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10 538 Bibliography Soames, S Reference and Description: The Case Against Two-Dimensionalism. Princeton and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Spencer, C Do conversational implicatures explain substitutivity failures? Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 87: Stalnaker, R Anti-essentialism. Midwest Studies in Philosophy 4: Stalnaker, R The problem of logical omniscience I. In Context and Content, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Stephanou, Y Necessary beings. Analysis 60: Strawson, P.F On referring. Mind 59: Sullivan, A Singular propositions and singular thoughts. In Notre Dame J. Formal Logic 39: Sundholm, G Proof-theoretical semantics and Fregean identity criteria for propositions. The Monist 77: Sundholm, G Inference vs. consequence. In The Logica Yearbook 1997, ed. T. Childers, Prague: Filosofia, Czech Academy of Sciences. Szabó, Z Compositionality. In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. E. Zalta, Retrievable from, Thijsse, E On total awareness logics. In Diamonds and Defaults, ed. M. de Rijke, Dordrecht, Boston, London: Kluwer. Thomason, R A note on syntactical treatments of modality. Synthese 44: Thrush, M Do Meinongian impossible objects entail contradictions? Grazer Philosophische Studien 62: Tichý, P Mají logicky pravdivé v ty obsah?. Filosofický asopis 13: Translated as Do logically true sentences have content? in (Tichý 2004: 43 52). Tichý, P K explikaci pojmu obsah v ty. Filosofický asopis 14: Translated as On explicating the notion the content of a sentence in (Tichý 2004: 53 68). Tichý, P Smysl a procedura. Filosofický asopis 16: Translated as Sense and procedure in (Tichý 2004: 77 92). Tichý, P Intensions in terms of Turing machines. Studia Logica 26: Reprinted in (Tichý 2004: ). Tichý, P An approach to intensional analysis. Noûs 5: Reprinted in (Tichý 2004: ). Tichý, P Plantinga on essence: A few questions. Philosophical Review 81: Reprinted in (Tichý 2004: ). Tichý, P What do we talk about? Philosophy of Science 42: Reprinted in (Tichý 2004: ). Tichý, P Introduction to Intensional Logic. University of Otago, Dunedin, manuscript. Tichý, P. 1978a. De dicto and de re. Philosophia 8: Reprinted in (Tichý 2004: ). Tichý, P. 1978b. Questions, answers and logic. American Philosophical Quarterly 15: Reprinted in (Tichý 2004: ). Tichý, P Existence and God. Journal of Philosophy 76: Reprinted in (Tichý 2004: ). Tichý, P. 1980a. The logic of temporal discourse. Linguistics and Philosophy 3: Reprinted in (Tichý 2004: ). Tichý, P. 1980b. The semantics of episodic verbs. Theoretical Linguistics 7: Reprinted in (Tichý 2004: ). Tichý, P Foundations of partial type theory. Reports on Mathematical Logic 14: Reprinted in (Tichý 2004: ). Tichý, P Kripke on necessity a posteriori. Philosophical Studies 43: Reprinted in (Tichý 2004: ). Tichý, P Subjunctive conditionals: Two parameters vs. three. Philosophical Studies 45: Reprinted in (Tichý 2004: ). Tichý, P. 1986a. Indiscernibility of identicals. Studia Logica 45: Reprinted in (Tichý 2004: ).

11 Bibliography 539 Tichý, P. 1986b. Constructions. Philosophy of Science 53: Reprinted in (Tichý 2004: ). Tichý, P Individuals and their roles (in German; in Slovak in 1994). Reprinted in (Tichý 2004: ). Tichý, P The Foundations of Frege s Logic. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter. Tichý, P. 1994a. Cracking the natural language code. From the Logical Point of View 3: Reprinted in (Tichý 2004: ). Tichý, P. 1994b. The analysis of natural language. From the Logical Point of View 3: Reprinted in (Tichý 2004: ). Tichý, P Constructions as the subject-matter of mathematics. In The Foundational Debate: Complexity and Constructivity in Mathematics and Physics, eds. W. DePauli- Schimanovich, E. Köhler, and F. Stadler, Dordrecht, Boston, London, and Vienna: Kluwer. Reprinted in (Tichý 2004: ). Tichý, P Collected Papers in Logic and Philosophy, eds. V. Svoboda, B. Jespersen, and C. Cheyne. Prague: Filosofia, Czech Academy of Sciences; Dunedin: University of Otago Press. Turner, R Truth and Modality for Knowledge Representation. Cambridge: MIT Press. Wagner, S California semantics meets the great fact. Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 27: Wassermann, R Resource-Bounded Belief Revision. ILLC Dissertation Series , Enschede: Print Partners Ipskamp. Whitehead, A.N. and B. Russell Principia Mathematica. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wittgenstein, L Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. London, New York: Routlege. Woods, W.A Procedural semantics as a theory of meaning. In Elements of Discourse Understanding, eds. A.K. Joshi and B.L. Webber. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Yagisawa, T Partee verbs. Philosophical Studies 103: Zalta, E. 1988a. A comparison of two intensional logics. Linguistics and Philosophy 11: Zalta, E. 1988b. Intensional Logic and the Metaphysics of Intentionality. Cambridge, London: MIT Press. Zalta, E Singular propositions, abstract constituents, and propositional attitudes. In Themes from Kaplan, eds. J. Almog, J. Perry, and H. Wettstein, New York: Oxford University Press. Zalta, E A classically-based theory of impossible worlds. Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 38: Zimmermann, T.E Intensional logic and two-sorted type theory. Journal of Symbolic Logic 54: Zimmermann, T.E What s in two names? Journal of Semantics 22: Zouhar, M Rigidná designácia. Metafyzická téma vo filosofii jazyka. (Rigid Designation: A Metaphysical Topic in the Philosophy of Language.) Bratislava: Infopress. Zouhar, M On the notion of rigidity for general terms. Grazer Philosophische Studien 78:

12

13 Name Index A Aczel, P., 195 Adams, R.M., 181 Allo, P., 510, 513, 529 Almog, J., 423 Aloni, M., 306 Anderson, C.A., 13, 151, 187, 433 Aristotle, 24, 368, 379 B Barber, A., 385 Barendregt, H., 55 Bar-Hillel, Y., Barwise, J., 121 Bealer, G., 6, 8, 39, 71, 101, , 296, , , 421, 433 Beeson, M.J., Benacerraf, P., Benthem, J. van, 532 Berg, J., 310 Bergmann, G., 381 Berkovski, S., 371, 376 Bethke, I., 261 Betti, A., 133 Bird, A., 414 Bochvar, D.A., 84 Bolzano, B., 106, , 276, 508 Brasoveanu, A., 347 Brown, J.R., 472 C Cameron, R.P., 372 Carnap, R., 4 5, 8, 13, 16, 61, 101, 151, , 368, 441, , 519 Carrara, M., 406, 410, 469 Castañeda, H.-N., Chierchia, G., 8 Chisholm, R., 31, 415 Chomsky, N., 222 Church, A., 2 4, 10, 13, 16, 39 42, 62, 101, , 154, 202, 368, 421, 433, 488 Cleland, C.E., 102 Cmorej, P., 58, 65, 67, 69 71, Cocchiarella, N.B., 101, Cohen, M.R., 506, 527 Cresswell, M.J., 5, 7 9, 41, , 152, 398 D Davidson, D., 12, 192, 228, 421 Davies, M., 184, DeRosset, L., 372, 376 Donnellan, K., 281 Dretske, F., 5, 383, Dummett, M., 6, 8, 98, , 186 Duží, M., 9, 73, 86, 118, 144, 146, 156, 223, 235, 257, , 425, 437, 456, 458, 485, , 500, 511, 517, 526 E Eijck, J. van, 347 Einheuser, I., 180, Einstein, A., 413 Elgot-Drapkin, J.J., 460 Evans, G., 66, 184 F Fagin, R., 461 Farrell, R., 376 Fasli, M., 463 Feferman, S., 261 Fitch, F., 351 Fitting, M., 462 Fletcher, P., 98 Floridi, L., 508 Fodor, J.A., 98 Foley, R., 435 Forbes, G., , Frege, G., 3, 10 19, 24, 39, 56, 60, , , 133, 141, , , 192, 228, , 289, 309, 312, 418, 421, 427, 430, 452, 509 Friedman, J., 202 G Gahér, F., 485 Gamut, L.T.F., 17, 95, 138, 187, 200, 208, 229, 395, 422, 427, 485 Gärdenfors, P., 512 Gaskin, R., 101, 192 Geach, P.T., 74, , 404 Genesereth, M.R., 453 Groenendijk, J.,

14 542 Name Index Guenthner, F., 178 Gumb, R.D., 261 H Haji ová, E., 351 Hales, S., 423 Hamm, F., 16, 102 Hanson, N.R., 377 Harrah, D., 351 Hart, W.D., 454 Hindley, J.R., 3 Hintikka, J., 5, 30, 61, 139, , 345, 383, 434, 451, 453, 464, 509, 511 Hintikka, M.B., 61 Hodes, H.T., 418 Horák, A., 155 Horwich, P., 139 Hughes, J., 410 Humberstone, L., 184, 418 J Jackendoff, R., 139 Jespersen, B., 96, 101, 154, 181, 190, 286, 301, 347, 359, 385, 406, 410, 453, 485, 494 Johnson-Laird, P.N., 98 K Kamp, H., Kapitan, T., Kaplan, D., 4, 7 8, 13, 60, 102, 316, 318, 368, 489, 495 Kaufmann, W., 532 King, J.C., 423 Kirkham, R.L., 15 Kleene, S.C., 156 Kline, M., 81 Klop, J.V., 261 Kozen, D., 340 K etínský, J., 348 Kripke, S., 5, 7 8, 29, 116, 180, 191, 288, , , 341, , 461, 512 Kroes, P., 406 Kuchy ka, P., 228, 477 L Lambalgen, M. van, 16, 102 Lambert, K., 261 Lange, M., Leibniz, G.W., 12, 25, 32, 103, 123, 125, , 236, 260, 272, 274, , , 391, 398, 421 Leonard, H.S., 352 Levesque, H.J., 462 Lewis, C.I., 5 Lewis, D., 7, 12, 61, 101, 190, 381, 453 Linsky, B., 103 ukasiewicz, J., 84 M MacPherson, B., 451 Manna, Z., 214 Marcus, R.B., Martin-Löf, P., 6, 9, 189, 462 Materna, P., 4, 7, 97, , , 235, 313, 316, 318, 337, 351, 355, , 412, 425, 500, 517, 526 Mates, B., 41, 286, 430, McGinn, C., Meijers, A., 406 Mitchell, J.C., 3 Mitchell, S.D., 411 Moffett, M.A., 432, 469 Moggi, E., 261 Montague, R., 5 10, 12, 16, 18, 38, 42, 49, 54 55, 60, 81, 95, 102, 138, 187, 197, , 237, 260, 316, 421, , 485 Moore, J., 385 Moschovakis, Y.N., 2, 102, 124, 152 Müller, J., 531 Muskens, R., 2, 12, 15, 71, , 200, , 347 N Nagel, E., 506, 527 Neale, S., , 335, , 340 Nilsson, N.J., 453 Nortmann, U., 367, 373 P Pala, K., 535 Partee, B., 124, 229, 386, 398, 400, 402 Patton, T.E., , 186 Penco, C., 430 Peregrin, J., 328 Petrželka, J., 165 Pietroski, P., 139 Pitt, D., 385 Plantinga, A., , 384

15 Name Index 543 Pnueli, A., 214 Pollock, J.L., 459 Predelli, S., Priest, G., 19, 377, 451 Primiero, G., 2 Prior, A.N., Q Quine, W.V.O., 23, 97, 102, 184, 298, 319, 384, 433, 495 R Raclavský, J., 485 Ranta, A., 6 Reintges, C., 96 Rescher, N., 99, 369, 453, Reyle, U., 347 Richard, M., 8, 421 Rohrbaugh, G., 372, 376 Rotstein, C., 398 Russell, B., 3, 10, 27 28, 95, 100, 149, 159, 165, 185, , , 283, , , 452, 521 S Saarinen, E., 4 Sacchi, E., 469 Sandu, G., 30, 139, , 345, 434 Sartre, J.-P., Saul, J., Schiffer, S., 282, 463 Schönfinkel, M., 204, 250, 278 Schopenhauer, A., 95 Scott, D., 261, 461 Segerberg, K., 418 Seldin, J.P., 3 Sellars, W.S., 319 Sequoiah-Grayson, S., , 537 Sgall, P., 351 Sierszulska, A., 12, 421 Simchen, O., 368, 380 Soames, S., 310 Spencer, C., 385, 389 Stalnaker, R., 359, 382, 441 Stephanou, Y., 379 Stokhof, M., Strawson, P.F., 115, 118, 277, 282 Sullivan, A., 428, 431 Sundholm, G., 100, 508 Svoboda, A., 535 Szabó, Z., 138 T Thijsse, E., 460 Thomason, R., 347, 463 Thrush, M., 451 Tichý, P., 2 3, 8 23, 36, 38 39, 43, 55 61, 66, 72, 91, , 109, 111, 123, 126, , 138, 149, 151, 177, 178, 182, 184, , 195, 197, 204, 208, 218, 222, , 233, 237, 249, , 273, 278, 288, , 318, 336, , 359, 362, , , 379, , 416, 421, 432, 474 Tiuryn, J., 340 Turner, R., 463 W Wagner, S., 510 Warren, D., 202 Wassermann, R., 459 Whitehead, A.N., 165 Winter, Y., 398 Wittgenstein, L., 102, 516 Woods, W.A., 98 Y Yagisawa, T., 124 Z Zalta, E., 12, 103, 177, Zimmermann, T.E., 188, 390 Zouhar, M., 116, 191, 301, 316

16

17 Subject Index A Accessibility relation, 375, 461 Actualism, , 188 Actual world, , 359 Agent learning, 350 Algorithm, 16, 33, 54 55, 102, 291 anaphora resolution, 348 Ambiguity of anaphoric reference, 324, 328 de dicto and de re, 127, , , 324 of donkey sentences, 337 of meaning, 295 notational, 36 Analysis admissible, 135, 136, 142, 159 better and worse, ideal, 136, 142 literal, 147 Analytical content, 513, 520 Analytical information, 520, 527 Analytically true sentence, 104 Analytically valid argument, 108 Analytical truth, 170 usefulness, 507 Analytical uniqueness, 319 Anaphora, dynamic predicate logic, 340 Sandu on, Anaphoric reference, 322, 457, 480 across sentence boundary, 347 disambiguation, 346 extensional, 327, 332 hyperintensional, 329 intensional, 329, 331 to a property, 334, 348 Answer complete, 356 incomplete, 357 right and wrong, 357 Anti-actualism, , 359 Anti-contextualism, 36, 114, 260, 311, 327 Antisymmetry, 365 A posteriori, 13 14, 97, 188, 286, 359, 373, 375 Application, see Function, application A priori, 10, 13 14, 16, 76, 97, 156, 286, 290, 301, 359, 373 Argument, 23, 32, 235, 394, 396, 507 analytically, but not logically valid, 527 analytically versus logically valid, 108 invalid, 362 logically valid, 527 minimal, 528 Argument versus inference, 508 Attitudes, 28, 31 conceptual, 423 de re, 268 hyperintensional, 21, 51, 62, 81, 129, 423 hyperintensional de dicto, 424 hyperintensional de re, 424 hyperpropositional explicit, 450 intensional de dicto, 424 intensional de re, 424 notional, 424 propositional, propositional implicit, 450 schema, 424 B Base intensional, objectual, 44, 58 60, 133 Belief inconsistent, 451 Beta conversion, 438 by name, 437 Beta reduction, 202, 210, 262 by name, 267 non-equivalent, 266 by value, 269, 488 C Chronology, 61, 216, 222 Church-Rosser diamond, 10, 202 Circularity objection, 111, Commitment existential, 282 Commitment versus presupposition, 119 Compositionality, 10, 39, 40, 84, , 114, , 284, 342, 345, 421 principle, 2 Sandu on, 340 of sense, 1

18 546 Subject Index Concept Church on, 150 as closed construction, 153 definition of, 155 derived, 167 empirical, 158 empirically empty, 158 empty, 174 Frege on, 149, 150 primitive, 167 quasi-empty, 157 simple, 155, 166 strictly empty, 157 synthetic a priori, 156 Conceptual system, 289, 295, 526 definition of, 166 expressive power, 167 extension, 168 independent, 167 Congruency, 48, 124 Conjunction non-commutative, 341 Constituent occurring extensionally versus intensionally, Construction, 45 algorithmically structured, 42 atomic, 247 closed, 47 Closure, 9, 45 Composition, 9, 45 constituent, 42, 46, 196 Double Execution, 45, 238 Execution, 45 improper, 19, 36, 45 46, 51, 84 85, 88, 94, 115, mentioned, 42, 46 normal form, 155 open, 47, 312 of order n, 52 part of, 100 procedure, 3, 42 rank of complexity, 265 structured, 42, 99 Trivialization, 9, 45 used, 42, 46 used as a constituent, used versus mentioned, 234, Variable, 9, 45 Constructions procedurally isomorphic, 154 Context de dicto, 126 de re, 126 extensional, 78, 111, , 244, 333 generic versus non-generic, hyperintensional, 78, 90, 129, 244, 329 intensional, 78, 90, , 244, 329, 421 oblique, 11, 110 referential, 111 situation of utterance, 311 tau generic, 210 three kinds of, 244 Contextualism, 111, 114 Contingency, 191, , 413 Co-reference, 124, 161 Counterfactuals, Counterlegals, 414 D De dicto, 10, 22, 28, 30 31, , reading, 330 temporal, De dicto versus de re, 126, 253 reading, 390 temporal, Definiendum, Definiens, Definite article, 320 Definition, , 289 ontological, 164, 169, 294, 473 verbal, 164 De Morgan laws, 270, 410 Denotation, 13 14, 15 17, 18 20, 131, 139, 191, 289 Denotation versus reference, 301 De re, 10, 22, 28, 30 31, , reading, 330 two principles, De re versus de dicto, 126, 253 De re principle of existential presupposition, 120 of substitution, 124 Description definite, , 289, 295, 320 improper, 319 incomplete, 283 indefinite, mathematical, 283 referential versus attributive use, 281 Descriptive operator Russell, 280 Designator rigid, 191, 289, 293, 372 Direct reference, 306, 308

19 Subject Index 547 Disambiguation of anaphoric reference, 328, 346 Discourse referent, 348 Discourse representation theory, 346 Domain varying versus fixed, 378 Dominancy de dicto, 126 of higher context, 126, 129, 210, 248, 477 Donkey sentences, , Geach on, 337 Neale on, 337 Russell on, 337 Double Execution, see Constructions Dynamic predicate logic, 340 E Empirical content, 509, 515 Empirical information, 527 Entailment, 109 Entity mereologically simple, 72 structured, 72 Epistemic closure, 458 Epistemic shift, 469 Equivalence alpha, 154 of constructions, 48 eta, 154 of expressions, 161 of possible worlds, 184 quasi-identity, 154 Essence, 129, 411 of intension, 359 set of intensions, 366 Essentialism, 359, 415 Aristotelian, 368 extensional, 367 individual, 70, 72, intensional, 9, 64, 359, Kripkean, 371 scientific, 414 temporal, 377 Existence, , 245, 256, 272, 274, 378 of extensions, of individuals, 378 of intensions, Existential quantification narrow and wide scope, 482 Explication, 148, 170 Expression empirical, 57, 114, 116, 131 semantically simple, 160 simple, 166 Expressions co-referential, 161 equivalent, 161, 292 synonymous, 161, 292 Extension, 16, 61 Extensionality, 202, 273 Extensionalization, 190, 193, 198 Extensional rule, 274 F Fallacy of analysis, use-mention, 229 Fictional names, see Name, fictional Finding accidental, 494 after a prior search, Finding after a prior search rules for, Formalization, 95 Function abstraction, application, 38 39, 262 in-extension, 40, 149 extensionally individuated, 39 Frege on, 149 Inf(R), 467 in-intension, 40, 149 mapping, 38, 40, 46 n-ary, 204, 250 non-recursive, 156 partial, 38, 46, 86, 204 properly partial, 46, 63, 84, 120 propositional, 194 Schönfinkel reduction, 204, 250 unary, 204 Functional application, 190 Function Inf(R) supremum, 467 G Generalization, 414 Great Fact the, 510, 514 H Haecceitism, 381 Hesperus and Phosphorus, 285, 298, , 427