ જભ નદ યન લ ઠ ઔયલ ભ જ મ છ. ત ન શઔ ન તધઔ યન ભ ખ ણ ત ઔય છ ત મ ય વલણવ વભ જન તનભવભ ન ગ તઔ ચશ ય નજય વભક ષ અલ છ. એઔ તયપ અયક ષણ તલયધ આ દરન તનટપ જ મ છ ન દગરતન ત ભ ઔ ન ન જ ત થ મ છ. અ ભ વલણવ વભ જ દગરત ય લધ ત મ ચ ય ઔય છ. દગરત લ વભ અલત ણ ન ન જ ફ ધ ઔય દ લ ભ અલ છ. દગરત ભ ત ન શઔ ન તધઔ યન ભ ખ ઔયલ ભ ન અ વજ છ. જ થ બતલટમભ ઔઇ દગરત આ ક ઈઠ લ લ ત ઔય ન ળઔ. આવર ઔશ છ ઔ ગયભ ણ જ નથ ત મ? ર ન ખરયઔ વ લ વતભતતલ એ શ અણ લ વન ર આનન જ ઔઔ ફ ધ ઔય દ ધ છ. ત છ લ ર ચ ય રદલવથ અણ નભ ણ ન ડત નથ. અ જનભ ય ભ ત ર વ ત ઔ ઇ છ છ? 2 લણવ વ મલસ થ વ ફ તધત વભ જ વ મલસ થ ત લ ન બમ વલણવ વભ જ દગરત ય લધ ભ નલ મ ય ત ત મ ચ ય ગ જ ય છ. આવર જ ગ ત છ. ત અ જઇ ળઔ છ ભ ત એ વ મલસ થ ન રશસ વ શલ છત ત વ મલસ થ થ ગરપ ત છ. ત વ ય -નયવ ન ખ મ ર ઔય ળઔ છ. ત વભ જન બર ઇ ભ ઔ મવ ઔય છ ણ શભ ળ વલણવ વભ જ વ થ વ ગવભ ઈતયવ ડ છ. ત વ ચ શલ છત, ત ત ન શઔ ભ ખત શલ છત ત ન ભન લ દ વ મલસ થ ગ ન ખ ય વ ગફત ઔય છ, લ ઠ ન અતથ ઔ ત ખ વ થ વ થ વલણવ વભ જન ન વશ ળઔ મ ત લ ત મ ચ ય આવર વશન નથ 1 તલરન, તલરન, બ. ન. લણઔય, ભદ લ દ : ળબ દરઔ પ રઔ ળન, પ ર. અ. ૨૦૦૧,. ૩૧ 2 એજન,. ૩૩ Spacial Issue (227) Jan. March., 2015

239 ISSN ઔય ળઔત. અકય ત ત ન અ દય જ વ ગવ ઔય છ ન ત ન ઈય ઔ યવ ન છ અખ રખ લ જ લન ટ ઔ લ દ છ. અ ત ર કઔ જડ છ ખ... 1 આવર શલ ક ય ય મ ભ ખળ નરશ ણ, ભજ ય ન દ ણ, ફ થફ ભન વશ મ ઔ ભપત ગય- સ ય ખ લ ત વભ એઔ દગરત ય લ ન ઈચ ચ ભ મ વ થ ભશ નખયન ઔશ લ ત તલશ વતલધ રમભ વ ક ષ ત ઔ ય ભ અલ છ. અતથ ઔ રયક સ થતત નફ છ, જન ભ છ ત છ. અ યત છ ત ન અખ ભ મ વ થ યઔલ ભ ન ઔ યણ. વલણવ વભ જ વદ થ વ મલસ થ ન ઈચ ચ અવન ય ગફય જભ ન છ, લણવવ મલસ થ ન અયક ષણ વ મલસ થ ભ યપત. ણ અજ જમ ય દગરતન અયક ષણ ભ છ ન ત ભ મ વ ઔય વલણવ વભ જ ભ બતલટમભ કતય ણ ફનળ ત લ બ ત થ ત ન અખ ભ મ વ ભ ન દયલ જ જ ફ ધ ઔય દ છ. લ સ તલન અર ગકત ઔયત અ લ ત વ અજન ઈચ ચ ભ મ વ થ ળશ યભ અલ ર દગરત ય લ નન દ ક બય લ ત જ છ. જ ઔશ ન ળઔ મ ન વશ ણ ન ળઔ મ. ય ત શ ર કઔ એઔ અળ જફ ય જન ભ લ છ ઔ અજ દગરત ય લ ન ઔઇથ યઔ મ ત ભ નથ. ત ત ન ભ ખવ થ ઔ વ ગવ ઔય ઔ ડ ય જ ણ છ. અલત ઔ રન ત બતલટમ છ. જ વ મલસ થ ન વલણવ વભજ અજ સ ધ બખલ છ એ વ મલસ થ ન સ ધ યલ એઔ ભ પ રશ ન છ. ય ત દગરત વભ જ ત ન જલ ફદ ય થ રયગચત થઆ યહ છ ન ભ જ ત અખ લધ યહ છ. ઈચ ચ ભ મ વ દગરત ય લ ન ભ વ ભ ન મ ફ ફત નથ. પ રસ ત ત લણવ વ મલસ થ ત ન ભ ખવ ઔ ડ ય ન અખ લધ છ. એચ. ડ. ભ વ ક ષ ત ઔ યભ ણ એ જ રઔ વ થ ન ય ડ છ, જ લણવ વ મલસ થ ન ઠ ઔ દ ય શમ છ (લ દ સ લફ જ ઔઇ શમ ત ત ન ક સ થતત ણ દમ જનઔ શમ છ ). દગરત પ રતતતનતધત લ શ શ ન મ શમ છ. ભ જ ભ ગ ર ભ તલસ ત યભ જભ નદ ય શમ છ ત ભ શ તલદ ય ન ઠ ઔ દ ય ણ શમ છ. પ ર. તલટણ વ તલધ ન ત ભજ અયક ષણ વ મલસ થ ન ઔઇ ય ત કકર ઔય છ क ई ह, सयक य बर क न न फन द ह, घ ड कक यस स त हभ आऩक ह थ भ ह. आऩक रयस य भ नह ह ग. 2 દગરત તલદ ય થ ન વ ક ષ ત ઔ ય વભમભ અધ તનઔ વભ જભ પ રલતવભ ન લણવ વ મલસ થ ન રયચમ થ મ છ. ઔથ ન મઔ અઝ દ છ ન વભમભ બ દ વદજ લ ન લચ ચ જ તતબ દન બખ ફન છ. જ અઝ દ ભ વ ગવ થમ ત અલ અઝ દ ભ થમ શત? ભ ત ર વત ત ન શસ ત તયણ. ય ત દગરત ય લ ન તળગક ષત ફન, જ ગ ત ફન ન અધ તનઔ વભ જભ યશ ર લણવ વ મલસ થ ન નઔ ય છ. વભ મ વભ જન અડ ફય વ યસ લત લણવ વ મલસ થ ન ઔ લ ય કલ ન ઔ યસ ત ળધ ય ક છ ન જ ગ ત દગરત ય લ નન ફન ળઔ ત મ સ ધ ઈચ ચ તળક ષ ભ પ રલ ળલ દ ત નથ. વભમ ફદર મ છ, દગરત તળગક ષત ય લ ન શલ ત ન ય ત લણવ વ મલસ થ ન ત ન ઠ ઔ દ યન જ ણ છ. 1 એજન,. ૩૮ 2 स य ग, स य ग, ड. दम न द फट ह, ददल र : ग तभ फ क स टय, प र. स. 2009, ऩ. 17 Jan. March, 2015 (228) Spacial Issue

240 ISSN ત ન તધઔ ય ભ ત ઔઇણ બખ રડ ઇ રડ છ. ત ફ ઠ ર ધ મ ઔન અક રળ વ થ વ બ લ છ ઔ - ड. स हफ आऩ ब र ज ए कक आऩ र ग अ ध य क फ क तय-क तय कय हभ दशरत क ख त डक यत यह ह, अफ ऩ ग ह नह आऩक. 1 ય ત વભસ મ જ લ દ ક મ છ ત થ લધ ખ બ ય છ. ઔથ ન મઔ ત જ ણ છ ભ જ તલચ ય છ ઔ - आखखय अ ध य स य ग भ हभ र ग कफ तक यह ग. 2 એઔ વભ જ વદ થ ળ મ છ, વશન ઔમ જ મ છ, શલ વશન ઔયલ ન અદત ણ ડ ખઇ છ, જ શજ ય ઔય ત શલ ત ન સ વ જ લ ય કલ ન પ રમત ન ઔય છ ભ નભન ય દગરત અખ લધ છ ન ઔથ ન મઔ જ લ ય લ નન વ ગવ જ ય ય કલ ડ છ. અ વ ગવભ ઔથ ન મઔ ય જન તતઔ લવયન ણ પ મદ ઈઠ લ છ ન ત ન શઔ ય ત ભઔ ક ષ તલદ ય થ ય જન તતભ ય ક ત ન તધઔ ય ભ રડ છ. ય ત ડ. આ ફ ડઔય-ભશ ત ભ ખ ધ ન ન ભ રઆ ય જન તત, વભમ ન વભ જન ઠખલ ન પ રમત ન ડ. તલટણ જ લ ભ ણવ શભ ળ જ લ ય ક છ. ઔઇ શદ સ ધ લ ત વભ દળ વલ ર વલણવ ત ર જઇ ળઔ છ ત શ પ ર. તલટણ દ વ ય દળ વલ ય છ - ब ई भ त सयक य क आय ण न तत क र ग कयन हत ह. अब तक त व स तव भ एक ब हरयजन 3 छ त र रयस य नह कय सक ह. भ त हत ह सब ज ततम क र ग तयक क कय. आऩ त ज नत ह ह भ ग ध व द ह उनक आश रभ भ क छ ददन यह क ह. 4 ખ ધ લ દ શવ એ એઔ સ ધ ય લ દ, વભ જવ લ શવ દળ વલ છ, ણ શ લ ઔટ ત દ વ ય એઔ વભ જન છલ ન ગબખભ શ યશ ર છ. ઔથ ન મઔ ત ભજ ન મ ય લ ન અ લ ઔટ ત ન જ ણ છ ન વભજ ણ છ. ભ અકય એઔ તલશ વતલદ ય રમભ દગરત ય લ ન ળ ક ષગણઔ વ ગવ ઔમ વ ફ દ એચ. ડ. ઔય ળઔ છ. ગયન અતથ ઔ રયક સ થતત નફ શલ છત ન ખ ભ ત ભજ વભ જ તલળ દ શલ છત ઔથ ન મઔ ઈચ ચ ભ મ વ થ વ ગવ ઔય છ. જ ન રયણ ભ શઔ ય ત ભઔ અલ છ. ફ ન લ ત વન ત રન ત ભઔ ધ મમન દ વ ય વ મ મ જઇએ ત, બ યત મ બ ન અ ફ ન યચન દગરત જ લનન ઔ ન દ રભ ય ક રક ઇ છ. શ દગરત જ લનન વ ભ જજઔ વભસ મ વ થ પ રમ ક ય ત તળક ષણ વભસ મ ઈબય અલ છ. એઔ ય ત જઇએ ત ફ ન લ ત વ લ સ તતલઔ ગ ન ય અધ રયત છ. ળ ક ષગણઔ જખતભ ઔશ લ મ છ ઔ દગરત વયઔ યન જભ ઇ છ ણ જભ ઇ જ લ ક ત દ ય ત ન ક ય ય મ થત નથ. ઈયથ જ અયક ષણ છ ત ન રખબખ વ ય વલણવ વભ જન રઔ વત ત ન દ ય અવ ન જલ ભ છ. ફ ન લ ત વભ દગરત ય લ ન તળગક ષત છ ન અતથ ઔ વભસ મ થ રડત છ. ફ ન ત ર વ ભ જજઔ ય ત છ ત શલ થ ળ ક ષગણઔ 1 2 स य ग, स य ग, ड. दम न द फट ह, ददल र : ग तभ फ क स टय, प र. स. 2009, ऩ. 17 वह, ऩ हरयजन ળબ દ વ લ ધ તનઔ છ. શ અ ળબ દ પ રસ ત ત સ તઔભ અર ગકત શલ થ ત ળબ દન ઈમખ શ થમ છ. 4 वह, (ऩ. 21 Spacial Issue (229) Jan. March., 2015

241 ISSN વભ નત ન બખ ફન છ ન તળક ષણ દ વ ય અલ ર જ ગ તતથ ત ત વ ર આ તરયઔ-ફ હ વ ગવ ન બલ છ. પ રદ ળ ગબન નત શલ છત ત ન વ લ દન એઔ જલ ભ છ. ફ ન લ ત વ દગરત વ રશત મભ યચ ઇ છ. ફ ન દગરત લ ત વ ઔશ લ મ છ. ય ત મ ઔ ફ ફત પ રદ ળ બ દન ઔ યણ ત ભજ તળક ષણ વ મલસ થ ન ઔ યણ પ રસ ત ત લ ત વભ થડ ગબન નત ઔ લ મ મ ણ જલ ભ છ. પ રદ ળ ત ભજ બ ફ ન લ ત વન ગબન ન છ. તલરન લ ત વભ ઔથ ન મઔ આવર ફ ઔ ય છ ન ખ ભભ અવ મ છ ત ન વરક રમત જ ત ન અત ભશત મ સ ધ રઆ જ મ છ. જમ ય સ ય ખ લ ત વન ન મઔ ઈચ ચ ભ મ વ ઔય છ, ખ ભડ ખ ભભ જલ ત ભજ ભશ નખયભ ભ મ વ થ રશમ ભત શ ય જલ ત મ ય નથ. તલરન લ ત વભ ઔથ ન મઔ લ ઠ ઔય ત ન ગ જય ન ચર લ છ. જમ ય સ ય ખ ન ન મઔ શજ ભ મ વ ઔય છ ન ત ન ભશત લ ઔ ક ષ ઈચ ચ છ. અથ બ લ ન ગયન અતથ ઔ રયક સ થતત વ ય ણ શલ છત ત ન ભ મ વ ઔઇણ બખ ચ ય ક છ. અભ શ વ ગવ ફ ફત તળક ષણ નઔ ય ત ભઔ ત ભજ શઔ ય ત ભઔ ભતભઔ બજલ છ. તલરનભ ઔથ ન મઔ ત ન જ તલરન ઔય છ ન ખ દ ક સ તત લ તલશ ન ફન જ મ છ. સ ય ખ ન ઔથ ન મઔ અ ધ ય સ ય ખન ક ત ન ય ઔયલ ન પ રમત ન શભ ળ ઔય છ. ત ત ભ વપ ણ થ મ છ જમ ય તલરનન ઔથ ન મઔ આવર ત ન જ લન ટ ઔ લ અ ધ ય સ ય ખન બખ ફન છ. અભ, લણવ વ મલસ થ ન ન ખચ ડ ફ ન લ ત વભ છ ણ ન બલ ન રયલ ળન ગબન નત ન ઔ યણ એઔ વ મક તત ફ હ વ ગવ ઔય અખ અલ છ જમય ફ જ આ તરયઔ ન ફ હ વ ગવ ઔય, શ ય -થ ઔ અત ભશત મ ન ખ બય છ. ળ ક ષગણઔ ન દગરત ચ તન ન વ દબ ત રન ઔય એ ત, પ રસ ત ત ફ ન લ ત વ વ પ રત શઔ ઔતન ર ગકત દસ ત લ જ દ વ ય યજ ઔય છ. અ દસ ત લ જ કય કય ચ ઔ લન ય વ ગફત થ મ છ. ક ય ઔ તળગક ષત દગરત અત ભશત મ ઔય છ ત ક ય ઔ ત ન તધઔ ય ભ વતત રડત જ લ ય કલ ડ છ. અઝ દ છ તત ઔ રભ ડ. આ ફ ડઔય ત ભજ ઔ ઔ વ શ ફ ઔ ર રઔય ન બવ ય ઔ જ જગ મ અયગક ષત ય ક શત ત ન અજ સ ધ બયલ ભ જ નથ અલ. દળ લવન વ ચ લવ થમ ણ ત ન ત જ ક સ થતત. અજ ણ અયક ષણ મથ લત છ ન ત ન વ ખ મ ક ર જગ મ ણ ક ર યશ લ ભ છ થલ ત જગ મ ય વલણવ વભ જ ઔ મવયત છ. શજ અજ ણ લ પ લ ભઔ વભ જ ત ન ય ય ખત વ મલવ મ ઔય છ. પ રસ ત ત તલરન લ ત વ ઔલ ન અધ રયત નશ ણ શઔ ઔત છ. જ અજ ણ પ ર વ ગખઔ છ. અજ ણ ફ યજખ ય ન કપ યભ ખ ર દગરત ય લ ન અત ભશત મ ન ખ બયત જલ ભ છ. અ ખ ન બયન ય દગરત ય લ ન શતસ ત શ ન ન ય શ મભ ડ ફ ર જલ ભ છ. લણવ વ મલસ થ ન અયક ષણ વ મલસ થ ન ત જ ર અખ લધ તડલ ભ ખ છ ત ત ર ત ન જ ભ લધ ગ ચલ મ ન થ ખ ળણન બખ ફન છ. પ રસ ત ત ઔથ ભ ર કઔન તલધ ન ઈલ ર કન મ છ ભ ય લતનભ એઔ અળ સ દ દગરત ય લ ન ફફત ફપ ય ક યવ ન છ બડબડ વખ ઈઠય. લ વન રઔ ખદડ રઆ આ ખણ ભ જ અખ શરલલ એન ઢબ મ શત. શભ ળ શવત, દ ક મ ત ઔશ ત, બર, બ ય લ નન ળ ભ વખ ભયવ ડલ? અ વલ રન Jan. March, 2015 (230) Spacial Issue

242 ISSN જલ ફ રઔમ ક ચભ ય ઔણ ઔણવ ચચ વત શઔ ઔત જ અલત શત. ઔણવત ય લ નન મ ત ત ભ ન વભવ લ દન એ ભન ઔરભ ઔડ લ. તલરન લ ત વ રકલ. 1 લણવ વ મલસ થ ન ત તલરન શ ન થઆ ળક ય. ય ત, એઔ અળ સ દ દગરત ય લ નન તલરન જફ ય થય. ત ણ રખ ડ ર અખન બ ઝ લલ ભ લ વભ ઔઇ વ ણ ન છ ણ નથ. ભ ત ન ખદડ લડ ઢબ યલ ભ અવ મ. અલ રયક સ થતત ઔઇણ વ લ દન ળ ર ર કઔન ઔરભ ઔડલ ભજબ ય ઔય ત સ લ બ તલઔ છ. ર કઔ ત ન વ ભ જજઔ પ રતતફદત શ દળ વલ છ. ત ફ જ તયપ અત ભ વ ગવ ઔયન ય સ ય ખ ન ન મઔ ણ જ લ રયક સ થતતભ થ વ ય થ મ છ ત ભ ત ર વમ દ રભ દ ક ત ફયપન તળર વભ ન જ છ. શ અભન -વ ભન ન લ ત તલળ છ. દગરત ય લ ન ઔઇથ ઔભ નથ, ફન ળઔ ઔ ત તલળ ન મથ ફ શતય ણ શમ. શ ર કન ઈદ શ મ સ ટ છ ઔ ન મ વભ જન તલદ ય થ ઈચ ચ ભ મ વ ઔય ળઔ જમ ય ત મગ મ ણ ન શમ, જમ ય દગરત તલદ ય થ મગ મ શલ છત જન ભ ધ રયત લણવ વ મલસ થ ન અયક ષણ વ મલસ થ ન ઔ યણ ત મગ મ છ. ઔથ ન મઔ ત ભજ ર કઔન શ જ નઔ ય ન તલદ રશ વ મલસ થ પ રત મ વ ભ અલ છ. ભ ત ર ભ મ વ ઔયલ, દલ ભ લલ ભ ત ર ઈદ શ મ નથ. અત ભવમ ભ ન ન સ લ ગબભ ન ય તત જ લન તલળ ઈદ શ મ છ. ર કઔ ડ. દમ ન દ ફ શ ઔશ છ ઔ - दशरत ह ज न सकत ह द र न क स त ऩ, स व शबभ न क ऩ ड, अऩभ तनत ह न क ददय. स व शबभ न क शरए आत भ स घर य औय स दहत म भ जकडन क द य कय भ नव म ऩ ड क उज गय कय र ग क अ दय स व दन ऩ द कयन. 2 વલણવ ત ભજ લણવન બ દ અજ ણ મથ લત છ. ત મ ય ર કઔન તલધ ન પ ર વ ગખઔ ર ખ છ. ય ત પ રસ ત ત લ ત વભ શરયજન ળબ દન ઈમખ ઔય ર કઔ પ રસ ત ત તલદ રશન નયભ ફન લ દ ધ શમ ત ભ ર ખ છ. ઔ યણ ઔ, શરયજન ળબ દ વ લ ધ તનઔ છ. અ ળબ દ દગરત વમ દ મ ભ અજ ઔઇ ખ થ ઔભ નથ. જ અ ળબ દથ ર કઔ યશ જ ઔય ળક ય શત ત તલળ વ દબ દગરત ચ તન ન લ ત વ ફન ળઔ ત. ક ય, બતલટમભ જ અ લ ત વ વ ગ રશન ન મ દ રણ થલ અવતત ત અલ ત ત ભ સ ધ ય ઔય દગરત વમ દ મન બ લન ન શ ચ ર ઠ વન તનલ યણ ઔય ળઔ. અભ, દગરત વ રશત મ ત ભજ દગરત ર કઔન ઈદ શ મ ઠઔય ક ઇન ણ ઈચ ચ અદળવ સ થ લ ન યહ છ. એ ર ઔ ભ નલત ન પય જ લ ત ફન લલ ન પ રમ વ. ઉવ શ ય : તળક ષણ જખતભ દગરત વભ જન અલ જ ળ ભ ફ ધ મ છ? ળ ભ અજ ણ ઈચ ચ દ ય વલણવ વભ જન લચવસ લ છ? ળ ભ ક રતત, ધ મક ષ, ઈ ધ મક ષ લખ ય દન અયગક ષત નથ ય કલ ભ અલત? ળ ભ અજ ણ એઔ વભ જ લધ ન લધ ળ ત ર ત જ મ છ? ત ન વભસ મ ન ઔઇ અ ત છ કય? 1 (તલરન, બ. ન. લણઔય, ભદ લ દ : ળબ દરઔ પ રઔ ળન, પ ર. અ. ૨૦૦૧,. ૦૭) 2 स य ग, ड. दम न द फट ह, ददल र : ग तभ फ क स टय, प र. स. 2009, ऩ. 05) Spacial Issue (231) Jan. March., 2015

243 ISSN અજ ણ જ મ જઇએ ત મ ઈચ ચ દ ય વલણવ વભ જન રઔ અવ ન શમ એભ થ દગરતન ક ષ ર ન ય લ દ જ શમ છ. ઔ યણ ઔ, દગરત વભ જભ જન ભ ર ન ય ન દગરત યશ અખ ભ મ વ ઔયન ય ત જ જ ણ ળઔ ઔ ત ન ઈમખ ક ય થઆ યહ છ. દગરત વ રશત મ દગરત વભ જ દ વ ય વજ વમ છ, ત ન ડ ન ત ન વભસ મ ત ભ અર ગકત થ મ છ. ન મ વભ જન વ લ દનળ ર ફન લલ ત લધ ભ નલ મ ય ત રક છ ન ત ન વ ગવ વતત જ લ ય ક છ. અ રડ ઇ ભ ત ર ત ન ડ ઔશ દ લ ઔ ત ન તધઔ યન ભ ર લ યત વ તભત નથ. ત એઔ યચન ઔય છ. જ ભ ત ન સ લ ગબભ નન યક ષ થ મ છ ન મન સ લ ગબભ ન જલ મ છ. દગરત વભ જ વ ભ અજ એઔ લ ચ રયઔ ગ ર ભ ન ભ ડ ણ થઆ ચ ક ય છ. અ ભ નતવઔ ગ ર ભ એ ર દગરત બ ર હ મણ ફનલ ન પ રરક રમ. ડ. આ ફ ડઔય અખ લધ ર તળગક ષત ય લ નન છ યશ ર ત ન બ ઇ-બ ડ ન જલ ન ન અખ રઆ અલલ ન અહ વ ન ઔય શત. ત ન અ ઈદ શ મન અજન દગરત ય લઔ મ ઔ અ ળ ત ન જ લન ક રભભ ઈત યલ ન ઔતળળ ઔય છ. ણ ફ શય ભ નતવઔ અક રભણ ઔ ઇ છ નથ. અજ ણ ગણ વભસ મ છ જ વ રશત મથ ગરપ ત યશ છ. જ મ સ ધ ર કઔ ખ દ ત ન ન બલ નરશ ઔય થલ ખ દ ભ તતબખ ઔરભ નરશ ઈ ડ ત મ સ ધ ત ન ય પ રઔ ળ અલલ વ બલ છ. ગ જય તભ અજ દગરત તલદ ય થ ન છ ત ર રમભ સ લ ધ મ મ રયલ ય લ યનલ ય અલત યશ છ ન દગરતન ભ નતવઔ ગ ર ભ ફન લ ત ન ળ ક ષગણઔ જ લન વભ પ ત ઔય દ છ. ફ જ તયપથ અજ ઈચ ચ ભ મ વભ પ રલ ળ વ દબ પ રલ ળ ય ક ષ મજ મ છ. જ ભ વ થન ય તલદ ય થ ન પ રલ ળ ભ. ણ એચ. ડ. ભ વ ક ષ ત ઔ ય ભશત ત લ ણવ છ. અ વ ક ષ ત ઔ યભ જ દગરત ય લ નન ઔઇણ બખ ફશ યન યસ ત ફત લ દ લ ભ અલ છ. સ ય ખ લ ત વન શ નય લતવન થત જલ ભ છ. જ મ અયક ષણ તલયધ આ દરન(૧૯૮૧-૧૯૮૫) થ મ છ ત મ ઔઇ ભ ન જભ ન ઔ વ લ પપ ઇન ન વ ઔ ભ વ ન જય ભ લ ર એડતભળન ન નઔય તલળ દ વ ભ ન છ. પ રશ ન ન વભસ મ ગણ છ ન વ બ લન ણ ય છ ય ત વભ જન તળક ષણ જ અજ રશન દ લ દ ત શઇ ત ભ ક ર તત ન ભ નલ મ બ લ જ ખલ રખબખ ન ન ફય ફય છ. ય ત વ બ લન ન નઔ ય ળઔ મ નરશ. ડ. આ ફ ડઔય ઔહ શત ઔ व धन म ह ज मह अन बव कयत ह कक ग जन र ग भ हभ य जन भ ह आ ह, उनक उद ध य कयन हभ य कतयव म ह. धन म ह व, ज ग र भ क ख त भ कयन क शरए सफ-क छ न म छ वय कयत ह, औय धन म ह व, ज स ख औय द ख, भ न औय सम भ न, कष ट औय कद न इम, आ ध औय त प न क ऩयव ह ककए बफन तफ तक स धर य कयत यह ग, जफ तक कक अस ऩ श म क उनक भ नव म जन भशसध द अचधक य न शभर ज ए. 1 1 हभ दशरत (दह द ऩबत रक, अ क-5), भ ख म स ऩ दक- ड. प रक र ईस, नई ददल र :,स र एक न ट रस ट, भई 2003, ऩ. 2 Jan. March, 2015 (232) Spacial Issue

244 ISSN દગરત વભ જન વ ગવ શજ જ ય છ. અજન ળ ક ષગણઔ વ મલસ થ વ ભ ત ન અક રળ ફ યહ છ. ત ન જ ર પ રતતફ તધત ઔયલ ભ અલળ, લવયન ર બ ઈઠ લલ ભ અલળ ત ર જ ત ન અક રળ તલસ પ ફન ફ ન ઔળ. વ બ લન ય છ. Spacial Issue (233) Jan. March., 2015

245 ISSN Author s Address Dr Mamata Khandal Assistant Professor, Deptt. Of Hindi, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandar Sindari, Kishangarh, Ajmer (Raj) Dr. Falguni C. Shastri Principal, Jasani Arts & Commerce College, 1, Vidyanagar, Chhelbhai Dave Marg, Rajkot Dr. C. K. Patel Associate Professor, Shri S.G.Patel Arts & Shri P.K. Desai Commerce College, Nizar, Dist : Tapi Ms Rekha Paresh Parmar Associate Professor, Department of Englilsh, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat Harish Mahuvakar Head and Associate Professor, Department of English, Sir P P Institute of Science, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar Dr. Parul Shantilal Popat Assistant Professor, Government Engineering College, Sector 28, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India Dr. Kaushal Bharatbhai Kotadia Assistant Professor, NA & TV Patel Arts College, Nana Bazaar, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India Santosh Kumar Banjare PhD Research Fellow, Centre for Diaspora Studies, Central University of Gujrat, Gandhinagar, India Krushna Chetty PhD Research Fellow, Centre for Studies in Society and Development, Central University of Gujrat, Gandhinagar, India Ranch Bhavna D. (Asso. Prof.), Bhavan s shri A. K. Doshi Mahila College, Jamnagar (Gujarat) Thakor Hemangini Nanubhai Commerce (Accountancy), Sheth C.l Commerce College, Rakhiyal, Ahmedabad Add: 8/174 Gov. D colony, Opp.vijay mill, naroda road Ahmedabad Bhavesh C. Borisagar Research Scholar in English, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat (India). Address: Shree Hari, Block No. 203, Parsana nagar street No. 5, Jamnagar Road, Rajkot Mr.Jitendra M. Agrawal M. A. Memon Higher Secondary School, Bardoli, Dist. Surat Mukesh Kumar Bairva Assistant Professor, P.G.D.A.V College (M), Delhi University Dr. Karishma. G. Sondarva Assistant Professor (English), Kamani Science College Amreli Mohammad Motiee Ph.D. in English Literature, English Department, Tehran Markazi Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Shailesh V Brahmbhatt P.HD Scholar, Rai University, Ahmedabad Advisor: Dr. B. C. Panchal Jan. March, 2015 (234) Spacial Issue

246 ISSN Shailesh V. Brahmbhatt 10, Durga sakti Row- House, Opp. Tirupati School, Chandlodiya, Ahmedabad Dr. Mahesh Jani I/c. Principal, Shree B.D.S.Arts, Science and Commerce College, Patan, Gujarat, India Kalpna Verma research scholar of Hindi Translation at Center for Indian Languages, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prf. Suhani D. Jadav Commerce lecturer of Shree Digvijaygram Arts & Comm.College, Digvijagram Sikka. Mr. Rajesh R. Desai Assistant Professor, Ambaba Commerce College, MIBM& DICA-Surat Dr.Rina D. Rensiya Visiting lecturer-saurashtra University, Rajkot-Gujarat Dr. Rakesh Patel Children's University, Gandhinagar Atman Shah Designation: Visiting faculty in Economics, St. Xavier's college, Ahmedabad Dr. HareshKumar V. Parmar 40, Ramnagar, Timbavadi Bypass, Madhuram, Junagadh hareshgujarati@gmail.com Mo Akash R. Saundarva Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, Saurashtra University, Rajkot equuh Hkkjrh 'kks/kkfkhz&hkkjrh; Hkk kk dsunz, tokgjyky usgj# fo'ofo ky;, ubz fnyyh&110067] ड. भरतक म र ज. ओ ड दर ड. क.. अर टसक एन ड स यन स क ल ज, ज मनगर. प र. ड. ऄफ़स न ज ^mdzja ड. नयन ड ल ल स प क स ड.नयन ड ल ल. ऄहमद ब द(ग जर त) ड. ऄलनल ख ड सरक र ल नयन क ल ज, लभ प र प र. च धर इ रभ इ छ ट भ इ D]@5M@, FS0AFZL4 TF@ AF\;NF, lh<,[@ GJ;FZL v #)&_?! स ल क धम श क ष ण र लसह लसकर र 0MP S8FlZIF ln5s U[,FEF. Ph.D. s;\;s'tf l;\wflgif I]lGJl;8L 5R[ZL A0L4 h}\h}g\] ZFH:YFG પ ર. જમ ભણલય Bhavan s shri A. K. Doshi Mahila College, Jamnagar (Gujarat) Spacial Issue (235) Jan. March., 2015

247 ISSN ડ. ભ ન દ ર જ. બ રહ મબટ ટ yumkku. «kuvumkh- Mk{ksþk rð¼køk, yu{. Ãke. ykxtmko yulz yu{. yu[. fkì{mko fkì us Vkuh rð{ulk, y{ëkðkë - hh ભહશમ ન.જ ડય એવ.એવ..જ ન ઔર જ, ધ ખધ ડ. હકળયક ભ ય એ. નલમ ય ડ.ઔ.લ. અટ વવ એન ડ વ મન વ ઔ ર જ, જ ભનખય ય ઠડ બ ન ફ ન ન થ બ ઈ જ દલ લગય ળબ ઈ ઠ બ ઈ H]GLIZ lz;r" O[,M4;\:S'T EJG4 ;[MZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L4 ZFHSM8v#& 5 શ ર ત જગ ન ળ યભ ય રયવચવ સ ઔ રય, ન સ ન તઔ ગ જય ત તલબ ખ, વયદ ય ર ય તનલતવ, લલ રબ તલદ ય નખય ભગન યભ ય રયવચવ સ ઔ રય, ન સ ન તઔ ગ જય ત તલબ ખ, વયદ ય ર ય તનલતવ ર મરફ ન નલન તર ર ડ. હદન ળ યભ ય ZFHIXF:+ ljefu4 zl V[GPV[DPXFC VF8Ÿ;" V[g0 SMD;" SM,[H4 X\B[`JZ વનર ક. લર zkì. f{ uþ fu. Ãkxu ze.íuz.ãkxu nkþh MkufLzhe Mfq, ykýtë ડ. હદર ક ભ ય ચ લડ TO.ડ રજ બ રઔ ન.૨૯૩,વભવણ, C-4 A.T.P.L.તત ર ભ રદય વ ક ર, ડ રજ જજ.ખ ધ નખય ન ન.૩૮૨૪૨૧ Jan. March, 2015 (236) Spacial Issue

248 ISSN ड. प र लत ग प त न थक इमटन ह ल य लन र पसट, लसल ग म सह यक ऄध य पक ह ह ईत स ह ए क यक क प रलत समर पपत ह, जह भ ह पह चत ह ऄपन य द क स ज य रखत ह ऄपन प र स म क छ स जन त मक करन क म द द भ रखत ह यह ख बस रत ए स जन त मक लच ईन ह न ललए ह, ज दकस क भ ऄपन र मत चलन क प र रण द त ह - स प दक Spacial Issue (237) Jan. March., 2015

249 ISSN Jan. March, 2015 (238) Spacial Issue

250 ISSN Spacial Issue (239) Jan. March., 2015

251 ISSN New Issue Published Please Visit : Jan. March, 2015 (240) Spacial Issue

252 ISSN લધ ભ રશત ભ વ ઔવ ઔય : Books Publication Sangharsh Publication # 191, Sector-19 B, Pocket B, Near OPG School, DDA MS Flats, Sanskriti Apartments Dwarka, New Delhi And EKLAVYA PRAKASHAN Tirupati Nagar, 'MAHEK' Dist. Junagadh, Mangrol Gujarat-India prakashaneklavya@gmail.com हम र प क और ल खक ईपय क प रक शन क म ध यम स ऄपन दकत ब प रक लशत कर सकत ह. प मतक प रक शन क ललए हम स प क कर हय ऩयभ य सह मक स ऩ दक : स घर य editorsangharsh@gmail.com And prakashaneklavya@gmail.com Web. : Mo Spacial Issue (241) Jan. March., 2015

253 ISSN Global Journal of Enterprise Information System म श ध अल ख प रक लशत करन ह त स प क कर : Haresh Parmar Mo and mail : hareshgujarati@gmail.com Old Issue Creative Space : Intrnational Journal (ISSN : ) Jan. March, 2015 (242) Spacial Issue