CONTEXTUALIST-HUMANISTIC SOCIOLOGICAL PARADIGMS FOR A SOCIAL WORK OF CRISIS AND POST-CRISIS. HUMANISTIC SOCIAL WORK

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1 Petru Stefaroi CONTEXTUALIST-HUMANISTIC SOCIOLOGICAL PARADIGMS FOR A SOCIAL WORK OF CRISIS AND POST-CRISIS. HUMANISTIC SOCIAL WORK Section 1 Introduction Section 2 The contextualist sociological paradigm and microsociology Section 3 The existentialist sociological orientation Section 4 Humanistic sociology Section 5 Community and person/personality contextualist-humanistic categories and resources of the social work of crisis and post-crisis Section 6 The social/human problem in the contextualist-humanistic sociological paradigm of social work Section 7 Contextualist-humanistic theories and methods in the social work practice and policy of crisis and post-crisis - theories and metods of humanistic social work Section 8 Humanistic social work Bibliography 1

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3 Section 1 INTRODUCTION This paper highlights the necessity end role of the contextual, existential and humanistic sociological paradigms in a social work of crisis and postcrisis; factors such as community, family or human personality being crucial categories and resources of the new type of social work. In light of these paradigms the social issue, vulnerability is explained by disorders of the interpersonal relationships qualities, at the local, organizational, human-personal, contextual, existential level and less by the global and structural-functional characteristics of the macrosystems which are part. The paper includes the following sections: Introduction; The contextualist sociological paradigm and microsociology; The existentialist sociological orientation; Humanistic sociology; Community and person/personality contextualist-humanistic categories and resources of the social work of crisis and post-crisis; The social/human problem in the contextualist-humanistic sociological paradigm of social work; Contextualist-humanistic theories and methods in the social work practice and policy of crisis and post-crisis; Humanistic social work. The humanistic social work, as concept, theory or practice, is, especially in the West, in a obviously offensive, mostly after appearance of the book ". Core Principles in Practice" by Malcolm Payne (2011). The concept and system of humanistic social work is associates with fundamental human rights, personal and spiritual development, creativity, responsibility and social justice, identifying as the main theoretical and methodological sources/ models the humanist and phenomenological thinking, philosophy of existence/ being (human), 3

4 existential-humanistic psychology/ psychotherapy, transpersonal psychology, social constructivism and microsociology. A key term of humanistic social work concept is the human being. We, in the article "Humanistic perspective on customer in social work" (Social Work Review, no. 1-2, 2009, Polirom Publishing House), have summarized the concept of humanistic social work putting in the foreground the humanistic representation/ approach of the customers and the professionals. We emphasized that the core aspect of practice and theory of humanistic social work is represented of the way (humanistic) how is defining the client and professional, considering the human quality/ resources of customer and professional the critical epistemological and methodological value of the new type of social work. We developed the concept and theory in the article "Humanistic paradigm of social work or brief introductionin humanistic social work", appeared in the 1 no. 2012, the same review. The establishment of humanistic social work theory and practice is justified by the offensive of humanistic values and categories in the areas from which the social work takes theory and value - philosophy, psychology, pedagogy and sociology - but also some "dehumanization" evolutions of the society, like the globalization, cybernetization, crisis of culture, social injustice, oppression, the emergence of social problems wich can not be understood or addressed by other methods. Also, the necessity of the contextualistic-humanistic approach, theory and method, is reveals by the complexity of social systems and contemporary society, the welfare system itself, as a subsystem. Some problems can be solved with the systemic-global approach, universal, or structural-functional, and others with an existentialist, contextualist or humanist approach,. Even the system of social welfare through the national welfare policy is conceived as an organization with two poles, national system (national organization, regional, etc., legislation, institutions, 4

5 programs, policies) and the client (vulnerability, difficult situation, personality, social and human context, local resource, etc.). Section 2 THE CONTEXTUALIST SOCIOLOGICAL PARADIGM AND MICROSOCIOLOGY The sociological contextualism proposes focusing on the social, psychological, cultural and historical context, on the concrete, nonrecurring situation, on the person, customer, on the "case" (Mjoset, 2009: 46). In social work proposes focusing on the unique, irreducible characteristics of the situation of difficulty (Bocancea, 2011). Generally, in the social sciences area, the contextualism has established a set of principles, values and defining characteristics: the behaviors, reactions, human action takes place in a concrete and non-recurring social contexts (personal, cultural, economic, ethical); the change and social development are the main driver the motivation of individuals and groups for a better life; there is no full correspondence between the generalized intellectual (scientific) representations and the concret socio-human reality; the existence and behavior in a determined social, economic, psychological, cultural, moral, legal context is the true object of knowledge or intervention of the social science and practices. The sociological contextualism is often associated with the social interactionism and social constructivism. The microsociology is a branch of sociology that examines, with priority, the laws of micro-groups and particular socio-human context, focus on subjective/ human processes, on interpersonal relationships and 5

6 phenomena - empathetics, of attachment, of solidarity (Garfinkel, 2006) - crucial resources and categories of humanistic social work practice. Section 3 THE EXISTENTIALIST SOCIOLOGICAL ORIENTATION No doubt, if there is an underutilized philosophical and epistemological resource in sociology and social work, then, this is the existentialist theory. And because of its apparently sophisticated expression its categories are very rarely encountered in the social sciences, but it is certainly a resource that will be increasingly exploited in the future. Existentialism, current and important phenomenological theory, especially in philosophy, is related to the names of a great thinkers such as Husserl, Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Merleau- Ponty and others. Existentialism has made from the study of man and his concrete social existence its constitutional thesis. It is, along with phenomenalism, the main philosophical source of the contextualist orientations or microsociology. Section 4 HUMANISTIC SOCIOLOGY Among the concerns of humanistic sociology are the observation of how people specifically live, love, suffering and interact, what attachment relationships are established between them in relationships of kinship, friendship, enmity, interest, collegiality, power relationships, the resilience and coping, how they solve the problems, how adapt to the changes or 6

7 reacts to crises or major events, how adjusts, interactive, their behaviors and symbolizes, mutualy, the social existence (the laws, values, customs, rituals, behaviors, institutions, ideologies) (Znaniecki, 1969). Section 5 COMMUNITY AND PERSON/PERSONALITY CONTEXTUALIST-HUMANISTIC CATEGORIES AND RESOURCES OF THE SOCIAL WORK OF CRISIS AND POST-CRISIS In the contextualist-humanistic sociological approach any social group, community or organization is and an empathetic community. The empathetic community and compathy are built and specifically define trough the common circumstances, characteristics and behaviors of individuals who compose it. Consists mainly of three types of processes or phenomena: emotional, cognitive and spiritual. In this perspective each member of a community, of a family is a product of a unique interaction, depending on the personality of the others (Golu, 1997, p 136), place, time, cultural niche, hazard. Each person is actually part of a particular compathetic system. It is, in turn, part of an comprehensive system. The most common compathetic system and most consistent is the family. The compathetic consistency is given by the fact that the individual personalities are composed of common experiences, by the fact that in each individual personality exists, trough empathy and projection, the others. It establish a mutual existential dependence. This empathetic community works, trough the organizational culture, and as a system of symbols or values that are rooted in individual s 7

8 personality or activism. These symbols and values it imposes as link and unity resort between the two parties. Their existence and operation gives the sense of belonging, familiar, known, give comfort, safety and happiness. Between the empathetic community and individuals which it constitute it establish a ontological balance, an existential and functional optimum, in which is satisfy, in principle, an a harmonious and nonconfrontational way, both personal and collective necessities. The empathetic community and compathy can also have and negative influences, may be an area of non-value, of conflict, hostility or social exclusion. The empathetic community can have a coherent organization and functioning but founded on non-value, on antisocial attitudes, or may be poorly organized, dysfunctional, immature. In both cases, members are exposed to personal underdevelopment, marginalization and social/ moral maladjustment. The person/personality it is an other contextualist-humanistic categories and resources of the social work of crisis and post-crisis. After Rogers, the key and structural concept of humanistic-ontological theory of personality is the self. He says that the self is an important part of human experience and the goal of the personality training and development of each individual is to become truly himself by developing their potential, their own self (Rogers, 1980). We, in the volume Happiness theory in social work (Stefaroi, 2009b), Lumen House, occurred in 2009, but also through a series of scientific articles, particularly in the Social Work Review, which seems at Polirom House, have presented elements of a humanistic-ontological theory of personality, in which the soul is the fundamental ontological entity, and an important resourse în social work practice. 8

9 So, person, personality and soul may be considers and a crucial contextualist-humanistic categories of this type of social practice, particularly in the humanistic social work. Section 6 THE SOCIAL/HUMAN PROBLEM IN THE CONTEXTUALIST-HUMANISTIC SOCIOLOGICAL PARADIGM OF SOCIAL WORK The human suffering, unhappiness, personal failure, loss, dehumanization of the individual, emotional drama and great collective tragedies, disasters with significant human impact, personal/ community undevelopement are among the central phenomena and categories in the contextualisthumanistic sociological paradigm of social work. Human suffering is often associated to a social problems, to a difficult situation and often the normalization can not be achieved without elimination of suffering. Others social/human problem in the contextualist-humanistic sociological paradigm of social work are and the lack of personal fulfillment, existential issues, personal and collective tragedies. The professionals, in their daily professional activity, currently interact with unmet, professional or personal, individuals, who have failed or have deviated from the optimal way to achieve the professional and social goals, who daily lives chronic dissatisfaction and personal dramas. The loss, separation, uprooting, loneliness, poverty, promiscuity, discrimination, marginalization are issues with great personal and social impact, but are also ontological or human problems. Each of these can be considered part of what, we might call, the phenomenon or process of dehumanization and human degradation of individuals and communities. 9

10 The communities where predominate the undeveloped (human/ personal/ moral) individuals, selfish, individualistic, concerned only for the personal benefit are aproric prone to problems. In the humanistic paradigm of social work the vulnerability, difficult situation of the person is associated, mainly, with delays and disorders of personal and human development, with ontological inconsistency and poor quality of interpersonal relations, with degradation of the values system (moral, cultural etc.) to the community and organizations. In accordance with the principles of humanistic psychology each healthy person has the individual potential capacity to fulfill in terms of human, social and spiritual, but everything depends of its internal activism, of willingness to self-change or accomplishment, but also and of the identification and use these resources with the professional aid (Rogers, 2008). The humanistic theories represent the client as being itself, as soul, subject of silent suffering and happiness, and not only as a neutral individual of a social system, or humble beneficiaries of the community services. Humanistic theories convert the client in person, in human being, in I, in subject, in soul. The humanist-spiritual perspective on customer promotes taking into account of its aesthetic, playful, epistemological and mystical needs. Namely, the spiritual needs. Meeting and development the spiritual needs, the development of spiritual personality is one of the most effective methods/ ways for the personal development of customer, and enhance the perspective to personal/ social autonomisation, regardless of education level, origin, age or types of social/ human problems. (Stefaroi, 2009a, p.23-25). 10

11 Section 7 CONTEXTUALIST-HUMANISTIC THEORIES AND METHODS IN THE SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE AND POLICY OF CRISIS AND POST-CRISIS - THEORIES AND METODS OF HUMANISTIC SOCIAL WORK Empathy theory. The empathy is both a cognitive and affective relationship of inter-knowledge and social communion and a formative instrument used by the professional in achievement of the specific purposes, mainly in human rehabilitation and social autonomy of the client. The professional-client proactive empathetic relationship is in fact a framework for the transfer, a subtle culuoar that the professional uses, voluntarily and professionally, for human and social rehabilitation of the client, to solve the social problem (Stefaroi, P. 168). Crucial is the goal of human rehabilitation and social integration of the client through its humanization, through spiritual development, through building the empathetic capacity. Empathy is a means and an purpose; the professional using a or creates the optimal socio-human environment for human rehabilitation and client happiness in order to prevent social problem occurred (Rogers, 2008). This uses proactive, formative, educational and inductive valences of empathy for the ontological-psychological reconstruction of personality 11

12 and client community, as step in the personal and communitary development and social rehabilitation. Attachment theory. Theorizes the importance of affection in relationships and social coexistence, especially regarding the role of childparent attachment relationship in the formation of consistent, efficient and adaptive personality of the child (Bowlby, 1979). In the social welfare organizations is interesting to following the role of attachment also in the quality of human relationships between care staffs, betwen the staff and and customers, as well as the management quality and style. Happiness theory. Is based on the assumption that efficiency and the personal/ professional/ social adaptation is closely related to the degree of happiness of individuals and communities, psychological-spiritual wellbeing is a factor of energy and self-developent/ autonomy (Haidt, 2008), so reducing the degree of social vulnerability and the likelihood of becoming a client of social services (Ştefăroi, 2009b). It is based on established scientific theories, the fundamental human rights and is based on the following principles: Every person, regardless of age, sex, nationality, social status, profession is entitled to a dignified life, to happiness, to personal fulfillment; The essential indicator of human life quality is the internal satisfaction, subjective felt, the happiness and complacency of the person; The authentic happiness is a source of personal development, social/ professional efficiency and factor for the acquisition of the autonomous social reintegration capacity; Man is not only a consumer of services, material and social goods, but is also a cultural, spiritual, aesthetic, playful being this has therefore emotional, cultural, spiritual, aesthetic, playful needs - 12

13 endemic entered in the ontological constitution of person, needs that must be unconditionally satisfied. Existential-humanistic methods. Have as the source what imposed in psychotherapy like existential analysis. As theory and method is linked to a number of names such as Rollo May, Ludwig Biswanger, Max Scheler and Viktor Frankl. Operates with terms/ categories such as existential impasse, existential crisis, existential meaning, existential anxiety, axiological system, existential dialogue, existential scenario etc. Existential analysis/ inquiry does not address the client as a pathological case, in this approach not exist mental illness but only difficulties and existential impasses, which means loss of existential meaning (Mitrofan and Buzducea, 2005). Trough "existential" intervention social worker can work on building a new modus vivendi, a new social realities, with existential tools and based on an existential social scenario. Their use in the humanistic social worker activity must be made in close relation with other aspects of the situation of difficulty, with the client system, and by correlation with established methods, practices and laws from the social welfare system. Methods adopted/ adapted from the humanistic psychotherapy. The humanistic psychotherapy methods promote the equal relationship between therapist and client and increasing the role of affective processes in the therapeutic relationship (Mitrofan, 2001). These bring in social work the principle of rehabilitation (social integration) through focusing on the customer, human and spiritual development, focus the intervention on the resource and not on problem (Payne, 2005, pp ). Throgh client-centered therapy Rogers has crucial merit to worked at the foundation of the modern social work theory and method through therapeutic-humanist methods and values promoted. 13

14 Existential psychotherapy is based on a series of existential theses, proposing identification to existential anxieties/ crisis and internal ontological rebalancing through personal/ human growth. Gestalt psychotherapy proposes achievement the convergence between consciousness/ behavior and experience, "between the figure and background" (Wheeler, 1991, 65), while positive psychotherapy is based on the belief that all people are fundamentally good and they have the constitutional capacity to be happy (Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi, 2000, Seligman, 2002). Also, Group methods and techniques are increasingly used in social work. Especially in the clinical social work it is, also, used transactional analysis, the psychotherapy focused on emotions, existential analysis, dramatherapy, dance therapy and movement therapy, art therapy, focusing, psychodrama etc (Stefaroi, 2012, p ). Appreciative Methods. Promotes, as objective but and the main strategy, the achievement of social/ humah issues through appreciation, knowledge and increasing of the optimistic, positive clients (individual or collective) expectations. Operates with the conventional instruments of social work, like social inquiry, supervision, intervention project and case management, but are still resized by categories of positive method and takes crucial paradigm of the cognition psychology or psychotherapy. A fundamental role in these techniques it has the potentiality of language (Sandu, 2009). Appreciative social inquiry respects some principles like the constructionist principle, of simultaneity, poetic principle, positive principle or of anticipation (Cojocaru, 2005). Balance method. Balance method is, also, a humanistic method of intervention. In the humanistic social work practice it can operate with the following onto- balances: 14

15 The balance of socio-cognitive onto-systems. Deals the assessment by contraposition of socio-cognitive representations of person and community. The balance of socio-affective onto-systems. It is a tool that can be used by professionals in the integration process on an alterative environment, to the child, for exemple. Deals the counterweight analysis of attachment relationships that had the person in the origin group and in the new group. The balance of relationships and role-status onto-systems can be done quite easily, also and the equilibrium. It is useful to evaluate, the child, for example, a time after the placement, his position in the new group and how perceives it through reporting at the situation that had in the origin group. The balance of attitudinal, cultural and spiritual onto-systems. In the case management and placement decision has a very high importance. We do not refer to the cultural or moral standard/ level of the two groups but at problems of sensitivity, tastes, guidance, or social aesthetic, for example. Seems small details but in the soul of the child from the substitutive group may have a special significance. Section 8 HUMANISTIC SOCIAL WORK The concept which the most involves the sociological contextualisthumanistic theories and approaces is the humanistic social work. The key concepts and principles of practices of this system of social work, after Malcolm Payne (2011), are the fundamental human rights, personal and spiritual development, creativity, responsibility and social justice, 15

16 identifying as the main theoretical and methodological sources/ models the humanist and phenomenological thinking, philosophy of existence/ being (human), existential-humanistic psychology/ psychotherapy, transpersonal psychology, social constructivism and microsociology. A key term of humanistic social work concept is the human being. In the romanian literature, the prominent sociologist Elena Zamfir (1998, 2009) identifies a number of themes and values of humanistic thought in the theory and contemporary social welfare system, George Neamtu (2011) and Maria Roth-Szamosközi (2003) considers the system of universal human values and responsibilities the essential dimensions of the profession of social worker, while, after Doru Buzducea (2009), the social welfare system is based on a set of principles and humanistic values, in particular those relating to the fundamental human rights. We, in the article "Humanistic perspective on customer in social work" (Social Work Review, no. 1-2, 2009, Polirom Publishing House), have summarized the concept of humanistic social work putting in the foreground the humanistic representation/ approach of the customers and the professionals. We emphasized that the core aspect of practice and theory of humanistic social work is represented of the way (humanistic) how is defining the client and professional, considering the human quality/ resources of customer and professional the critical epistemological and methodological value of the new type of social work. We developed the concept and theory in the article "Humanistic paradigm of social work or brief introductionin humanistic social work", appeared in the 1 no. 2012, the same review. The establishment of humanistic social work theory and practice is justified by the offensive of humanistic values and categories in the areas from which the social work takes theory and value - philosophy, psychology, pedagogy and sociology - but also some "dehumanization" evolutions of the society, like the globalization, cybernetization, crisis of 16

17 culture, social injustice, oppression, the emergence of social problems wich can not be understood or addressed by other methods. Also, the necessity of the humanistic theory and method, is reveals by the complexity of social systems and contemporary society, the welfare system itself, as a subsystem. Some problems can be solved with the systemic-global approach, universal, or structural-functional, and others with an existentialist approach, contextualist or humanist. Even the system of social welfare through the national welfare policy is conceived as an organization with two poles, national system (national organization, regional, etc., legislation, institutions, programs, policies) and the client (vulnerability, difficult situation, personality, social and human context, local resource, etc.). So, even if the social welfare as practice and social policy is declared, principled and pragmatic, humanist after the institutionalization and the "nationalization" tended to be a mega-system bureaucratic, impersonal, depersonalized, considering that the global socio-political and socio-economic regulation can to solve, automatically, particular problems. But reality has shown that many so-called social/ societal or socio-economic issues are in fact human or socio-human, and many causes and their resources for resolution are in the culture, in the particular sociohuman context and in the personality of the vulnerable people, in their capacity to self-determination; problem solving require actions type "man man" and "face to face," to strengthen (force) (Anderson-Carter and Wiggins, 2004, p. 21) and not only the social benefits or social services - universal, impersonal. The humanistic paradigm, which, to a point, is identical with the social work/ welfare, highlights, according to the most important guidelines of humanistic thought, respectively ontological-spiritual, positivist-psychological, and ethical-philosophical positivism, the following fundamental types of values and concepts: 17

18 Promotion the concrete and complex human being, the individuality and personal happiness, its fundamental interests, feelings and values; spiritual well-being of the person (Stefaroi, 2012, p.163); Personal development and self-determination; Human dignity, social justice, equality, solidarity, human community. The humanistic social work is, as theory, somehow, opposite to the theories such as universal, international or sistemic social work; humanistic theories are an ideothetic and humanist-contextualist theory, a theory of concret customer (individual or collective), in suffering and existential deadlock, a theory of his personality and his ontological-human micro-context (Payne, 2011). The main problem-solving resource is the human micro-comunity and actors s personality involved in the process of intervention and social reintegration; the customer and professional form an ontological unity in the process of rehabilitation and social integration. Humanistic values prioritizes the point of view and interest of those involved in the social phenomenon, increasing the role of the individual and customer personality în the process of social adjustment. Decrease the pain of unhappy customer, growth the spiritual wellbeing, personal development and gaining independence, moral developement and social-human integration are among the most important goals of social work services practice in the humanistic approach. Promote social justice, personal development of customers and professional, complexity of the human being, methodological flexibility, capitalization the creativity of the clients and professional, development of the Self and capitalization the spiritual potential of human personality, promoting security and development of individual resilience are, according Payne (2011), the crucial principles and values of humanistic social work practice. 18

19 In the complex and unitary methodological context the humanist professional will focus on the spiritual, psychological and socio-human sphere. The goal is the ontological harmonization of internal and external relationships within the group/ community, with effects on growth of personality s ontological consistency and diminishing the risk of entry in the risk situation. Sorry for the translation errors! 19

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21 PARADIGME SOCIOLOGICE CONTEXTUALIST-UMANISTE PENTRU O ASISTENŢĂ SOCIALĂ DE CRIZĂ ŞI POST-CRIZĂ. ASISTENŢA SOCIALĂ UMANISTĂ Secţiunea 1 Introducere Secţiunea 2 Paradigma sociologică contextualistă şi microsociologia Secţiunea 3 Orientarea sociologică existenţialistă Secţiunea 4 Sociologia umanistă Secţiunea 5 Comunitatea şi persoana/personalitatea categorii şi resurse contextual-umaniste ale asistenţei sociale de criză şi post-criză Secţiunea 6 Problema socială/umană în paradigma sociologică contextualist-umanistă a asistenţei sociale Secţiunea 7 Teorii şi metode contextualist-umaniste în practica şi politica asistenţei sociale de criză şi post-criză teorii şi metode ale asistenţei sociale umaniste Secţiune 8 Asistenţa socială umanistă Bibliografie 21

22 Secţiunea 1 INTRODUCERE Atât teoria cât şi politica ori practica asistenţei sociale se află în faţa unor provocări şi schimbări, determinate de criza economică dar şi de evoluţia în sine a societăţii sau sistemului de asistenţă socială, în care sociologiei i se solicită contribuţia. În această lucrare se reliefează necesitatea şi rolul paradigmelor sociologice contextualiste, existenţialiste şi umaniste în aceste procese, factori precum comunitatea, familia ori personalitatea umană constituind categorii şi resurse cruciale ale noului tip de asistenţă socială. În perspectiva acestor paradigme problema socială, vulnerabilitatea se explică prin tulburări ale calităţii relaţiilor interumane la nivel local, personal, organizaţional, contextual, existenţial şi mai puţin prin caracteristicile globale şi structural-funcţionale ale macrosistemelor din care fac parte. Criza economică globală a redus mult resursele financiare alocate asistenţei sociale, determinând o restrângere a numărului de persoane sau categorii beneficiare, în paralel şi cu o reducere drasnică a veniturilor majorităţii populaţiei. În aceste condiţii a crescut mult riscul sărăcirii, marginalizării, devianţei pentru o mare parte a populaţiei; categorii mari de persoane care înainte de criză nu întâmpinau probleme mari de supravieţuire sau adaptare socială s-au trezit în situaţii de risc sau dificultate, solicitând sprijin unor servicii sociale ele însele grav afectate de criză, cu resurse materiale şi umane mult diminuate. Reducerea dramatică a resurselor a constrâns autorităţile să aplice strategii de criză, să conceapă noi strategii şi politici sociale, comunităţile locale şi serviciile de asistenţă socială fiind puse în situaţia să identifice soluţii practice de aplicare, iar teoricienii să identifice noi paradigme 22

23 teoretice sau metode. Paradigmele sociologice universaliste, globaliste, solidariste nepierzându-şi valabilitatea, perioadele de criză necesită şi abordări/soluţii globale, universale, solidariste însă, în paralel cu acestea, este necesar să se impună cu mai multă pregnanţă şi paradigmele, teoriile ori abordările care identifică explicaţiile şi resursele pe plan local, în comunitate, în contextul sociouman al persoanei, în personalitatea/creativitatea acesteia. Ofensiva/impunerea paradigmelor şi metodelor contextual-umaniste în politica şi practica asistenţei sociale este şi o necesitate istorică, valorificarea resurselor locale, ale contextului sociouman, ale existenţei concrete a persoanei, ale personalităţii umane nefiind doar o soluţie temporară de criză ci o etapă necesară şi o bună o oportunitate de inovare socială, eficientizare şi reafirmare a demnităţii umane, de sporire a autonomiei locale şi rolului persoanei în prevenirea şi rezolvarea problemelor sociale. În aceste procese sociologia, ca resursă ştiinţifică şi paradigmă constituţională a asistenţei sociale, este poate cel mai mult solicitată, fundamentarea sociologică ştiinţifică a politicilor şi practicilor noilor tipuri de asistenţă socială fiind o necesitate. Situaţiile de criză conduc la abandonarea paradigmelor vechi şi la constituirea altora (Mărginean, 2000: 51). Sociologii trebuind astfel să apeleze tot mai mult la viziuni, concepţii, teorii sau metode precum cele existenţialiste, contextualiste ori umaniste, marginalizate deseori în perioade de bunăstare economică şi socială, când politicile de redistribuire şi mecanismele universalistsolidariste rezolvă automat multe probleme sociale. Adică tocmai acele paradigme care reliefează valenţele şi rolul grupului, comunităţii, contextului şi persoanei în determinismul social, în explicaţia vulnerabilităţii, în identificarea soluţiilor sau resurselor de reabilitare ori adaptare socială, problemele sociale neputând fi soluţionate doar prin politici sociale globale, universale sau cu resurse materiale. 23

24 Paradigmele contextualiste, existenţialiste sau umaniste în sociologie, în opoziţie, relativă (epistemologică) cu cele universaliste, care reliefează aspectele de esenţă, generalitate şi universalitate ale sistemului social sau problemei sociale, aduc în prim planul cunoaşterii, investigaţiei sau intervenţiei aspectele de contextualitate socioumană, de unicitate existenţială şi psihosocială, de specificitate/unicitate culturală ori economică, punând accent pe explicaţiile contextual-existenţiale şi pe resursele economice, culturale, umane ori psihosociale locale. Se porneşte de la teza că în arhitectura" socială, individul şi comunitatea sunt antrenaţi în complexe ţesături psihosociale/interumane (Bocancea, 2011: 76) şi aici se pot identifica resursele autentice şi durabile ale adaptării şi reabilitării. Doar o abordare şi o gândire sociologică contextualist-umanistă poate surprinde, în fenomenologia şi etiologia complexă a unei situaţii sociale concrete, particulare, locale toate aspectele relevante şi factorii etiologici implicaţi, în complixitatea şi diversitatea lor. În lipsa relevării acestora evaluarea ar fi săracă, nerelavantă şi ineficientă în perspectiva obiectivelor unei eventuale intervenţii în scop de schimbare şi ameliorare durabilă. S-ar limita la o simplă schematizare epistemologică structural-funcţională universală, aplicabilă aprioric unui număr nelimitat de situaţii (ipotezate convenţional ca relativ identice), când, în realitate, sursa problemei şi resursa schimbării ar sta în factorii de ordin contextual-existenţial, psiho-social şi uman local. Interesul tot mai mare pentru metodele şi abordările de tip contextualist, existenţialist sau umanist nu este justificat doar de criză ci şi de caracteristicile societăţii postmoderne şi noilor probleme sociale, altele şi de altă natură/origine decât cele de acum câteva decenii. Dacă majoritatea anomiilor şi problemelor sociale de atunci aveau cauze şi caracteristici de ordin sistemic, societal, global odată cu dezvoltarea explozivă socială, culturală (multiculturalismul), cu apariţia unor noi tipuri de probleme sociale/umane, multe dintre cauze sunt identificabile la nivel 24

25 local, prin factori de ordin cultural, administrativ, etnic sau psihosocial specifici. Abordările de tip universalist, globalist nu mai sunt, în metodologia cercetării sau intervenţiei, foarte mult de folos nici sociologului nici asistentului social pentru că originea problemelor pe care le investighează sau încearcă să le rezolve se află în socio-ecologia locului, iar natura acestora solicită focalizare pe context, unicitate, specificitate. La nivel local, contextual sau personal, se află şi soluţiile ameliorării/normalizării. Aşa se explică extinderea, ca număr de itemi, diversitate sau specializare a chestionarelor de cercetare utilizate de către sociologi sau machetelor de evaluare utilizate de către specialiştii din asistenţa socială, interesul sporit pentru aspectele ontologice, contextual-culturale, contextual-sociale ale cazurilor, pentru caracteristicile psiho-sociale particulare ale grupurilor/comunităţor, pentru caracteristicile/implicaţiile locale de ordin etnic, juridic, politic sau etic. Fără nici o îndoială, dacă există un concept de asistenţă socială care să se fundamenteze teoretic şi metodologic pe paradigmele sociologice contextualist-umaniste atunci acesta se numeşte asistenţa socială umanistă. Atât ca teorie cât şi ca practică, vine, pe de o parte, să concentreze şi să organizeze epistemologic un câmp teoretic-metodologic tot mai bogat, legat de ofensiva, în activitatea efectivă a asistenţei sociale, a practicilor clinice, contextualiste, experienţiale, existenţialiste, pozitive, apreciative etc, generic spus, umaniste, iar pe de altă parte, se impune ca o reacţie la unele tendinţe de îndepărtare de adevăratele valori şi scopuri ale asistenţei sociale în general, asta deoarece, în opinia publică, conceptul de asistenţă socială a devenit astăzi atât de cuprinzător încât, desigur în mod greşit, chiar şi sistemul de pensii ori sistemul naţional de asigurări, protecţie, beneficii şi facilităţi sociale sunt considerate ca făcând parte din asistenţa socială. Tot mai frecvent acesteia i se atribuie în mod excesiv dimeniuni preponderent societale, macro-economice sau politice în timp ce 25

26 asistenţa socială autentică, originară, care priveşte clientul ca fiinţă umană în suferinţă, vulnerabilitatea, situaţia concretă de dificultate, drama umană a persoanelor sau comunităţilor, obiect autentic al asistenţei sociale, tind să fie marginalizate. Practica socială a relevat adesea că multe dintre problemele aşa-zis sociale/ societale sau socio-economice sunt de fapt umane sau socioumane, iar multe cauze ale acestora şi resursele rezolvării lor se află în cultura, contextul sociouman particular şi în personalitatea persoanelor vulnerabile sau în dificultate, în capacitatea/puterea acestora de autodeterminare.. Asistenţa socială umanistă vine, aşadar, reaminteşte menirea originară a asistenţei sociale şi propune primordializarea fiinţei umane concrete, reîntoarcerea la om, la persoană, la microcomunitate, la familie şi la valorificarea resurselor de la aceste niveluri, considerând suferinţa umană, eşecul personal, pierderea, drama personală, dezumanizarea şi despiritualizarea ca drept explicaţie şi obiect de cercetare sau intervenţie. Este susţinută de prezenţa tot mai pregnanată a valorilor şi categoriilor contextual-umaniste în domenii din care asistenţa socială se alimentează teoretic, axiologic şi metodologic precum psihologia/psihoterapia umanistă, cu variatele lor abordări, sociologia umanistă şi microsociologia, antropologia culturală, sau de diferite domenii şi orientări filosofice ori culturale precum umanismul, filosofia omului, fenomenalismul şi existenţialismul. Un rol tot mare, în asistenţa socială contemporană, în particular în asistenţa socială umanistă tinde să-l aibă gândirea, teoriile şi practicile aşa-zis postmoderne. Aşadar, instituirea teoretico-metodologică şi practică a asistenţei sociale umaniste, în concertului celorlalte tipuri de abordări - asistenţă socială sistemică, asistenţă socială structurală, asistenţă socială internaţională, asistenţă socială clinică, asistenţă socială universală, asistenţă socială ecologică etc este o necesitate şi o reacţie obiectivă la o realitate şi un sistem de asistenţă socială excesiv 26

27 tehnicizat/instituţionalizat, dar, mai mult decât atât, este o filosofie, teorie, ştiinţă şi acţiune în sine, justificată de natura complexă a problemelor socioumane pe care asistenţa socială le abordează, propunând, nu doar o teorie ci şi metode ori modele umaniste coerente de intervenţie. Se relevă atât ca o orientare distinctă, un concept forţă, un sistem de valori, o teorie/ metodă dar şi ca un sistem de politici ori practici sociale (Ştefăroi, 2012). Secţiunea 2 PARADIGMA SOCIOLOGICĂ CONTEXTUALISTĂ ŞI MICROSOCIOLOGIA Paradigma contextualistă poate fi analizată în lumina unei orientări mai consacrate: sociologia interpretativă. Cum bine se cunoaşte sociologia ca ştiinţa s-a impus şi dezvoltat prin două mari tipuri de abordări, interpretativă sau subiectivă şi pozitivă sau obiectivă. Astfel că, în timp ce Durkheim (2004) propune modelul ştiinţelor naturii pentru cercetarea socialului, cunoaşterea socială trebuie să ajungă să ia forma explicaţiilor şi predicţiilor, a legilor şi generalizărilor ştinţifice detaşate de eventualele implicaţii valorice ori psihologice, pentru a asigura obiectivitatea cercetării, formulând aşa-zisele reguli ale metodei sociologice, Weber (2001) a construit o metodologie interpretativă de studiere a fenemenelor sociale, în concordanţă cu propria sociologie subiectivă, bazată pe analiza semnificaţiilor psihologice (fără a cădea în psihologism) investite de către persoane în acţiunile lor. Se pune accentul pe aspectul ireductibil al faptelor sociale cercetate. Conceptele centrale ale acestei sociologii sunt acţiunea socială şi înţelegerea interpretativă. Dacă în perspectiva paradigmelor universalist-deterministe, a celor structural-funcţionaliste clasice cruciale sunt concepte precum sistem, organizare, structură, funcţie, unitate, omogenitate sau finalitate, sistemul 27

28 social (societatea, familia, organizaţia etc) reprezintănd un întreg structurat, universal şi funcţional în care diferitele elemente (persoane, grupuri, comportamente, instituţii, norme, finalităţi) pot fi explicate prin cerinţele funcţionării întregului (Parsons, apud Buzărnescu, 1995: 123), structura rămânând în esenţă constantă, paradigmele interpretative şi contextualiste descriu entitatea socio-organizaţională, familia, situaţia socială problemă ca realităţi dinamice, unice, ireductibile, autodeterminante, foarte complexe, nerecurente, multidimensionale, multifactoriale, multicauzale (Schutz, 1972). De aceea, adevărata cunoştere sau succes al schimbării sunt condiţionate de luarea în considerare a tuturor acestora şi nu doar a unor cauzalităţi/legităţi universale sau structuri imuabile. Presupune abordări de tip calitativ (Mjoset, 2009: 46), iar în asistenţa socială atenţia pentru factorii culturali, umani şi psihosociali ai situaţiei de dificultate (Payne, 2011). Contextualismul sociologic, curent asimilat adesea postmodernismului, propune focalizarea pe contextul social, psihologic, cultural şi istoric, pe situaţia concretă, nerecurentă, pe persoană, client, pe caz (Mjoset, 2009: 46), în asistenţa socială pe caracteristicile unice, ireductibile ale situaţiei de dificultate (Bocancea, 2011). În domeniul ştiinţelor sociale, şi-a constituit un set de principii, valori şi caracteristici definitorii: conduitele, reacţiile, acţiunile oamenilor se desfăşoară în contexte sociale (personale, culturale, economice, etice) particulare şi nerecurente; schimbarea şi dezvoltarea socială au ca principal motor motivaţia persoanelor şi grupurilor pentru nou şi viaţă mai bună; nu există corespondenţă deplină între reprezentările intelectuale (stiinţifice) generalizante şi realitatea socio-umană concretă; 28

29 existenţa şi comportamentul în context social, economic, psihologic, cultural, moral, juridic determinat este adevăratul obiect de cunoaştere sau de intervenţie al ştiinţelor şi practicilor sociale. Contextualismul sociologic s-a afirmat el însuşi prin mai multe orientări şi paradigme sau are multe în comun cu interacţionismul şi construcţionismul (Thomas, 1996). Promotorii interacţionismului social subliniază aspectul că societatea, sistemele sociale şi umane sunt produsul interacţiunii umane, indivizii la rândul lor se explică prin interacţiunea cu ceilalţi indivizi şi cu sistemul social din care fac parte, în principal prin sistemul de valori, norme şi simboluri sociale, culturale morale etc. (interacţionismul simbolic, Blumer, 1969). Societatea/ comunitatea este produsul acţiunii şi interacţiunii umane, este produsul modului în care oamenii interpretează semnificaţia informaţiilor, evenimentelor şi regulilor sociale, în funcţie atât de conţinutul obiectiv al acestora cât şi de particularităţile personalităţii lor (Endler şi Parker, 1992: 183). Construcţionismul social reliefează faptul că organizaţiile umane, realitatea socială, personalitatea, vulnerabilitatea socială sunt produse/creaţii umane (Cojocaru, 2005: 48), procese, construcţii dinamice complexe, ontogenetice şi nu simple materializări ale unor structuri universale, tipare sau procese predestinate. Societatea este un construct uman. O inovaţie. Toate componentele culturii limbile, religia, miturile, arta, familia cu regulile ei, organizarea socială sunt constructe umane noi, deci inovaţii (Zamfir, 2009: 8). În perspectivă constructivistă copilul, în procesul de învăţare socială, nu este reprezentat ca un învăţăcel pasiv, sau ca un element amorf în sistemul familial sau grupul de învăţare ci ca un actor al propriei dezvoltări şi emanicipări personale (Harel şi Papert, 1991). Acesta își dezvoltă deprinderi şi conduite adaptative în mod activ prin interacțiunile dinamice cu mediul psihosocial, cu ceilalţi membrii ai comunităţii. Învățarea socială şi adaptarea sunt văzute ca procese active de 29

30 construire de noi comportamente, negociate cu mediul social, de devenire şi asimilare culturală creativă (Lock şi Strong, 2010: 5). Comunicarea şi interacţiunea personală concretă, senzorială, având, în acest sens, rol crucial, intervenind direct în activitatea de construire ontologică sau psihologică (constructe personale/sociale) a realităţii sociale. Din această perspectivă, comunicarea este înţeleasă ca un proces de co-elaborare a realităţii socio-umane, în care părţile îşi ajustează reciproc conduitele, atitudinile, personalitatea, ataşamentele. Atât sociologia interpretativă cât şi interacţionismul sau construcţionismul social, precum şi alte orientări care reliefează importanţa factorilor microsociali, locali, dinamici, existenţiali sau umani în determinismul şi existenţa socială sunt parte a microsociologiei. Ramură a sociologiei care cercetează, cu prioritate legităţile microgrupului şi contextului sociouman particular, cu accent pe procesele subiective, relaţiile şi fenomenelor interpersonale (Garfinkel, 2006). În asistenţa socială abordarea microsociologică nu este o opţiune ci o necesitate. Asistenţa socială ca teorie este de fapt o teorie a microsistemului social sau persoanei/comunităţii vulnerabile în context sociouman. Instituirea sistemului naţional de asistenţă socială, a legislaţiei specifice, a politicilor universale şi instituţiilor de protecţie socială a condus, pe lângă efectele pozitive indubitabile, la o denaturare/diluare a misunii şi practicii originare a asistenţei sociale. Reîntoarcerea la context, la microgrup, familie, la persoană, unde se află adevăratele surse explicative şi resurse de adaptare socială ori reabilitare, este una dintre tendinţele implacabile şi benefice al asistenţei sociale contemporane şi viitoare. 30

31 Secţiunea 3 ORIENTAREA SOCIOLOGICĂ EXISTENŢIALISTĂ Fără nici o îndoială, dacă există o resursă filosofică şi epistemologică insuficient utilizată în sociologie sau asistenţă socială atunci aceasta este teoria existenţialistă. Din cauza expresiei aparent sofisticate categoriile acesteia au pătruns destul de puţin în ştiinţele sociale, însă reprezintă o resursă care cu siguranţă va fi exploatată tot mai mult în viitor. Existenţialismul, curent şi teorie fenomenologică importantă, îndeosebi în filosofie, este legat de numele unor mari gânditori precum Husserl, Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Merleau- Ponty şi mulţi alţii. A făcut din studiul omului şi existenţiei sale sociale concrete teza sa constituţională, contribuind şi la constituirea unei orientări fenomenologice în sociologie, în principal prin Schultz sau Weber (Buzărnescu, 1995: 130). Este, alături de fenomenalism, sursa filosofică principală a orientărilor contextualiste sau microsociologiei. Se afirmă prin creştererea interesului pentru cercetarea realităţii sociale concrete, pentru existenţa socială. A impus primatul existenţei omului ca individ şi unicitate în societate. Fiinţa (omul) nu există aprioric, nu este o abstracţiune filosofică sau un număr statistic, ea se construieşte existenţial, în parametri de timp şi spaţiu, cu atributele lui aici, acum, astfel, într-un context sociouman existenţial determinat (Sartre, 2000). Fiinţa (umană), aşa cu este ea, rezultă din asimilarea ontogenetică a experienţelor sociale, din interacţiunea cu celălalt concret. Fiind, un produs al mediului, existenţei, trăirilor contingente fiinţa se va lega ombilical de acestea, constituind o unitate ontologică cu mediul. 31

32 Pe lângă faptul că existenţialismul a adus în prim-planul dezbaterilor problema existenţei umane, a existentului uman concret, a fiinţei umane unice, singulare aduce contribuţii semnificative şi căutărilor filosofice, psihologice, sociologice sau antropologice privind limitele fiinţei umane concrete în context social şi istoric, vulnerabilitatea, suferinţa, fragilitatea fiinţei umane şi a mediului în care convieţuieşte. Conştiinţa nefiinţei şi a vulnerabilităţii sale sociale este o permanentă sursă de nesiguranţă, instituind, o stare permanentă de angoasă, anxietate existenţială şi neadaptare socială (Frankl, 2009). Totuşi, fiinţa umană are posibilitatea, prin libertatea care-l caracterizează (Heidegger, 1995), prin judecată, imaginaţie, conştiinţă, voinţă, să-şi conducă şi să-şi construiască propriul destin conform aspiraţiilor (Sartre, 2000). Pentru subiect este o alegere dar şi o luptă între fiinţă şi nefiinţă, între viaţă şi moarte, între excludere şi adaptare socială. Astfel, fiinţa se descrie bipolar, cu un pol negativ - suferinţa, inadaptarea socială, ce pot conduce la marginalizare sau chiar sinucidere şi cu un pol pozitiv - fericirea, realizarea personală şi socială, împlinirea, adaptarea socială. Unele dintre conceptele şi valorile fenomenologice şi existenţialiste au fost preluate şi adaptate de către sociologie şi asistenţa socială, chiar dacă nu totdeauna în mod explicit. Ontologia socială abstractă generalizatoare este înlocuită prin concepte precum existenţă socială, realitate umană, fapt social (Comte, 2009, Durkheim, 2004), problemă socială, suferinţă umană etc. Astfel, în ceea ce s-a consacrat, până la urmă, ca sociologie existenţialistă, nu structura, funcţia sau macro-organizarea socială/societală abstractă sunt teme de interes ci existenţa socială şi umană ca atare, existenţa ca existenţă, existenţa socială în sine, singulară, a unei comunităţi sau persoane (Kotarba, 2002: 5). Atenţia se focalizează atât pe aspecte pur sociale, cât şi pe cele culturale, etnografice, antropologice sau psihologice. Devianţa este expresia unei 32

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