MODIFICATION NOUN MODIFIERS
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- Hortense Floyd
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1 MODIFICATION NOUN MODIFIERS 1
2 A modifier in linguistics is a word (adjective, adverb, noun) or a phrase that specifies the meaning of another word or phrase by giving more details and information about it. 2
3 A shirt A red shirt (adjective) Speak Speak quietly (adverb) 3
4 Students The students in the first row (phrase) Chocolate Milk chocolate (noun) 4
5 red, an adjective quietly, an adverb in the first row, a phrase milk, a noun are modifiers: they modify the basic idea we receive from the noun they accompany. 5
6 Typical of English: Noun + noun modification 6
7 The first noun modifies or describes the second, like an adjective: 7
8 milk chocolate (a kind of chocolate) chocolate milk (a kind of milk) a horse race (a kind of race) a race horse (a kind of horse) 8
9 Noun + noun expressions can often be changed into structures where the second noun becomes a subject and the first an object. an oil well = a well that produces oil a ticket office = an office that sells tickets 9
10 a shoe shop = a shop that sells shoes a horse race = a race for horses trouser pockets = pockets in trousers 10
11 A group of two nouns can modify a third noun: oil oil production oil production costs 11
12 A group of three nouns can modify a fourth, and so on: road road accident road accident research road accident research centre 12
13 This kind of structure is very common in NEWSPAPER HEADLINES because it saves space: FURNITURE FURNITURE FACTORY FURNITURE FACTORY PAY FURNITURE FACTORY PAY CUT FURNITURE FACTORY PAY CUT ROW 13
14 The noun + noun structure cannot be used all the time. Sometimes it is necessary to use a structure with of or a structure with possessive 's: a feeling of disappointment (NOT a disappointment feeling) letters from home (NOT home letters) cow's milk (NOT cow milk) 14
15 The difference between noun modifiers and adjectival modifiers is sometimes shown by stress: French = noun (i.e. the French language) French = adjective (i.e. coming from France) a French teacher 15
16 Stress shows the difference: a 'French teacher (noun modifier: a person who teaches French) a French 'teacher (adjective modifier: a teacher who is French) 16
17 Some noun + noun combinations are generally written together like single words. bathroom a room with a bath and/or shower a toothbrush a brush for teeth a sheepdog a dog that looks after sheep 17
18 Other compounds may be written with a hyphen or separately: letter-box furniture shop 18
19 In many cases usage varies, and some combinations can be found written in all three ways: bookshop or book-shop or book shop 19
20 Hyphens are becoming less common in modern English, and it is usually acceptable to write the two words separately: book shop 20
21 SPECIAL CASES 1 What is the difference? a coffee cup vs a cup of coffee a coffee cup = a cup used to drink coffee (container) a cup of coffee = a cup with coffee in it (container with its contents) 21
22 a matchbox vs a box of matches a paint tin vs a tin of paint Noun + noun is used for particular kinds of container. But we use the preposition structure (with of) to talk about a container together with its contents. 22
23 SPECIAL CASES 2 Noun + noun is normally used to say what things are made of: a silk dress a stone bridge an iron rod a gold ring 23
24 GOLD-GOLDEN: a gold watch golden memories SILK-SILKEN: silk stockings silken skin LEAD-LEADEN: a lead pipe a leaden sky STONE-STONY: a stone roof a stony silence 24
25 The material something is made of is expressed by a noun modifier (e.g. gold, silk, lead, stone). The figurative meaning is expressed by the equivalent adjective: 25
26 BUT NOTE: WOODEN (adjective) = made of wood (literal meaning) Stir the mixture with a wooden spoon. WOOLLEN (adjective) = made of wool (literal meaning) She wore a woollen scarf round her neck 26
27 SPECIAL CASES 3 In some expressions we use a structure with possessive 's. children's clothes (but baby clothes) a man's sweater a man's leg (but a table leg) 27
28 women s magazines a bird's nest a doll s house cow's milk (NOT cow milk) lamb's wool 28
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Families Have Rules Write the words and then match them to the correct pictures. homework rule family dishes 1 Fill in the blanks and write the sentences again. 1. Do your. 2. Make your. 3. Wash the. 4.
1-1 I Like Stars. A. It is in a room. A. It is looking at the stars through the window. A. They are a rabbit, a frog, a bird, and a mouse.
- I Like Stars Q. Where is the rabbit? A. It is in a room. Q. What is the rabbit doing? A. It is looking at the stars through the window. Q. What animals are they? A. They are a rabbit, a frog, a bird,
Teacher-of-English.com
Teacher-of-English.com Key Skills Using Commas Correctly Using Commas Correctly Objectives: Reading: To learn to recognise how authors use commas in lists and to separate dialogue. Writing: To learn how
8 Eithe Either.. r. o. r / nei r / n the either.. r. n. or Grammar Station either... or neither... nor either eat drink neither nor either
8 Either... or / neither... nor Date: Grammar Station We can use either... or / neither... nor to connect two things or ideas. We use either... or to talk about choices and possibility. We use neither...
winter but it rained often during the summer
1.) Write out the sentence correctly. Add capitalization and punctuation: end marks, commas, semicolons, apostrophes, underlining, and quotation marks 2.)Identify each clause as independent or dependent.