Logical Fallacies. Arguing Incorrectly

Transcription

1 Logical Fallacies Arguing Incorrectly

2 Post Hoc Argument - Assuming that since an occurrence happened after something else, it must have occurred because of the initial incident. - Essentially: since Thing B happened after Thing A, then Thing A must have caused Thing B - Just because one thing follows another does not mean that it was caused by it.

3 Examples Pre-Game athlete rituals. Snow- Dance In the immortal words of Andrew Schlafly: "In Romania, abortion was illegal under two decades of rule by the communist dictator Nicolae Ceausescu, and the country enjoyed one of the lowest breast cancer rates in the entire world during that time, far lower than comparable Western countries." [3] (Just because the breast cancer rate went down does not mean that the illegality of abortions caused it.)

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5 Scare Tactic An appeal to fear the attempts to increase support for an idea by using deception in an attempt increase fear

6 LOGICAL FALLACIES BY: ASHLEY CLIFTON & MADISON VOGT

7 AD HOMINEM ARGUMENT Definition: The Ad Hominem Argument is a type of fallacy in which an argument is rebutted by attacking ones character that has no correlation to the topic at hand. Example: A blonde has an essay due for her class and one of her classmates assumes that she will receive a bad grade. Example: A car accident occurs on the highway and as soon as the man walks up to the window of the other party involved he shakes his head and walks away.

8 AD HOMINEM PICTURE EXAMPLE

9 RED HERRING Definition: Red herring is a kind of fallacy that is an irrelevant topic introduced in an argument to divert the attention of the audience from the original issue. Example: A mom telling her daughter it s bedtime and then the daughter talks asks about animals going to sleep. Example: When you are getting home past curfew and you try to distract your parents by talking to them about the weather. Real Life Example: The current President making statements about how in debt the U.S. is in taxes.

10 RED HERRING PICTURE EXAMPLE

11 EITHER OR REASONING/NEWSPEAK LOGICAL FALLACIES By: Matthew and Dylan

12 EITHER OR REASONING DEFINITION Presenting an unavoidable need to chose between two alternatives; being limited to two options

13 EXAMPLES If someone asked you, Which would you rather have water or food? This would represent an Either or Reasoning fallacy because you can t pick only one of the two you need both to be able to live. Another example would be, You have to live with either a feral lion or a feral tiger. The example would be an Either or Reasoning fallacy, because either of the animals will kill you there is no way out.

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15 NEWSPEAK DEFINITION To reduce the meaning of a language as well as the number of words possible, as seen through propaganda.

16 EXAMPLES ungood Freedom is Slavery War is Peace

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18 FALSE ANALOGY & SLIPPERY SLOPE Fallacies: Kelcie McCoy And Lauren Roberts

19 Definition: False Analogy: Is an informal fallacy, which applies to inductive arguments

20 Examples: People wo cannot go without their coffee every morning are no better than alcoholics. Axe Commercial, saying woman will be more attracted to you if you wear the product. Using hairspray everyday is like launching a nuclear bomb. -Instead of the Big Mac looking like the commercial, it is sloppy.

21 Definition: Slippery Slope: One example of a fallacy, It is an argument that suggests taking a minor action will lead to a major and sometimes ludicrous consequences.

22 Examples: If you allow the students to redo this test, they are going to want to redo every assignment for the rest of the year. If you break your diet and have one cookie tonight, you will just want to eat 10 cookies tomorrow, and before you know it, you will have gained back the 15 pounds you lost. In the book, if you give a mouse a cookie it leads to one thing after another.

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24 APPEAL TO TRADITION DEFINITION SOMETHING IS ACCEPTED AS TRUE OR BETTER BECAUSE IT'S THE "WAY IT'S ALWAYS BEEN DONE." EXAMPLES CHURCH SHOULD BEGIN AT 11AM BECAUSE THAT'S THE TIME THAT WE HAVE ALWAYS BEGUN THE CHURCH SERVICE. THE TOWN HAS ALWAYS HAD A PARADE ON THE 4 TH OF JULY AND IT HAS ALWAYS PROCEEDED THROUGH THE TOWN SQUARE. WE CANNOT HAVE CONSTRUCTION THIS SUMMER BECAUSE WE CANNOT CHANGE THE ROUTE OF THE PARADE.

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26 NON-SEQUITUR DEFINITION A REPLY OR CONCLUSION THAT DOESN T LOGICALLY FOLLOW THE PREVIOUS STATEMENT. THE LATIN PHRASE OF NON- SEQUITUR MEANS DOES NOT FOLLOW EXAMPLE I READ ABOUT A PITBULL ATTACK. MY NEIGHBOR OWNS A PITBULL. MY LIFE IS IN DANGER. THE MURDER TOOK PLACE AT VITO S PIZZA. THE DEFENDANT WORKS AT VITO S PIZZA. THEREFORE, THE DEFENDANT MUST HAVE COMMITTED THE CRIME.

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28 Fallacies By: Courtney Haggard and Gloria Mercer

29 Pars Pro Toto Definition: Latin for part for the whole, is a figure of speech where the name of a portion of an object, place, or concept represents its entirety.

30 Examples My father smoked four packs of cigarettes a day since age fourteen and lived until age sixty-nine. Therefore, smoking can t be that bad for you. When Mexico sends its people, they re not sending their best. They re not sending you. They re not sending you. They re sending people that have lots of problems and they re bringing those problems with us. They're bringing drugs, they re bringing crime, they re rapists, and some, I assume, are good people. Donald Trump

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32 Name Calling Definition: The use of offensive names especially to win an argument or to induce rejection or condemnation without objective consideration of the facts.

33 Examples Truly weird Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky reminds me of a spoiled brat without a properly functioning brain. He was terrible at the DEBATE. Donald Trump The kind of man who wants the government to adopt and enforce his ideas is always the kind of man whose ideas are idiotic. -H.L. Mencken

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38 STRAWMAN BY: NEVAEH MCNERNEY, HANNAH COLLINSWORTH

39 A fallacy is an argument or belief based on erroneous reasoning.... Straw man occurs when someone argues that a person holds a view that is actually not what the other person believes. Instead, it is a distorted version of what the person believes. Prof. Jones: "The university just cut our yearly budget by $10,000." Prof. Smith: "What are we going to do?" Prof. Brown: "I think we should eliminate one of the teaching assistant positions. That would take care of it." Prof. Jones: "We could reduce our scheduled raises instead." Prof. Brown: " I can't understand why you want to bleed us dry like that, Jones."

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41 LOGICAL FALLACIES Nicholas & Brooklyn

42 SUI GENERIS Latin for of its own kind, and used to describe something that is unique or different. Used in law typically with intellectual property.

43 SUI GENERIS Guess Who. A snowflake.

44 ARGUMENTUM AD POPULUM (PATRIOTIC APPROACH) Argumentum Ad Populum is the popular appeal, it is accepted by the majority. This fallacy tries to win popular assent by arousing the feeling and enthusiasm of the multitude rather than building an argument. The Patriotic Approach is assuming that something is true because it is somehow patriotic. If you do not agree with what one says, then you are unpatriotic. The patriotic approach is unworthy of a good citizen because a true American would never use this approach.

45 ARGUMENTUM AD POPULUM (PATRIOTIC APPROACH) Draping Oneself in the Flag Fake News

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54 APPEAL TO NOVELTY By: Lillyrose Conley

55 Definition: Claiming that something that is new and modern is superior to the status quo, based exclusively on it s newness.

56 Examples: New Coke- In 1985 Coca-Cola came out with New Coke. They advertised it as new and improved and guaranteed it was better than the old recipe. However, most people hated it. Those who did think it was better probably only thought so because it was new. Car companies- Car companies are constantly coming out with new vehicles promising better abilities and safer driving. iphones- Apple debuts new phones every year. Hordes of people line up to buy the enhances version whether their old phone is working or not.

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58 CIRCULAR REASONING By: Katia Torres

59 Definition: A type of reasoning in which the proposition is supported by the premises, which is supported by the proposition, creating a circle in reasoning where no useful information is being shared Basically it means that x is true because of y, and y is true because of x

60 Examples: You have to save enough money to pay your bills each month because bills have to be paid God exists, because the Bible is the inspired word of God, and the Bible says God exists. The politician was truthful because he told us he always tells the truth

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62 Logical Fallacies: Overgeneralization And Argumentum ad Populum (Bandwagon z Fallacy) By Ben Spratt and Jonas Alger

63 z Argumentum ad Populum (Bandwagon Fallacy) Argument that since something is popular or everyone is doing it, so should you. Popularity is the basis of the argument Ex. McDonalds signs advertising Billions and billions served Ex. Everyone else is cheating so why shouldn t I?

64 z Problems With the Bandwagon Fallacy Just because the majority agrees on something doesn t necessarily mean it is correct Ex. You believe that those who receive welfare should submit to a drug test but your friends tell you you re crazy and don t accept it. You decide to change your position based upon their beliefs.

65 z Overgeneralization Basing an argument on a stereotype that generalizes a group Often based off small sample size Ex: All sharks are man-eaters Ex: Three elderly people died from a vaccine in 1976, therefore vaccines are dangerous.

66 z Problems With Overgeneralization Bases conclusion of large group off of a couple people Does not cover all of the Ex. Sam is riding her bike in her home town in Maine, minding her own business. A station wagon comes up behind her and the driver starts beeping his horn and then tries to force her off the road. As he goes by, the driver yells "get on the sidewalk where you belong!" Sam sees that the car has Ohio plates and concludes that all Ohio drivers are jerks.