9-1 GCSE. Ancient World. Background and Context to your GCSE Course

Transcription

1 9-1 GCSE Ancient World Background and Context to your GCSE Course

2 Key individuals from the Ancient World: Hippocrates GREECE Hippocrates is known as the Father of Modern Medicine and has played a significant role in medicine s journey to here. He was a Greek doctor & thinker. So what did they think caused illness: The Greeks believed that illness was a punishment sent by the gods to whom they prayed for a cure. But Greek thinkers were very interested in science too. They weren t satisfied believing that gods controlled everything. They wanted rational explanations of how and why things worked. They began to think that diseases could actually have natural causes Therefore there might be such as thing as a natural cure. What are the key points from this paragraph?

3 Natural / logical Ideas: Theory of the Four Humours Greeks believed everything (even our bodies) in the world was made up of four basic elements EARTH, AIR, WATER and FIRE. Under these headings, put what you think the characteristics of these elements are: Place these seasons under the element you think it s most associated with

4 Make sure yours looks something like this Earth Air Fire Water Cold and Dry Hot and Wet Hot and dry Cold and Wet Autumn Spring Summer Winter Black Bile Clotted Blood Depression Blood Fever/temp. Yellow Bile Pus/vomit Hayfever Phlegm Nose/throat Cold/Flu/shiver Think about the types of illness we have at different times of the year Hippocrates c.500bc What is Hippocrates saying here? What are the basics of his theory? Astrology

5 Logical? Does this make sense? This wasn t the only thing Hippocrates thought about LOGIC & OBSERVATION...

6 So the humours are imbalanced Now what? You ve been to see Hippocrates and he has said your humours are imbalanced. You now need to get them rebalanced in order to get well again. The main treatment was BLEEDING. This could be done with: Leeches (Balance Humours video) / (Leeches HH clip) Bleeding (into a cup) Purging

7 Watch this clip of Hippocrates at work Make notes on his main ideas paying particular attention to: Observation The Hippocratic Oath Treatment Hippocratic Corpus Causes of illness Natural Treatments Hippocrates Father of medicine What did the Greeks think about anatomy? Alexandria video clip Natural Causes of Disease Floating Topic Observing and Recording Galen Facebook HW

8 Key individuals from the Ancient World: Galen ROME Following from the Greeks, Rome was next to play it s part in our journey. Alexandria and end of empire video Each of these pictures offers a clue about Galen, what can you work out?

9 What did Galen do? Watch the following clips to see what you can learn about Galen? Galen 1 Galen 2 Was he right though? He only dissected animals Comparing humans to animals was wrong eg Galen said in our body, one kidney is lower than the other (true in apes not us) Said a woman s womb was in the same position as a dog s Blood is generated in the liver then distributed around the body Dissections Anatomist Gladiator doctor Wrote 350 books Emperor s physician Experimented on pigs publicly - Proved the brain, not the heart controls the body - Discovered arteries - Discovered nervous system of animals Showman / arrogant

10 The Theory of the Opposites: ROME Galen liked Hippocrate s Four Humours theory and developed it further. Because he was so important, he had plenty of time to experiment, ponder and philosophy. He wrote 350 books in this time. My version of the Theory of the Four Humours is much better than Hippocrates! Oh, ok, well it is mostly the same, symptoms and diagnosis wise, BUT, how I treat it is what is better! It s all about the opposites you see! Simple really, I ll look at the symptoms of the patient, do the usual diagnosing but will treat them with the opposite of what s wrong with them. Still confused? Well it s not my fault, I m Galen and I m perfect, listen properly will you! If a patient comes to me and has symptoms that are cold & wet, like phlegm, then my treatment will be with something HOT, eg a chilli, hot pepper, if the patient is hot, a fever maybe, my treatment will be COLD, something like cucumber! Describe in your books, what Galen s main idea is here

11 So, the Ancient World s legacy into Medieval Britain The theory of the Four Humours (Opposites) was so popular because It could be used to explain away almost EVERY kind of illness - Physical or mental There were no other scientific explanations yet It made sense and was at least logical Physicians twisted their diagnosis to fit this theory It supported the ideas from the Church about creationism and the body being made perfect by God and that God could make you sick as a punishment Write a eulogy for Galen discussing everything he brought to medicine. Don t forget to discuss the limitations (things that were not true or accurate) of what he said.

12 What was Hippocrates & Galen s influence on Middle Ages? Hippocrates, then Galen said the body was clearly DESIGNED, different parts working together in balance, and believing in a soul, fitted in with the Church s ideas, believing God created man in his image so promoted the Ancient ideas. As all books were handwritten by Monks in Monasteries, it was easy to control the messages being written, read, preached and believed. Attitudes in Middle Ages were that it was better to have read a lot than have practical experience. The Church took control of all things following the Roman Empire. Including medicine and training. Galen stayed important, because there were no other ideas (scientific or logical) to explain illness. Dissections were mostly illegal because the Church believed the body should be buried in whole. Sometimes a criminal could be dissected Galen & Hippocrates also suggested Miasma (bad air) from swamps, corpses and other rotting matter could transmit disease. Again this was associated with God Monks wrote rewrote Galen s work, instructed by the Church, so new physicians in universities learnt from Galen rather than practical experience

13 Homework Due: 3 Paragraphs + Conclusion This should be over 2 pages in your books