LIMBA ENGLEZĂ MODUL ÎNCEPĂTORI

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1 UNIVERSITATEA HYPERION Facultatea Jurnalism Lector. univ. drd. Sorina Georgescu ÎNVĂŢĂMÂNT LA DISTANŢĂ LIMBA ENGLEZĂ MODUL ÎNCEPĂTORI INTRODUCERE ÎN CURSUL DE SINTEZĂ 1

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3 INTRODUCERE (INTRODUCTION) Pentru a facilita înţelegerea limbii engleze şi a modelelor de presă britanică şi americană de către studenţii de toate nivelele de la forma de Frecvenţă Redusă, din cadrul Facultăţii de Jurnalism, şi în special pentru a veni în ajutorul începătorilor, cursul de faţă îşi propune o introducere atât în gramatica şi vocabularul limbii engleze, în general cât şi în cel cu specific de presă, structurată după cum urmează: Alfabetul şi simbolurile fonetice, Gramatica noţiuni elementare, Vocabular general şi specificnivel elementar, Modele de presă britanică şi americană, Cum să scriem/gândim un eseu De la paragraf la scrierea academică. 1

4 CAPITOLUL 1 (FIRST CHAPTER) ALFABETUL SI SIMBOLURILE FONETICE (THE ALPHABET AND THE PHONETIC SYMBOLS) Obiective specifice: Prin capitolul de faţă studentul începător va deprinde competenţa de a pronunţa corect suntele limbii engleze. Subcapitole: 1. Alfabetul 2. Simbolurile fonetice 1. ALFABETUL (THE ALPHABET) A [ei] B [bi] C [si] D [di] E [i:] F [ef] G [dзi] H [eit ] I [ai] J [dзei] K [kei] L [el] M [em] N [en] O [əu] P [pi:] Q [kju:] R [ar] S [es] T [ti:] U [ju:] V [vi:] W [dλbəl ju:] X [eks] Y [wai] Z [zed] 2. SIMBOLURILE FONETICE (THE PHONETIC SYMBOLS) De ce ne trebuie simbolurile fonetice? Simbolurile fonetice ne trebuie pentru a înţelege mai bine cum se pronunţă un cuvânt atunci când îl vedem în dicţionar. Această introducere îşi propune o mai bună transmitere şi receptare a sunetelor limbii engleze şi a simbolurilor fonetice corespunzătoare, de către studenţii începători, prin echivalarea aproximativă a respectivelor sunete cu cele ale limbii române. a)vocalele (the vowels): Sunetul în limba engleză (the sound in English) Exemplu de cuvânt în limba engleză (Example of English Words) Sunetul aproximativ în limba română şi pronunţia din română a cuvântului englezesc (the sound in Romanian and the Romanian pronunciation of the English word) [i:] See [si:] (= a vedea) [ii] [sii] [I] His [hiz] (= al lui) [i] [hiz] 2

5 [i] Twenty [ twenti] (=20) [i] [tuenti] [e] Ten [ten] (= 10) [e] - [ten] [æ] Stamp [stæmp] (= timbru) [e-a] (între e şi a) [steamp] [a:] Father [ fa:ðə] (B.E * )/ [ fa:ðə r ] (A.E) (= tata) [aa] [faa+ z peltic (cu limba între dinţi) + ă + (în engl. americană r retroflex (îndoit spre cerul gurii) [o] Hot [hot] (= fierbinte) [o] [hot] [o:] Morning [ mo:niŋ] (B.E)/ [ mo r niŋ] (A.E) (= dimineaţa) [oo] [moo (o + r retroflex în engl. americană) nin (ŋ = ng, cu g mai degrabă mut)] [u] Football [ futbo:l] (= fotbal) [u] [futbool] [u:] You [ju:] (= tu) [uu] [iuu] [Λ] Sun [sλn] (= soare) [a] [san] [ə: ] sau [3:] Learn [lə:n] (B.E)/[ lə r n](a.e)sau [l3:n] (= a învăţa) [ə] Letter [ letə] (B.E}/[letə r ] (A.E) (= literă, scrisoare) [ăă] [lăăn] / [lă r n] (r retroflex) [ă] [letă]/ [letă r ] (r retroflex) * - B. E, A. E = British English (engleza britanică), American English (engleza americană) b) Diftongii (două vocale împreună) Diphthongs (two vowels together) Sunetul în limba engleză (the sound in English) Exemplu de cuvânt în limba engleză (Example of English Words) Sunetul aproximativ în limba română şi pronunţia din română a cuvântului englezesc (the sound in Romanian and the Romanian pronunciation of the English word) [ei] Name [neim] (= nume) [ei] [neim] [əu] No [nəu] (=nu) [ău] [nău] [ai] My [mai] ( = al meu) [ai] [mai] [au] How [hau] (= cum) [au] [hau] [oi] Boy [boi] (= băiat) [oi] [boi] [iə] Hear [hiə] (B.E.)/ [hiə r ] (A.E) (= a auzi) [eə] Where [weə] (B.E)/ [weə r ] (= unde) [uə] Tour [tuə] (B.E)/ [tuə r ] (A.E) (= tur) [iă] [hiă] / [hiă r ] [eă] [ueă] / [ueă r ] [uă] [tuă] / [tuă r ] 3

6 c) Consoanele (the consonants) Sunetul în limba engleză (the sound in English) Exemplu de cuvânt în limba engleză (Example of English Words) Sunetul aproximativ în limba română şi pronunţia din română a cuvântului englezesc (the sound in Romanian and the Romanian pronunciation of the English word) [p] Pen [pen] (= stilou) [p] [pen] [b] Big [big] (= mare) [b] [big] [t] Tea [ti:] (= ceai) [t] [tii] [d] Do [du:] (= a face) [d] [duu] [k] Cat [kæt] (=pisica) [c] [chet] [g] Go [gəu] (= a merge) [g] [gău] [f] Four [fo:] (B.E)/ [fo: r ] (A.E) [f] [foo]/ [foo r ] (= 4) [v] Very [ veri] (= foarte) [v] [veri] [s] Son [sλn] (= fecior, copil) [s] [san] [z] Zoo [zu:] (= gradina [z] [zuu] zoologică) [l] Live [liv] (= a trăi, a locui) [l] [liv] [m] My [mai] (= al meu) [m] [mai] [n] Near [niə] (B.E)/ [niə r ] [n] [niă] / [niă r ] (A. E) (= lângă) [h] Happy [ hæpi] (= fericit) [h] [hepi] [r] Red [red] (= roşu) [r]- [red] [j] Yes [jes] (= da) [iî] [ies] [w] Want [want] (= a vrea) [u] [uant] [θ] Thanks [θæŋks] (= mulţumesc) [ s peltic, pronunţat cu limba între dinţi] [θencs] [ð] The [ðə] (= articolul hotărât] [ z s peltic, pronunţat cu limba între dinţi] [ðă] [ ] She [ i:] (= ea) [ş] [şii] [3] Television [ telivi3n] (= [j] - [ telivijân] televiziune) [t ] Child [t aild](= copil) [ce/ci] [ciaild] [d3] German [d3ə:mən] (B.E)/ [ge/gi] [ge-ă r măn] [d3ə r mən] (A.E) [ŋ] English [ iŋgli ] (= Englez(ă)) [niî/ng] [ingliş] Exerciţiu: Scrieţi fonetic, în limba engleză, următoarele cuvinte: Boy =. Paper =. Journalism =.. Girl =. Newspaper = journalist =. 4

7 CAPITOLUL 2 (SECOND CHAPTER) GRAMATICA NOŢIUNI ELEMENTARE (GRAMMAR BASICS) Obiective specifice: Prin capitolul de faţă studentul începător va deprinde competenţa de a conjuga corect verbele auxiliare ale limbii engleze, de a la utiliza în situaţiile corespunzătoare. De asemenea, va învăţa cum se formează timpurile verbale, vorbirea indirectă, diateza pasivă, pronumele, ordinea adjectivelor, şi pluralul substantivelor Subcapitole: 1. Verbele auxiliare to be, to do, to have 2. Reguli de formare timpurile 3. Vorbirea indirectă 4. Diateza pasivă 5. Pronumele 6. Articolul 7. Pluralul substantivelor 8. Ordinea adjectivelor 1. VERBELE AUXILIARE (THE AUXILIARY VERBS): TO BE (A FI), TO DO (A FACE), TO HAVE (A AVEA) Ce sunt verbele auxiliare? Verbele auxiliare sunt verbele cu care putem construi formele de interogativ (întrebările) şi de negativ în limba engleză. În această introducere verbele auxiliare vor fi conjugate la prezentul simplu (present simple) şi la trecut (past tense simple), atât cu forma lungă (long form), cât şi cu forma scurtă (short form), care este cea mai utilizată în limba engleza, atât în cea scrisă cât şi în cea vorbită. Se va da pentru fiecare caz in parte atât transcrierea fonetică specifică limbii engleze, cât şi o echivalare în limba română. a) Verbul to be (The verb to be [tu: bi:] = a fi 1. Prezentul simplu (Present Simple) a) Afirmativ (Affirmative / Statements) Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba engleză, forma lungă (Present simple, Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba română (Present simple, Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba engleză, forma scurta (Present simple, 5

8 affirmative/statement, long form, English version) affirmative/statement, Romanian version) affirmative/statement, short form, English version) I am [ai æm] / [ai em] (Eu) sunt (I = eu) I m [aim] You are [ju: a: r ] / [iu ar] (Tu) eşti (you = tu) You re [iur] He is [hi: iz] / [hi iz] (El) este (he = el) He s [hiz] She is [ i: iz] / [şii iz] (Ea) este (she = ea) She s [şiz] It is [ it iz] / [it iz] (El/ea) este (it = el/ea când It s [iţ] ne referim la obiecte, lucruri din natură sau bebeluşi) We are [wi: a: r ]/ [uii ar] (Noi) suntem (we = noi) We re [uiăr] You are [ju: a: r ] / [iu ar] (Voi) sunteţi (you = tu, voi) You re [iur] They are [ðei a: r ] / [zei ar] Ei/ele sunt (they = ei/ele) They re [zeiăr] b) Negativul (Negative) Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba engleză, forma lungă (Present simple, negatives, long form, English version) Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba română (Present simple, negatives, Romanian version) Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba engleză, forma scurta (Present simple, negatives, short form, English version) I am not (Eu) nu sunt I m not You are not (Tu) nu eşti You aren t He is not (El) nu este He isn t She is not (Ea) nu este She isn t It is not (El/ea) (obiect) nu este It isn t We are not (Noi) nu suntem We aren t You are not (Voi) nu sunteţi You aren t They aren t (Ei/ele) nu sunt They aren t c) Interogativul (Interrogative/ Yes/No Questions) Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limba engleză, (Present simple, yes/no questions, English version) Am I..? Are you..? Is he? Is she.? Is it.? Are we..? Are you.? Are they.? Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limba română (Present simple, yes/no questions, Romanian version) Sunt (eu).? Eşti (tu)? Este (el).? Este (ea).? Este el/ea (obiecte)..? Suntem (noi).? Sunteţi (voi)? Sunt (ei).? 6

9 !!! ATENŢIE!!! După cum observaţi, forma de interogativ prezent a verbului to be, se formează prin inversarea subiectului cu verbul. Avem deci, la afirmativ: I (subiect) + am (verb), pentru ca la interogativ să avem întâi am (verbul) şi apoi I (subiectul). Pentru a forma negativul, vom avea ordinea de la afirmativ, aşadar I (subiect) + am (verb), la care vom adăuga marca negaţiei, adică not. Deci I am not. 2. Timpul trecut (Past Tense Simple) a) Afirmativul (Affirmative/ Statements) Timpul trecut, forma de afirmativ, limba engleză (Past Tense Simple, affirmative/statments, English version) I was [ai woz]/[wəz] (forma slabă) / [ai uăz] You were [ju: wə: r ] / [iu: uăă r ] He was [hi: wəz] / [hii uăz] She was [ i: wəz] / [şii uăz] It was [it wəz]/ [it uăz] We were [wi: wə: r ] / [uii uăă r ] You were [ju: wə: r ] / [iu: uăă r ] They were [ðei wə: r ]/ [zei uăă r ] Timpul trecut, forma de afirmativ, limba română (Past Tense Simple, affirmative/statments, Romanian version) (Eu) am fost (Tu) ai fost (El) a fost. (Ea) a fost. (El/ea) (obiecte) a fost. (Noi) am fost. (Voi) aţi fost. (Ei/Ele) au fost. b) Negativul (Negatives) Timpul trecut, forma de negativ, forma lungă, limba engleză (Past Tense Simple, negatives, long form, English version) Timpul trecut, forma de negativ, limba română (Past Tense Simple, negatives, Romanian version) Timpul trecut, forma de negativ, forma scurtă, limba engleză (Past Tense Simple, negatives, short form, English version) I was not (Eu) nu am fost I wasn t You were not (Tu) nu ai fost You weren t He was not (El) nu a fost. He wasn t She was not (Ea) nu a fost. She wasn t. It was not. (El/ea) (obiecte) nu a fost. It wasn t. We were not. (Noi) nu am fost. We weren t. You were not (Voi) nu aţi fost. You weren t They were not. (Ei/ele) nu au fost. They weren t. c) Interogativul (Interrogative/ Yes/No Questions) Timpul trecut, interogativ, limba engleză, (Past tense simple, yes/no questions, Timpul trecut, interogativ, limba română (Past tense simple, yes/no questions, 7

10 English version) Was I? Were you? Was he? Was she? Was it? Were we? Were you? Were they? Romanian version) Am fost (eu)? Ai fost (tu)? A fost (el)? A fost (ea)? A fost (el/ea) (obiect)? Am fost (noi)? Aţi fost (voi)? Au fost (ei/ele)?!!! ATENŢIE!!! După cum observaţi, forma de interogativ trecut a verbului to be, ca şi cea de interogativ prezent, se formează prin inversarea subiectului cu verbul. Avem deci, la afirmativ: I (subiect) + was (verb), pentru ca la interogativ să avem întâi was (verbul) şi apoi I (subiectul). Pentru a forma negativul, vom avea ordinea de la afirmativ, aşadar I (subiect) + was (verb), la care vom adăuga marca negaţiei, adică not. Deci I was not. Când folosim verbul to be? # Când vrem să exprimăm vârsta Carlos is eight. (Carlos are opt ani) Anna is ten. (Anna are zece ani) # Când vrem să exprimăm naţionalitatea I m English. (Sunt englez) She s Romanian. (Ea este româncă) # Când vrem să spunem care este meseria cuiva. Jim is a teacher. (Jim este professor) Are you a student? (Eşti student?) # Cu un adjectiv You re right. (Ai dreptate) I m happy. (Sunt fericit) # Cu this/that [ði:s]/ [ðæt], [ziis]/[zeat] ( acesta/acela ) This is my book. (Aceasta este cartea mea) Is that your newspaper? (Este acela ziarul tău?) 8

11 # În întrebări Is Tom here? (Este Tom aici?) Are they Spanish? (Sunt ei spanioli?) Is this your house? (Este aceasta casa ta?) Are you ten? (Ai zece ani?) Is it easy? (E uşor?) # Ca verb auxiliar, pentru construirea formelor de continuu. I am learning English at the moment. (În acest moment învăţ limba engleză) Exerciţii: 1. Completaţi propoziţiile cu forma corectă de prezent a verbului to be : 1. I..eight. 2. He..ten. 3. You right. 4. I a student? 5. Jim.a teacher. 6...they Chinese? 2. Completaţi propoziţiile cu forma corectă de trecut a verbului to be : 7. I..eight. 8. He..ten. 9. You right. 10. I a student? 11. Jim.a teacher they Chinese? b) Verbul to do [tu: du:]= a face 1. Prezentul simplu (Present Simple) a) Afirmativ (Affirmative / Statements) Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba engleză, (Present simple, affirmative/statement, English version) I do [ai du:]/ [ai duu] You do [ju: du:] / [iuu duu] He does [hi: dλz] / [hii daz] She does [ i: dλz] / [şii daz] It does [it dλz] / [it daz] We do [wi: du:] / [uii duu] You do [ju: du:] / [iuu duu] They do [ðei du:] / [zei duu] Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba română (Present simple, affirmative/statement, Romanian version) (Eu) fac (Tu) faci (El) face (Ea) face (El/ea) (obiecte) face (Noi) facem (Voi) faceţi (Ei/ele) fac 9

12 !!! ATENŢIE!!! Observaţi terminaţia în s la persoana a treia singular a formei de afirmativ, prezentul simplu, pentru verbul to do ( does ). O vom întâlni la toate verbele din limba engleză cu excepţia celor modale. b) Negativul (Negatives) Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba engleză, (Present simple, negative, English version) I do not (= auxiliary); I do not do Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba română (Present simple, negatives, Romanian version) Eu nu (auxiliar); Eu nu fac Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba engleză, forma scurtă (Present simple, negatives, short form, English version) I don t (auxiliar, răspuns scurt); I don t do You do not; You do not do (Tu) nu..; (Tu) nu faci You don t; you don t do He does not; He does not do (El) nu.; (El) nu face He doesn t; he doesn t do She does not; She does not (Ea) nu.; (Ea) nu face She doesn t; She doesn t do do It does not; It does not do (El/ea) (obiecte) nu.; It doesn t; it doesn t do (El/ea) nu face We do not; We do not do (Noi) nu.; (Noi) nu facem We don t; we don t do You do not; You do not do (Voi) nu...; (Voi) nu faceţi You don t; you don t do They don t; They don t do (Ei/ele) nu..; (Ei/ele) nu fac. They don t; they don t do!!! ATENŢIE!!! Ca verb auxiliar, to do are ca formă de negativ, I do not, prescurtat I don t, el ajutând de fapt la formarea negativului celuilalt verb de conjugat, de exemplu I do not write, sau I don t write, Eu nu scriu. Ca verb de sine stătător, cu sensul de a face, el formează negativul cu el însuşi pe post de auxiliar, urmat de infinitivul scurt do : I don t do that, Eu nu fac asta. După cum se observă în tabelul de mai sus, infinitivul scurt do este valabil pentru toate persoanele de singular şi de plural. c)interogativul (Interrogative, Yes/No Questions) ca auxiliar, îl vom însoţi de aceea de un verb de conjugat: write [rait] ( a scrie) Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limba engleză, (Present simple, yes/no questions, English version) Do I write? Do you write? Does he write? Does she write? Does it write? Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limba română (Present simple, yes/no questions, Romanian version) Scriu (eu)? Scrii (tu)? Scrie (el)? Scrie (ea)? Scrie (el/ea) (obiecte)? 10

13 Do we write? Do you write? Do they write? Scriem (noi)? Scrieţi (voi)? Scriu (ei/ele)?!!! ATENŢIE!!! Observaţi ordinea la interogativ: auxiliarul do + subiect I + verbul la infinitiv write. Vom întâlni această ordine la forma de interogativ prezent a tuturor verbelor limbii engleze cu excepţia celor modale şi a verbului to be, pe care l-am conjugat mai devreme. Observaţi, de asemenea, faptul că la persoana a treia singular, unde la afirmativ avem he/she/it writes, deci cu terminaţia s, la interogativ, vom folosi doar s -ul de la persoana a treia singular a verbului auxiliar do, deci does, iar verbul de conjugat, write în cazul de faţă, va rămâne tot la infinitivul scurt. Aşadar, avem Does he/she/it write? şi NU Does he/she/it writes? 2. Timpul trecut (Past Tense Simple) În cazul verbului to do, avem o singură formă de trecut (past tense simple) pentru toate persoanele, şi anume did. Afirmativ: Negativ: Interogativ: I/He/We/You/They did the shopping. (Eu/El/Noi/Voi/Ei/ am/au făcut cumpărăturile). I/He/We/You/They did not do (didn t do) the shopping. (Eu/El/Noi/Voi/Ei/ nu am/au făcut cumpărăturile). Did I/he/we/you/they do the shopping? (Am/au făcut eu/el/noi/voi/ei cumpărăturile?).!!! ATENŢIE!!! Observaţi şi în acest caz forma de infinitiv scurt a verbului de conjugat, în construcţiile did not do şi did I do. Când folosim verbul to do? # Ca verb auxiliar (auxiliary verb): - în întrebări: Do you like tennis? (Iţi place tennisul?) What do you do in the evenings? (Ce faci seara?) - în negaţii: I don t like tennis. (Nu-mi place tennisul) I don t do much in the evenings. (Nu fac prea multe seara) Don t go. (Nu te duce). - în emfaze (accentuarea unei părţi a propoziţiei): 11

14 Do sit down! (Stai jos, te rog!) I do love her. (Chiar o iubesc) - în inversiune (verb înaintea subiectului): At no time did he lose his self-control. (Nu si-a pierdut controlul nici un moment). - elipsa (folosim un verb auxiliar în locul unui verb întreg): You saw Allen, didn t you? (L-ai văzut pe Allen, nu-i aşa?) # Ca verb cu scop general - activităţi nedefinite ceva (something [sλmθiŋ] / [samsin g ]), nimic (nothing [nλθiŋ] / [nasin g ]), orice (anything [eniθiŋ] /[ enisin g ]): Do something! (Fă ceva!) - pentru muncă I do the shopping, you do the cooking. (Eu fac cumpărăturile, tu găteşte) Exerciţii: 1. Completaţi propoziţiile cu forma corectă de prezent a verbului to do : 1....you like tennis? 2. I...like tennis she like tennis? 4....read! 5. They...like her! 2. Completaţi propoziţiile cu forma corectă de trecut a verbului to do : 6....you like tennis? 7. I...like tennis she like tennis? 9. They...like her! c) Verbul to have [tu: hæv] = a avea 1. Prezentul simplu (Present simple) a) Afirmativ (Affirmative / Statements) Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba engleză, forma lungă (Present simple, affirmative/statement, long form, English version) Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba română (Present simple, affirmative/statement, Romanian version) Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba engleză, forma scurtă (Present simple, affirmative/statement, short form, English version) I have [ai hæv] / [ai hev] (Eu) am I ve [aiv] You have [ju: hæv] / [iuu (Tu) ai You ve [iuv] hev] 12

15 He has [hi: hæz]/ [hii hez] (El) are He s [hiz] She has [ i: hæz] / [şii hez] (Ea) are She s [şiz] It has [it hæz] / [it hez] (El/ea) (obiecte) are. It s [iţ] We have [wi: hæv] / [uii (Noi) avem We ve [uiv] hev] You have [ju: hæv] / [iuu (Voi) aveţi You ve [iuv] hev] They have [ðei hæv] / [zei hev] (Ei/ele) au They ve [zeiv]!!! ATENŢIE!!! Observaţi şi în cazul verbului to have terminaţia s de la persoana a treia singular, pentru forma de prezent simplu. b) Negativul (Negatives) Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba engleză, forma lungă (Present simple, negatives, long form, English version) Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba română (Present simple, negatives, Romanian version) Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba engleză, forma scurtă (Present simple, negatives, short form, English version) I have not / I do not have (Eu) nu am I haven t/ I don t have You have not / You do not have (Tu) nu ai You haven t/ You don t have He has not/ He does not (El) nu are. He hasn t/ He doesn t have have She has not/ She does not have (Ea) nu are. She hasn t/ She doesn t have It has not/ It does not have (El/Ea) (obiecte) nu are. It hasn t/ It doesn t have We have not / We do not (Noi) nu avem. We haven t/ We don t have have You have not / You do not have (Voi) nu aveţi. You haven t/ You don t have They have not / They do not have (Ei/Ele) nu au. They haven t/ They don t have!!! ATENŢIE!!! Verbul to have poate fi verb auxiliar, ajutând la formarea unor întrebări pentru formele de perfect, caz în care forma de negativ prezent este I haven t., fie ca răspuns scurt, fie ca urmat de verbul de conjugat, forma a treia: I haven t written (Nu am scris). Ca verb de sine stătător, cu sensul de a avea, to have are ca formă de negativ I don t have, deci îl utilizează ca verb auxiliar pe verbul to do despre care am vorbit mai devreme. 13

16 Aceleaşi observaţii sunt valabile şi pentru formele de interogativ prezent, pe care le vom vedea în tabelul de mai jos. c) Interogativul (Interrogative, Yes/No Questions Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limba engleză, (Present simple, yes/no questions, English version) Have I..?/ Do I have? Have you..? / Do you have? Has he..? / Does he have? Has she..? / Does she have? Has it..? / Does it have? Have we..?/ Do we have? Have you..?/ Do you have? Have they..?/ Do they have? Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limba română (Present simple, yes/no questions, Romanian version) Am..? Am (eu)? Ai..? Ai (tu)? A.? Are (el)? A.? Are (ea)? A.? Are (el/ea) (obiecte)? Am? Avem (noi)? Aţi..? Aveţi (voi)? Au.? Au (ei/ele)? 2. Timpul trecut (Past Tense Simple) În cazul verbului to have avem o singură formă pentru timpul trecut (past tense simple) şi anume had, pentru toate persoanele. Afirmativ : Negativ: Interogativ: I/He/We/You/They had a car. (Eu/El/Noi/Voi/Ei/ am/au avut o maşină). I/He/We/You/They didn t have a car. (Eu/El/Noi/Voi/Ei/ nu am/au avut o maşină) Did I/he/we/you/they have a car? Am/au avut eu/el/noi/voi/ei/ o maşină?!!! ATENŢIE!!! Observaţi formarea negativului şi a interogativului verbului to have ca verb de sine stătător cu past tense-ul auxiliarului do, deci did, urmat de infinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat have. Aşadar, avem didn t have, şi did I have şi NU didn t had şi did I had. Observaţi de asemenea că în limba engleză este obligatorie exprimarea/folosirea subiectului, did I have, pe când în limba română el poate fi omis, Am avut (eu)? Când folosim verbul to have? # Ca auxiliar 1. Pentru formele de perfect (perfect verb forms): I have read the book. (Am citit/citii cartea) (present perfect prezent perfect) 14

17 I had read the book. (Citisem cartea) (past perfect mai mult ca perfectul) I will have read the book by this time tomorrow. (Voi fi citit cartea până mâine pe vremea asta).(future perfect viitorul perfect) I d like to have read this book ten years ago. (Mi-aş dori să fi citit cartea asta acum zece ani) (perfect infinitive infinitivul perfect) Having read the book before, he knew what to expect. (Citind/ Dat fiind că citise cartea înainte, ştia la ce să se aştepte). 2. Întrebări şi negaţii Have you read the book? (Ai citit/citişi cartea?) I haven t read the book. (Nu am citit/ nu citii cartea). # Când vorbim despre posesie, relaţii şi alte situaţii/stări: They have three newspapers. (Ei au trei ziare). Have you got any brothers or sisters? (Ai fraţi sau surori?) Do you often have headaches? (Ai des dureri de cap?) # Când vorbim despre acţiuni şi experienţe: I m going to have a shower. (O să fac un duş) We re having a meeting next month. (Vom avea o întrunire luna viitoare). # Când vorbim despre obligaţii I had to read yesterday. (Ieri a trebuit să citesc). # Când vorbim despre cauzarea sau experimentarea unor acţiuni şi evenimente His son had everybody laughing. (Fiul său i-a făcut pe toţi să râdă) I must have my shoes repaired. (Trebuie să-mi repar pantofii) We had our car stolen last week. (Ni s-a furat maşina săptămâna trecută) Exerciţii: 1. Completaţi următoarele propoziţii cu forma corectă de prezent a verbului to have : 1. I..a book. 2. He.a car. 3...you a picture? 4. She.not water. 5. He..a newspaper. 15

18 have : 2. Completaţi următoarele propoziţii cu forma corectă de trecut a verbului to 6. I..a book. 7. He.a car. 8...you a picture? 9. She.not water. 10. He..a newspaper. 2. REGULI DE FORMARE (FORMATION RULES)- TIMPURILE (TENSES) 1. Prezentul simplu (Present simple) obiceiuri, acţiuni generale Afirmativ (Positive): I/You/We/They read He/She/It/ reads (to read [ri:d] / [riid] = a citi) Negative: You don t read He doesn t read Interogativ: (Questions): Do you read..? Does he read.? 2. Prezentul continuu (Present continuous): - acţiuni care au loc la momentul vorbirii Afirmativ (Positive): I am reading. You/We/They are reading. He/She/It is reading. Negative: I am not reading. You aren t reading. She isn t reading. Question: Am I reading? Are you reading? Is she reading? 3. Prezentul perfect (Present perfect): - acţiuni din trecutul apropiat, cu consecinţe vizibile în prezent Afirmativ (Positive): I/You/We/they have written. He/she/it has written. (to write = a scrie) Negative (Questions): They haven t written. He hasn t written. Interogativ: Have they written? Has he written? 4. Past (Trecut) Simple: acţiune desfăşurată în trecut, cu mărci ale trecutului, ca ieri, anul trecut, etc. 1. Regulat (Regular): positive: I/You/He/She/It/We/They stopped. negative: You didn t stop. interogative: Did you stop? 2. Neregulat (Irregular): positive: I/You/He/She/It/We/They wrote. (to write wrote- written) 16

19 negative: You didn t write. interogativ: Did you write? 5. Past (Trecut) continuu (Past Continuous): acţiune trecută ce se desfăşoară în timpul altei acţiuni trecute) (Afirmative) Positive: I/He/She/It was writing. You/We/They/ were writing. Negativ: You weren t writing. She wasn t writing. Interogativ: Were you writing? Was she writing? Exerciţiu: Treceţi verbele date la infinitiv la timpurile cerute în paranteză. 1. I.. (to read prezent simplu). 2. You..(to go prezent continuu) 3. He. (to write prezentul perfect) 4. We (to watch TV past tense simplu) 5. They.. (to speak past tense continuu) 3. VORBIREA INDIRECTĂ (REPORTED SPEECH) Direct Reported I never eat vegetables He said (that) he never ate vegetables. (Nu mănânc niciodată legume) (El a spus că nu mănâncă niciodată legume) I m reading. She said (that) she was reading. I ll write to you soon. He said (that) he would write to you soon. I ve read it. She said (that) she had read it. I took it. She said (that) she had taken it. I was reading. She said (that) she had been reading. Exerciţiu: Treceţi propoziţiile următoare la vorbirea indirectă: 1. I m writing. 2. I ll talk to you soon. 3. I ve seen it 4. I ate it.. 5. I was laughing.. 17

20 4. DIATEZA PASIVA (PASSIVE VOICE) Active He helps. (El ajută) He has helped. He helped. He will help. Passive He is helped. (El este ajutat) He has been helped He was helped. He will be helped. 5. PRONUMELE (PRONOUNS) # Pronume personale cu funcţie de subiect (Subject pronouns [sλbd3ekt] [prounauns]/ [sabgect pronauns]: I [ai] = eu You [ju:] / [iuu] = tu He [hi:] / [hii] = el You [ju:] / [iuu] = voi She [ i:] / [şii] = ea It [it] = el/ea pentru obiecte sau elemente din natură We [wi: ] / [uii] = noi They [ðei] / [zei] = ei/ele # Pronume personale cu funcţie de complement (Object [obd3ekt]/ [obgect] pronouns) Me [mi: ] / [mii] = pe mine, mie You [ju:] / [iuu] = pe tine, ţie Him [him] = pe el, lui You [ju:] / [iuu] = pe voi, vouă Her [hə r ] / [hă r ] = pe ea, ei It [it] = pe el/ea, lui/ei Us [Λs] / [as] = pe noi, nouă Them [ðem] /[zem] = pe ei/ele, lor # Pronume posesive (Possessive pronouns): Mine [main] = al meu Yours [jo: r z] / [io r z] = al tău His [hiz] = al lui Yours [jo: r z] / [io r z] = al vostru Hers [hə r z] / [hă r z] = al ei its [its] / [iţ] = al lui/ei Ours [auə r z] / [auăr z ]= al nostrum Theirs [ðeəz] / [zeă r z] = al lor # this şi that Singular: this [ði:s] / [ziis] = acesta that [ðæt] / [ze-at] = acela Plural These [ðiz] / [ziz] = acestea those [ðous ] / [zous] = acelea # one, ones [wλn] / [uan] I like that one = Îmi place aceea. I don t like the blue ones= Nu-mi plac cele albastre. 18

21 Exerciţiu: Completaţi propoziţiile cu pronumele corespunzătoare: 1...am reading a book. 2. is writing his homework. 3. are going to the cinema. 4. is my house. 5. house is..` 6. ARTICOLUL (THE ARTICLE) # Articolul hotărât (the definite article) the # Articolul nehotărât (the indefinite article) a în faţa consoanelor - an - în faţa vocalelor 7. PLURALUL SUBSTANTIVELOR (PLURAL NOUNS) În limba engleză pluralul substantivelor se formează prin adăugarea unui s la forma de singural, aşa cum vom vedea mai târziu. Mai jos vom vedea doar câteva exemple de substantive neregulate. Man [mæn] / [me-an] men [men] = bărbat Woman [wumən] / [umăn] women [wimin] / [uimin] = femeie Child [t aild] / [ciaild] children [t ildrən] = copil Tooth [tu:θ] / [tuus] teeth [ti:θ] / [tiis] = dinte Mouse [maus] mice [mais] = şoarece Foot [fut] feet [fi:t] / [fiit] = picior (de la gleznă în jos) 8. ORDINEA ADJECTIVELOR (ORDER OF ADJECTIVES) În limba engleză adjectivul se aşază înaintea substantivului: A beautiful girl. O fată frumoasă. Beautiful [bju:təful] / [biutăful] = frumos Girl [gə r l] / [gă r l] = fată Când avem două sau mai multe adjective (poziţia 1 cel mai departe de substantiv) Poziţia: 1. Unul sau mai multe din următoarele tipuri de adjective: 19

22 1a Opinie: beautiful 1b Mărime: large [la r d3] / [la r gi] = lung 1c Vârstă: old [ould] = bătrân 1d Formă: round [raund] = rotund 1e Temperatură: cold [kould]/ [could] = rece Poziţia: 2. Culori: green [gri:n] / [griin] (verde), blue [blu:] / [bluu] (albastru) 3. Materialul (din ce este făcut): wooden [wudən] / [uudăn] = din lemn; plastic 4. Scop (pentru ce este): a running shoe [ə rλniŋ u:] / [ ă ranin g şuu] = un pantof pentru alergat 5. Substantivul 1c An old, leather, (din football boot (bocanc) piele) 1c Some new orange lycra, cycling shorts (nou), (portocaliu), 1a A beautiful, green, silk (mătase) shirt 20

23 CAPITOLUL 3 (CHAPTER THREE) VOCABULAR (VOCABULARY) Obiective specifice: Prin capitolul de faţă studentul începător va deprinde competenţa de a se prezenta corect în limba engleză, ca şi aceea de a utiliza corect cuvinte din cele mai frecvente şi uzuale ale limbii engleze, precum şi cuvinte specifice jurnalismului. Subcapitolele: 1. Vocabular general nivel elementar 2. Vocabular specific de presă VOCABULAR GENERAL NIVEL ELEMENTAR (GENERAL VOCABULARY ELEMENTARY LEVEL) # Prezentarea (Introducing ourselves) Hello, my name is Tom. = Bună, numele meu este Tom. hello [hel ou] = bună name [neim] = nume What is your name? = Care este numele tău? what [wot] /[uo-at] = ce, care Who are you? = Cine eşti tu? who [hu:] / [huu] = cine I am from Romania = Eu sunt din România. from [from] = din Where are you from? = De unde eşti tu? where [weə r ] / [ ueă r ] = (de) unde I live in Bucharest = Locuiesc în Bucureşti. to live [tu: liv] / [tuu liv] = a trăi, a locui Where do you live? = Unde locuieşti tu? I am a journalist. = Sunt jurnalist. journalist [d3ə r nəlist] / [giă r nălist] = ziarist I am working for Adevărul. = Acum lucrez pentru (ziarul) Adevărul. to work [tu: wə r k] / [tuu uă r c] = a lucra, a munci What is your job? = Care este meseria ta? (slujba ta acum) job [d3ob] / [giob] = ocupaţia, slujba, etc. What do you do (for a living)? = Ce faci/lucrezi (ca sa-ti castigi existenţa)? for [fo r ] = pentru living [liviŋ] / [livin g ] = existenţă, trai, mod de viaţă 21

24 I am 24 (years old) = Am 24 de ani. year [jiə r ] / [iiă r ] = an old [ould] = bătrân How old are you? = Ce vârstă ai? Câţi ani ai? What is your age = Ce vârstă ai? age [eid3] / [eigi] = vârstă # Cum salutăm şi cum răspundem la salut (Greeting and replying to greetings) Good morning! = Bună dimineaţa! good [gud] = bun, bine morning [mo r niŋ] / [mo r nin g ] = dimineaţa Good afternoon! = Bună ziua (la prânz spre după-amiază) afternoon [aftə r nu:n] / [aftă r nuun] = după-amiază Good evening! = Bună seara! evening [i:vniŋ]/ [iivnin g ] = seara Good night! = Noapte bună! night [nait] = noapte Salut formal (Formal greeting) How do you do? = Bună ziua! Vă salut!; Sărut mâna!; Îmi pare bine! Încântat de cunoştinţă! How do you do? how [hau] = cum Salut neoficial/ informal (Informal greeting) Hello, how are you? = Bună, ce mai faci? (Cum mai eşti?) Fine, thanks. And you? = Bine, mulţumesc. Şi (Dar) tu? fine [fain] = bine, bun, frumos, plăcut, minunat to thank [tu: θæŋk]/ [tuu senc] = a mulţumi thanks [θæŋks]/ [sencs] = mulţumesc - varianta scurtă (= mersi) and [end] = şi Întrebări despre sănătate (Asking and replying about health) How are you? = Ce mai faci? I m all right, thanks = Sunt bine, mulţumesc. Not so good = Nu chiar atât de bine. all right [o:l rait] / [ool rait] = în regulă so [sou] = atât de How do you feel? = Cum te simţi? 22

25 I feel fine/ great/ awful = Ma simt bine/ minunat/ groaznic. to feel [fi:l ]/ [fiil] = a (se) simţi great [greit] = minunat awful [o:ful] / [ooful] = groaznic Să spunem La revedere (Saying goodbye) Goodbye [gud bai] = la revedere Bye! [bai] = Pa Bye for now = Pa, pe curând. now [nau] = acum See you tomorrow = Pe mâine to see [tu: si:] / [tuu sii] = a vedea tomorrow [təmorou] / [tămorou] = mâine See you soon! = Pa, pe curând. soon [su:n] / [suun] = curând See you! = Pa (ne vedem) # Cum ne cerem scuze (Apologizing, Making excuses) I m (very) sorry. Îmi pare (foarte) rău. Îmi cer scuze. sorry [sori]= scuzaţi, întristat, mâhnit very [veri] = foarte Sorry, it was my fault. = Scuzaţi, a fost vina mea. fault [fo:lt] / [foolt] = vină Excuse me = Mă scuzaţi (când vrem să trecem de cineva care stă în drum; la începutul întrebărilor adresate persoanelor necunoscute) to excuse [ tu: iks kju:s] / [tuu icschiuus] = a (se) scuza I m sorry I m late. = Îmi cer scuze că am întârziat. to be late [tu: bi: leit] / [tuu bii leit] = a întârzia Never mind = Nu contează. Nu are nimic. Lasă. never [nevə r ] / [nevă r ] = nu, niciodată mind [maind] = minte, suflet, raţiune, importanţă. That s all right = E în regulă. Don t worry = Nu-ţi fă probleme. Nu te îngrijora. to worry [tu: wλri] / [tuu uari] = a se îngrijora # Cum aprobăm sau dezaprobăm (Agreeing and disagreeing) I agree = Sunt de acord. to agree [tu: əgri:] / [tuu ăgrii] = a fi de accord. That s right = Aşa este. Corect. I like this film. So do I. = Îmi place acest film. Şi mie. to like [tu: laik] / [tuu laic] = a(-i) plăcea 23

26 I don t like this film. Neither do I. = Nu-mi place acest film. Nici mie. neither [naiðə r ] / [naiză r ] = nici (unul din doi) I don t agree. = Nu sunt de acord. I don t think so = Nu cred asta. Nu cred că este aşa. Nu prea cred to think [tu: θiŋk] / [tuu sinc] = a crede # Cum cerem informaţii (Asking for information) Do you know the time? (informal) = Ştii cât e ceasul? (neoficial, informal) to know [tu: nou]/ [tuu nou] = a şti the time [ðə taim] / [ză taim] = timpul, ora Excuse me, could you tell me the time? = Fiţi amabil, aţi putea să-mi spuneţi cât este ceasul? (formal, oficial) could [kud] /[cud] = forma de condiţional a verbului can = a putea to tell [tu: tel] / [tuu tel] = a spune What does this mean, please? = Ce înseamnă asta, vă rog? to mean [tu: mi:n] / [tuu miin] = a însemna please [pli:z] / [pliiz] = a ruga How do you say (..) in English? = Cum spui (se spune) ( ) în engleză? to say [ tu: sei] / [tuu sei] = a spune # Cum cerem şi cum dăm sfaturi? (Asking and giving advice) What do you think I should do? = Ce crezi că ar trebui să fac? should [ ud]/ [şud] = forma de condiţional prezent a lui shall, cu sensul de ar trebui What would you do? = Tu ce ai face? would [wud] / [uud] = forma de condiţional prezent a lui will, cu sensul ai (ai face) I think you should (go...) = Cred că ar trebui să (te duci.) to go [tu: gou] / [tuu gă-ou] = a merge, a se duce If I were you, I would (go...) = Dacă aş fi în locul tău, aş (merge.) if [if]= dacă Why don t you (go..)? = Ce-ar fi să te duci? De ce nu te duci...? why [wai]/ [uai]= de ce What about (going...)? = Ce-ar fi să te duci? Ce-ai zice despre mersul...? about [əbaut] / [ăbaut] = despre How about (going...)? = Ce-ar fi să te duci? Cum ar fi să te duci/mersul.? Shall we (go for a walk)? = Mergem (la plimbare)? walk [wo:k] / [uooc] = plimbare Let s (go for a walk) = Hai/ Să mergem. (la plimbare). 24

27 # Cum cerem, cum acordăm şi cum refuzăm permisiune? (Asking for, giving and refusing permission) Can I (leave early?) (informal)= Pot (pleca devreme)? can [kæn] / [chen] = a putea to leave [tu: li:v] / [tuu liiv] = a pleca early [ə r li] / [ă r li] = devreme Yes, you can.= Da, poţi. No, you can t. = Nu, nu poţi. Is it alright if I (leave early)? (informal) = E în regulă dacă (plec devreme)? Sure. That s OK. = Sigur. E ok (în regulă). sure [ uə r ] / [şuă r ] = sigur Sorry, no. = Îmi pare rău, nu. May I (leave early)? (formal)= Aş putea (pleca devreme?) may [mei]= a putea, a avea voie, a-i fi permis Yes, you may. Da, ai putea. No, you may not. = Nu, nu ai putea. Do you mind if I (open the window)? (formal) = Te superi dacă (deschid fereastra?) to open [tu: oupən] / [tuu oupăn] = a deschide the window [ðə windou] / [ză uindou] = fereastra That s fine. = E ok. Go ahead = Dă-i drumul. ahead [əhed] / [ăhed] = înainte All right = În regulă. No problem = Nici o problemă. Sorry, but (I m cold) = Îmi pare rău, dar (mi-e frig). but [bλt] / [bat] = dar, însă cold [kould] / [could] = frig, rece # Cum invităm şi cum răspundem la invitaţii (Inviting and replying to invitations) Do you want to (go to the cinema)? (informal) = Vrei să (mergi la cinema?) to want [tu: wont] / [tuu uo-ant] = a vrea Do you feel like (going to the cinema)? (informal) = Ai chef să (mergi la cinema?) Would you like to (go to the cinema)? (formal) = Ai vrea să (mergi la cinema?) Thanks, I d love to (go) = Mersi, mi-ar face mare plăcere să (merg). to love [tu: lλv] / [tuu lav] = a iubi I m sorry but (I m going to a party). = Scuze dar (merg la o petrecere). party [pa r ti]= petrecere I m afraid I can t = Mi-e teamă că nu pot. 25

28 to be afraid [tu: bi: əfreid] / [tuu bii ăfreid] = a-i fi teamă # Cum oferim (Making an offer) Can I help (you)?= Pot să (te) ajut? to help [tu: help]/ [tuu help] = a ajuta Shall I help (you) = Să te ajut? Do you want (some tea)? (informal) = Vrei (nişte ceai)? some [sλm] / [sam] = nişte tea [ti: ] / [tii] = ceai Would you like (some tea)? (formal) = Ai vrea (nişte ceai)? # Cum promitem (Promises) I ll be home at = Voi fi acasă la 8.30 home [houm] = casă (acasă) I won t be late again! = Noi voi mai întarzia! to be late [tu: bi: leit] / [tuu bii leit] = a intarsia late [leit] = târziu again [əgein] / [ăghein] = din nou # Cum cerem ceva şi cum răspundem la cereri (Making requests, replying to requests) Can you (open the window), please? (informal) = Poţi (să deschizi fereastra), te rog? Could you (open the window), please? (informal) = Ai putea (să deschizi fereastra), te rog? Would you mind (opening the window), please? (formal) = Ai putea (să deschizi fereastra), te rog? Can you...? Could you...? Of course. Sure. (Bineînţeles. Sigur) of course [of ko r s] / [of co r s] = bineînţeles Would you mind.? Nu prin răspuns, ci prin acţiune. # Cum exprimăm preferinţele (Preferences) I prefer (tea) to (coffee) = Prefer (ceaiul) (cafelei) I d rather have (tea) than (coffee) = Aş vrea/bea mai degrabă (ceai) în loc de (cafea) rather [ra:ðə r ] / [raază r ] = mai degrabă than [ðæn] / [zen] = în loc de, decât 26

29 # Cum reamintim (Reminders) Don t forget to (bring your dictionary on Wednesday). = Nu uita să (îţi aduci dicţionarul miercuri). to forget [tu: fə r get] / [tuu fă r ghet] = a uita to bring [tu: briŋ] / [tuu brin g ] = a adduce Wednesday[wenzdi] / [uenzdi] = miercuri Remember to (bring your dictionary on Wednesday) = Aminteşte-ţi să (îţi aduci dicţionarul miercuri). to remember [tu: rimembə r ] / [tuu rimembă r ] = a-şi aminti # Cum descriem pe cineva? (Asking for a description and replying) What s George like? (Cum este George) He s very friendly (Este foarte prietenos) What s George like? (Cum este Cairo)- It s big city (Este un oraş mare) big [big] = mare city [siti] = oraş What does Tina look like? (Cum arată Tina?) She s tall and she s got long hair (Este înaltă şi are părul lung) to look [tu: luk] / [tuu luc] = a privi, a arăta (look like) tall [to:l] / [tool] = înalt has got = has = are long [loŋ] / [lon g ] = lung hair [heə] /[heă r ] = păr (din cap) # Cum avertizăm (Warning) Be careful! = Ai grijă! careful [keəful] / [cheă r ful] = grijuliu Careful! = Grijă! Watch out! = Atenţie! to watch [ tu: wot ] / [tuu uo-aci] = a privi Look out! = Atenţie! Mind out! = Atenţie! Fereşte! # Urări (Greetings) Happy birthday! = La mulţi ani! happy [hæpi] / [hepi] = fericit birthday [bə r θdei] / [bă r sdei] = zi de naştere, aniversare Many happy returns of the day! = Mulţi înainte! many [mæni] / [meni] = mult returns [ritə r n] / [rită r n] = reveniri We wish you a Merry/Happy Christmas! = Vă dorim Crăciun fericit! wish [wi ] / [uiş] = a dori, a vrea 27

30 merry [meri] = vessel, voios Christmas [krisməs] / [crismăs] = Crăciun We wish you a Happy New Year! = Vă dorim un An Nou fericit! new [nju:] / [niuu] = nou Happy Anniversary! = Aniversare fericită! Happy Fourth of July! = La mulţi ani cu ocazia zilei de 4 iulie! (ziua naţională in cazul Statelor Unite) # Calendarul (Calendar) a) În scris (Writing) British English: 2/ 08/ 10 2(nd) August 2 nd Aug Thursday 2 nd August, 2010 American English: 08/ 2/ 10 August 2(nd) Aug 2 nd Thursday August 2 nd 2010 În limba vorbită (Speaking): B.E the second of August, 2010; August the second, 2010 A. E - August second b) Anii (Years): 1997 (lba scrisă) = nineteen ninety-seven (lba vorbită) 2010 (lba scrisă) = two thousand and ten (lba vorbită) c) Zilele (Days): Monday [mλndi] / [mandi] = luni Tuesday [tju:zdi]/ [tiuuzdi] = marţi Wednesday [wenzdi] / [uenzdi] = miercuri Thursday [θə:zdi] / [săăzdi] = joi Friday [fraidi] = vineri Saturday [sætə r di] / [se-ată r di] = sâmbătă Sunday [sλndi] / [sandi] = duminică I ll visit you on Sunday. (Te vizitez duminică) tomorrow [təmorou] / [tă-îmorou] = mâine the day after tomorrow =poimâine after [a:ftə r ] / [aaftă r ] = după next week [nekst wi:k] / [necst uiic] = saptămâna viitoare week [wi:k]/ [uiic] = saptămâna next Sunday [nekst sλndi] / [necst sandi] = dumica viitoare yesterday [jestədi] / [iestă r di] = ieri the day before yesterday = alaltăieri before [bifo: r ] / [bifoo r ]= înainte last week = saptămâna trecută last [la:st] / [laast] = ultimo, cel din urmă last Sunday = duminica trecută 28

31 d) Lunile (Months): January [d3ænjuəri] / [geaniuări], February [februəri] / [februări], March [ma:t ] / [ma r ci], April [eiprəl] / [eiprăl], May [mei], June [d3u:n]/ [giuun], July [d3u:lai] / [giuulai], August [o:gəst] / [oogăst], September [septembə r ] / [septembă r ], October[oktoubə r ] / [octoubă r ], November [nouvembə r ] / [nouvembă r ], December [disembə r ] / [disembă r ] - formele prescurtate short forms Jan Feb Mar Apr Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec I ll be back in June. = Mă voi întoarce în iunie. back [bæk] / [bec] = înapoi next month [mλnθ] /[ mans] = luna viitoare last month = luna trecută e) Anotimpurile (seasons): spring = primăvara; summer [sλmə r ] / [samă r ] = vara autumn [o:təm] / [ootăm] = toamna winter [wintə r ] / [uintă r ] = iarna I m going to Portugal in the winter. # Timpul (Time) next summer = vara viitoare last winter = iarna trecută a) Momentele zilei (Parts of the day) in the morning [in ðə mo:niŋ] / [in ză mo r nin g ] = dimineaţa in the afternoon [in ði a:ftənu:n] / [in zi aaftă r nuun] = după-amiaza in the evening [in ði i:vniŋ] / [in zi iivnin g ] = seara at night [æt nait] / [et nait] = noaptea, seara at midday (noon) [æt middei] / [et middei] = la prânz at midnight [æt midnait] / [et midnait] = la miezul nopţii b) a.m şi p.m midnight to midday = a.m 1.00 a.m midday to midnight = p.m 4,45 p.m midnight = a.m. midday = p.m c) Sistemul de 24 de ore (24-hour clock) hour [auə r ] / [auă r ] = ora clock [klok] / [cloc] = ceas thirteen fifty [θə:ti:n fifti] / [să r tiin fifti] = treisprezece cincizeci d) Cum spunem ora (Telling the time) 29

32 ora 3 fix = three o clock [θri:] / [srii] 3 şi 5 = five past three [faiv] 3 şi 10 = ten past three 3 şi un sfert = a quarter past three 3 şi 20 =twenty past three [twenty] / [ tuenti] 3 şi 25 = twenty-five past three 3 şi jumătate = half past three [ha:f]/ [haaf[ 4 fără 25 = twenty-five to four [fo: r ] / [foo r ] 4 fără 20 = twenty to four 4 fără un sfert =a quarter to four 4 fără 10 = ten to four 4 fără 5 = five to four 3.12 =twelve minutes past three 3.43 = seventeen minutes to four - Sistemul digital (Digital system) 2.10 two ten 1.15 one fifteen four twenty-six 5.30 five thirty six forty seven forty-five Cum întrebăm cât e ceasul (Asking the time) What s the time? It s five o clock. (E ora cinci) What time is it? It s twenty to nine (E nouă fără douăzeci) Nu se poate spune: They are seven o clock! # Numerele (Numbers) Numeralul cardinal (Cardinal numbers) 1 = one [wλn] / [uan] 16 = sixteen [siksti:n] / [sicstiin] 2 = two [tu:] / [tuu] 17 = seventeen [sevənti:n] / [sevăntiin] 3 = three [θri:] / [srii] 18 = eighteen [eiti:n] / [eitiin] 4 = four [fo: r ] / [foo r ] 19 = nineteen [nainti:n] / [naintiin] 5 = five [faiv] 20 = twenty [twenti] / [tuenti] 6 = six [siks] / [sics] 21 = twenty-one [twenti wλn]/ [tuenti-uan] 7 = seven [sevən] / [sevăn] 22 = twenty-two [twenti tu:] / [tuenti-tuu] 8 = eight [eit] 30 = thirty [θə r ti] / [să r ti] 9 = nine [nain] 40 = forty [fo r ti] 10 = ten [ten] 50 = fifty [fifti] 11 = eleven [ilevən] / [ilevăn] 60 = sixty [siksti] / [sicsti] 12 = twelve [twelv] / [tuelv] 70 = seventy [sevənti] / [sevănti] 13 = thirteen [θə r ti:n] / [să r tiin] 80 = eighty [eiti] 14 = fourteen [fo r ti:n] / [fo r tiin] 90 = ninety [nainti] 30

33 15 = fifteen [fifti:n] / [fiftiin] 100 = a/one hundred [hλndrəd ] / [handrăd] 0 = nought [no:t] / [noot] sau zero [ziərou] / [ziărou] = pentru numerele de telefon îl pronunţăm ca pe litera o. La fotbal spunem nil. La tennis spunem love 101 = a hundred and one 200 = two hundred ( hundred nu este la plural) 300 = three hundred 999 = nine hundred and ninety-nine 1,000 = a thousand / one thousand [θauzənd] / [sauzănd] 1,001 = a thousand and one 2,250 = two thousand, two hundred and fifty ( thousand nu este plural) 999,999 = nine hundred and ninety-nine thousand, nine hundred and ninety-nine 1,000,000 = a million/ one million 5,000,000 = five million ( million is not plural) Numeralul ordinal (Ordinal numbers) 1 st = first 9 th = ninth 17 th = seventeenth 25 th = twenty-fifth 2 nd = second 10 th = tenth 18 th = eighteenth 26 th = twenty-sixth 3 rd = third 11 th = eleventh 19 th = nineteenth 27 th = twenty-seventh 4 th = fourth 12 th = twelfth 20 th = twentieth 28 th = twenty-eigth 5 th = fifth 13 th = thirteenth 21 st = twenty-first 29 th = twenty-ninth 6 th = sixth 14 th = fourteenth 22 nd = twenty-second 30 th = thirtieth 7 th = seventh 15 th = fifteenth 23 rd = twenty-third 31 st = thirty-first 8 th = eighth 16 th = sixteenth 24 th = twenty-fourth Fracţii şi zecimale (Fractions and decimals) ½ = a half (o jumătate) 3 ½ = three and a half 1.5 = one point five ¼ = a quarter (un sfert) 1 ¼ = one and a quarter 1.25 = one point two five ¾ = three quarters 4 ¾ = four and three quarters 4.75 = four point seven five # Culori (Colours) white [wait] / [uait] = alb yellow [jelou] = galben pink [piŋk] / [pinc] = roz mauve [məuv] / [măuv] = mov blue [blu:] / [bluu] = albastru black [blæk] / [blec] = negru orange [orind3] /[oringi] = portocaliu red [red] = roşu green [gri:n] / [griin] = verde 31

34 # Figuri geometrice (Geometrical figures) square [skweə r ]/ [schueă r ] = pătrat rectangle [rectæŋgl] / [recteangl ] = dreptunghi triangle[traiæŋgl]/[traieangl] =triunghi circle [sə r kl]/ [să r cl] = cerc rhombus [rombəs]/[rombăs] = romb # Flori, fructe, legume (Flowers, fruit, vegetables) rose [rəuz] / [răuz] = trandafir carnation[ka r nei ən] / [ca r neişăn] = garoafă geranium [d3iræniəm]/ [gireaniăm] = muşcată hyacinth [haiəsinθ] / [haiăsins] = zambilă dandelion [dændəlaiən] / [deandălaiăn] = păpădie apple [æpl] = măr plum [plλm] / [plam] = prună peach [pi:t ] / [piici] = piersică (sweet) cherry [(swi:t) t eri] / [suiit ceri] = cireaşă (sour) cherry [(sauə) t eri] / [(sauă) ceri] = vişină strawberry [strobəri] / [strobări] = căpşună raspberry [ra:sberi] / [raasberi] = zmeură lemon [lemən] / [lemăn] = lămâie tulip [tjulip] / [tiulip] = lalea trifoi [trefoil] = trifoi lily [lili] = crin pear [peə r ] = pară apricot [eiprikot] / [eipricot] = caisă grape [greip ] = strugure blackberry [blæk~]/ [blec~] = mură nut [nλt] = nucă (hazel)nut [heizəl ~] = alună lemon [lemən] / [lemăn] = lămâie orange [orind3] / [oringi] = portocală carrot [kærət] / [chearăt] = morcov potato [pəteitəu] / [păteitău] = cartof tomato [təma:təu] / [tămaatău] = roşie marrow [mærəu] / [mearău] = dovlecel parsley [pa r sli] = pătrunjel eggplant [egpla:nt] / [egplaant] = vânăta dill [dil] = mărar cucumber [kju:kλmbă r ] / [chiuucambă r ] celery [seləri] / [selări] = ţelină = castravete parsnip [pa r snip] = păstârnac pumpkin [pλmpkin] /[pampchin] = dovleac pepper [pepə r ] = ardei bean [bi:n] / [biin] = fasole peas [pi:z] / [piiz] = mazăre # Detalii personale (Personal details) name [neim] = nume age [eid3] / [eigi] = vârstă to live [liv] = a trăi, a locui address [ədres] / [ădres] = adresă birthday [bə r θdei] / [bă r sdei] = zi de naştere to pass [pa:s]/ [paas] = a trece job [d3ob] / [giob] = ocupaţie girl [gə r l] / [gă r l] = fată friend [frend] = prieten teenager [ti:n eid3ə r ] / [tiin eigeă r ] = adolescent tall [to:l] / [tool] = înalt to use [ju:s] / [iuus] = a folosi old [ould] = bătrân to stay [stei] = a sta house [haus] = casă to come [kλm] / [cam] = a veni birth [bə r θ] / [bă r s] = naştere to work [wə r k] / [uă r c] = a munci boy [boi] = băiat child [t aild] / [ciaild] = copil woman [wumən] /[uumăn] = femeie high [hai] = înalt big [big] = mare to carry [kæri] / [cheari] = a duce 32

35 to wear [weə r ] / [ueă r ] = a purta modern [modə r n/ [modă r n] = modern to describe [diskraib] / [discraib] = a descrie to appear [əpiə r ] / [ăpiă r ] = a apărea student [stju:dənt] / [stiuudănt] = student to marry [mæri] / [meri] = a se căsători marriage [mærid3] / [merigi] = căsătorie what [wot] / [uo-at] = ce? after [a:ftə r ] / [aaftă r ] = după like [laik] / [laic] = ca, a plăcea young [jλŋ]/ [ian g ] = tânăr new [nju:] / [niuu] = nou to look [luk] / [luc] = a privi to study [stλdi] / [staid] = a studia double [dλbəl] / [dabăl] = dublu married [mærid] / [merid] = căsătorit to get[ get] / [ghet] = a obţine, a lua where [weə r ] / [ueă r ] = unde? alike [əlaik] / [ălaic] = asemenea # Familia (Family matters) family [fæmili] / [femili] = familie children [t ildrən] / [cildrăn] = copii daughter [do:tə r ] / [dootă r ] = fiică brother [brλðə r ] / [brază r ] = frate husband [hλzbənd] / [hazbănd] = soţ father [fa:ðə r ] / [fază r ] = tată grandfather [grænd~] / [grend~] =bunic grand son = nepot aunt [a:nt] / [aant] =mătuşă niece [niis] = nepoată (de mătuşă) relatives [relətiv] / [relătiv] = rude person [pə r sən] / [pă r săn] = persoană stranger [streind3ə r ] / [streingeă r ] = necunoscut foreigner [forinə r ] / [forină r ] = străin, din altă ţară eldest [eldəst] / [eldăst] = cel mai în vârstă dintre fraţi child [t aild] / [ciaild] = copil parent [peərənt] / [peărănt] = părinte son [sλn][san] = fiu sister [sistə r ] / [sistă r ] = soră wife [waif] / [uaif] = soţie mother [mλðə r ] / [mază r ] = mamă grandmother = bunică grand daughter = nepoată uncle [Λŋkəl] / [ancăl] = unchi nephew[ nevju:] / [neviuu] = nepot people [pi:pəl] / [piipăl] = lume know [nou] = a cunoaşte meet [mi:t] / [miit] = a întâlni twins[twin] / [tuin] = gemeni # Timpul liber (Free time) vacuum cleaner [vækjuəm kli:nə r ] / [ve-achiuăm cliină r ] = aspirator to do the housework [hauswə r k] / [haus uă r c] = treburile gospodăreşti alarm clock [əla r m klok] / [ăla r m cloc] = ceas deşteptător to wake up [weik Λp] / [ueic ap] = a se trezi shampoo [ æmpu:] /[şempuu] = şampon to wash your hair [wo ] / [uo-ăş] = a te spăla pe cap compact disk (CD) [sidi] = CD (video) cassette = casetă (video) to listen to music [ lisən] / [lisăn], [mju:zik]/ [miuuzic] = a asculta muzică camera [kæmərə] / [cheamără] = aparat de fotografiat, cameră de televiziune to take photos [teik foutous] / [teic foutous] = a face poze piano [pja:nou] / [piaanou] = pian to play the piano [plei] = a cânta la pian 33

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