Tiv people. Tiv are an ethno-linguistic group or ethnic nation in West Africa. They constitute approximately

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2 Tiv peple Tiv Ttal ppulatin Apprx.6 millin [1] Regins with significant ppulatins Nigeria, Camern Languages Tiv Religin Christianity, [ traditinal Tiv are an ethn-linguistic grup r ethnic natin in West Africa. They cnstitute apprximately 3.5% f Nigeria's ttal ppulatin, and number ver 6 millin individuals thrughut Nigeria and Camern. The Tiv are the 4th largest ethnic grup in Nigeria. Tiv language is spken by abut 7 millin peple in Nigeria, with a few speakers in Camern. Mst f the language's Nigerian speakers are fund in Benue State f Nigeria. The language is als widely spken in the Nigerian States f Plateau, Taraba, Nasarawa,crss rivers as well as the FCT Abuja. It is part f the Suthern Bantid Tivid family, a branch f Benue-Cng and ultimately f the Niger-Cng

3 phylum. In preclnial times, the Hausa ethnic grup referred t the Tiv 'Munchi' a term nt accepted by Tiv peple. They depend n agricultural prduce fr cmmerce and life.

4 Cntents [hide] 1 Histry 2 Scial and Plitical Organizatin 3 Tiv Music and Cmmunicatin 3.1 Kakaki 3.2 Ilyu 3.3 Indyer 3.4 Akya 3.5 Adiguve 3.6 Gbande 3.7 Ortindin (Ortym)-Messenger 3.8 Klugh ku Bua-Cw Hrn 4 Ntes 5 See als 6 References 6.1 Unpublished wrks 7 External links Histry The Tiv came int cntact with Eurpean culture during the clnial perid. During Nvember 1907 t spring 1908, an expeditin f the Suthern Nigeria Regiment led by Lieutenant-Clnel

5 Hugh Trenchard's came int cntact with the Tiv. Trenchard brught gifts fr the tribal chiefs. Subsequently, rads were built and trade links established between Eurpeans and the Tiv. [2] Scial and Plitical Organizatin Mst Tiv have a highly develped sense f genealgy, with descent being reckned patrilineally. Ancestry is traced t an ancient individual named Tiv, wh had tw sns; all Tiv cnsider themselves a member either f Ichng (descendants f sn Chng) r f Ipusu (descendants f sn pusu). Ichng and Ipusu are each divided int several majr branches, which in turn are divided int smaller branches. The smallest branch, r minimal lineage, is the "ipaven". Members f an ipaven tend t live tgether, the lcal kin-based cmmunity being called the "tar". This frm f scial rganizatin, called a segmentary lineage, is seen in varius parts f the wrld, but it is particularly well knwn frm African scieties (Middletn and Tait 1958). The Tiv are the best knwn example frm West Africa, as dcumented by Laura Bhannan (1952) and by Paul and Laura Bhannan (1953); in East Africa the best knwn example is the Nuer, dcumented by E.E. Evans-Pritchard (1940). The Tiv had n administrative divisins and n chiefs r cuncils. Leadership was based n age, influence, and affluence. The leaders' functins were t furnish safe cnduct, arbitrate disputes within their lineages, sit n mts, and lead their peple in all external and internal affairs. The Tiv ethnic grup is the furth largest Ethnic grup in Nigeria after the three Majr Ethnic grups. These sci-plitical arrangements caused great frustratin t British clnial attempts t subjugate the ppulatin and establish administratin n the lwer Benue. The strategy f

6 Indirect Rule, which the British felt t be highly successful in cntrlling Hausa and Fulani ppulatins in Nrthern Nigeria, was ineffective in a segmentary sciety like the Tiv (Drward 1969). Clnial fficers tried varius appraches t administratin, such as putting the Tiv under the cntrl f the nearby Jukun, and trying t exert cntrl thrugh the cuncils f elders ("Jir Tamen"); these met with little success. The British administratin in 1934 divided the Tiv int Clans, Kindreds, and Family Grups. The British appinted native heads f these divisins as well. These administrative divisins are gradually assuming a reality which they never had riginally. Members f the Tiv grup are fund in many areas acrss the glbe, such as the United States and United Kingdm. In these cuntries they hld unins, knwn as MUT (Mzugh U Tiv, which rhymes with Mutual Unin f Tiv in English), where members can assemble and discuss issues cncerning their peple acrss the wrld, but especially back in Nigeria. The arm f the MUT serving the United States f America is knwn as MUTA (Mzugh U Tiv ken Amerika, r Mutual Unin f the Tiv in America), fr instance. Befre the intrductin f printed material, radi, film and televisin, mass cmmunicatin in Nigeria was dne thrugh the indigenus peple with the use f traditinal plitical systems f cmmunicatin. The rulers and the chiefs gverned their ethnic cmmunities and cmmunicated with them thrugh varius channels. Tiv Music and Cmmunicatin Lcally made musical instruments were traditinally used fr plitical and ceremnial cmmunicatin. The key instruments fllw/

7 Kakaki This is an instrument used t cnvey specials messages t the peple f the cmmunity, such messages as the newbrn child f the King, his naming ceremny, the crwning f a new king, t gather peple tgether during the marriage ceremny f the king and the king s sn s marriage ceremny. This instrument was used t cnvey all the messages t the peple t assemble at the square fr the ceremny, as well as when there is an enemy attack n the cmmunity, a warning sund f the Kakaki is blwn t alert thse whm can defend the sciety and every citizen t be alert. Ilyu A light wden instrument, it was used t pass messages t the peple f the village, prbably fr the invitatin f the peple fr a particular meeting f the elders at the king s palace r fr the peple t gather at the market square fr a message frm r by the king.it is nw used as an instrument t indicate the death f smene. Indyer A heavy wden instrument carved ut f mahgany trunk. It is used especially during festivals f masquerades, yam festivals with music t pass messages fr the ceremnies, celebratin f gd harvest fr the year. Akya

8 It is used tgether with Agbande (drums) cmbined with Ageda at festivals t pass a message acrss t the peple fr a call fr the display f culture. Adiguve It s an instrument like a vilin, used fr music and dances in cnjunctin with Agbande (Agbande) at festivals and dance ccasins, smetimes t annunce the death f a leader r an elder f the cmmunity, during this perid it is played srrwfully fr the murning f the dead, mst time it is played funerals. Gbande Agbande (plural), a set f crafted wden musical instrument used t cmpliment agbande at festivals, this is particularly large and it is played by the yung men f the cmmunity, the special drum beats cmmunicates special messages and music fr the festivals t cme and during the festivals, fr instance, signifies a ryal ccasins such as the crnatin and funeral. Ortindin (Ortym)-Messenger Usually he is chsen by the elders f the cmmunity t d errands fr the elders and the leader f the cmmunity. He is sent ut t the heads f the neighburing families fr a crucial meeting at the head f all the leaders f the cmmunity. Klugh ku Bua-Cw Hrn This is an instrument made ut f cw hrns, like in my cmmunity, there are farmers' assciatins that use this instrument when they have jb t d, prbably they are invite t make

9 ridges n a piece f land, the Public Relatins Officer (PRO) f the assciatin will use this medium t wake up the members fr the wrk they have fr that day. Indigenus cmmunicatin is nt nly vertical, frm the rulers t the subjects, it is als hrizntal. Individuals cmmunicate with sciety thrugh physical and metaphysical means. A farm wner, fr example, may munt a charm cnspicuusly n his farm in rder t stress private wnership and t scare ff human intruders. The fear f herbalists and witches influences scial behaviur cnsiderably. Rainmakers cmmunicate their pwer t disrupt events thrugh varius psychlgical means. Village sectrs in Africa cmmunicate mstly via the market-place f ideas cntributed by traditinal religin, bservances, divinatin, mythlgy, age-grades, the chiefs curts, the elder's square, secret and title scieties, the village market square, the village drum(gbande) men, indeed the ttal experiences f the villager in his envirnment. Unlike the mass media, access t the native media is culturally determined and nt ecnmic. Only the selected grup f yung men r the elders can disseminate infrmatin generally. The yung nly disseminate general infrmatin abut events and the scial welfare f their cmmunities using the media mentined abve. The Tiv peple f Benue state still practise sme f this traditinal system f cmmunicatin, using the KAKAIS, AGBANDE, INDYER, ADIGUVE and ILYU etc., nevertheless the increase in the western wrld media is threatening the cultural cmmunicatin system.

10 Many f the cmmunities in Benue state still use these instruments t cnvey messages t the peple f their cmmunity, and it is helping a great deal, since there is a language barrier t the peple with the intrductin f the western wrld means f cmmunicatin, using the western language (English) t cnvey infrmatin. Ntes 1. ^ "Ethnlgue" ^ Byle, Andrew (1962). Trenchard Man f Visin. St James's Place, Lndn: Cllins. pp