TASIT-R: The Awareness of Social Inference Test Revised

Transcription

1 TASIT-R: The Awareness of Social Inference Test Revised Skye McDonald, Sharon Flanagan & Jennifer Rollins Pearson Assessment 2010

2 Why TASIT Was Developed Social skills deficits are common in many clinical groups, e.g. autism, traumatic brain injury, learning disabilities Social skills comprise Expression (behaviour) Perception There are few tools available that measure perception

3 What Is Social Perception? Social perception is the ability to read selected social cues in order to make judgements about the behaviour, attitudes and emotions of others (McFall, 1982) Social cues include Facial expression and tone of voice Gesture and body language Contextual information Knowledge of the world

4 Why Does Social Perception Matter? Verbal messages alone are insufficient to convey meaning A single utterance e.g. Thankyou! may be meant Sincerely to end an encounter As a request for further assistance As a sarcastic insult Nonverbal cues determine this meaning Failure to read these = Failure of communication

5 TASIT Comprises Three Parts: PART 1: Emotion Evaluation Test PART 2: Test of Social Inference - Minimal PART 3: Test of Social Inference - Enriched Each with parallel forms

6 PART 1: EET Emotion Evaluation Test EET is an ecologically valid test of emotion recognition There are 28 videoed vignettes of professional actors enacting ambiguous scripts representing 7 basic emotions These stimuli: Are dynamic Portray naturalistic, complex expressions Provide intonation and gestural cues

7 PART 1: EET Response format Respondents choose the perceived emotion from the following descriptors: Happy Surprised Sad Angry Anxious Revolted Neutral

8 PART 1: EET Normative Data 134 normal adults aged tested on Form A 46 tested on Form B Normal speakers achieved high scores on both forms of the EET Form A: 24.9 (Maximum = 28) Form B: 24.2 (Maximum = 28)

9 PART 1: EET Validity Study Traumatic brain injury is known to impair emotion recognition 12 adults with severe traumatic brain injury were compared to 12 matched control speakers on the EET The TBI group were significantly worse than controls, especially on fear and neutral items.

10 PART 1: EET Types of Emotion happy surprised neutral sad angry anxious revolted Normal speakers Traumatic Brain Injury Speakers

11 PART 2: SI-M Social Inference Minimal SI-M examines understanding of conversational meanings that are determined by paralinguistic cues (facial expression, tone of voice, gesture etc) SI-M comprises 15 videoed vignettes of everyday conversational exchanges 10 vignettes use neutral scripts such as the following:

12 PART 2: SI-M Example of Neutral Script Ruth: Great movie, wasn t it? Michael: Oh yeah, great. Ruth: I thought it was terrific I was on the edge of my seat. Michael: Oh me too, on the edge of my seat. Ruth: Weren t you surprised by the ending? Michael: Oh yeah, the ending was a huge surprise.

13 PART 2: SI- M Neutral Scripts These scripts are enacted by professional actors to represent either Sincere exchanges (5 examples) Sarcastic exchanges (5 examples)

14 PART 2: SI M Paradoxical Scripts In addition there are 5 examples of paradoxical scripts e.g. Gary: Are you sure you ve got your passport? Keith: (sarcastically) Oh, yes, I tore it up and threw it away. Gary: Good, that s OK then. These are nonsensical unless it is recognised that one speakers is sarcastic

15 PART 2: SI-M Comprehension Probes Comprehension is assessed via 4 questions for each vignette. These cover 4 facets of understanding, i.e. the speakers Beliefs (what s/he knows) Meaning (what s/he means by what is said) Intentions (what s/he intends to do: to insult, to reassure etc) Feelings (what s/he feels)

16 PART 2: SI-M Normative Data 171 Normal speakers aged took part 98 viewed Form A 73 viewed Form B They achieved generally high scores on each form. 54 for Form A (maximum = 60) 53 for Form B (maximum = 60)

17 PART 2: SI-M Validity Study Traumatic Brain Injury rarely causes language disturbances but can impair the ability to understand conversational inference 12 speakers with severe TBI were compared to 12 normal speakers As predicted, the TBI group performed normally on sincere exchanges but were poor on sarcastic exchanges

18 PART 2: SI-M Sincere vs Sarcastic Exchanges SINCERE SARCASTIC NBD Speakers TBI Speakers

19 PART 3: SI-E Social Inference Enriched SI-E assesses the ability to use contextual knowledge, i.e. visual and verbal information to derive meaning SI-E comprises 16 videoed vignettes of everyday exchanges In each of these there is a literally untrue comment.

20 PART 3: SI-E Literally untrue scripts These comments: e.g. Yes Cal has finished his dinner! (when he has not) No of course you don t look fat (when he does) are enacted in one of two ways: 1. As sarcasm meant to amplify the truth 2. As a lie meant to conceal or minimise the truth

21 PART 3: SI-E Contextual cues SI-E provides two sources of non-verbal cues to determine meaning Paralinguistic features (like Part 2) Contextual cues - Visual edit indicating the true state of affairs e.g. a view of Cal s still full dinner plate - Prologue that reveals the speaker s true thoughts e.g. Ruth confiding to a third person that Garry has put on weight

22 PART 3: SI-E Comprehension Probes 4 probes are used to assess comprehension of each vignette covering the same facets of understanding as PART 2, I.e speaker Beliefs Meanings Intentions Feelings

23 PART 3: SI-E Normative Study 186 normal speakers aged took part 123 viewed Form A 63 viewed Form B They achieved generally high scores on both forms Form A: 55.6 (maximum of 60) Form B; 55.1 (maximum of 60)

24 PART 3: SI-E Validity Study 12 adults with severe traumatic brain injury were compared to 12 matched control speakers on the SI-E The TBI speakers were poorer than normal speakers on sarcasm but not lies

25 PART 3: SI-E Sarcasm Versus Lies TBI speakers Normal speakers 5 0 SARCASM LIES

26 Additional studies of TASIT: Reliability and construct validity Reliability (32-38 adults with TBI) Test-retest reliability ranged from 0.74 to Alternate forms reliability ranged from Validity (up to116 people with TBI) TASIT was associated with face perception, information processing speed working memory. Socially relevant new learning and executive tasks were significantly associated with TASIT performance Non-social tasks showed little association. Ekman photos and theory of mind stories were also associated. McDonald, Bornhofen, Shum, Long, Saunders & Neulinger (2006)

27 Additional Studies using TASIT with TBI Poor TASIT performance predicts poor social interaction skills (McDonald et al, 2003) Poor emotion recognition (EET) is associated with reduced communicative competence on relative report (Watts & Douglas, 2006) A study of 35 people with TBI confirmed problems on TASIT following TBI and examined relations between emotion, mentalising and conversational understanding (McDonald & Flanagan, 2004) There are clear differences in the ability to recognise emotion from dynamic and static visual displays as well as voice only (McDonald & Saunders, 2005).

28 Studies using TASIT with other populations TASIT performance is indicative of frontotemporal dementia (Kipps et al, 2009) In a large group of people with differing forms of dementia only those with semantic dementia had particular difficulty with sarcasm (Rankin et al, 2009) Right hemisphere pathology appears to disrupt performance on TASIT especially (Fournier et al, 2008) People with schizophrenia are more impaired than people with FTD (Kosmidos et al, 2008)

29 Uses of TASIT TASIT appears to be sensitive to a range of deficits in social perception It can be used to assess social perception It can also be used to treat such deficits

30 Treatment Applications Common scripts on Form A and B of TASIT denote contrasting meanings sad versus angry, etc sarcastic versus sincere lie versus sarcastic These can be used to help clients appreciate the importance of contextual cues

31 Treatment Applications The audio channel can be muted or the visual channel obscured to assist clients concentrate on information from one channel alone

32 Contact Details For purchasing: Pearson Assessment us/productdetail.htm?pid= &Mode=summary

33 Contact Details For information regarding research Prof Skye McDonald School of Psychology, University of New South Wales Sydney 2052, NSW, AUSTRALIA Phone: +61 (2) Fax: +61 (2)

34 References McDonald, S., Flanagan, S., Rollins, J. & Kinch, J. (2003) TASIT: A New Clinical Tool for Assessing Social Perception after traumatic brain injury Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 18, McDonald, S., & Flanagan, S. (2004) Social perception deficits after Traumatic Brain Injury: The interaction between emotion recognition, mentalising ability and social communication. Neuropsychology 18, McDonald, S., Flanagan, Martin, I. & Saunders, C. (2004) The ecological validity of TASIT: A test of social perception, Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 14, McDonald, S., Saunders, C. (2005) Differential impairment in recognition of emotion from still, dynamic and multi-modal displays in people with severe TBI. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11, McDonald, S., Bornhofen, C., Shum, D., Long, E. Saunders, C., Neulinger, K. (2006) Reliability and validity of The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT): A clinical test of social perception. Disability and Rehabilitation, 28, Watts, A.J., & Douglas, J.M. (2006). Interpreting facial expression and communication competence following severe traumatic brain injury. Aphasiology, 20(8),

35 References continued Rankin, K., Salazar, A., Goorno-Tempini, M.L., Sollberger, M., Wilson, S.M., Pavlic, D., Stanley, C.M., Glenn, S., Weiner, M.W., Miller, B.L. (2009) Detecting sarcasm from paralinguistic cues: Anatomic and cognitive correlates in neurodegenerative disease. Neuroiamge, 47, Fournier, N.M., Calverley, K.L., Wagner, J.P., Poock, J.L., & Crossley, M. (2008). Impaired social cognition 30 years after hemispherectomy for intractable epilepsy: The importance of the right hemisphere in complex social functioning. Epilepsy & Behavior, 12, Kipps, C.M., Nestor, P.J., Acosta-Cabronero, J., Arnold, R., & Hodges, J.R. (2009). Understanding social dysfunction in the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia:the role of emotion and sarcasm processing. Brain. Kosmidis, M.H., Eleni, A., P., B.V., Maria, G., & Panayiotis, I. (2008). Studying social cognition in patients with schizophrenia and patients with frontotemporal dementia: Theory of mind and the perception of sarcasm. Behavioural Neurology, 19(Print),

36 References continued Dewar, B-K, Gracey, F. (2007) "Am not was": Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adjustment and identity change following herpes simplex encephalitis. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. Vol 17(4-5), Aug 2007, Jahshan, C.S. & Sergi, M.J. (2007) Theory of mind, neurocognition, and functional status in schizotypy. Schizophrenia Research. Vol 89(1-3) Knox, L. & Douglas, J. (2009) Long term ability to interpret facial expression after traumatic brain injury and its relation to social integration. Brain and Cognition. Vol 69(2), Blake, M.L (2009) Inferencing processes after right hemisphere brain damage: Maintenance of inferences. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. Vol 52(2) Kern, R. S.; Green, M. F.; Fiske, A. P.; Kee, K. S.; Lee, J.; Sergi, M. J.; Horan, W. P.; Subotnik, K. L.; Sugar, C. A.; Nuechterlein, K. H. (2009) Theory of mind deficits for processing counterfactual information in persons with chronic schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine. Vol 39(4)