The structure of this ppt. Structural and categorial (and some functional) issues: English Hungarian

Transcription

1

2 The structure of this ppt Structural and categorial (and some functional) issues: English Hungarian 2

3 1.1. Structural issues The VP lecture (1) S NP John VP laughed. read the paper. gave Kate a present. sang a song happily. the subject predicate primary division 3

4 1.2. Structural issues verbal The VP elements lecture (2) John is has has been will have been will have been will have been being laughed laughing laughed laughing laughing laughed laughed at you. at you. at you. at you. at you. at. at. multi-verb expression: verbal complex auxiliary/auxiliaries + lexical/full verb two uses of the term VP: including or excluding the non-lexical part of the verbal complex: (aux aux aux aux V ) vs. aux aux aux aux (V ) in our approach, a mixed view: aux (aux aux aux V) 4

5 1.3. Structural issues Quirk et al. (1985) sentence subject predicate auxiliary as operator predication He should(n t) have been painting her. Should(n t) he have been painting her? (generalized) functional categories 5

6 1.4. Structural issues our alternative sentence subject auxiliary as operator predication He should(n t) have been painting her. Should(n t) he have been painting her? 6

7 (phrasal) categories 1.5. Structural issues 1. V: w+ed; w+ing; after auxiliary: You can w. 2. VP: ellipsis, movement, pro-forms [see slide 12 in the first ppt] + coordination: I will sing a song happily and write a letter. 3. N: w+s: book-s, but mouse, information after det/adjective: the boy, clever girls 4. NP: s possessive suffix: John s book, the king s book, the king of England s book (cf. his book) movement: I don t like that man. That man, I don t like. pro-forms: I don t like him. coordination: I don t like that man and this woman. 7

8 (phrasal) categories 1.6. Structural issues 5. A: w-er/-est OR more/most w: nicer, most intelligent between a numeral and a (plural) noun: two w boys 6. AP: pro: They say he is very clever, and so he may be. movement: How clever is he? coordination: He is very clever and extremely polite. 7. P: no morphological test immediately in front of a noun phrase (NP): w the park 8. PP: pro: They stopped in the park. movement: In the park they stopped. coordination: They stopped in the park and at the station. 8

9 our alternative (1) 1.7. Structural issues sentence S subject NP auxiliary as operator Aux predication VP Aux Aux V NP He should(n t) have been painting her. Should(n t) he have been painting her? together with phrasal (categorial) representation 9

10 our alternative (2) 1.8. Structural issues S NP Aux VP Aux Aux V NP He should(n t) have been painting her. Aux NP Should(n t) he have been painting her? with only phrasal (categorial) representation 10

11 1.9. Structural issues our generalized phrase structure S (XP) NP subj (Aux) VP (Aux) (Aux) (Aux) V (NP) obj1 (NP) obj2 XP* a. XP: categorial variability b. (Aux), (NP), (XP): optionality c. XP*: any number of XPs, possibly null d. imperative sentences often lack the subject NP 11

12 1.10. Structural issues 1. John laughed. 2. John will laugh. 3. John ate the cheese. 4. John gave Mary the cheese (in the morning). 5. John gave the cheese to Mary (in the morning). 6. John will laugh at Mary. 7. The children were playing loudly in the bedroom. 8. Mary, John will invite her. 9. Mary, John will invite. 10. John his name is. 12

13 1.11. Structural issues 11. In the morning I bought the tickets. 12. Did you buy the tickets in the morning? 13. What did you buy in the morning? [next slide] 14. Whose tickets did you buy in the morning? 15. John might have been being insulted by the crowd for an hour. 16. (You) Open the window! 17. Don t open the window! 18. John told Mary that Peter had bought the tickets in the morning. 13

14 1.12. Structural issues an analysis S NP Aux NP VP N N V PP P Det NP N What did you buy in the morning? 14

15 1.13. Structural issues a general (blank) structure S (XP) NP (Aux) VP (Aux) (Aux) (Aux) V (NP) (NP) XP* 15

16 2.1. English vs. Hungarian sentence structure the most fundamental difference: English is grammatical-function-configurational: it uses designated structural positions to (canonically) encode the central grammatical functions: SUBJ, OBJ & OBJ2 Hungarian is discourse-function-configurational: it uses designated structural positions to (canonically) encode the central discourse functions: TOP (old information) & FOC (new information) 16

17 2.2. English vs. Hungarian sentence structure word order permutations and grammatical functions in the two languages SUBJ, OBJ 1. The boy knows the girl. 1. A fiú ismeri a lány-t. the boy.nom knows the girl-acc 2. *The boy the girl knows. 3. *Knows the boy the girl. 4. *Knows the girl the boy. 5. *The girl knows the boy. (!) 6. *The girl the boy knows. 2. A fiú a lány-t ismeri. 3. Ismeri a fiú a lány-t. 4. Ismeri a lány-t a fiú. 5. A lány-t ismeri a fiú. 6. A lány-t a fiú ismeri..nom = unmarked nominative (subjective) case 17 -ACC = marked accusative (objective) case

18 2.3. Basic Hungarian sentence structure word order permutations and discourse functions in Hungarian TOP, FOC 1. Ismeri a fiú a lány-t. 2. Ismeri a lány-t a fiú. 3. A fiú ismeri a lány-t. 4. A fiú ismeri a lány-t. 5. A lány-t ismeri a fiú. 6. A lány-t ismeri a fiú. = heavy stress 7. A fiú a lány-t ismeri. 8. A fiú a lány-t ismeri. 9. *A fiú a lány-t ismeri. 10. *A fiú a lány-t ismeri. 11. A lány-t a fiú ismeri. 12. A lány-t a fiú ismeri. 13. *A lány-t a fiú ismeri. 14. *A lány-t a fiú ismeri. 18

19 2.4. Basic English sentence structure (a reminder) S NP [SUBJ] VP V NP [OBJ] XP* 19

20 2.5. Basic Hungarian sentence structure S XP* [TOP] VP (XP) [FOC] V XP* 20

21 2.6. Basic Hungarian sentence structure NP [TOP] NP [TOP] S NP [FOC] 21 VP V NP NP Ismeri Ismeri a fiú a lányt A fiú ismeri a lányt. A fiú ismeri a lányt. A lányt a fiú ismeri. A lányt a fiú ismeri. a lányt. a fiú.