l~' ! ' 1, /~ l: ( . i . f McGilloUni~ersity, The Canterbury Tales:, English A Pageant of 'Monsters' and 'Monstrosities' Masters 'Thes!

Transcription

1 .... p C '! là. II.... l' ')! ' ; ' l ) :' < 0 l:. -. The Canebuy Tales: A Pagean o 'Monses' and 'Monsosiies'.' Cl b. i ; J. McGilloUniesiy 97 Nessa Coope ç /i Mases 'Thes!s: English / 0 # '

2 '- : i. '. l l ; ' Ij li '.. - ABSTRACT The 'goesque' which was a popa at pm in he illuminaion o manuscip maginalia as wei! as in- achiecue and wall paining appeaed is in Biain aound he welh cenuy. A goesque image isdconsiued by a bi%ae combinaion o animal pas o o animal and human componens accoding o a pecise aesheic omula. his composie om acs as a sign o anohe ealiy. In he Middle Ags ii signiied. Il he invisible ealm o moal o spiiual disode. Il Accoding o medieval hough sinulness epesene a conadicion o he naual moal ode > i ended o subve.' This kind o violaion ound visual expession in he goesque monses and chimaea ami lia in... gohic a. Bas ically a goesque uncioned as à 'visualmeapho' o an invisible.ealiy: is epesenaion o a disodeed and chaoic sae o moal diusion hough composie meapho was achieved hough an inelligible symbolic sysem. ; The hesis o Chauce's Canebuy Tales as a ' C i. l pagean o monses ll exploes he naue o his appoach o chaaceizaion plo and heme in ems o a ad! ionally vi'sua! a om. l' /

3 ;.:' li... l l' i l' hauce uses goesque imagey a a device o illumlnae he nau o ieain moal 'ealiies buiidig his composie goesqus'by means o iconogaphie o symbolic anial associaion. lie heeby ceaes his own lieay ounepas ohese.b disod deomed asheic goesques which comlned unelaed. elemens in a conu5d iage deying he piciples o naual laws and boundaies. - The i:s pa o he hesis consides he undamenal meaning o 'go'esque' i Tsly in he geneal ems o meamoposis and hen moe speciieally ihin he conex o mediaeval. a and pevailing philosophieal pemise.' The pilgimage ame povides.. a meaphoical as weil as lieai backdop o he Canebuy Tale'as a kind o posiive moal amewok. Bough in as a heoeical conex o oe i eaims... he pevalence o ode and sysem poviding a poin ' o' moal dèpaue. Chauee's goesque echnique involves he ûse o. composie meapho ansposiion and genea! disoion o O. ancsla e an invisible example o moal abeance ino a 'visual' o concee om. In he pesn sudi. only wo ales ae examined ii' 9.. deail since an analyical ocus neces aily peclude:;.? eaen o he enie wok. I his appoach Is l. '>

4 ' '...; 0._ / 9 - ' explleenough i should povide.-. u V Madel o.analysis o h!s ohe ales.) l :::. l' l 'q. '... < I W' il l.

5 J. i ) l ABREGE / qu'en Le goesque qui éai une ome d' apopulaie l ' mage de manusci aussi bien appau en pemie en Angleee es le douzime goesque es consue d'un m'lange bizae de ou de paies composanes animale e ane omule esh/ique pé. Cee ome composée a comme un signe d'une aue éalié. Au Moyen-Age il epésenai le domaine invisible de désode moal e &piiuel. Selon la pensée mé'di.évale.' le p&che' epésenai une conadicion de l!ode moal nauel qu'elle endai à subvei. Ce gene de poanaion s'expime d'une manie visuelle dans les monses goesques e les 'chimes amilies l'a gohique. Fondamenalemen le goesque agi en an que méaphoe visuelle pou une éali ' invisible: sa epésnaion d 'un éa. désodonn4e e chaoique du ayonnemen moal pa le uchemen de méaphoe composée éai obenue pa un 'II' syseme symbolique inelligible. La hèse des gne5 de anebuy de Chauce vus comme un specacle pompeux de monses H naue de son appoche exploe la la caacéisaion inigue e o /

6 hm en oncion d'une ome d'a visuel adiionnelle. Chauce emploie des iages.. goesques comme un saegme pou'enluine 9 naue de cejnes alils moales bassan ses composls gesques au m:oyen d'as sociaion animale iconogaphique ou symbolique. De cee aol il cée sa pope ome liéaie décivan ces igues goesques eséhiques. disoionnées e diomes lesquelles compennen des élémens. dans leu image conse e des boes. déian les pincipes des lois nauelles Le débu de cee hèse aie de la signiicaion on :menale d goesque; d' abod en ees généaux '-- de eamophos e ensuie plus spciiquemen dans le.' I' exe de l' moyenna eux e l base philosophiue / p Le p'leinage ouni un al'ie.plan u hoique que liéal pou les Co es de Inodui oc de cade moal posii. d'ot héoique il éaime! ' l p'domina e de unissan e ) La ique Il goesque de Chauce implique '.u4 ge de aphoe c mposle anspo5l: ion e ld'composi ' on gél'a deviaion oale en.---/;:.. ; pou ansome un exemple de ome visuelle ou concee. Dans «pesene hese seuls deux cones son j examins en deai s ean donne qe la base de l'analyse! i

7 T' i _.--.! exclu le aiemen de l'oeuve au comple. Si'cee appoche es suisammen explicie elle devai sevi de modle me'hodologique l analyse 'de ses aues.- <-. :' '.. i '. l- cones.).. 'j '

8 -- 'l' i ' 'J.; ' ji lj:.'... ' i- / ' i '.. ' ' '<. L <'l' L. l' ' 'ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS l wish o expess my indebedness c'd. David Williams o his guidance and encouagemen ove he yeas..? ) -

9 . '.!}: h 'I '.. <... : '/ i L. CHAPTER : CHAPTER II: TABLE OF CONTENTS The Meaning o oesque in Tems o he Mediaevl Menal Model TheGoesque and Mediaeval Aesheic Theoy CHAPTER III: The Geneal Pologue: The Pilgimage as a Moal Famewok CHAPT ER IV: CHAPT ER V: A Pagean o Goesques 'Monsosiies in Two Tales: The Mille 5 Tale and The Wie o Bah' s Ta'le PAGE -.6 ': o i i. '.. } {

10 ) CHAPTER : The Meaning o Goesque in Tems o he Mediaeval Menal Model ' '. - - Now since only goodness can Taise a man above he level o human kind i ollows ha i is pope ha wickedness huss down o a level below mankind hose whom i bas dehoned om he condiion o being human. i Accoding o Boehius he condiion o being human isa'/' somewha eaive sae subj ec o he oscilljiion$ al one' 5 moal. dispos iion. The endency o equae goodness >. ' F e ' z. V wih naue and he bunan sae and wickedness wih he - unnaual and he besial is one daing back o pagan imes. Ovid '5 Golden' Age 2 'o hamony abundance and naual s impl ici y povides he cassical vesion o uncouped man in Th Ovidia Scheme a woold pogession: his pimay sae o viginal innocence. a o he evoluion o civilizaion aces he gadua! complicaion o lie Anicius Manlius Seveinus Boehius The Consolaion o Philosophy ans. V.E. Was Middlesx England: penguin BookS 9.69) Book IV II p. 25. _ 2 Publius Ovidius Naso; MeamoihoSis ans. May M. Innes Middlesex Englnd: Pengul.nooks 976) pp o )! )! : i

11 .' i Î. i j L c i ;) : n.'.. '! - '. ' I l- } h. ; l i I L ) I è 0 and naue and he coincidenal degeneaion o human nauze. 3 Mankind's abuseo an inceasingly complex e'nvionmen culminaes in he Age o Had Ion a peiod. highlighed by bloodshed eachey and wa. pocess o maeial sophisicaion healded by he age o The weapony goes' hand in and wih moal egession. - The Meamo:ehoses exploes he conceivable ansomaion o wicked human beings ino beass whose chaaceisics hey shae. he heme: Ovid's opening wods ouline My pupose is o ell o bodies which have. been. ansomed ino shapes o a dieen kind.. gians a beed..l) violen immoal and ebelj.ious. 4 ' ceaues epesen he emegence o a new mupn species bypoducs o he Ion Age and is chaaceisic maeial sophisicaion. As a$pecies he gians povide 'j! mènaclng evidence o humaniy's collecive moal decline and he maeializaien o is spiiual pedicamen. The exampe o Lycaon whose exeme.malevolenc o a vis iing god eans h demoion om his human sae 5 uhe exends he heme o ovelapping beween he moal and physicai eaims and begins he accou The o a seies o human-o-beas ansomaoions in he.meam<lphoses. q 3 Op.Ci. pp The hei.ghs o hé aven wee no sae hall; ohe eah o he gians so uns he soy assailed' he kngdom o he gods and pilig mounains ogehe buil hem up o he sas above. The Mamophoses p ' 5 Lycaon s ansomed inq a wol. The Meamophoses p J J.-

12 C ' l ) 3 ; l'.. l l.. / IV a - lo' '.. ç.' ' ; I- Ii l u pedecesso epesèned an unnaual endency in human.. ' naue culmina es in a visible lieai ansomaion. Wha happens' is ha when a man abandons goodness and J ceas.es -o be human being unable o i se o a divine condiion he sinks o he level o being an animal. 6 _ ).. A moal lapse is ayed by physical sips. A laps ed man begins o acquie he eaul;es o he Iowe oms o lie a eaion o his allen spiiual saus. Like Collodi's aiyale poagonis Pinnochio/ whose nose gows a noch wih evey lie he ells 7 and whose donkey eas and ail ae he signs o inveeae disobedience he sinne likewlse undegoes he goesque!! physical changes elecing his immoal endencies. The ale o Pinncho povides a clea example o how behaviou can eec a goesque physical ansomaion. Collodi's descipion o Pinnochio's besial convesion is peceded by an accoun o his uancy in he Land o Toys whee he and ohe unaway boys hav.e escaped o pusue a lie o pleasue and gluony away om he esicions and equiemens o anomal civilized H boyhood. Wih he culminaion o his naughy escapades 6 B'oehius The Consolaion o Philosopy Book IV III p C'. Collodi Thé Advenues o Pinnochio J' New Yok: The Macmila Company 966). See p. b6.. ) _ j j '.è de

13 4'.''---''''''_ ' l '.... < ' j'.' > ': : i il.. i. l'.: '-'-'-- he and a ellow culpi ae apped by he physieal eecs o hei condue:... They had hadly inished speaking when boh o hem ell on ail ous and begn unning and jumping aound he oom. As hey an 'hei ams uned ino legs hei aces lenghened ino snous and hei backs becme coveed wih long gay hais. 8 This was humiliaion enough bu he mos hoible momen as he one in which he wo poo ceaues el hei ails appea. 9 p. This iyale vesion o goesque meamophosis i a conempoay example o wha Boehius and Ovid mean whe hey conside he lameiable spiiual condiiin o hose who sin.' Pinnochio sheds his donkey su evenually becomes a el boy isead o a 'wooden maionee when he eoms. and isks his lie o save. his ahe--a selless and heoie ac o love. is humanizing wickedness is i s opposie. an I goodness The ans i ion is meaphoical in one. I pesns a saemen o compaison: a sinne is ike a beas heeoe he is a beas. Thi kind o meaphoical saemen is cenal o 8 Op.Ci. p Ibid.' 4.! l'. i l I

14 l ' '. l i Il '.:. '. ;. ' '.' - Il l ;; : '.' '... _ w he hesis o monses and goesques in Chauce' s Canebuy Tales. lo The goesque image) which is a mixue o vaious besial ais epesens he ulimae om assumed by a besia'i spii. Monses and goesques sand o meamophosed men whose li eal ansomaion signiies a J kind o epiomy in moal ansomaion. A goesque image e):poses he conempible SPii)O wha i i5. The echnique o he goeque which ceaes is image ou o a bizae combinaion o besial.ohuman and besial 7aues hinges on nediaeval inépeaions o ode naue and moali y ej!ls which ae inedependen and oen '.synonymous in mediaeval hough. A sinne is goesque because his wickedness is unnaual-'i deies' and vlolaes naue. Sin epesens he adicion o he naual moal ode which i ends a subve. I is ou o he conadicion beween naue and immoaliy o moal ode and disode ha he goesque evolves.. isel a symbol o disode and dishamony. Engendeed by' s unnaual violaion o an odeed moaliy in naue he goesque aspec o sin cy.sallizes in physical deiniion. Unlike he simple ansomaions'seen in he. :Meamophoses o he Consolaion o in Pinnochio whee.. 0 The Consolaion was anslaed ino Middle English by Chauce among ohes. Accoding o Was in his inoducion almos ail he passages o philosophical elec.ion o any lengh in he woks o Chauce can be aced o Boehius. p. 8. No doub he heme o human besiali y in The Consolaion inluenced Chauce's goesque imagey in he 'Tales. ' 5. / i ' li

15 'J.' j ' <. ' ' '.'!... ' ---'J '. / - he violao i5 image epesens a m e complex pocess. changed ino a beas he goesque 6. I is an anomaly eloquenly expessln no meely a meamophosis bu one which is ulimaely u naual and peposeous. Concoced ou o wha seems a andom combinaion o besial componens he goesque whose inveed composiion boass o example a ginning lion's head siing a he apex o is goa's ee s an elaboae conivance. I above ail expesses he unnaual a disinguishing elemen which undescoes he signiicance o sin as a non-naual elemen in mediaeval hough. B is vey composiion which is eclecic and suggess disode i eino2es by a visual epeiion qualiy o moal chaos i epesens. Chauce i 5 pilgim pai ue povides boh suble ad blaan examples o he goesque. His goesque 'poais ae'based on he same kindo piniple seen in he Meamophoses and in he consolaionnamely ha man's.submission o sin and wickedness disqua;is him'om he anks l '.o humaniy and educes him o he Tanks o he beass. The goesque image o Chauce' s Padone o examp'le combines he chaace:i.sics o. a 'laell and goal and a IIgeldyng.3 Tgehe wih sone ohe bizae aiues notmally associaed wih eeminae dandiied ypes hey Il Geoey Chauce The Canebuy Tales The Woks o Geoey Chauce ed. F.N. Robinson Cambidge Massachuses: The Riveside Pess 957).)..684) Subseqen ciaions ae aken om his ediion. < 2 Op.Ci. lca) Op. Ci. CA) '! li.!i

16 a combine in he poai o undeline an unnaual 7 eeminacy. Beyond- hei immediae descipive eec he signiicance o such ais is he' ligh hey shed on.'. : l he padone's spiiual sae. The pobabiliy o his lieai eunuchy which is suggesed by his compaison o a easaed hose geldyng) his smal goa-like voiee his beadlessness and indicaions o excessive vaniy4 is einoced by evidence o his spiiual 0 eunuchy o moal impoence oulined by deails o his behaviou in he Geneal Pologue.lS Chauce's Padone 'a peculia specimen suggesive o he.emaphodi e pesoniies- he queionable i dubious spiiual ehic 6 he ollows. His physioal goesqueness deined by ehaaeeisics o eeminacy associaed wih vaious beassogehe wih an evidenly eccenic vaniy and bawdy shameles5 behaviou complees a shap eloquen poai. The picue we see is none ohe han he goesque uace exension o a oesque and unnaual '- spii. Robe Mille's sudy o ChâuceT PadoneJ l! ' l The Scipual -Eunuch and he Padone's Tale demonsaes among.ohé hings/ha Chauce's pupose in 4 OpCi. ICA) These lines ae aken up wih a descipion o how his hai is goomed. 5 Op.Ci. CA) The Padone bawls ou a camai diy Come iide love o'me! exposing him as a liaious showo. 6 O.Ci. A) These lines descibe he alse el les used by he Padone o impess his audience and chea hem. He i5 a hypocie as weil as a auda Wih his phony alesmanship he explois he Chuch by using i as a means o his pesonal enichmen. ICA)

17 B.- il { ; i : < '': e '.' i' l'...'i' V il J j..' ' descibing he Padone in physical ems o unuchy was D no o sugges a sae o physical ca5àion bu by hese oue physiognomical signs o expess- an inne moal ealiy conained in he meapho o eunuchy.7 In odei o gasp he signiicance o he ems 'goesque and monse as hey emege in Chauce' s Canebuy Tales i is impoan o know somehing 'o he inepeive backgound behnd hei ev9uion. C.S. Lewis in his Discaded Image 8 aibues o he mediaeval mind an inense love o sysem.. The paicula obsession o emoional peoccupaion o poes wih a so- called Menal Mode9 o he uni vese is wha Lewis egads as chaaceisic o he Middle Ages and heeoe peequisie o an undesanding o hei wok. 20 Accoding o Lewis a his mos chàaceisic il mediaeval' man was no a me no a wandee. He was an o gani se. a codii e a de o ys oms. Ho waned' The 8 The Discaded Ima e: and RenaIssance leaue am Univesiy Pess 964) p.. 9 Menal Model i5 he mèdiaeval synhes is i sel he whoe oganizain o hei ideoogy science and hisoy ino a single complex. Op.Ci. p. Il p. C' l. L' ewls lnslss we nee d o k now sone h-lng abou he model!: i we ae o ead Chauce II p 8.. ).s. '

18 oo ;' 'v 'a place o eveyhing and eve!yhing in he igh place.' Dis incion deini i on abulaion wee his deligh. 2 One o he seveai souces o idess o such sysemaizaion was he Bible and commenay on i which commenay was heavily inluenced by/classical hough and eveals vaious sains p Plaonic and Aisoelian philosophy. The Bible was he gea book o hisoy as weil as he souce o episemological and philosophieal models. I povided he ame wihin whieh pesen phenomena deived meaning. l' holdings!wo sudies o libay in Anglo-Saxon England indicae he abundanee o exegeical commenay as weil as he pevalence o waks 9. i j c)... _---...! 0. <} by Ambose Gegoy Jeome and Augusine. 22. '. The pevading inluence o Chisian docine and hough i Hebew and Geek hough. esablished he LI ' Divine Ode as a oundaion o ail 'subsequen 4 caegoies and ades inclding inellecual sysems. The Divine pesides a he summi ollowed in descending ade by he ange!s man and he lowe animais unil we. j' each he inanimae and inally he inenal boom level. Robeson descibes as a dominan médiaeval convenion he endncy a hink in ems' o symmeical paens wih 2 Op. Ci. p. ID See J.D.A. Ogilvy Books Known a he Angl0 Lain Wi es om Aldheln o Alcuin Cambidge Massachuses' 936); and M.L.W. Laisne The Libay o he Veneable Bede in A.M. Thompson Bede His Lie Times and Wiings Oxod: The ClaendonPess 969) pp

19 E l' -... eeence o his absac hieachy. Lie's hieachies have hei analogues in celesial hieachies'.23 'Mn himsel is he micocmic embodimen o hls hieachically odeed univese. soul peenniall hough. He is a dual combinaion o body and seen as conlicing-eniies in Wesen Repeaed in him 5 he iadic hieachical paen ound in he social poliical and amilial eaims: Man is a coss -secion o being a composie pai akin o he angels who ae aional bu no animal and paly akin o he beass who ae animal bu no aional. aional soul i5 somemes called Reason he sensual soul The sensuali y o Appei e. Chauce' s Pason asses God sholde have lodshpe 0. ove esoun and esoun ove sensualiee and sensualiee ove he body o man. Pason's Tale {X K' F l l'; l ' ).262] elecing a veneable philosophial sysem inheied and elaboaed by he Middle Ages. and eason. Moal conlic is decibed as one beween passion The belie ha e ecognise a du y was o peceive a ub--no because yeu had a good ea bu because you wee an inellecual being--had oos in aniquiy. Plae peseved he Socaic idea ha moally was an aai o knowledge; bad men wee bad beause hey did no know wha was good Dwigh W. Robeson A Peace a Chauc'e: in Mediaeval Pespecives Pinceon New Jesey: Univesiy Pess 96) pp The Discaded Image p. 60. Sudies Pinceol

20 l' II.' - Th appei. pope psychic ode has eason pesiding ove Reason i5 associaed wih he highe and appeie wih he lowe oms o lle Boehius condemns man's negligence o his aional inellecual naue as an inspl boh a himseland his Ceao a he same ime illuminaing an impoan dieence beween animal... '. { - { and goesque: Indeed he condiion o human naue is jus his; man owes above he es o ceaion 50 long-as he ecognizes his own:naue and when he oges i he sinks lowe hn he beass. Fo ohe living hings o be ignoan o hemselves i5 naual; pu o man i is a deec. 25 Lewis cies Plao's Timaeus as one classieal souce o he mediaeval inepeaion o ode: Plao clealy said C42 b ) ha he souls o wicked men may be e-incanaed as women and i ha doesn' 'cue hem inally as beass.26 In his commenay on he Timaeus Chalcidius equaes he indulgence o he passions appeie) wih an inceasing.. esemblance o beasi27 The Boehian view similaly associaes beas wih he base aspecs o humaniy.28 A mee ung above he bes on he cosmic scale man quickly oeis a enaive supeioiy by his submission o he : 25 The Consolaion o Philosophy p The Discaded Image pp ) ''-. wih _o P_h_il_o_s_op_hy. ed. Z. Wobel Book V deals

21 -' / 2. J :) i' i F ; E i.. c ' lowe insincs. Accoding o Beyl Rowland Chauce shaes he Boehian view: alhough she misses he disincion beween pope animaliy and impope besialiy.. ) Fo ail his deligh in him Chauce knows ha man is bu'a poo bae oked animal only ising above he bue when he soul is in conol o he body. The animal is in ac a kind o Yahoo a ceaue o which l may be said: I Lo heee hah lus his domi.nacin. And appei leemeh discecioun. Z9 Manciples Tale X).8-82.) The sandad mediaeval view o he naual ode is saed in Augusine's On Chisian Docine: o Fo his was said -on accoun o he ' unconqueed habi o he lesh agains which he spii has a concupiscence o is own no ha he body should be 'desoye bu 'ha i s concupiscence which is is evil habi should be compleely conqueed so ha i is endeed subjec 38 he spii as he naual ode demands. ' The soul-body conovesy is esojved in a kind o l hiea'chy deined by he Augusinian pincip le o odina e o elaive loves. The class ie Chisian deiniion o he wo loves is given in he same ex: cali 'chaiy' he moion o he soul owad he enjoymen o God o His own sake 29 Blind Beas: Chauce's Animal Wold Ken Ohio: Ken Sae Univesiy Pess 97) pp Auelius Augusinus On Chisian Dcine anse D.W. Robeson J. Indianapolls New Yok: Bobbs-Meill 958) p. 2. The

22 ' ''. - î i. and he enjoymen o one's sel and one's neighbo o he sake o God; cupidi y is a moion o he soul owad he enjoymen o one's sel neighbo o any copoal s'ake o solllching ohe han God. III.X.6). hing o o bu one's he Chaiy povides he easoned moion o he soul owads love o ceaed'good a condiional sancion o appeie wihin a hieachical scheme. Man heeby eludes he ineviable conlic o inees.beween soul and body. Chaiy bidges he gap o opposi ion by esolving a hopeless endencyo condemn he one and exal he ohe. Rea'son and appei e co-exis in a synheic hieachy cicumscibed by cai as. The disupion o his inenalmoal hieachy occasioned by he supemacy o unbidled appeie o 'cupidias' ove eason o easonable love 'caias') ' signiies a all. Reason is couped he will misdieced and he naual ode evesed. Chauce's Pason descibes he collapse o man's moal hieachy: al his ode o odinaunce is uned UP-SO-dOWl. Pasons Tale X).262) The peeence o ceaed beauy ove he Ceao / and he associaed abuse o eason by appeie healdsa moal all eminiscen o Adam's oiginal ansgession in Genesis. Eich Auebach's discussion o he welh-cenuy liugical dama he M'ysee d'adam 32 inepes 3 On Chisian Docine p IAdalll and Eve Mimesis ans Willad R. Task pinceon New Jesey: PInceon Univesiy Pess 953) p. 49. Eve becomes se o he siuaion upseing he ode o hings esablished b God so leading Doh o Uln. 3. ) J -

23 - w -0 ;;; ; Adam 5 submssî'on o Eve' as an example o moal invesion. Woman who pesoniies appeiive sensualiy is popely uled py man who pesoniies govening eason. A ole ev.esal suggess moal disode and he coupion o eason. Pao's emak abou he indignaion o wickèd- -Ii> male souls who mus sue hei lamenable eincaion ---- as women o even wose as beass makes 'i quie clea whee women sand in he pescibed veion o cosmi ode 33 This like he oiginal Ipall J mankind. is a mons ous poen o Any om o 4isode in he lpsychic moal hie-aèhy elecs i sel -as immoali y and wickedness in human eal ings. In ac his kind o moal disode was classiied as a medical pahology known as mania 34 essenialy a disoion in pecepion. which descibes a sa e o psychologieal clas is meely- he medical label Chisian mediaeval The mania syndome o moal pahology deying his mos undamenal eps o ode. In psycbdynamic ems man is meamophosed o a physical sae equivalen o his inenai one. A man whose moal machiey is disodeed!!... _ 0 -! 33. See oonoe Fo example J see Benad o Godon l Mania Lilium Medicinae Lyons: 574) Copy in OsIe Mc'Gl.Il Uni vesl y pp_ Essenially mania is a codiion engendeed by melancholia a disease o he bain cusing disoed < eceiojn. The suee hiks hings good which ae bad. imaginaiva ) Imaginaion supecedes eason? indicaing disode in he psychic hieachy. < I'. < '.

24 E ;L and ou o join 'is pecejved s a'goesque' anomaly whsse physical aspec logically complemens his spii ) Mediaeval man s pcepion o he goesqu'e image. : moaliy. When sin collides wih hese wha esuls S coincides wh his pecpioh o ode naue and :::. unnaual; he usupaion o eason by appei e -li pyeèi_moal eah9uake Whi 5 made eloqu:nly }' angible bi s lieai epoducion in he goesque image o man. '> 5...'7- '-. ;). ' : }. o.

25 . S. ln li < i. '. Œ: -'... i;:. :' l l :. l ' l :P -..F CHAPTER II: The Goesque and Medieva! Aeshec '---- Theoy The goesque hen involves a co-odinaed.elaionship beween inne and oue he iine being he aena o moal - 'ealiy in he hvman psyche he oue being he visuai maniesaion o sign o ha inne ealiy ohwise. --. invisible. This is no unlike geneal aesheic heoy in he Middle Ages which'conceived o a and langage signs o invis ible eali ies: A sign is a hing which causes us o hink o somehing beyond he impesion ha he hing i sel makes upon he sans es. On Chis ian ' Docine J} l i) The' sign o a monsous ceaue hah:' man l}al- beas leads h behol ceao o he ign ial.. A v'nually o he idea pa l:he '. ishes ' and dehumanizing. ino wha is signiied is chieved b in a Way which w wj' cali goesque. as him a undel'sd evil as -J This... anslaion o he sign pecise composiion The. goese 'i5 a iguaive sign 0 SignUDl an5aum 2 making he Jupjec awae ha is acing as a sign o somehing.o Examples o sina anslaa in he cied 4 Augusine ae such symbolic obje'cs and On Chisian. Docine; p Macia L. Colish Tle MjJ:.Fo o Language:H -A Sudy iâ he Medieval Theo 6lea e New Haven & London: Ya Univesiy Pess 968) pp ' ---_-....!IIlI:oIU!.Iv... :!.!

26 ... '.. ; n j l --.;::..._ _ evens as he lamb and he soy o Abaham and Isaac'; bah o which ee o he Passion o Chis as weil as a -hemsel ves. 3 'Signa anslaa eain hei oiginal chaace. -- ' independen o hei signiicaive uncion. Similaly he goesque image eains is independen ideniy as a biza'e composie o ànimal and human elemens while sioul aneo'usly signiy'ing a moal and psychic eali y ahewise inangible. Signa'anslaa ae meaningul wihin he conex o hei especive inellecual envionmens.. Accoding a.' Calish a knowledge o he as sciences. and insiuions which combine o am he ineecua milieu is hepul o gasp he similaiy beween he ealiy e which he. sign. ees and he hing om which meaning has been anseeçl'. 4.Ens Cassie i / lis sudy o sym;>olic ' ou aibues a evey uncion o he human spi a paicua. ideaional. conen: 7. This is ue o a as i is o cogniion i is as ue o myh as o eligion. Al i live in paicula image-wods which do no meey lec he emiically given bu which ahe poducs in accodance wih an independen pinciple. Each o -.-' 3 Op Ci..' p. 6{). 4 Ibid. ' - l - l..' J' J

27 ) :' n J - ) hese uncions ceaes is own symbolic oms which i no/simila o he inellecual symbols enjoy ank as poducs o he human spii. S 8. o The dynamic ineacion beween om and ideaional. conen is ciical in symbolic endiion. Cassie sesses he inepé;ly bewee'n an image and i s eeen... The image does no meely elec he empiicaly given bu in un is ashioned by i. In he Middle Ages he l. U -- subsance o Cass ie' s idea ional conen is pesened by wha Lewis ees o as he med:iœval menal odel. 6 To eview he em Lewis' menal package epesens he cysallized vesion o medjeval supposion egading he naue o ealiy. A basic peconcepion om which ail subsequen coollaies evolved was he belie in he exisence o an objeciveode o being. The endency o medieval hough was o addess is aenion o he wold o spiiual ealiy. - Mos o he classica philosophe whom he Middle Ages knew and egaded as auhoiaive held ha hee was.an objecive ode o bing pio o he subjecive ode o knowing. ] Episemoogy was conceived as a uncion o meaphy s ics. The exis ence o an Qbjecive ode o being was he pimay S The Philosophy o Smbolic Foms anse Ralph Manheim peae and ino. Chales w. Hendl New Haven and London: Yale Univesiy Pess 966) Vol. l p See Thesis Chape l oonoe 8..

28 n :. :' ' ' ;. H.! i'. y c n ' P condiion which was held o make human hough possible a ail. Fuhemoe medieval hinkes ideniied being pa excellence wih he God o he Bible. 7 The hieachical naue o his objecive ode o being povided'a basic model as he polieaion o is sysem invaded ail conceivable phases o lie. The hieachy became a amilia ope on he medieval landscape. The single nicocosmic embodimen o he '''sysem'' was man himsel. Man 5 psychic sucue epesens he absaced inenai analogue o he hieachy exenalized in he 'Objecive'ode Quside. The exenal counepas o his psychic dimensions o eason.and appeie wee he highe and lowe oms o lie encompassing he spiiual ange on angelie an godike beings down o he mos lowy and ignoan o beass. As such man povided an ideal subjec o he kind o symbolic oo expessed by goesque composiion. Kis accusoned suscepibiliy o he lue o empaion was moally pivoai in his human deiniion. 8 When he sucèumbed o he lowe insincs o his naue wha occued was a psycho-moal colpse compaable collapse in he exenal ode..' suggesive o a The visua image o a goesque combining dïspaae human and besial 7 The Mio o Language p.'l. S SeeChape l o hesis supa oonoes ' '' '. ''..

29 - {j.. -'--... eues in a disoed manne is an eloquen sign. ls 5 igni ied eali y is he abs ac domain o mo-al disode nomallyquie invisible. Ye he goesque achieves he symbalie endiian -a. jus such an inngible. As an image i poduces a ao a which no caegay exiss in he naual ade. As suèh a non:naual niy i eaims he nan-naual aspec o he moal absac G' which i ees. Fuhe i conceizes an invisible disade by means a a visible scambling o wha ae nomally adeed levels o lie in he scheme o ealiy Emile Mâle whose sudy o Ihe Gohie Image exploes he complex adiion o icon?gaphic symbolism in he a a he Mi ddle Ages speciieall)' in Fance aound he hieenh cenuy) povides in his inoducion a 20. amidable summay a i s salien ehaaceisics. Acoding o Mâle he Middle Ages oganized a much as h'ey had aganized dogma secula leaning' and sociey'aound bced.laws and sysems educing i a a veiable heology o a. 9 ' This science a a] was ansi ed b he Chuch a he lay sculposand paines he hieenh l ij ' cenuy wha eligiously.guaded he saced aiions 9 The Thieen he ondon: ' o

30 ..' i j i.i : i i i To he Middle Ages a was didacic. AVIl ha i was necesay ha men should know. he his oy o he! wold om he. ceaion he dogmas o eligion he. examples o he sains he hieachy o he viues he ange o he $ciences as and cas--a hese wee augh hem by he windows o he chu ch o by he saues in he ph.l As we have seen he eaionship beween om and. hough o symbol and ideaional conen is always vial in a. In mediaeva a evey om clohes a hough; one coud say ha hough woks wihin he maeia and - ashions i. The om canno be sepaaed om he idea. 2 which ceaes and animaes i. Male ' popos es ha he a o he Mi ddle Ages was a highy symbolic code mucn like a saced wiing. - ' 2. Mediaeval iconogaphy equied obedience o he ules o a kind o saced mahemaics.3 This concepion o a pesumed a pooundly idelisic view o he scheme o he univese 'and he idea ha boh hisoy and naue musbe egaded 4 as vas symbols. Though he language o iconogaphy l'! o symbolic a medieva man was invied o discen he spiiual ealiies invsibilia) behind hei visible images a pocess hamonious wih basic pinciples.in Chisian heology. Il DE Ci. p. vii. 2 CIE' Ci. p. viii. 3 qe Ci. See o discussion pp DE' Cd.. p. 5. I} l

31 L l l' ' l' Il II n )... In his essay Figua Eich Auebach' concus wi h a symbolic chaaceizaion o ail medieval a ocusing in paicua On he iguai mehod as a gene o model basic o medieval hough: No suden o he Middle Ages can' ail o see how i povides he medieval inepeaion o hisoy wih is geneal oundaion and oen ens ino 'he medieva view o eveyday ealiy. The analogism ha eaches ino evey sphee o medievl hough is closely bound up wih he iguai sucue; in he inepeaion o he Tini y ha ex ends oughly om S. Augusine' s De Tiniae o S. Thomas q.45 a. 7 man himsei as he-image o God ae on.hîschaace o a igua Tnla S. Medieval man chaaceisicaiiy peceived his wold' in iguai o symbolcal ems. His a epesened he ) aesheic expession o his analogieai vision o pecepion o' eali y. A highly elaboa.e code di'eaes aisie expession. The code deives is symbolic sysem om he clpse o belies suounding he pojeced scheme o spliual IS Fi gua Scenes om Lieaue: Six E-ss-as--eidian 00 s '959 pp.. Aue ach aeines he iguai mehod as he maeial suggesion o an ahisoical and spiiual uh. The igua is El poenial whose eali y exiss in he meaphys ieal ealm. Auebach. s igua is equi valen o Colish' 5 s i gn o symbol. Boh ems ee o somehing which epesens a spiiual ealiy. 22

32 : ; l } i le Il U 'J n ) '. ealiy povided in he Chisian model. Sudies o Chisian i'conogaphy cleay iusae he close elaionship beween symbolic expession and medieva a. 6 Robes on sesses his in his chape on Pincip les o Medieval Aesheics. 7 vehic A emeges as a highy symboic designed conscieniousy aound a copus o acceped symbos o uhe he educaion o mankind. a mae o ac a has been employed in symbolic eaching pincipally eligious om he vey ealies imes o a ; o o visible eligious oganizaion.8 A mos peinen insigh ino he-pinciples o medival aesheic heoy is o be ound in Augusine's On Chisian Docine. In hs inoducion o he wok Robeson sesses he inluence i exeed houghou he Middle Ages.! conibued he oganizing pincipes o he seneniae o Pee Lombad and IlUcn o he Gossa O'dinaia which became a basic aid o scipual sudy ae he weh '-- cenu epesens he wok o S. Augusine himsel o o exposos simila mehods.!9 lias who weé eine inluenced by him o employed 6See o discussion Reveend R. S. John Chisian A and 'Symo'o'li'sn London Smih EIde & Co. 872) p. 4. 'ep a.lsoamuel Ciew Th'a' Viue's' 'Re'concied:' 'An Icono a hic Sudy Toono: The UnIves y 0 oono ess 7 ' A Peia'ce o Chauce pp hisian A and Smbolism p 'On 'Chislan Docine p. xii. 23.

33 0* '. i-.' ;: e i. I II j i U In he wok Augusine explains he ob5cuiy o scipual naaive in ems o spiiual inspiaion. His analysis o he scipues hinges on he pinciple o chaiy which is he easoned moion o he soul owad love o h Ceao above ail ings:... no one doubs ha hings ae peceived moe eadily hough simuliudes and ha wha is sough wih.diiculy is peceived wih moe pleasue.. Thus he Holy Spii has magniiceniy and wholesomely modulaed he Holy Scipues 50 ha he moe open places pesen hemselves o hunge and he moe obscue places may dee a disdainul aiude. On Chisian Docine ll.vi.8)20 The suden o Scipue should always bea in mind: Knowledge pu!s up; bu chaiy ediies. Co. 8. On Chisian Docine II.XLI62) Caias povides he moion o he soul owads an undesanding which anscends he meely lieai. The allegoical levels which a-e disinguished by he inenai eye spiiual easoning acul y) ae necessay a a ull and ue pecep'ion o wha is iniially gasped by he exenal o leshly -aye. On Chisian Docine. XIII.2)2 ' / The.impoance o caias o he eade o scipual accoun is is easonable appoach. Man i5 invièd o _appoach he s cipues wi h a easonabe love'. His. pusui o spiiual uh i5 bes guided by he pecep o cai5 24. which is a moal pinciple exaing he execise :li j l ' o man's inellecndowmen. Cai as i5 he ove 20 Op.Ci. p Op Ci. p. 4.

34 i li - 7 li li Il i i -i i incuding and encompassing he ange o ceaed and copoal beauy bu because i is an odeed love is ulimae objec i5 he spiiual beauy ha esides in God. Cai as uses ceaed beauy as a means o ull enjoymen o he Divine. 22 Love o ceaed beauy is no wong i i i5 a elaive love odeed o he highe love o Divine spiiual beauy. The pinciple o ode is inheen in he dynamics o love nd he hieachy esablishes he pecedence o spiiual beauy ove ail ceaed and copoal objecs. When applied o he inepeaion o scipual accoun o o he as in geneal whehe li eay ual o musical he pinciple o cai as einoces he validiy o symbolic epesenaion in he spiiual enlighenmen o is audience. Convesely symbolic epesenaion hough he language o aesheics éieaes he undamenal pinciple o caias. A sign o symbol invies he beholde o seek he signiied ealiy which is is spiiual eeen. This execise o seeking beyond he sensual image i5 analogous o he execise o caias in man's eena ques o nis elaive good in ceaion and his uimae saisacon God--a undamena pecep in Chisian dogma. Caias 22 See On Chisian Docine..3; IV.4;.V.S. pp. 9-0 o a discussion o hose objecs which ae o be used and hose objecs whica ae o be enjoyed. / / in 2S. l..

35 0;. l : elecs he execise o eason and aih in man's. ; aspiaion o saisacion in he aempoal and spiiual ealm. Like he symbol which dees meaning e a meaphysical uh anscending is lieai ideniy. caias suggess he deemen om sensual o spiiual enjoymen. Robeen In his descipion o oueenh-cenuy syle aibues o medieval a chaaceisics equally e.cognizable in medieval music and li eaue: When 'Chisian a developed is own syles hey wee syles consisen wih his aiude which pemied he ais o poin o a anscenden bu objecive beauy and o inspie in his audience a love o i Fequenly he medieval ais avoided QO obvious a suace conveniena so ha he eason migh he excied o seek and o discove an equaliy among he invisibilia suggesed by he subjec mae and he echnique :. '. l i ; I! : i : i ) A dominan heme o Robeson's chape on he pinciples o medieval aesheics' is he pimay::'çion o a as l L I a vehicle o spiiual'uh... Essenialy he appeciaion o beauy in he ealm o esheics eleced he Chisiàn ideological pecepion 23.A' A Peace o Chauce p. 36. Emile Male concus wi h his view: J The ignoan see he oms-he myseious lee'sdesanding nohing o hei meaning bu he wise pass om he visible e he invisible and in eading naue ead he houghs b. God. '!'he Gohie Image p. 29) '.

36 L l li I ) o ode. Boenius sesses he ineio muable and 24 ansioy naue q ceaed hings. Sponaneous deligh in wha he 'exenal eye beholds unless i poins o a highe enjoymen a he spiiual eve signiies a kind o inenai all. The kind o canal pecepion which leads'he mind asay is elaboaed by Andeas Capelanus in he de Amoe This possibly saiica handbook o couly wooing echniques evolves om a deiniion o love in passionae sensual ems: Love is a ceain inbon sueing passio) deived om he sigh o and excessive mediaion upon he beauy o he opposie sex which causes each one o wish above ail hings he embaces o he ohe and by common desie o cay ou ail o lovels peceps in he ohe's embace. 25 This deiniion i5 a esaemen in ems o love o he abuse o beauy oulined by Augusine. Cupidias he love-dced'downwads owad; he empoal dies om caias o' chatlable love-no kind bu ahe in ems o objec. Cupidias amo descendi) is a cuvaus o peveed love The Consolaion o Philosophy Book II-V p Andé le Chap Iain The A o cou'l* Lo.ve ans. J. J. Pay New Yok: Fedeick Unga Pu6is ing Co. 94) p. 28. /26 Fo discussion see Andes Nygen Aape and Bos ans. Philip S. Wason London: 953) pp ). 27.

37 AG e... - l.- I Augusine decibes he Fal! as he deecion o he wi-!l : M. wh' was desined o become spii uai even in his lesh i çnly he had kep he commandmen became insead leshly even in his so.27 Th pocess o man's au J -o-m-_he joy o Eden. was iggeed by pide o sel-will Adam became seiljed ell ay om Being and so became less. > In accodance wi h he5e spii ua-and.. aesheic '-.. as5umpions he Romanesque and Gohie syles emè-ged. Romanesq.ue syle had i s own paicula chaaceisics. Genealy hee wasa endency a absob e modeis ino he Chisian :ame o eeence. lie - cassical Thee was The eo o inegae human igues spaially and less inees in he naual o elisic human om o expession. endiion o he Consisen wih Augusine 's' he oy o aeheic om as a eiecion o he pinciple 28 -'-- : o cai as nesque a invi ed a symbolic and inellecual inegaion. The ocus o aenion on meaning ahe han epesenaion and he invisibiia accouned' o he highly sylized and omalizad.' '- onigua_ions peculia o he syle. Essenially he '- :::-.. o o.e whole in Romanesque a i5 always an aiicial a al ode. i 28 Implici in hi } -----: Auelus Augus:inus God Tans. Geald Wal-sn e al. ed. VenonJ. Bouke''7n'---';;--o--u'leday &_-G>.Inc: 962) p. 3l A Peace';o Chauce- p. 49. Jo -':':h_ {. l=

38 / >. ;.: ' :.: { c { aiicial ode ae hose absac: spiuai. epe'sened iguaively by he lieai images. eeens 0 Tha e monsous ceaions o Rqmanesque and Gohie a we in pa elaboaed wih casional comic and giddy louish on he pa o he ais in no way conlics wi h symbolie inene The idea ha a màn who gives himsel up a vice c.ei s his umani y and assume's besial chaaceisics was a popu.la J!lediev:al noion. Ovid' s Meamophoses which was widely sudied in he Ci Middle Ages einoced he aisiç validiy o an idea aleady implici in Ghisian philosophy. This idea ecei ves philosophiesl êxpess0n in he Consolaion o.' / ehi us. Robeson -ci es om Chauce S J.:-aiÎslaion: '..- Il Than }ieidih i ha yi hou seis a wygh: ha be ansomed ilo vices ho'w ne mays na wene ha he be a man. Fo.i he be adalid in a vayce and ha l' he be a avynou by violence o oeyn ichesse hou shal seyn ha he is lik a he wol; and i he be elonows and wi houe ese and execise his onge. o chi cii'i! ; hou shal likne hym o he hownc 29. The endeney o sysemaize maeials o ail kinds and o make hisoganiza ion e.xpic;i and uncional in. pacical lie wee developmens which empe:;ed Gohie a. The simb'oj.ic imagey o he Romanesque peiod became 6'&) i moe ejcplic hd conveniona as he eo was made a p. 53.

39 n l' Po ' ).. n n n i l' ) b. h '.. povide he layan wih a bdge o spiiual undesanding ;; hough he in even ion o he hings ha ae made'!'. Male. in his inoducion o he Gohie Image povides a concise ouline o geneal aesheie heoy ie. Gohie peiod: The aisic epesenaion o saced' subjecs was a science govend'by 'ixed laws which could no be boken ' a he dicaes o individual imaginaion. I canno be quesioned ha' hi!! heolgy o a i one ma).' 50 pu i was soon ed'uced o a body o. doçine o om vey ealy mes 'i casnen ae seen subniing o i om one end o Euope o he ohe. This science.was ansmied by he Chuch o he ly sculpos and '.. paines o he hieenh cen'uy Who eligiously' guaded he' sace cl. adi ions.. 30 The poninence' o he goesque agains his eaesheic c ' backdop s pecly consisen wi h i s basic as'sumpions.. o As. we have seen he goesque image was an elabo'a conivance symbolizing he invisible meaphysical sae. - - o psycho-moal disode in man again cosmic scheme based on he heme o ope. j) a lage.eligio'- - The g.oesque ' i5 a Unique'symbol which connoes his cosmic ode by is'- vey dis ode 30 ' :'he 'Gohi c ' mage. p. l. 3}. i l i ' - - l'..

40 '.'!. -..;... - n Lo ' l ) :The em goesqùe deined b Wolgang Kayse was oiginlly used o.. designae ceain onamenal syle which came o ligh duing lae ieenh-cenuy excavaions b is in Rome hen in ohe pas. Ialy as weil and which uned ou o' consiue a hiheo unknown ncen om q{ onamenal p!jning. 3l - Visually he goesque image boh in paining and' he plasic as appeaed as' a'monsous om; a human igue wi h 'displaced o inveed anaomical pas a ' human igue cowned by an--animal head; a conglomeae o dien aimal pas o igue wih ceain.exaggeaed ea ues. -K:yse noes ha he mons ous ' quali y o such goesque is consiued by he uion... ' o ealm as weil. as '6Ya de ini e lack o p opo;ion and oganiz'aion 32 Accoding o Kays he omamena goesques wi h hich' aiss djcoa'ed hei chi ecue. and illuminaed hei manuscips siiied... ' no somehing playully gay and caelessly ahasic bu also somehing ominous and ' sinise in hé ce o' a wold oally dieen om he amilia one--a wold in which he ealm o inanimae hings' is'. 3 Wol gang Kayse 'The Goesque in A and Li eaue anse Ulich Weissein Gloucese Massachuses: Pee Smih 968) p p. C l. p J o -'

41 32. no longe sepaaed om hose o plans animais and human beings and whee he law o saics symmey and popoion ae no longe valid. 33 The goesque is an unnaual om which has no exising caegoy in naue. Is visible deiance o naual laws and boundaies by a peposeous combinaion o besial and human elemens coinci'des wih he invisible sae è psycho-moal chaos i epesens. Kayse's inal inepeaion o he goesque as an aemp o invoke and subdue he demonic aspecs o he wold34 makes poin clea. Kayse pece ives poweul didacic medium: he goesque as a ' In spie o ail he helplessness and hoo inspied by he dak oces which luk in and behind ou wold and have powe o esange i he uly aisic poayal eecs a sece libeaion. The dakness has been sighed he ominous powes discoveed-he incompehensible oces challenged. 35 ' '.Li'l. '.. By unleashing he sense o dakness and chaos in he human soul he goesque can ahe same ime summon o ally he sense o ade i daes o dey. A goesque ceaion compehends he Ovidian pinciple o meamophosis whee 'man's immoaliy is anslaed ino 33 0 p. C' lo. p Ibid. Capi aized in he oiginal) 35 Ibid. p. 88. î

42 / '.. i J i a conguen physlcal sae o besiaiy. Fuhe he goesque image epesened an elaooae and pecise aesheic om whose composiion was dicaed by a omal iconogaphic code amiliao aiss and wies. 7 Samuel Chew who examines in his iconogapic sudy o he pilgimage heme he vaious diec connecions 33. )!!.' i! < Il u U II ) beween vebal and visual imagey indicaes ha a single copus o synbols was available o he paine he sculpo he engave he poe ad he wie o k 36 Th b' maglnalve pose ale. e lzae aangemen 0 dispaae elemens in goesque composiion evidenly oned a kind o pièoial 'shohand' in which a ga vaiey o ideas could be expessed and many deived ulimaely om he Besiaies whee h eal and imaginay beass and bids wee moalizeâ.. 37 Goesques Wee highly iconomaic. The ideas hey expessed vaied accoding' o hè naue o hei speciic composiion. Iconogaphy povided he lnguage o hei aesheic omulaion expessing aily aicuaely and peciseiy hé message hey conveyed visually. 36 Samuel Chew The Pllglma.. e o Lie New Hayen ) nd. London: Yale Univesiy Pess- 62). ThIs s a cen' heme houghou he sudy. 37 eei'lh on: ).. -

43 i' - { l: E ' l.. i Ii U E :) Texs on he a o he Mddle Ages pesen highly omalized iconogaphic epesenaions o he vices noaiy he Seven Deadly Sins which emeged as a pagean o amilia igues sylized o symbocally sugges he 0' 38 vice poayed. The lis o iconogaphic symbols which disinguish hem is aily exensive and someimes vaiable. consan howeve. Ceain o hese wee geneally acceped as Fo example chin-chucking was egaded as a - disincly lusul gesue; he image o a goesque wih head in he genial aa was a popula way o expessing he dehonemen o Reason by Appeie. Rendiions o ç-. hé oide daunce as he awkwad posuing o a goesque o he dishamonious music o lue bagpipe violin o anohe o he insumens associaed wih canal music clealy illusaed he sin o onicaion in is boades moal sense. Love and music wee ve closely ) elaed. In heological ems he melies o love ae he New Song o S. Paul' s New Man and he Old Song o S. Paul's DId Man who epesens he inheied evil' habi o he lesh. 39 Music was an impoan way o expessing moaliy in he Middle Ages. 40 Vaious musical insumens wéte 38 Samuel Chew discusses he iconogaphic eamen o hese in The Pigimage o Lie. 39 Peace o Chauce p Op. Ci. pp J.-'

44 l' L jl ; ) II i i U n ) i ened wh cacophan o dlshamony. The hon and bagppe consiued wha we cali phallic symbols whie he violin and lue wee assoeiaed wih seduion. Tambouines and cymbals poduced hash and uneasonable music suggesing moal dishanony. AnimaIs like musical insumens held meanlngul J associaions. As Beyl Rowlnd indieaes he endency o associae he base aspecs o humaniy wih he besial s eviden boh in he iconogaphie sysem which elaes speciie animais o vaious o he Sev Deadly Sins and in Chauce's elaed imagey in he 'Tales. The associaional values o he animal igue may illuminae a passage illusae heme complexiy o chaace 'acion o even be pa o a pâen in an ionie subsucue.4l By he hieenh eenuy liss o beass associaed wih vaious sins had become vey elaboae. Thus William o Auvegene's De viiis e peccais povides a long seles o compaisons beween sins and vaious kinds o animais ish and bids. 42 The goesque is based undamenally on he assumpion ha sensualiy-makes a man besial a veneable Chisian 4 Blind Beass p A l'eace 'o Chauce p. S '

45 / ' '; ) idea which has ciassical pecedens:.... a man who gives himsel up a vices ceases' as i wee a be a man and becomes a beas.. In abandoning his eason he abandons in eec also his upigh posue whichas a symbal o eason disinguishes him om he animals. 43 Thus he goesque was in pa an eecive ool o saie and wih eeence o boh classical and scipual maeials povided an eloquen eminde abou.. he eecs o sin: Robeson cies he wods o Holco a illusae he philosophical pincip les bhind goesque and monsous combinaions a he heigh o hei populâiy duing he oueenh cenuy. The Chuch he says has 36. ' ':: l one head which is Chis. Robeson). }' }'.. Il.' U Bu egeably auside he chuch hee ae sone monsous men having'wo heads and conay moions. Fo hey have a body o sin joined o he naual body and he head o his body which is joined o i by pide is he Devil. The iey eyes o his body spakle w h :. wah and is ace is lean and sad' hough envy. The hands ae apacious like he oo o a lion o like ha o an eagle hough cupdiy and avaice. The belly is pocine hough gluony. The eins ae goalike hough lechey he èe ae bea like hough sloh.44 Holco's goesque is a composie illusaion o he.' seven vices: pide wah envy avaice gluony 43 Op. Ci C'. p.. p p.. 55.

46 U il. : l'. ' i '-' 7.. '. l: l ; u n i IJ î. le che ) and sloh The l'wo heads and conay moüons ae indicaions o signs o an unes'ol ved conlic :'o passions wihin a single consciousness. This aspec o moal o psychie conlie is a key o he aesheic omula o goesque composiion. A uion o eaims45 a he psychic level anslaes i sel iio a chaoie monsous om a he phys ieal levei. Holeo' s goesque example communicaes he aniheical hss moal weaknesses. he goesque. 37. o conlicing This is a disinguishing eaue o One mus ecognize he dieence beween Ovid's meamophosed man whose subhuman moaliy educes his physical saue o ha o a beas and Holeo's goesque whose psycho-moal sucue is a odds no meely ih heoeically ideal human sandads o moaliy bu wihin isel whel'e is passions co-exis in a diuse sae o inenai conlie. Fo example wh en pide and lechey occu ogehe a sae o unesolved conlie is he' l'esul. The sin o pide seeks o exai he sel i loves and woships '-'-so excessi vely.....' Lechey on he ohe hand degades and debases he sel which i submeges in he hea o selseeking lus. A peposeous anihesis occul's when he woxis simulaneously. This kind o psychic anagonism is holly inenai. I involves he diuse inconsisencies 45 S ee h' ess 'Ch' ape l' ' l oonoe # 30 o Kayse ' s deini ion o goesque'!...' '..

47 ;. 'i / o an aleady pevailing appeie. The'bale o moals has been ough and won wih a iumphan immoaliy now hoplessly diveed. in conlicing and ugen commimens. The goesque monse s he om aken by his absac / ealiy-an eclecic composie anslaed om he J C L F ' cacophanous clamo o unbidled and ovelapping passions. Whehe he pivae concens o medieval aiss ae elevan o any quesion abou acual symbolic inen' seems highly doubul. Suice i o say hahey inheied a adiion o iconogaphie' language based / undamenally on scipual exegesis and seeped i ;' / / Chisian dogma. The pinciples o Chisin ideology ci s cibed hei a and. di'caed i s aesheic oundaions. This elaionship beween om and conen l - is ciical in goesque composiion. Alhough goesque / - decoaive a which included elaboae oliage mois) whee highly sylized loa and leaves suounded he... '.. 46 ho. Il lmages ln manusclp l umnalon mus ave occaslona y inspied an exubean indulgence in is execuion i pevailed as a symbolic example o he ineacion beween :.../.. 46 A hisoy disinguishes wo ypes o decoaive. a: he moes9ue which is wo-dimensional is composed o igidly syllzed leaves and endils pined ove a uniom backgound peeably kep black and whiej and he. aabesque whi ch invol ves he use o pespecive. I is moe pouse so ha he backgound is' oen compleely hidden and i avails isel o paens composed o moe ealisic shoos leaves and blossoms o which animal eos ae someimes added. The Goesque in A and 'Lieaue p. 22

48 / / l'.. : ' spiual elves and pnysical eal Alhough ou jocus is o he goesque'monse which om a moal pespecive o human naue hee ae examples o divine goesques and animais populaly known o epesen Chis: J he lion he eagle he phoenix he pelican o he unicon which ae known o mos men hough he wok o Honoius o Auun. 47) Since he kind o goesque image ypiied by Holco s monse bes epesens he echnique used by Chauce in his Tales i i5 unnecessay o enlage hè deiniion povided by Kayse Rahe i seves ou pupose o conside he goesque as an aesheic medium o he expession o inellecual cuens 'deeply ooed in he medieval envionmen Accoding o Clak he oigin o abulous beass was he Physiologus hough o have been wien beween he second and ouh cenuies A.D. in Alexandia. 48 Is heavy emphasis on symbolism and moal didacicism indicaes ha he PhYSiOIOUS was meanno 50 much as a %oolog cal handbook bu as a eligious eaise.. ] I was hough ha'an impoan uncion o he animal kingdom was o Ac as an example o mankind 'and 47 The Gohie 'Image p Anne Clak Beass and Bawd New Yok: Tapleage Publishing Company 95). See Fa ulous Beass pp-.;38-'58 whee she uses examples em he besiaies. )

49 . A... j ; -' l ; li- '.. - '. l' l. i i ' insead o saaching o he scieniic uh abou beas behaviou men wee expeced o seek ou he moal values' which God was oelieved o have hidden hee. 49 The ask o besiay illusaos was no o poay hei subjecs ealisically bu o emphasize aimal chaacisics in he ex in ems o a didacic and heological pespecive. Mâle indicas ha he Middle Ages adoped he old Physiologus o he eas. Ancien Geek Lain and Amenian exs show ha he Physiologus was known hough he enie Chisiàn WO;ld;.50 The besiaies and ables povided a vivid illùsaion o animal behavio which had special signiicance o he --- elucidaion o he human moal condiion. The able was popula duing he Middle Ages and in addiion o hose o Aesop examples by ohe auhos wee widely ciculaed. A disinc lieay om he able elaes incidens in he lives o animais who speak and ac like human beings. 5 Unlike he bsiay which was oeed as an accoun o he chaaceisics o a species o animal by a zoological auhoiy he able was 49 Op. Ci P The 'Gohic Imag p.33. /' 5 Op. Ci. 'p-:' 4.

50 ._-! l ; q' IQ î; : < i Î' y l l' no expeced o be believed. I was mean o ie eneaining and insucive. As a esul o is populaiy ceain animais came o b ceain human chaaceisics. -< ecognized o 4. Fo insance he ass was noed o supidiy he ox o wiliness and cunning; he lion o majesy. abundan pecdens Clak indicaes ha hee wee in he Bible o using examples om he animal kingdom 'a povide a moal lesson. 52 Te caegoy o composie beass hal-animal halhuman passe ino he besiaies and ohe eligious wiings om he legends o Geece Rome and ohe ancien civilizaions. Classical myhology povided examples o says a pasoal igue wih genë eaues bu wih a honed oehead goalike hooves and ail' which' is a clue o is lascivious b.ehavio) and cenaus which have a man's ace and a oso down a he loins o hum an om wih he nehe poions o a hose) as weil as emale human-animal composies such as he sien gogon l.- 53 anc memaid. These beass as men and men as beass shae a sinu naue which is bone ou by hei animal pas Op.Ci. pp She descibes a piece o advice _ oeed in he Books o Povebs: Go o he an hou sluggad: conside he ways and be wise. '5 '. 3 Ibid. see Imen as Beass and Beass as Men o a. descipion o ohe composies. Fo example he manicoe he Lamia he sphinx!' and he hydus. o

51 42. l î. /. l' c îi - <:li The eaues deines he and conlicing passions. aosiion o hei humanbesial gou o hei subhuman...'0; The medieval endency a associae animais wih he base aspecs o humaniy and o illegoize hem as moal counepas a some human vice deives in pa om he Bible whee adiional symbalical conceps conained in animal ables wee einoced. This endency became a commonplace in exegeical wiing as weil as a useul and popula device in homiliic adiion. Ows sesses he impoance o he medieval peache as a chie mediaing inl uence whose pulpi hemes wee shaed by Chisian aiss and wies alike. sculpo ae he hemes o. he pulpi. 54 Fo he hemes o paine and O he commonplace epesenaions o viue and vice he commens: The ealism o semon poaiue has àleady been emphasizeâ. Wies' o. pulpi manuals and eaises om he hieenh cenuy onwads wee accusome4 a illusae each sepaae banck o Vice o Viue eaed in un wih pecisely such vivid lile skeches o conempoay men and women and hei ways. Thus gew up a naual endency o ldeniy opic wl h '55 illusaion and blend hem ino one. The close ideniicaion o opic and illusaion maks a Medieval endency a use om wih conen and 0 2 ' d 4 '<.> I '; :. -k & <......} ';G: '. :) 'j ) 54.. G.R. OWs' Lieaue' and PUlpi.in Medïeva England Oxod: Basil Blac:bel 96) pp. -2..; 0. 5S 0 C' 87 p. l. p..

52 4). ' '' ' -!'.. '.. k J< ' l ) '. o vjsualize in gaphic deai-l a'moal condi-';j;on. 'î'hough he language 'q iconogaphy absac ideas wee visualized. A e.pesena ion could be ead a he han meely peceived wih a didacic ahe h an a puely aeshei uncion pevailing. A chaaceisic o medieval a which sikes hé consevaive audience is is unabashed juxaposiion o poane and holy o saced subjecs. Fom a medieval sandpoin uch juxaposiions povided a valid mehod o moal commenay. Poaniy occued no in he visual juxapoiion o saced and poane bu ahe in he pecepion o he viewe whose du y i was o inenpe he' moal signiicance o he sae pesoniied by. o insance a hideous goesque engaged in so!!e indecen aci vi y.6 Such j uxaposi ions seved as didacic emindes ha he g!oesque is clealy ) a uncion o vice and has univesa applicaion. The goesque image clealy eleced hè coon noion ha he body oilows he mind. The Boehian view o he Chain o Being held ha man a li le below he angels and a lile 'above he bues had o be povided wi h i us a ians waning him a wha he would became i insead o eevainghis soui he submi ed o he base desies o he body. 5 7 The goesque image poayed his kind o moal meamophosis conciselyand aiculaely.' 56 An example o such. a juxaposiion will be discussed belo'w wih'a cop}' aken oil} h.e Omesby Psale. This 'manuscip illuminaion juxaposes he NeSong o paise /' wih he Old Song o O'l'nicaion. 57 'Blind Beass: Chaucels Animal Wold p. i9. o <

53 . i... ''''... - Speciie vices could be conveyed clealy in iconogaphie language. A elosook a a epesenaive saple < o lae medieval manuscip illuminaion will povide a bidge o 44 :- la e discussion o iconogaphic imagey in:' Chauèe 5 chace poayal. Fami!iaiy wih goesque echnique - in visual epesenaion will claiy is uneion in li eay ems. The plae on page hiy-hee is a manuscip olio ; -. n' n u n D l.. om he 0mesby Psal e See ove) The heme o he ex o is chaaceisically saed :in he hisoiaed iniial which is he dominan epesenaion o he page. The expession o spiiual pieyand woship o he Divine i5 visually conveyed hough he imag o a cowned igue... kneelng in paye a Chisso ee. The' illuminaed maginalia in his paicula manuscip deve0p ideas which conas he cenal heme saed in he in.i ial. In sone insances expessions o ideas which paallel 'he cenal heme ae aiculaed by he maginali. The hisoiaed iniial shows David kneeling in paye inoducing he Domine- exaudi oaionem meam. This is essenially an aspec o he New Song o paise. Immedlaely o he le o he iniial in he maginalia. a conasing heme is epesene by a obed igue who sis blowing a long hon. The hon dieced downwads ) ' suggess boh he diecion o he igue's inees as -) weil as he cama! naue o his music which is in conas '.

54 i '-... J J.I J : - J J...