Vowels and consonants? - articulatory characteristics. Phonetics and Phonology. Vowels and consonants? - acoustic characteristics

Transcription

1 Vowels and consonans? - ariculaory characerisics Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5: Consonans (inroducion) KAMIYAMA, Takeki akeki.kamiyama@univ-paris8.fr Vowel: he airsream flows ou (relaively) freely, wihou a major obsacle in he vocal rac. I is usually accompanied by voicing. Consonan: he airsream is blocked compleely or incompleely a a given poin in he vocal rac. Some consonans are accompanied by voicing T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 2 Vowels and consonans? - acousic characerisics Vowel: greaer energy, ampliude. Consonan: smaller energy, ampliude. -> demonsraion: oscillogram and specrogram. Wha do hey LOOK like? specro T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 3 Wells & House (1995) T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 4

2 Vowels and consonans? - percepual characerisics Vowel: louder. Consonan: less loud T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 5 Wells & House (1995) T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 6 English Consonans - how can we classify hem? Classificaion of consonans: voice, place, manner Three main properies: VOICE PLACE of ariculaion MANNER of ariculaion T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 8

3 English Consonans - how can we classify hem? 1. VOICE Presence or absence of vocal fold vibraion. Absence -> VOICELESS (or UNVOICED) consonans Presence -> VOICED consonans T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 9 Demo acousic T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 10 English Consonans - how can we classify hem? 2. PLACE of ariculaion Place where he airsream is blocked (compleely or incompleely). VOICELESS VOICED T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 12

4 Places of ariculaion Places of ariculaion T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure T. Kamiyama Phoneics Wells and Phonology & House Lecure 5(1995) 14 Places of ariculaion Places of ariculaion p b m (w) T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 15 Wells & House (1995) T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 16

5 Places of ariculaion Places of ariculaion (iner) f v T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 18 Places of ariculaion Places of ariculaion (iner) θ ð T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 19 Wells & House (1995) T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 20

6 Places of ariculaion Places of ariculaion posalveolar or d s z n l T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 22 Places of ariculaion Places of ariculaion posalveolar or ʃ dʒ ʃ ʒ r T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 23 Wells & House (1995) T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 24

7 Places of ariculaion Places of ariculaion j T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 25 Wells & House (1995) T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 26 Places of ariculaion Places of ariculaion k g ŋ h w T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 28

8 (inerdenal) Places of ariculaion: summary 3. MANNER of ariculaion How and o wha exen he airsream is blocked (compleely, incompleely). folds T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 30 Manners of ariculaion Manners of ariculaion Complee closure Complee closure p b d k g Incomplee Incomplee closure Wells & House (1995) closure T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 32

9 Plosives (or sops): he case of he bilabial plosives Plosives (or sops): he case of he bilabial plosives Upper lip Upper lip ariculaors ariculaors Lower lip Lower lip 4 phases T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure Closure phase: one ariculaor moves oward anoher, or wo ariculaors move oward each oher, so as o form a sricure ha allows no air o escape from he vocal rac T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 34 Plosives (or sops): he case of he bilabial plosives Upper lip ariculaors Plosives (or sops): he case of he bilabial plosives Upper lip ariculaors Lower lip Lower lip 2. Hold phase: a oal sricure is formed. No air escapes from he vocal rac. Air is compressed behind he sricure and he air pressure rises T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure Release phase: as he ariculaors (he upper and lower lips) move apar, he airsream is released in a small burs (called plosion) T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 36

10 Plosives (or sops): he case of he bilabial plosives Upper lip Plosives (or sops): he case of he bilabial plosives Phases 1-3 ariculaors Lower lip 4. Pos-release phase : he ariculaors (he upper and lower lips) move furher away T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 37 or hold Clark & Yallop (1995) T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 38 Complee closure Manners of ariculaion Fricaives: he case of he alveolar fricaives ariculaors f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h Incomplee closure Wells & House (1995) T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 39 Tongue ip or blade Phase 1: one ariculaor moves oward anoher, or wo ariculaors move oward each oher, so as o form a sricure wih a very narrow passage T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 40

11 ariculaors Fricaives: he case of he alveolar fricaives Fricaives: he case of he alveolar fricaives ariculaors Tongue ip or blade Phase 2: he airsream passes hrough he narrow passage beween he ariculaors, creaing a coninuous hissing sound (heard as fricion) caused by urbulen airflow T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 41 Tongue ip or blade Phase 3: he ariculaors (he ongue blade and he alveolar ridge) move away T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 42 Fricaives: he case of he alveolar fricaives Manners of ariculaion Complee closure ʃ dʒ Clark & Yallop (1995) T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 43 Incomplee closure T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 44

12 Affricaes: he case of he palao-alveolar affricaes - hard palae Affricaes: he case of he palao-alveolar affricaes - hard palae ariculaors ariculaors Tongue blade Tongue blade Affricae: plosive (sop) + fricaive T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure Closure phase: one ariculaor moves oward anoher, or wo ariculaors move oward each oher, so as o form a sricure ha allows no air o escape from he vocal rac T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 46 ariculaors Affricaes: he case of he palao-alveolar affricaes - hard palae Affricaes: he case of he palao-alveolar affricaes - hard palae ariculaors Tongue blade Tongue blade ʃ 2. Hold phase: a oal sricure is formed. No air escapes from he vocal rac. Air is compressed behind he sricure and he air pressure rises T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure Fricion phase: he ariculaors move apar, bu no as rapidly as in plosives. They say close enough o creae a urbulen airflow, causing a hissing sound as in a fricaive T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 48

13 ariculaors Affricaes: he case of he palao-alveolar affricaes - hard palae Tongue blade Phase 4: he ariculaors (he ongue blade and he alveolar ridge) move away T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 49