Level 1 Lesson 8 EDIFY CAMBODIA. EDIFY CAMBODIA LEVEL 1 LESSON 8 Page 1

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1 Level 1 Lesson 8 EDIFY CAMBODIA EDIFY CAMBODIA LEVEL 1 LESSON 8 Page 1

LEVEL 1: LESSON 8 8.1 Gerunds and Infinitives 1) A gerund is a verb in its -ing form, used as a noun. For example, verbs like eating, going and seeing become nouns.

2 LEVEL 1: LESSON Gerunds and Infinitives 1) A gerund is a verb in its -ing form, used as a noun. For example, verbs like eating, going and seeing become nouns. Gerunds are used as the subject of a sentence, such as smoking is bad for you and after some verbs, such as like, hate, enjoy, quit, suggest, dislike or deny. For example, I like cooking and I enjoy fishing. After certain verbs we use the -ing form while some other verbs use the infinitive. There are no rules for using the gerund or the infinitive. Use: 1. After prepositions. I m interested in buying a computer. I m scared of walking alone in the dark. 2. The infinitive form is used: After some verbs, such as agree, arrange, ask, promise, decide and afford. I agreed to do the work. I arranged to see the doctor. They decided to get married. To show the reason why you did something. Tony went to the post office to pay a bill. After adjectives. I was surprised to see Erica. I was pleased to meet her. 3. Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or infinitive with NO CHANGE in meaning. For example, in start, begin, hate, like, prefer and continue. She started to cry = She started crying. (infinitive and gerund) I hate watching horror films = I hate to watch horror films. (gerund and infinitive) Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive, but there is a CHANGE in meaning. For example, in try, remember and stop. I tried to get into the house. (Getting into the house is your goal or objective). I tried climbing through the window. (Climbing through the window is one thing you tried in order to obtain your final objective.) I stopped cleaning the windows. (I was cleaning the windows and then I stopped). I stopped to clean the windows. (I was driving, and I stopped driving in order to clean the windows). I remembered to lock the door. (I remembered, and after that I locked the door). I remember locking the door. (I remember that I locked the door IN THE PAST). EDIFY CAMBODIA LEVEL 1 LESSON 8 Page 2

3 1. In which sentence can you write having? children will change your life. I stopped work a cup of coffee. Fiona decided a shower after dinner. 2. In which sentence can you write to go? to the gym will keep you fit. I would prefer to the theatre than to the cinema. I m interested in to the flower show. 3. Which verb is NEVER followed by a gerund? suggest / ask / continue 4. Which verb is NEVER followed by an infinitive? begin / deny / love 5. Complete the sentence. We re going to Mount Fuji my uncle. for visit / to visit / visit 6. Complete the sentence. I was driving to town when I saw Hannah walking on the pavement, so I stopped to give her a lift / giving her a lift / for give her a lift. 7. Complete the sentence. I m sure that abroad will make Lisa a lot more independent. live / living / to live 8. Complete the sentence. Are you interested special offers from our company? to receive / in receiving / receiving 9. Complete the sentence. Jack suggested a party to celebrate the 5th anniversary of the business. having / to have / have 10. Which verb CANNOT go in the space? We to sit at the table by the window. prefer / enjoy / asked 8.2 How Questions Use: Use how to get information about numbers and quantities. You can use it to find out about age, size, length, cost, etc. Form: 1. Dimensions Use how big to find out about size. How big is your car? EDIFY CAMBODIA LEVEL 1 LESSON 8 Page 3

4 Use how long to find out about length, and how wide to ask about width. How long is the River Nile? And how wide is it? It s a hundred miles long and a mile wide. 2. Time Also use how long to ask about time. How long is the film? It s about two hours long. How long does it take to get there? About three hours. 3. Age Use how old to find out about age. How old is your sister? EITHER She s ten or She s ten years old. 4. Quantity Use how much to ask about cost. Also use how much with uncountable nouns. Remember to put any uncountable nouns directly after much. How much is this bag? How much money do you have? NOT How much do you have money? 5. Use how many to ask about countable nouns. Remember to put any countable nouns directly after many. How many people are coming? NOT How many are coming people? How many questions often use the word there. How many people are there in your class? 1. Which word goes in the space? How is your dad? old / much / many 2. Which sentence is correct? How much do we have milk? How much milk do we have? How many milk do we have? 3. Which word CANNOT go in the space? How is the bag? much / many / big 4. Which question is correct? How long does it take to get from here to London? How long to get from here to London? How long it takes to get from here to London? 5. Which question is best? How many rooms are in your house? How many rooms there are in your house? How many rooms are there in your house? EDIFY CAMBODIA LEVEL 1 LESSON 8 Page 4

5 6. Complete the question. work do you have to do today? How much How many How long 7. Complete the question. How long the Mekong river? is / does / has 8. Which sentence is NOT correct? I m twenty three. I m twenty three years old. I m twenty three years. 9. What is the correct reply? How much is the cruise? It s 1,450 dollars. It s 10 days. Its 670 kilometres. 10. Which question is NOT correct? How long is the lesson? How many students there are in the school? How much money do you have? 8.3 Should & Ought To Use: Should and ought to are used to give advice. You should see a doctor. You ought to find a new job. Should is a modal verb, like can and will, so it follows the same rules. 1. Do not add s to the third person singular. He should buy a new car. NOT He should buys a new car. 2. To form a negative, add not / n t after should. You shouldn t do that. 3. In forming questions. What time should we arrive? 4. Should is always followed by a verb in the infinitive form. I should to go => I should go. 5. You can also use should in the continuous form. Use should + be + verb-ing. Why are you watching TV when you should be working. EDIFY CAMBODIA LEVEL 1 LESSON 8 Page 5

Ought Ought is a semi-modal verb. It is similar to should in some ways: 1. Do not add s to the third person singular. He oughts to buy a new car => He ought to buy a new car. 2.

6 Ought Ought is a semi-modal verb. It is similar to should in some ways: 1. Do not add s to the third person singular. He oughts to buy a new car => He ought to buy a new car. 2. To form a negative, add not / n t after ought. You ought not to do that. Note: ought is not often used in negative sentences. 3. To form questions. What time ought we to arrive? Note: ought is not often used in questions. 1. Which sentence is correct? We should leave soon. We should leaving soon. We should to leave soon. 2. Which word goes in the space? We visit Eric when we are in London. didn t ought ought should 3. Which question is correct? Should we call the police? We should call the police? Do we should call the police? 4. Which sentence is correct? We should to have a party to celebrate Kate s birthday. We ought have a party to celebrate Kate s birthday. We ought to have a party to celebrate Kate s birthday. 5. Which word goes in the space? You ride a motorbike without a helmet. ought not / ought / shouldn t 6. Which QUESTION is correct? We ought to tell Jane the news? Ought we tell Jane the news? Ought we to tell Jane the news? 7. Which question is NOT correct? Who should he to write to? Where ought we to park our car? When should we telephone you? 8. Which sentence is NOT correct? Jenny should happy about the news. You ought to invite your grandparents. People shouldn t park their cars here. EDIFY CAMBODIA LEVEL 1 LESSON 8 Page 6

7 HOMEWORK NAME: Take a look at the following videos of Gerunds & Infinitives. This can be found at If you are having difficulty in understanding some of the words and phrases, you can go to to look them up. This is a part of a story by the British Council that explores the use of gerunds and infinitives: Farmer Jones met Jane when he was just a young man. He couldn t help (1. fall) in love with her immediately and asked her to marry him. She said yes although she knew it would mean (2. get) up early to milk the cows for the rest of her life. Love means never (3. have) to get up early to milk the cows, said Farmer Jones, and explained that he would continue (4. get) up early to milk the cows so Jane could sleep late every day. Everything went well until they tried (5. increase) their profits by buying some chickens. The first night, a fox ate one of the chickens. Farmer Jones decided (6. build) a fence to protect the chickens. But the ground was too hard so he couldn t. He tried (7. use) an axe to break the ground but it was much too hard. So he went to the local shop and tried (8. buy) a gun. But he didn t have any identification so he couldn t buy one. He tried (9. borrow) one from his neighbours but they were all worried about the fox too. I regret not (10. buy) one when I had those rabbit problems, he told Jane. Notes: 1. falling always gerund with can t help 2. getting the result would be this 3. having again result 4. either gerund or infinitive both are possible here with no change in meaning 5. to increase at this stage we don't know if it will succeed or not 6. to build at this stage we think he will be able to build a fence 7. to use (because he can t use it) or using (he succeeds in attempting but fails in the action) 8. to buy he tries buying would indicate that he encountered no problems in the purchase of the gun, but the context makes clear that he wasn t able to complete the transaction because he had no identification, so we must use the infinitive. 9. to borrow he tries borrowing would indicate that he encountered no problems with his neighbours, but the context makes clear that he wasn t able to complete the transaction successfully, so we must use the infinitive. 10. buying (or not having bought) but not infinitive as he could have bought one if he d wanted to (back then) You can read the whole story at Salvador Dali Salvador Dalí was a prominent Spanish surrealist painter born in Catalonia, Spain. Dalí s painting skills are often attributed to the influence of the Renaissance masters. Dalí's artistic repertoire included film, sculpture and photography, in collaboration with a range of artists in a variety of media. Dalí attributed his love of everything that is gilded and excessive, my passion for luxury and my love of oriental clothes. His best-known work, The Persistence of Memory can be seen in a short video clip at EDIFY CAMBODIA LEVEL 1 LESSON 8 Page 7

MODAL VERBS ABILITY. We can t meet them tomorrow. Can you hear that noise?

MODAL VERBS ABILITY. We can t meet them tomorrow. Can you hear that noise? MODAL VERBS The modal verbs are: can, could, may, might, must, ought to, will, would, shall, should, have to, need. They take no s in the 3 rd person singular except for have to and need. They come before