English Consonants - how can we classify them? Phonetics and Phonology. English Consonants - how can we classify them?

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1 English Consonants - how can we classify them? Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7: English consonants in detail KAMIYAMA, Takeki takeki.kamiyama@univ-paris8.fr Three main properties: VOICE PLACE of articulation MANNER of articulation 2 English Consonants - how can we classify them? 1. Voiced and voiceless plosives 3 Kelly (2000) Introducion to spectrogram reading Observe the consonant at the beginning of the /pæk/ Then compare them with the consonant at the /pak/ («Pâque») /bak/ («bac») Demonstration: /pæk/ (in French) /pak/ («Pâque») /bak/ («bac») 5 6

2 /pæk/ /bæk/ /pæk/ /bæk/ aspiration 7 aspiration upper lip lower lip vocal fold vibration initiation (airstream) upper lip lower lip vocal fold vibration initiation (airstream) 8 Aspiration /pæk/ : phonemic transcription [pʰæk] : narrow (detailed) transcription Devoicing: (partial) absence of voicing [b æk] (unstressed syllable) Observe the consonant at the beginning of the /pəˈræmɪtə/ /bɪˈliːf/ 9 10 Word-medial position Word-medial position Observe the voiced bilabial plosive /p/ in the /ˈpʌblɪk/ /rɪˈpʌblɪk/ Observe the voiced bilabial plosive /p/ in the /peɪs/ /speɪs/ /ˈpeɪpə/ 11 12

/peɪs/ /speɪs/ after /s/ Aspiration /peɪs/ [pʰeɪs] No aspiration after /s/ /speɪs/ [speɪs] aspiration no aspiration 13 14 Word-medial position Word-initial/medial position Observe the voiced bilabial

3 /peɪs/ /speɪs/ after /s/ Aspiration /peɪs/ [pʰeɪs] No aspiration after /s/ /speɪs/ [speɪs] aspiration no aspiration Word-medial position Word-initial/medial position Observe the voiced bilabial plosive /b/ in the /beɪt/ /dɪˈbeɪt/ /biː/ /ˈæbi/ In English, voiceless plosives /p t k/ are aspirated [pʰ tʰ kʰ], especially in word-initial position before a stressed vowel (/pæk/ [pʰæk]). But it is not the case before or after /s/ (/speɪs/ [speɪs], /fɪks/ [fɪks]), or immediately after another plosive (/ˈæktə/ [ˈæktə]) Word-initial/medial position In English, voiced plosives /b d g/ are totally or [b d g g ] in wordinitial position. Word-medially they can be. In any case, they are not aspirated. Observe the consonant at the end of the /bæg/ Then compare them with the consonant at the /bak/ («bac») /bag/ («bague») 17 18

/bæk/ /bæg/ Clipping: shortening of the preceding vowel [bæ k] Devoicing (no clipping) /bæg/ [bæg g ] clipping (preceding vowel shortened ) 19 20 In English, a vowel is clipped (shortened)

In English, voiced plosives /b d g/ are devoiced totally or partially in word-final position (especially in utterance-final position) [b d g g ], as in /bæg/ [bæg g ].

4 /bæk/ /bæg/ Clipping: shortening of the preceding vowel [bæ k] Devoicing (no clipping) /bæg/ [bæg g ] clipping (preceding vowel shortened ) In English, a vowel is clipped (shortened) when followed by a voiceless plosive (/p t k/) in the same syllable: /bæk/ [bæ k]. In English, voiced plosives /b d g/ are devoiced totally or partially in word-final position (especially in utterance-final position) [b d g g ], as in /bæg/ [bæg g ]. But the explosion noise tends to be smaller than that of voiceless ones (/p t k/) in the same position. The preceding vowel is not clipped N.B. Clipping and long/short vowels /biːd/ /biːt/ /bɪd/ /bɪt/ What happens to the following words? /biːd/ /biːt/ /bɪd/ /bɪt/ 23 clipping (preceding vowel shortened) 24

2. Voiced and voiceless fricatives Observe the consonant at the end of the /feɪs/ /feɪz/ Then compare them with the consonant at the /fas/ («face») /faz/ («phase») 26 /feɪs/ /feɪz/ Clipping:

5 2. Voiced and voiceless fricatives Observe the consonant at the end of the /feɪs/ /feɪz/ Then compare them with the consonant at the /fas/ («face») /faz/ («phase») 26 /feɪs/ /feɪz/ Clipping: shortening of the preceding vowel /feɪs/ [feɪ s] Devoicing (no clipping) /feɪz/ [feɪz ] clipping (preceding vowel shortened ) In English, a vowel is clipped (shortened) when followed by a voiceless fricative (/f θ s ʃ/) in the same syllable: /feɪs/ [feɪ s]. In English, voiced plosives /v ð z ʒ/ are devoiced totally or partially in word-final position (especially in utterance-final position) [v ð z ʒ (or ʒ )], as in /feɪz/ [feɪz ]. But they tend to be shorter, and the friction noise tends to be smaller than that of voiceless counterparts (/f θ s ʃ/) in the same position. The preceding vowel is not clipped

3. Voiced and voiceless affricates Observe the consonant at the beginning of the /tʃeɪn/ /dʒeɪn/ 32 /tʃeɪn/ /dʒeɪn/ Aspiration /tʃeɪn/ [tʃʰeɪn] Devoicing: (partial) absence of voicing /dʒeɪn/ [d ʒ ʒ

6 3. Voiced and voiceless affricates Observe the consonant at the beginning of the /tʃeɪn/ /dʒeɪn/ 32 /tʃeɪn/ /dʒeɪn/ Aspiration /tʃeɪn/ [tʃʰeɪn] Devoicing: (partial) absence of voicing /dʒeɪn/ [d ʒ ʒ eɪn] aspiration (long hissing noise) Word-initial/medial position As in plosives, the voiceless affricate /tʃ/ is aspirated [tʃʰ], (/tʃeɪn/ [tʃʰeɪn]). The voiced affricate /dʒ/ is totally or partially devoiced [d ʒ ʒ ] in word-initial position. Observe the consonant at the end of the /eɪtʃ/ /eɪdʒ/ 35 36

/eɪtʃ/ /eɪdʒ/ Clipping: shortening of the preceding vowel /eɪtʃ/ [eɪ tʃ] Devoicing (no clipping) /eɪdʒ/ [eɪd ʒ ʒ ] clipping (preceding vowel shortened ) 37 38 As in plosives and fricatives, a vowel

7 /eɪtʃ/ /eɪdʒ/ Clipping: shortening of the preceding vowel /eɪtʃ/ [eɪ tʃ] Devoicing (no clipping) /eɪdʒ/ [eɪd ʒ ʒ ] clipping (preceding vowel shortened ) As in plosives and fricatives, a vowel is clipped (shortened) when followed by a voiceless affricate /tʃ/ in the same syllable: /eɪtʃ/ [eɪ tʃ]. As in plosives and fricatives, the voiced affricate /dʒ/ is devoiced totally or partially in word-final position (especially in utterance-final position) [d ʒ ʒ ], as in /eɪdʒ/ [eid ʒ ʒ ]. But the friction noise tends to be smaller than that of the voiceless counterpart /tʃ/ in the same position. The preceding vowel is not clipped Approximants Approximants: After a word-initial plosive Observe the palato-alveolar (post-alveolar) approximant in the /kræb/ /græb/ Then compare them with the consonants at the /kʁab/ («crabe») /gʁa/ («gras») 42

/kllɑːs/ /gllɑːs/ Then compare them with the consonants at the /kllas/ («classe») /glas/ («glace») 45 /kjjuːt/

8 /krræb/ /grræb/ /krræb/ /grræb/ voiced 43 (soft) palate (soft) palate tongue tongue vocal fold vibration vocal fold vibration 44 /kllɑːs/ Approximants: After a word-initial plosive voiced /gllɑːs/ Observe the lateral approximant in the /kllɑːs/ /gllɑːs/ Then compare them with the consonants at the /kllas/ («classe») /glas/ («glace») 45 /kjjuːt/ Approximants: After a word-initial plosive voiced 46 /tw wɪn/ Observe the approximants in the following words: /kjjuːt/ /tw wɪn/ 47 48

9 Approximants: After a voiceless plosive In English, approximants /l r j w/ are often after a voiceless plosive, especially in a word-initial stressed syllable: [l r j w ], as in /klɑˑs/ [kl ɑˑs], /kræb/ [kr æb ], /kjuːt/ [kj uˑt], /twɪn/ [tw ɪn]. 49 /p t k tʃ/ voiceless plosives and affricate /b d g dʒ/ voiced plosives and affricate /f! s ʃ/ voiceless fricatives /v " z ʒ/ voiced fricatives /l r j w/ approximants preceded by a plosive Summary before /s/, after a plosive after /s/ no aspiration wordinitial other stressed contexts wordfinal strongly (prec. V) aspirated aspirated clipping can be devoicing devoiced devoiced no clipping voiceless voiced (prec. V) clipping devoicing no clipping 50

English Phonetics and Phonology. 1. Voiced and voiceless plosives. Voiced and voiceless plosives: Word-initial position

English Phonetics and Phonology 1. Voiced and voiceless plosives Lecture 6: English consonants in detail KAMIYAMA, Takeki takeki.kamiyama@univ-paris8.fr Word-initial position Observe the consonant at the