ARCHAEOLOGICAL PILOT STUDY OF THE GALLOWS HILL IN TARTU

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1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL PILOT STUDY OF THE GALLOWS HILL IN TARTU MARTIN MALVE, ANU KIVIRÜÜT and RAIDO ROOG Tartu Ülikool, Ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituut, Arheoloogia osakond (University of Tartu, Institute of History and Archaeology, Department of Archaeology), Jakobi 2, Tartu, Estonia; MADIS MAASING Tartu Ülikool, Ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituut, Üldajaloo osakond (University of Tartu, Institute of History and Archaeology, Department of General History), Lossi 3, Tartu, Estonia SEBASTIAN K. T. S. WÄRMLÄNDER Stockholm University, Division of Biophysics, Stockholm, Sweden INTRODUCTION

MArtin MAlVe, AnU kivirüüt, raido roog, MAdis MAAsing and sebastian wärmländer HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Sites of execution and capital punishment in Medieval and Early Modern Europe

2 MArtin MAlVe, AnU kivirüüt, raido roog, MAdis MAAsing and sebastian wärmländer HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Sites of execution and capital punishment in Medieval and Early Modern Europe estonian võllamägi Galgenberg, or Rabenstein Galgbacke Fig. 1. View to the Gallows Hill of Tartu from northeast. Jn 1. Vaade Tartu Võllamäele kirdest. Photo / Foto: Martin Malve 208

3 ArchAeologicAl Pilot study of the gallows hill in tartu St George s cemetery/ Püha Jüri kalmistu Jänese Narva mnt Tuule Orava 2 40 m 3 1 Gallows hill/ Võllamägi Fig. 2. The location of the Gallows Hill of Tartu: 1 trench, 2 3 test pits. Jn 2. Tartu võllamäe asend: 1 kaevand, 2 3 prooviaugud. Drawing / Joonis: Raido Roog Blutgericht, or Halsgericht Reichsfürsten Urfehde 209

4 MArtin MAlVe, AnU kivirüüt, raido roog, MAdis MAAsing and sebastian wärmländer The prestige of execution sites and methods of capital punishment The Tartu Gallows Hill in..., renner 210

ArchAeologicAl Pilot study of the gallows hill in tartu took refuge behind the wall around gallows... kaksteist võtsid kokkukukkunud võllad enda valdusse.

5 ArchAeologicAl Pilot study of the gallows hill in tartu took refuge behind the wall around gallows... kaksteist võtsid kokkukukkunud võllad enda valdusse... gallows into their hold... Rätteplatz et al Fig. 3. The Gallows Hill of Tartu on a plan from Jn 3. Tartu Võllamägi aasta plaanil. (EAA , page 55.) 211

MArtin MAlVe, AnU kivirüüt, raido roog, MAdis MAAsing and sebastian wärmländer remained standing there also in the 20th Tuule tänav Mustaveski, Mäggi oder

Püha Jüri leprosooriumi kalmistu (vasakul) ja Võllamäe (Rätteplatz) asukoht 1695. aasta teedekaardil. (EAA 308270, page 74.) Lillitto Kaagi Fig. 4.

6 MArtin MAlVe, AnU kivirüüt, raido roog, MAdis MAAsing and sebastian wärmländer remained standing there also in the 20th Tuule tänav Mustaveski, Mäggi oder Rabenstein linn The location of St George s leprosy hospital cemetery (left) and the Gallows Hill (Rätteplatz) on a road map dating from Jn 4. Püha Jüri leprosooriumi kalmistu (vasakul) ja Võllamäe (Rätteplatz) asukoht aasta teedekaardil. (EAA , page 74.) Lillitto Kaagi Fig. 4. EXCAVATIONS The trench Fig. 5. Fieldstones and brick construction found on the plateau. Jn 5. Mäelaelt leitud maakivid ja telliskonstruktsioon. Photo / Foto: Raido Roog 212

Photo / Foto: Raido Roog Test pits 1 et al Püha Jüri Human bones Fig. 7.

7 ArchAeologicAl Pilot study of the gallows hill in tartu et al mill that stood on the hill during the 18th Fig. 6. Closeup view of the opened brick flume. Jn 6. Avatud telliskonstruktsioon lähivaates. Photo / Foto: Raido Roog Test pits 1 et al Püha Jüri Human bones Fig. 7. Hanseatic brooches found from the first test pit. 1 embossed, 2 plain. Jn 7. Esimesest prooviaugust leitud hansasõled. 1 tekstiga, 2 lihtne. (TM A203: 17, 16.) Photo / Foto: Raido Roog 1 213

8 MArtin MAlVe, AnU kivirüüt, raido roog, MAdis MAAsing and sebastian wärmländer et al CONCLUSIONS Acknowledgements: The writing of this paper was supported by Estonian Research Council (PUT107) and by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (Centre of Excellence in Cultural Theory (CECT)). The authors would like to Kama and Liivi Varul, as well as the research fellows Heiki Valk and Andres Tvauri. We would also like to thank Thomas Lingefelt at Linköping University, Sweden, for help with SEM analysis, Andres Vindi, the conservator of the of Archaeology of the University of Tartu, and Liisa Põld for her useful comments. 214

9 ArchAeologicAl Pilot study of the gallows hill in tartu REFERENCES Auler, J. (ed.) Auler, J. (ed.) Auler, J. (ed.) EAA , page 2. geometrische charte Map in EAA. EAA , page 55. Map in EAA. EAA , page 74. Map in EAA. EFA Photo in EFA. ERM Fk 349:383. Photo in ERM. Carolina des allerdurchleuchtigsten Hermann, U Kelch, C Klemettilä, H Kroon, K Lavi, A. 1995a. Manuscript in MA. Lavi, A. 1995b. Malve, M Mäesalu, A. & Malve, M Archaeological Oengo, L., Ristkok, A., Siimo, E. & Sillaots, P Postimees 1932 Piirits, P Arheoloogilised uuringud Manuscript in MA. Rauch, G. von der Fall Vegesack Renner, J Renner, J Renner, J et al. Renner, J Schroeder, F.C. (ed.) Treiberg, P , Uuspuu, V surmaotsused eesti Valk, H Whaley, J

10 EELUURINGUD TARTU VÕLLAMÄEL Martin Malve, Anu Kivirüüt, Raido Roog, Madis Maasing ja Sebastian Wärmländer

INTRODUCTION. Janika Oras

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