PHENOMENOLOGY OF LIFE IN A DIALOGUE BETWEEN CHINESE AND OCCIDENTAL PHILOSOPHY

Transcription

1 PHENOMENOLOGY OF LIFE IN A DIALOGUE BETWEEN CHINESE AND OCCIDENTAL PHILOSOPHY

2 ANALECTA HUSSERLIANA THE YEARBOOK OF PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH VOLUME XVII Editor-in-Chief ANNA-TERESA TYMIENIECKA The World Institute for Advanced Phenomenological Research and Learning Belmont, Massachusetts

3 PHENOMENOLOGY OF LIFE IN A DIALOGUE BETWEEN CHINESE AND OCCIDENTAL PHILOSOPHY Edited by ANNA-TERESA TYMIENIECKA The World Phenomenology Institute Published under the auspices of The World Institute for Advanced Phenomenological Research and Learning A-T. Tymieniecka, President D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY A MEMBER OF THE KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP DORDRECHT/BOSTON/LANCASTER

4 Ubrary of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Phenomenology of life in a dialogue between Chinese and occidental phiiollophy. (Analecta Husserliana ; v. 17) " Published under the auspices of the World Institute for Advanced Phenomenological Research and Learning." Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. PhenomenologY- Addresses, essays, lectures. 2. Life- Addresses, essays, lectures. 3. Philosophy, Chinese-Addresses, essays, lectures. 4. Philosophy, Comparative- Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Tymieniecka, Anna-Teresa. II. World Institute for Advanced Phenomenological Research and Learning. III. Series. B3279.H94A129 vol 17 (B '.75 (128) ISBN-13: e-1sbn-13: DOl: / Published by O. Reidel Publishing Company, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, Holland. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers 190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, U.S.A. In au other countries, sokl and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers GrouP. P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, Holland. All Rights Reserved C> 1984 by D. Reidel Publishing Company Softcover reprint of the hardcover I sl edition 1984 No part ofthe material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical. including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system. without written permission from the copyright owner

5 THE THEME This volume opens up two avenues: first, it initiates a full-fledged phenomenological inquiry into the great problem of life; second, it brings together for the first time Oriental, in particular Chinese, philosophers in a phenomenological dialogue with Occidental philosophers. Life approached here at the level of the Human Condition offers a unique meeting point for such an encounter. The investigation of life remained so far inaccessible to phenomenology due to its acceptance of the sovereignty of the intentional function of man, whereas, here, switching the emphasis to the creative /unction of man accounting for his self-interpretation in existence (Tymieniecka), a functional approach is proposed which opens up the entire spectrum of life's modalities. Three groups of modalities in which man self-interprets his existence are investigated: the vital (Thaddeus Hang); the aesthetic (Yushiro Takei, S. J. Holstein, Hiroshi Kojima, Valdo Viglielmo, among others); the moral (Li Zehou, Chan-Wing Cheuk, Ynhui Park, Wei-hsun Fu, and others). At the center of this functional life approach lies the investigation of the specifically human faculties (Ru Xin, Franc;oise Dastur, Dallas Laskey, Horst Huber, Vincent Shen, and others). Interdisciplinary as well as cross-cultural - as is the pioneering way in phenomenology expounded in the Analecta Husserliana series - these studies are a selection from the program in Phenomenology and Oriental Philosophy carried on by the World Phenomenology Institute, and have been presented at two symposia in Belmont (Cambridge, Massachusetts) and at the Institute's two Oriental congresses in Asia (Hong Kong and Taichung). A-I. T. v

6 T ABLE OF CONTENTS THE THEME ANNA-TERESA TYMIENIECKA / Introduction (in English and in Chinese) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v ix xv PART I SPONTANEITY OF LIFE, INDIVIDUALIZATION, BEINGNESS ANNA-TERESA TYMIENIECKA / Harmony in Becoming: The Spontaneity of life and Self-Individualization 3 THADDEUS T'UI-CHIEH HANG / Toward a More Comprehensive Concept of life 21 CHUNG YING CHENG / Confucian Methodology and Understanding the Human Person 31 TZE-WAN KWAN / Heidegger's Quest for the Essence of Man 47 KUN-YU WOO / A Comparative Study of Lao-tzu and Husserl: A Methodological Approach 65 PART II HUMAN FACULTIES OF LIFE R U XIN / Mind and Consciousness in Chinese Philosophy: A Historical Survey 77 DALLAS LASKEY / Transcendental Consciousness in Edmund Hussed's Phenomenology 87 VINCENT SHEN / life-world and Reason in Husserl's Philosophy of life 105 FRAN~OISE DASTUR I Consciousness and Body in the Phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty: Some Remarks Concerning Flesh, Vision, and World in the Late Philosophy of Maurice Merleau- Ponty 117

7 viii T ABLE OF CONTENTS HORST WOLFRAM HUBER / Language, Consciousness, and Mind in Neo-Confucian Philosophy: The Crossbow Pellet 127 CHI-Y AN KWONG (CHI-JEN KUANG) / Conscience and Life: The Role of Freedom in Heidegger's Conception of Conscience 139 PART III LIFE, MORALITY AND INWARDNESS LI ZEHOU / A Reevaluation of Confucius 153 SHUI-CHUEN LEE / Conscience, Morality and Creativity 179 CHAN WING-CHEUK / Confucian Moral Metaphysics and Heidegger's Fundamental Ontology 187 YNHUI PARK / The Concept of Tao: A Hermeneutical Perspective 203 HSUEH-LI CHENG / Phenomenology in T'ien-t'ai and Hua-yen Buddhism 215 CHARLES WEI-HSUN FU / Chinese Buddhism as an Existential Phenomenology 229 WANG HSIEN-CHIH / A Critical Reflection on the Methods of Phenomenology, Hermeneutics, and the Idea of Contextualization in Religious and Theological Studies 253 PART IV THE LOCUS OF ART IN LIFE ANNA-TERESA TYMIENIECKA / The Tenets of Roman Ingarden's Aesthetics in a Philosophical Perspective 271 YUSHIRO T AKEI / The Literary Work and Its Concretization in Roman Ingarden's Aesthetics 285 MICHAEL E. HOLSTEIN / The Writer as Shaman 309 HIROSHI KOJIMA / A Glimpse of the Fundamental Nature of Japanese Art 323 S. J. HOLSTEIN / A Phenomenological Perspective of Theodore Roethke's Poetry 327 MEGUMI HASHIMOTO / Virginia Woolf's Theory of Reception 339 VALDO H. VIGLIELMO / The Aesthetic Interpretation of Life in The Tale a/genii 347 INDEX OF NAMES 361

8 ANNA-TERESA TYMIENIECKA INTRODUCTION To introduce this collection of research studies, which stem from the programs conducted by The World Phenomenology Institute, we need say a few words about our aims and work. This will bring to light the significance of the present volume. The phenomenological philosophy is an unprejudiced study of experience in its entire range: experience being understood as yielding objects. Experience, moreover, is approached in a specific way, such a way that it legitimatizes itself naturally in immediate evidence. As such it offers a unique ground for philosophical inquiry. Its basic condition, however, is to legitimize its validity. In this way it allows a dialogue to unfold among various philosophies of different methodologies and persuasions, so that their basic assumptions and conceptions may be investigated in an objective fashion. That is, instead of comparing concepts, we may go below their differences to seek together what they are meant to grasp. We may in this way come to the things themselves, which are the common objective of all philosophy, or what the great Chinese philosopher Wang Yang Ming called "the investigation of things". It is in this spirit that the Institute's programs include a "cross-cultural" dialogue meant to bring about a profound communication among philosophers in their deepest concerns. Rising above artificial cultural confinements, such dialogues bring scholars, thinkers and human beings together toward a truly human community of minds. Our Institute unfolds one consistent academic program. I am myself in charge of it. The theme of our Second Oriental Conference (The XII th International Conference of the World Phenomenology Institute) is by no means chosen at random. Suggested by Professor Thaddeus Hang as particularly appropriate for Chinese philosophers, it also constitutes, however, the next logical step of the Institute's research program in The Phenomenology of Life and of the Human Condition. In our Paris conference in 1978, we dealt with The Human Individual and Nature; at Dusseldorf with Man, Nature and the Possible Worlds; in Salzburg with Soul and Body. Our next natural step is to plunge into the mystery of life itself. 1. Present-day scientific inquiry has moved from defining the forces of ix

9 x ANNA-TERESA TYMIENIECKA Nature toward entering into their operations and manipulating them. Scientific technological means do, as we all know, control and manipulate life's processes to some degree. Man, the scientist, is even seeking to foster artificially new living individuals. Yet, the more we advance in this progress the more the nature of Ufe eludes us. Man can only use the means of life insofar as he recognizes it. He cannot invent it. (He remains totally absorbed with all his faculties by the encompassing network of life.) The more we advance in the progress of entering into the workings of life itself, the greater and more complex the mystery of life reveals itself. Whereas the various singular sciences may by observation, inference, hypothesis bring a variety of penetrating insights to enrich our approach to life, it is up to philosophy to bring them together into focus. Indeed, while with our present-day diversification of particular sciences even links for their communication are severed, it is the task of the research program of The World Phenomenology Institute to bring them with the phenomenological interpretative apparatus into communication. Thus we are fulfilling, in our very own way, the great task of Leibnitz and Edmund Husserl after him, of elaborating a phaenomenologia universalis, or a "first philosophy". In this, the ever-evolving unity of the discourse concerning the cosmos, Nature and man's transnatural destiny could be articulated. With what I have said the two main features of the scholarly research programs have been brought to the surface: (1) phenomenology as a focal point for cross-cultural philosophical reflection, within which philosophies of each culture find their legitimate role; and (2) phenomenology as the focus of the interdisciplinary dialogue among all the scientific disciplines - social, human, and biological - as well as the arts and technologies. It is within these two perspectives that the programs of The World Institute for Advanced Phenomenological Research and Learning are organized. 2. The Institute, founded by myself and a group of leading phenomenologists, is an institution. It is a pioneering type of postgraduate research and learning academy for scholars. It has several centers in various countries and also affiliated phenomenology societies. It incorporates three major international phenomenology societies: The International Husserl and Phenomenological Research Society; The International Society for Phenomenology and Literature; The International Society for Phenomenology and the Human Sciences. Pursuing together with all these institutions a common program - albeit each fashioning it according to its own inclinations - we organize the year long numerous seminar sessions, symposia, conferences and congresses. It is

10 INTRODUCTION xi done either independently, or with a host institution or as a satellite program of another society. All the Institute's research - as widespread topically and geographically as it is - centers on the great theme: Phenomenology of Man and of the Human Condition. All our research work is published in the Analecta Husserliana, the Yearbook of Phenomenological Research, by D. Reidel Publishing Company. Sixteen volumes have already been published and five more are in production. We also publish a unique type of philosophical review, which is a forum for the world research in phenomenology: Phenomenology Information Bulletin, A Review of Philosophical Ideas and Trends. We invite you to join us in establishing together the community of minds among scholars, a community for no other purpose but to communicate with each other and all of us your philosophical insights, queries and convictions for the benefit of progress in the philosophical understanding of the human being and his life-condition.

11 ANNA-TERESA TYMIENIECKA CHINESE TRANSLATION OF THE INTRODUCTION ft.~ooa.'ft~~.-~~hm.~w~~m ~~~& ~om.~~-.fi.oo~.m.w~.~~~~woft~m~.m~mfi.~m~ ~.~~.tt,~~~ft~~~&,~~ m~~~~1f~~-~~~,.~j::&.-!e~rilfijej::~~*b9f~jlj::, =tijg~ ~ tt~~ft~~o~.,~~~~.~~~.~~~~n&~~~~fi~' ::1JijgJm:M1 0 1jf~~f~Efr~~m;~, :1f~~g~-.~fiB9::1J~~, 1JrltJ~W ' ffff~g.~w~~*m~'ili~~~'~~~~fi.~~ft.ffff~.~~e~*~~ &~, *ji3&~?jf~~fgb9* 4m 0 ~. ' ftfr~::1j~g@] 1j r*4m*~j 0 t!t.tt~ ~*~.* ~~m~~r~~ '.~J::~~-ID~~~~~.o ~~~~.M~~,~~m ~IW::1J~,~~-~rR~~~ ~ fi~'~~~.~~*~~fi~~fthid~~m~~a~r~o~~fi~'~ Ij~~,~,~* ' tj&a~~i~itamb9~{tfiij~~ffff-~~~-oo.ieb9a~ iji$ttlllll J 0 ~-(J\~~~m.~.~-=::(J\*::1J.~' ili~~~m.~.~-t--=::?x.~' ft~~~~m ~~~~A~.#~m.~ '~OOM ~~~~~~~~.'ili~~idft~~~~~~m,~~m~~.~~m~~m.~*~-=::(j\* ::1J*.~~Mo-ft~A~ft~~B~~*.~w~rMAW~~,~tl~ ili:*m~~ r A ' ~ ~& m~gili:j!f.j '~m1j~ltjtfi~~;f~ r'l.'~f,,~mj,m~~~.ffff*~~~$~~~ ~OOMM~~Mo l. 'i'm ' f4~b9~~b~1jflvl~:*: ~ ~B9jJ:i:ffffQ~ ljfff~~efr'b9~ wwmwo~.'ie~ft~:*:*m~m-.'f4~~-!e@~j::~~&~.a ~~~@owma~-~~~f4~*'ie~~~~~at~::1j~*.w~~~ $o@~'~~::1joo~~$,ft~fia~~*~,~~~~~oa~roo~~ ~~A~~*~~=t~mE~o@E~fi~OOH~A4~*~:~~f4.*ru ~3&jJ~.M.~~ ~~Woft~~~~A~~~~*~~~~'~$~ ~$f,~jlli.r~ ~ f1t:kfo~7l. 0 ~W~.~~~f4~oo~.fi. m~ ~~mft~1f~~.~a~~~ jj'~ffff~.ft~fia~~~wo@~,~ru~~~~~.iwree~m-. ~~*'~.J::''i'~.~~~f4~~~~*T~~~~~,~~m.~*~ ~~mm.~~~::1j~'ffff~~~~~~~ooliffir~o~~,a~~::1j~'oo ~.W:.3R{ffJE1iHlJiJJj~m~f1t*ff:m*=a:L\HlijW-. r1fjffijb9m~~j ~ r~_~! J o~., :fi~m~* ' :*: ~ ~&AmB~~ ~ ~$ii~8hh~, &~B'J ~~M-tt'~OO~m~~~ji~*o UJ::m~BmlliT.~~~::1J~~~M~*~ mm.~wmrr~~~ Wfi~tt~&~~~~'~.~~.~~~~~fi~~~~ft~~&o m~ xiii r;m

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13 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This volume is the fruit of a special research program pursued by The World Institute for Advanced Phenomenological Research and Learning. This program aims at developing a phenomenological dialogue on major philosophical issues between Chinese and Occidental philosophers. The Phenomenology of Man and of the Human Condition is its focus. lowe personal gratitude to my friend Michel Masson who introduced me to the fascinations of Oriental thought. Our work would not have been possible without the contribution of Benjamin I. Schwartz's extensive and profound knowledge of Chinese thinking. The studies here presented have been delivered and discussed at two of the Institute's Oriental Symposia in our Boston Forum for the Interdisciplinary Phenomenology of Man (1979 and 1982) and two of our Oriental Congresses in Asia (at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1980 and at Tunghai University, Taichung, 1982). Special thanks are due to Professor Ambrose King of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and to President Ko-wang Mei of Tunghai University for their cooperation, sponsorship and the exquisite hospitality which they extended to our first two conferences in Asia. A-T. T. xv

14 The organising committee of the Second Oriental Phenomenology Conference, July 1982, at Tunghai University, Taichung. In front from the left; Professor Chan, Mrs Mei, A-T. Tymieniecka, Professors Ko-wang Mei (President), Fung, and Lee. At the back, Professors Kwan, Mark Thelin and Kwong.