Flipbook Terms:

Transcription

1 Flipbook Terms: Flipbook: (Dates may be adjusted) The flipbook notes on imagery can be found by accessing the following link: NTc&feature=youtu.be

2 Flipbook Terms: Flipbook: The flipbook notes on simile and metaphor can be found by accessing the following link:

3 Flipbook Terms Mood: The way the reader feels as they read a text. The author creates an atmosphere so the reader will have certain emotions.

4 Flipbook Terms Mood Examples: suspenseful, angry, hopeful, scared, joyful, serious, pessimistic, etc. Write your own example of a mood word

5 Flipbook Terms Tone: The author s attitude toward the subject they are writing about.

6 Flipbook Terms Tone Examples: Throughout the year, you read texts and hear speeches about the President. Some speak about him in ways that are admiring, hopeful, annoyed, hostile, unsure, and optimistic. Write your own example of a tone word

7 Flipbook Terms Dialect: The form of language spoken by people in a particular region or group. Dialects differ in pronunciation, grammar, and word choice.

8 Flipbook Terms Dialect Examples: Ain t, o er, hafta, howdy, and dem Write your own example

9 Flipbook Terms Theme: Major topic about human nature stated in ONE or TWO words.

10 Flipbook Terms Theme Examples: Hope Prejudice Power Rich vs. Poor

11 Flipbook Terms Message: Your theme from the text stated in ONE FULL, specifically worded SENTENCE.

12 Flipbook Terms Message Examples: People can still find hope in the most trying situations. It can be dangerous to judge(judgement) someone before getting to know them. Too much power can be dangerous. The rich(wealth) in the story always try to oppress the poor(wealth). Write your own example of a theme and a specific message, written in a sentence, that could be tied to that theme.

13 Flipbook Terms Speaker: The term speaker refers to the narrator or storyteller of a poem.

14 Flipbook Terms Speaker Note: Sometimes the speaker is the actual writer of the poem. However, at other times the speaker may be a character that is imagined or created by the author.

15 Flipbook Terms (Homework) Direct Characterization Tells the audience directly what the personality of the character is. Example: Mr. Rodan was a grouchy (personality) old man. Example: Voldemort said that he did not like Harry. Write your own example

16 Flipbook Terms (Homework) Indirect Characterization Shows things that reveal the personality of a character. We have to make inferences to determine the character s personality. There are five different methods of indirect characterization: Speech, Thought, Effect (The way that other characters react to them), Action, and Looks. Use the acronym STEAL. Example: Voldemort gave Harry a menacing stare as he approached him in the distance. Write your own example

17 Flipbook Terms Historical Context: The full setting of a certain time period: for example, the mood, opinions, politics, attitudes, beliefs, lifestyles, economy, trends, etc. Example: In The Outsiders, S.E. Hinton gives the reader historical context details that are specific to the 1960 s- clothing, hairstyles, music, cars, entertainment, slang words, books, jobs, places, Socs and Greasers (social groups), etc. Once we can identify the time period, we can do further research to know what life might have been like for the characters. Write your own example

18 Flipbook Terms Setting: The time period and the description of the place where the story takes place. Example: Time: 1965 Place: Tulsa, Oklahoma. Any details and descriptions of where the characters in The Outsiders live, hang out, or visit are also place setting. Write your own example

19 Flipbook Terms Exposition: This usually occurs at the beginning of a story. Here the characters are introduced. We also learn about the setting of the story. Most importantly, we are introduced to the main conflict (main problem).

20 Flipbook Terms Examples: Example: In the exposition to The Outsiders, we are introduced to Ponyboy, his brothers, and the Greaser gang members. Also, the setting of the story is a small town in Oklahoma. Finally, the man vs. man conflict between the Socs and Greasers is introduced.

21 Flipbook Terms Man vs. Man (or Society) Conflict: The character has a conflict with another character (man) or with a group of people (society).

22 Flipbook Terms Examples: Superhero vs. Enemy (man vs. man) New kid in school vs. students that won t accept him. (Man vs. Society) Write your own example

23 Flipbook Terms Man vs. Self Conflict: The character is in conflict with his/herself. It is an inner struggle.

24 Flipbook Terms Examples: She can t decide which job she should take. He wants to eat the entire large pizza for dinner, but knows it isn t good for him. Write your own example

25 Flipbook Terms Man vs. Nature Conflict: The character is in conflict with something in the natural world.

26 Flipbook Terms Examples: Illness/disease, natural disasters, animals, having to survive in the wilderness, weather... Write your own example

27 Flipbook Terms Man vs. Technology Conflict: The character is in conflict with a new science or technology.

28 Flipbook Terms Examples: Robotics, genetic alterations, computers, chemicals, medicines, etc. Write your own example

29 Flipbook Terms (HW) Flashback: When a character remembers an event that took place BEFORE the current scene.

30 Flipbook Terms (HW) Flashback Examples: A character s memory actually interrupts the current scene we are reading about. EX: She asked me about my mother as we were driving home from school. SPACE between current scene and flashback. I was 6-years-old and we were just moving into our new apartment

31 Flipbook Terms 9.19 HW Foreshadowing: When a character, author, or narrator uses hints or clues to suggest what will happen LATER in the novel.

32 Flipbook Terms 9.19 HW Foreshadowing Examples: The fact that Ponyboy, in The Outsiders, lets the reader know that Johnny started carrying a switchblade after he was jumped by the Socs might foreshadow that Johnny will use the blade to defend himself in a future fight. Write your own example

33 Flipbook Terms 9.26 Allusion: When the author mentions or refers to something or someone famous that is not actually part of the story. These can be songs, novels, famous people, movies, other famous stories, speeches, presidents, characters, fairytales, pop culture, etc.

34 Flipbook Terms 9.26 Allusion Examples: Indirect: He was so angry she expected him to turn green and tear his shirt to bits by flexing his muscles. (Alluding to The Hulk ) Direct: When her husband lost his job she turned into a Scrooge. (Alluding to a character from A Christmas Carol ) Write your own example

35 Flipbook Terms 9.26 Symbolism: A symbol is anything (object or person) that stands for or represents something else. It usually represents an ABSTRACT IDEA that is bigger or more important than the object or person.

36 Flipbook Terms 9.26 Symbolism Examples: A bird (object) is usually symbolic of freedom (important abstract idea) because of its ability to fly anywhere. A crown (object) is usually symbolic of royalty and power (important abstract idea) because it is traditionally worn by kings and queens. Write your own example

37 Flipbook Terms 9.26 Dynamic Character: Characters that change, grow, or learn a lesson throughout the story. You get a lot of information about that character throughout the story. Also, a dynamic character can also be called a round character.

38 Flipbook Terms 9.26 Dynamic Character Examples: For example, Ponyboy, in The Outsiders, is an example of a dynamic or round character because he changes throughout the story. Write your own example

39 Flipbook Terms 9.26 Static Character: Characters that never/barely change or grow in the story. Also, a static character can also be called a flat character.

40 Flipbook Terms 9.26 Static Character Examples: For example, Bob, in The Outsiders, is an example of a static or flat character because he doesn t change in a noticeable way. Bob never changes from being a Soc that dislikes everything about Greasers. Write your own example

41 Flipbook Terms 9.27 HW Climax: This is the turning point of the story. Usually the main character comes face to face with a conflict. The main character will change in some way. This is the most intense moment of the story.

42 Flipbook Terms 9.27 HW Climax Examples: In the climax of The Outsiders, Johnny and Ponyboy rescue the children from the burning church.

43 Flipbook Terms 10.4 Personification: Giving a non-human thing a human ability or quality.

44 Flipbook Terms 10.4 Personification Examples: The sun greeted me this morning. Opportunity came knocking. Your example:

45 Flipbook Terms 10.6 Resolution: Loose ends in a story are tied up; the main conflict or problem in the story is solved. There can be resolutions to minor or secondary conflicts as well.

46 Flipbook Terms 10.6 Resolution Examples: Example: In the resolution of Harry Potter, Voldemort is finally defeated by Harry and the wizarding world is left safe from Voldemort s evil intentions.

47 Flipbook Terms 11.6 Main/Central Idea: The most important idea in a story or text. The reader uses details to determine what the story is really about. Main idea is also known as central idea. In short stories and novels, the theme and message often take the place of the main idea.

48 Flipbook Terms 11.6 Main/Central Idea Example: STATE the main idea in a COMPLETE SENTENCE! A main idea will always be supported by evidence known as the Supporting Details.

49 1 st Amendment Article - Model Main Idea: The main idea of the article is that. However, while the 1 st Amendment has given Americans many freedoms, limits, over time, have been placed on these freedoms. Supporting Detail # 1: The first amendment guarantees freedom of religion in two clauses or sections.

50 Flipbook Terms 11.6 Evidence / Supporting Details: When you are asked to find evidence, you are looking for information that supports the argument or main idea. Evidence can be presented as a direct quote (word for word) or as a paraphrased sentence (restated in your own words).

51 Flipbook Terms 11.6 Evidence / Supporting Details Examples: According to the text One example is The author states This sentence shows

52 Flipbook Terms 11.6 Objective Summary: This is a summary of the main points of a book or text, that DOES NOT include your feelings or opinions about the book or text. An objective summary focuses on the FACTS.

53 Flipbook Terms 11.6 What is included in an objective summary? Just the details the important ones Main character(s) Setting Important parts of plot: Initial Conflict Climax Example: A newspaper article could be objective.

54 Flipbook Terms 11.6 Subjective Summary: This is a summary of the main points of a book or text, that DOES include your feelings or opinions about the book or text. This type of summary shows bias or a preference towards someone or something.

55 Flipbook Terms 11.6 Subjective Summary Example: A book or movie review written in a magazine, in a newspaper, or on a website.

56 Flipbook Terms 11.6 (HW) Connotation: The suggesting or implied meaning of a word apart from the thing it directly names or describes.

57 Flipbook Terms 11.6 (HW) Connotation Examples: Example: The word childlike has connotations of innocence. Write your own example

58 Flipbook Terms 11.6 (HW) Denotation: A direct specific meaning of a word as distinct from an implied or associated idea. The dictionary definition of a word.

59 Flipbook Terms 11.6 (HW) Denotation Examples: Example: The denotation for the word childlike is to act in the manner of a child.

60 Flipbook Terms 11.8 (HW) First Person Point of View: A first-person narrative is a point-of-view in which a story, in a written or spoken format, is narrated by one character at a time, speaking for and about themselves. The narrator is a character in the story. Frequent use of the pronoun I.

61 Flipbook Terms 11.8 (HW) First Person Point of View Example: Example: I wanted to find the best dress for the winter formal. Unfortunately, there were no mirrors. I couldn t see myself in the dress!

62 Flipbook Terms 11.8 (HW) Third Person Limited Point of View: A narrator is telling the story, and the narrator is limited to being able to share only one person s thoughts and feelings. Also, the narrator can share the actions of all characters.

63 Flipbook Terms 11.8 (HW) Third Person Limited Point of View: Example: Thomas (The main character in The Maze Runner) felt trepidation (fear) when he arrived in the Glade (the setting of the story). The narrator has access to Thomas s thoughts and feelings, but cannot give information about the thoughts and feelings of any other character.

64 Flipbook Terms 11.8 (HW) Third Person Omniscient Point of View: A narrator is telling the story. Also, the narrator knows and tells the thoughts and feelings of multiple characters. Additionally, the narrator can share the actions of all characters. The word omniscient means all-knowing.

65 Flipbook Terms 11.8 (HW) Third Person Omniscient Point of View: Example: Donald Duck was angry. He thought he would explode! Katniss felt bad for Donald. She wanted him to survive the Disney Hunger Games.

66 Flipbook Terms (Already Added) Review Exposition: This usually occurs at the beginning of a story. Here the characters are introduced. We also learn about the setting of the story. Most importantly, we are introduced to the main conflict (main problem).

67 Flipbook Terms (Already Added) Review Examples: Example: In the exposition to The Outsiders, we are introduced to Ponyboy, his brothers, and the Greaser gang members. Also, the setting of the story is a small town in Oklahoma. Finally, the man vs. man conflict between the Socs and Greasers is introduced.

68 Flipbook Terms Rising Action: This part of the story begins to develop the conflict(s). A building of interest or suspense occurs and leads to the climax. Complications arise.

69 Flipbook Terms Rising Action Examples: Example: In the rising action of The Outsiders, Ponyboy runs away from home; Johnny kills Bob, the Soc, to save Ponyboy.

70 Flipbook Terms (Already Added) Review Climax: This is the turning point of the story. Usually the main character comes face to face with a conflict. The main character will change in some way. This is the most intense moment of the story.

71 Flipbook Terms (Already Added) Review Climax Examples: In the climax of The Outsiders, Johnny and Ponyboy rescue the children from the burning church.

72 Flipbook Terms Falling Action: The events or action that follows the climax and ultimately leads to the resolution.

73 Flipbook Terms Falling Action Examples: Example: In the falling action of The Outsiders, Johnny dies due to his injuries from the church fire and Dally purposefully gets himself killed by the police.

74 Flipbook Terms (Already Added) Resolution: Loose ends in a story are tied up; the main conflict or problem in the story is solved. There can be resolutions to minor or secondary conflicts as well.

75 Flipbook Terms (Already Added) Resolution Examples: Example: In the resolution of Harry Potter, Voldemort is finally defeated by Harry and the wizarding world is left safe from Voldemort s evil intentions.

76 Flipbook Terms Verbal Irony: In verbal irony, the statement means something else that is quite different from the real meaning of the sentence. The person means something different from what they are saying. Verbal irony is closely related to sarcasm.

77 Flipbook Terms Verbal Irony Examples: Example: When the teacher told Mark, a straight-a-student, that he had earned a 70 percent score on his math test, he replied, my parents will really be proud of me for this achievement.

78 Flipbook Terms Dramatic Irony: Dramatic irony is used in tragedies and comedies to engage the reader who is aware of what's happening in a plot, however; the character remains unaware of the true situation. The characters are sympathized with by the audiences as the audiences are aware that the characters have no idea of their true situation.

79 Flipbook Terms Dramatic Irony Examples: Example: The cat, Tom, always thinks that he has a chance to catch the mouse, Jerry in the cartoon Tom and Jerry. However, as the audience, we know that Tom will never, despite his best efforts, be able to catch Jerry.

80 Flipbook Terms Situational Irony: Situational irony results from unfairness of a situation; The opposite of what you would expect to happen happens. The situation although can't be exactly logically explained, it can be evaluated and judged by others.

81 Flipbook Terms Situational Irony Examples: Example: If the owner of a car company wins a car in a lucky draw contest. If a firehouse catches fire. If a policeman is pulled over for speeding.

82 Flipbook Terms Text Structure: The organizational pattern an author uses to structure his or her ideas in a text.

83 Flipbook Terms The following are examples of text structure types: cause and effect, problem-solution, descriptive, chronological (time order and sequential), and compare and contrast.

84 Flipbook Terms Problem/Solution (Type of text structure): The author introduces a problem and then discusses one or more solutions.

85 Flipbook Terms Problem / Solution Examples: Key words: propose, issue, solution, fix, solve, need

86 Flipbook Terms Descriptive Text Structure: The author gives the reader specific details about a character, topic, event, etc.

87 Flipbook Terms Descriptive Text Structure Examples: Key words: descriptive vocabulary, adjectives, and details

88 Flipbook Terms Time Order/Chronological/Sequential: Time order has two types Chronological and Sequential. The author gives information in order of occurrence. Chronological is by date or time, sequential is by number.

89 Flipbook Terms Time Order/Chronological/Sequential: Key words: first, then, before, after, finally, next Chronological Example: A book that discusses the important events of World War II by date. Sequential Example: A cooking recipe or a how-to guide.

90 Flipbook Terms Compare/Contrast Text Structure: The author discusses the similarities and differences between two or more items.

91 Flipbook Terms Compare/Contrast Text Structure: Key Word Examples: while, rather, like, unlike, as opposed to, same

92 Flipbook Terms Cause and Effect Text Structure: The author discusses an event or occurrence and the changes that occur as a result.

93 Flipbook Terms Cause and Effect Text Structure: Example: An article on the causes of global warming and the effects that global warming has on the planet. Key Word Examples: Key words: because of, since, if/then, consequently, for this reason.

94 Flipbook Terms 12.8 Impact / Affect: To have an effect on someone or something. To make a difference or a change.

95 Flipbook Terms 12.8 Impact / Affect Examples: Example: The setting (impacted or affected) the characters in the story because there was a major drought. As a result, the farmers could not grow their crops and people were hungry. The event impacted the character. The choice impacted the character... The character affected the character

96 Flipbook Terms 12.8 Fact: A thing that is known or has been proven to be true. Also, it is something that can be proven to be true.

97 Flipbook Terms 12.8 Fact Examples: The Earth is round. The official language in Sweden is Swedish. Multiplying a negative number by another negative number creates a positive number.

98 Flipbook Terms 12.8 Opinion: A belief about someone or something that is held with confidence but not supported by positive knowledge or proof.

99 Flipbook Terms 12.8 Opinion Example: The Detroit Lions will win the Super Bowl. Pepperoni pizza is the best kind of pizza.

100 Flipbook Terms 12.8 Author s Purpose: The main reason the author is writing a text. The three main purposes that an author has for writing are To Persuade (convince the reader of something), to Inform (give the reader more information), and to Entertain (for the reader s enjoyment). (PIE) An author can have multiple purposes for writing.

101 Flipbook Terms 12.8 Author s Purpose Example: The author s purpose in the poem Mother to Son is to inform the reader about the struggles of Langston Hughes s mother so the reader can understand the influence that Hughes s mother, as a person that refused to quit when life became tough, had on Langston.

102 Flipbook Terms 1.23 Oxymoron: A figure of speech in which two opposite ideas are joined to create an effect (they usually have contrasting or different meanings).

103 Flipbook Terms 1.23 Oxymoron Examples: Jumbo shrimp Near miss Working vacation Act natural Practice: Create 1-2 oxymorons and write a short scenario/sentence for each in which someone might say that.

104 Flipbook Terms 2.1 Argument: = Claim + Counter-claim A strong statement that is supported with evidence that comes from research and facts. It is NOT based solely on the emotional side of an issue. An argument should include both a claim (your point of view on the issue, topic, etc.) and a counterclaim (how others might view the issue, topic., etc. differently from you).

105 Flipbook Terms 2.1 Argument Example: The Detroit Lions are the best team in their division, as they lead the division with a record of nine wins and four losses. (Claim) Counter-claim The divisional record is not the only factor in determining the best team. The Green Bay Packers are the best team as they have made the playoffs for the past six seasons.

106 Flipbook Terms 2.1 Claim: Your stated position on an issue or question. What is your viewpoint of the issue or question, and what are the facts that support the claim that you are making?

107 Flipbook Terms 2.1 Claim Example: Question: Was Mockingjay: Part 2 a good movie? My Claim: It was a great movie! Evidence: 95 % of movie critics gave the movie a positive rating.

108 Flipbook Terms 2.1 Counterclaim: The other side of the argument. What does the other side say or think?

109 Flipbook Terms 2.1 Counterclaim Example: Question: Was Mockingjay: Part2 a great movie? My Position (counter-claim): It was not a great movie. Evidence: Only 20 % of people that saw the movie gave it a positive rating.

110 Flipbook Terms 2.1 Bias: Prejudice (preference) in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.

111 Flipbook Terms 2.1 Bias Example: Their commercial showed a strong bias towards their product.

112 Flipbook Terms 2.15 End Rhyme: End rhyme is when a poem has lines ending with words that sound the same. Examples: Alternate lines The red-veiled lady in the sky A cures every ache and ill. B A mentor to the butterfly, A she takes away man s chill. B Consecutive lines A Oatmeal cookies, chocolate drops, A Coffee cakes with streusel tops, B Crullers with a sugar glaze, B Sprinkled cupcakes line the trays.

113 Flipbook Terms 2.15 External Reaction: A character reacts to his/her environment, events, and/or other characters by taking action or saying something about the situation.

114 Flipbook Terms 2.15 External Reaction Examples: Example: Ponyboy decides to run away from home after Darry hits him. Write your own example

115 Flipbook Terms 2.15 Internal Reaction: A character reacts to his/her environment, events, and/or other characters by experiencing specific feelings or through having thoughts about the thing that is affecting them.

116 Flipbook Terms 2.15 Internal Reaction Examples: Example: After he is jumped by the Socs, Ponyboy blames himself for not asking one of his brothers or another Greaser to walk him home after he goes to the movie. Write your own example

117 Stop! ( ) Directions: Do not add flipbook terms beyond this point as dates may be revised.

118 Flipbook Terms Author s Purpose: The main reason the author is writing a text. The three main purposes that an author has for writing are To Persuade (convince the reader of something), to Inform (give the reader more information), and to Entertain (for the reader s enjoyment). (PIE) An author can have multiple purposes for writing.

119 Flipbook Terms Author s Purpose Example: The author s purpose in the poem Mother to Son is to inform the reader about the struggles of Langston Hughes s mother so the reader can understand the influence that Hughes s mother, as a person that refused to quit when life became tough, had on Langston.

120 Flipbook Terms End Rhyme: End rhyme is when a poem has lines ending with words that sound the same. Examples: Alternate lines The red-veiled lady in the sky A cures every ache and ill. B A mentor to the butterfly, A she takes away man s chill. B Consecutive lines A Oatmeal cookies, chocolate drops, A Coffee cakes with streusel tops, B Crullers with a sugar glaze, B Sprinkled cupcakes line the trays.

121 Flipbook Terms Internal Rhyme: Rhyming of two words within the same line of poetry. The following, for example, is from Edgar Allan Poe s The Raven : Example: Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,

122 Flipbook Terms Slant (Half) Rhyme: Sometimes called imperfect or near rhyme, slant rhyme is when two words share just a vowel sound or just a consonant sound (assonance and consonance) Examples of slant rhyme: Heart and star (assonance) Milk and walk (consonance)

123 Flipbook Terms 1.3 External Reaction: A character reacts to his/her environment, events, and/or other characters by taking action or saying something about the situation.

124 Flipbook Terms 1.3 External Reaction Examples: Example: Ponyboy decides to run away from home after Darry hits him. Write your own example

125 Flipbook Terms 1.3 Internal Reaction: A character reacts to his/her environment, events, and/or other characters by experiencing specific feelings or through having thoughts about the thing that is affecting them.

126 Flipbook Terms 1.3 Internal Reaction Examples: Example: After he is jumped by the Socs, Ponyboy blames himself for not asking one of his brothers or another Greaser to walk him home after he goes to the movie. Write your own example

127 Flipbook Terms 5.3 Hyperbole: Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.

128 Flipbook Terms 5.3 Hyperbole Examples: After going out in the snow for three hours, he almost froze to death. Practice: Write down 2 examples of hyperboles-- one using the word universe and one using the phrase twenty million.

129 Flipbook Terms 5.3 Personification: A figure of speech where human qualities are given to animals, objects, or ideas.

130 Flipbook Terms 5.3 Personification Examples: The wind whispered through the dry grass and the flowers danced in the wind. Practice: Write your own example of personification of a FIRE and of WATER.

131 Idiom: Flipbook Terms 5.3 A word or phrase that is not taken literally and does not relate to it s actual meaning. Idiom is also known as figure of speech.

132 Flipbook Terms 5.3 Idiom Examples: Chip on your shoulder Jumped the gun The early bird gets the worm It s raining cats and dogs Practice: Brainstorm 1-2 other idioms and write a short scenario/sentence for each in which someone might say that.

133 Flipbook Terms 5.3 Oxymoron: A figure of speech in which two opposite ideas are joined to create an effect (they usually have contrasting or different meanings).

134 Flipbook Terms 5.3 Oxymoron Examples: Jumbo shrimp Near miss Working vacation Act natural Practice: Create 1-2 oxymorons and write a short scenario/sentence for each in which someone might say that.

135 Flipbook Terms 5.9 Onomatopoeia: A word, which imitates the natural sounds of a thing. It creates a sound effect that mimics the thing described, making the description more expressive and interesting.

136 Flipbook Terms 5.9 Onomatopoeia Example: Splash, giggle, swish, bam, and growl are all examples of onomatopoeic words.

137 Flipbook Terms 5.9 Alliteration: Definition: Alliteration is the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the BEGINNING of closely connected words.

138 Flipbook Terms 5.9 Alliteration Example: The fair breeze blew; the white foam flew Practice: Create and write 1 example of alliteration.

139 Flipbook Terms 5.9 Repetition: Definition: Repeating words or phrases within a poem to emphasize a main idea or an important idea in the poem.

140 Flipbook Terms 5.9 Repetition Example: The woods are lovely, dark, and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening by Robert Frost