Document 1. Artists of the Italian Renaissance. Renaissance 9.9a Page 1

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1 9.9 TRANSFORMATION OF WESTERN EUROPE AND RUSSIA: Western Europe and Russia transformed politically, economically, and culturally ca This transformation included state building, conflicts, shifts in power and authority, and new ways of understanding their world. (Standards: 2, 3, 5; Themes: ID, MOV, TCC, GOV, TECH, EXCH) 9.9aThe Renaissance was in.luenced by the diffusion of technology and ideas particularly from Islamic caliphates.! Students will investigate technologies and ideas including printing and paper, navigational tools, and mathematics and medical science.! Students will explore shifts in the western European Medieval view of themselves and their world as well as key Greco- Roman legacies that in.luenced Renaissance thinkers and artists. Document 1 The period from the 1300s to the 1500s was a time of creativity and change in Europe. This period is called the Renaissance, which means rebirth. It was a golden age in the arts, literature, and sciences. Europeans developed new ideas about the world. During the Middle Ages, thinkers had wondered about life after death. Renaissance thinkers, on the other hand, were curious about life in the present. The Renaissance began in Italy in the mid-1300s and then spread north. Renaissance thinkers were interested in ancient Rome. Visible reminders of Roman culture were everywhere in Italy. In addition, Italian cities such as Florence and Venice had become centers of trade and manufacturing. Rich merchants in these cities spent large sums of money on art and education. Artists of the Italian Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci Painter, sculptor, inventor, architect, musician, engineer Painting of Mona Lisa Sketches and plans for flying machines and submarines Michelangelo Sculptor, engineer, poet, painter, architect Statue of David Dome of St. Peter s Church in Rome Raphael Painter Student of Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci Paintings of the madonna, mother of Jesus Sofonisba Anguissola Woman artist Painter for King Philip II of Spain The ideas of the intellectual movement known as humanism influenced the Renaissance. Instead of religious issues, humanists studied worldly subjects that the ancient Greeks and Romans had studied. They hoped to use ancient learning to increase knowledge about their own times. Renaissance artists studied ancient Greek and Roman art. They copied the ancient realistic style. Painters developed new ways to make their paintings realistic. For example, they studied the human body and used live models when they painted. Survey Edition CHAPTER 14/Modern Era Edition CHAPTER 1 Guide to the Essentials Prentice-Hall, Inc. Renaissance 9.9a Page 1

2 Context: Italian Renaissance 1. geographic region 2. dates begins Circa ends Circa 3. the term Renaissance means 4. ancient civilizations that influenced the Renaissance 5. Italian economic centers 6. why the Renaissance began in Italy 7. Renaissance Values Theme and Example 8. Continuity 9. Change Renaissance 9.9a Page 2

3 Document 2 Southernization India The Indians also laid the foundation for modern mathematics during the time of the Guptas. Western numerals, which the Europeans called Arabic since they acquired them from the Arabs, actually come from India. (The Arabs call them Hindi numbers.) The most significant feature of the Indian system was the invention of the zero as a number concept... The Indian zero made the place-value system of writing numbers superior to all others... With the zero the Indians were able to perform calculations rapidly and accurately, to per form much more complicated calculations, and to discern mathematical relationships more aptly. These numerals and the mathematics that the Indians developed with them are now universal just one indication of the global significance of southernization. Southernization, Lynda Shaffer,pg 2; Journal of World History, Vol. 5, No by University of Hawaii Press Indian Mathematical Contributions Impact China Daoist alchemists in the 9th century may also be related to the linkages between India and China created by Buddhism. In 644 an Indian monk identified soils in China that contained saltpeter and demonstrated the purple flame that results from its ignition. As early as 919 CE gunpowder was used as an igniter in a flame thrower, and the 10th century also saw the use of flaming arrows, rockets, and bombs thrown by catapults. The earliest evidence of a cannon or bombard (1127) has been found in Sichuan, quite near the Tibetan border, across the Himalayas from India. By the time of the Song the Chinese also had perfected the south-pointing needle, otherwise known as the compass. Various prototypes of the compass had existed in China from the 3 rd century BCE, but the new version developed during the Song was particularly well suited for navigation. Soon Chinese mariners were using the south pointing needle on the oceans, publishing needle charts for the benefit of sea captains and following needle routes on the Southern Ocean. Southernization, Lynda Shaffer; pg 11 Journal of World History, Vol. 5, No by University of Hawaii Press Renaissance 9.9a Page 3

4 Chinese Military Contributions Impact Chinese Navigational Contribution Impact Renaissance 9.9a Page 4

5 Islam Under Arab auspices, Indian mathematics followed the same routes as the crops. Al- Kharazmi (ca ) introduced Indian mathematics to the Arabic reading world in his Treatise on Calculation with the Hindu Numerals, written around 825. Mathematicians within the caliphates then could draw upon the Indian tradition, as well as the Greek and Persian. On this foundation Muslim scientists of many nationalities, including al-battani (d. 929), who came from the northern reaches of the Mesopotamian plain, and the Persian Umar Khayyam (d 1123), made remarkable advances in both algebra and trigonometry. By the 9th century they had acquired the compass (in China, most likely), and they may well have been the first to use it for marine navigation, since the Chinese do not seem to have used it for this purpose until after the 10th century Southernization, Lynda Shaffer; pg 14 Journal of World History, Vol. 5, No by University of Hawaii Press Indian Influence on Islam Islamic Contribution Chinese Influence on Islam Islamic Contribution Mongols...Mongols control of overland routes between Europe and Asia in the 13th and early 14th centuries fostered unprecedented contacts between Europeans and peoples from those areas that had long been southernized... Southernization, Lynda Shaffer; pg 17 Journal of World History, Vol. 5, No by University of Hawaii Press Areas connected Influence of Mongol Silk Roads Dates Impact Renaissance 9.9a Page 5

6 Influence of Southernization on Europe:...After 1200 Indian mathematics began to have a significant impact in Europe. Before that time a few western European scholars had become acquainted with Indian numerals in Spain, where the works of al- Kharazmi, al-battani, and other mathematicians had been translated into Latin. Nevertheless, Indian numerals and mathematics did not become important in western Europe until the 13th century, after the book Liberabaci (1202), written by Leonardo Fibonacci of Pisa (ca ), introduced them to the commercial centers of Italy. Leonardo had grown up in North Africa (in what is now Bejala, Algeria), where his father, consul over the Pisan merchants in that port, had sent him to study calculation with an Arab master. Southernization, Lynda Shaffer; pg 18 Journal of World History, Vol. 5, No by University of Hawaii Press P Prove or Disprove: The spread of Indian mathematics was a result of the Mongol Silk Roads. D Claim: External factors influenced the development of European mathematics. Renaissance 9.9a Page 6

7 Influence of Southernization on Europe: In the 17th century, when Francis Bacon observed the force and virtue and consequences of discoveries, he singled out three technologies in particular that have changed the whole face and state of things throughout the world. These were all Chinese inventions the compass, printing, and gunpowder. All three were first acquired by Europeans during this time of hemispheric reorganization. It was most likely the Arabs who introduced the compass to Mediterranean waters, either at the end of the twelfth or in the 13th century. Block printing, gunpowder, and cannon appeared first in Italy in the 14th century, apparently after making a single great leap from Mongolian-held regions of East Asia to Italy... Southernization, Lynda Shaffer; pg 18 Journal of World History, Vol. 5, No by University of Hawaii Press Claim: Chinese inventions, have changed the whole face and state of things throughout the world. Compass Inference Based Question: Support the Claim Printing Gunpowder Diffusion of Chinese Technology to Europe Invention Group Responsible for Diffusion Date to Europe Area First Impacted Compass Printing GunPowder Cannon Renaissance 9.9a Page 7

8 Political Economic Black Plague Decline in Feudal System Cultural Questioning of Church Causation for the Renaissance Ecological Diffusion of Black Plague via the Mongol Silk Roads Renaissance 9.9a Page 8

9 Prove or Disprove: The Italian Renaissance was primarily a result of external factors. Renaissance 9.9a Page 9

10 Prove or Disprove: Economic factors contributed most to the development of the Italian Renaissance. Renaissance 9.9a Page 10

11 9.9a!Students will examine political ideas developed during the Renaissance including those of Machiavelli. Quotes by Niccolo Machiavelli: The promise given was a necessity of the past: the word broken is a necessity of the present Men are Ungrateful, Changeable, Runaways in Danger, Eager for Gain Since love and fear can hardly exist together, if we must choose between them, it is far safer to be feared than loved The prince must be a lion, but he must also know how to play the fox By no means can a prudent ruler keep his word. If all men were good it would be alright to keep promises, but because they are bad and do not keep promises to you, you likewise do not have to keep your promises to them The people resemble a wild beast, which, naturally fierce and accustomed to live in the woods, has been brought up, as it were, in a prison and in servitude, and having by accident got its liberty, not being accustomed to search for its food, and not knowing where to conceal itself, easily becomes the prey of the first who seeks to incarcerate it again Men are so simple and so much inclined to obey immediate needs that a deceiver will never lack victims for his deceptions There is no other way of guarding oneself against flattery than by letting men understand that they will not offend you by speaking the truth; but when everyone can tell you the truth, you lose their respect Hence it comes about that all armed Prophets have been victorious, and all unarmed Prophets have been destroyed Whoever conquers a free town and does not demolish it commits a great error and may expect to be ruined himself Men walk almost always in the paths trodden by others, proceeding in their actions by imitation. Not being always able to follow others exactly, nor attain to the excellence of those he imitates, a prudent man should always follow in the path trodden by great men and imitate those who are most excellent, so that if he does not attain to their greatness, at any rate he will get some tinge of it Man who wants to act virtuously in every way comes to grief among so many who are not virtuous However strong your armies may be, you will always need the favor of the inhabitants to take possession of a province There are two methods of fighting, the one by the law, the other by force: the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. A return to first principles in a republic is sometimes caused by the simple virtues of one man. His good example has such an influence that the good men strive to imitate him, and the wicked are ashamed to lead a life so contrary to his example Renaissance 9.9a Page 11

12 Severities should be dealt out all at once, so that their suddenness may give less offense; benefits ought to be handed out drop by drop, so that they may be relished the more PART I: Choose 5 Quotes: 1. For each quote summarize the main idea in your own words. 2. Explain how each quote reflects Machiavellian values. PART II: Chose two individuals we have studied: Connect each individual to a different quote and explain why they would agree or disagree with Machiavelli s ideas. Individual: Quote #: Explain why they would agree or disagree with Machiavelli s ideas. Individual: Quote #: Explain why they would agree or disagree with Machiavelli s ideas. Renaissance 9.9a Page 12