European Cinema and Television

Transcription

1 European Cinema and Television

2 Palgrave European Film and Media Studies Series Editors: Andrew Higson, University of York, UK, Ib Bondebjerg, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, and Caroline Pauwels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Belgium Advisory Board: Tim Bergfelder, University of Southampton, UK, Milly Buonanno, University of Rome, Italy, Carmina Crusafon, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain, Peter Golding, Northumbria University, UK, Petra Hanakova, Charles University, Czech Republic, Sonja de Leeuw, University of Utrecht, Netherlands, Tomasz Goban-Klas, University of Krakow, Poland, Jostein Gripsrud, University of Bergen, Norway, Michelle Hilmes, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA, Mette Hjort, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, Amanda Lotz, University of Michigan, USA, Ewa Mazierska, University of Central Lancashire, UK, Michael Meyen, University of Munich, Germany, Stylianos Papathanassopoulos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece, Katharine Sarikakis, University of Vienna, Austria, Monica Sassatelli, Goldsmiths University of London, UK, Paul Statham, University of Sussex, UK, Isabelle Veyrat-Masson, Laboratoire Communication et Politique Paris (LCP-CNRS), France, Patrick Vonderau, University of Stockholm, Sweden, and William Uricchio, MIT, USA European Film and Media Studies is a series dedicated to historical and contemporary studies of film and media in a European context and to the study of the role of film and media in European societies and cultures. Books in the series deal with media content and media genres, with national and transnational aspects of film and media policy, with the sociology of media as institutions and with the impact of film and media on everyday life, culture and society. In an era of increased European integration and globalization there is a need to move away from the single nation study focus and the single discipline study of Europe. The series accordingly takes a comparative, European perspective based in interdisciplinary research that moves beyond a traditional nation state perspective. Titles include: Daniela Berghahn and Claudia Sternberg (editors) EUROPEAN CINEMA IN MOTION Migrant and Diasporic Film in Contemporary Europe Ib Bondebjerg, Eva Novrup Redvall and Andrew Higson (editors) EUROPEAN CINEMA AND TELEVISION Cultural Policy and Everyday Life Palgrave European Film and Media Studies Series Standing Order ISBN (hardback) (paperback) (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

3 European Cinema and Television Cultural Policy and Everyday Life Edited by Ib Bondebjerg University of Copenhagen, Denmark Eva Novrup Redvall University of Copenhagen, Denmark and Andrew Higson University of York, UK

4 Selection and editorial matter Ib Bondebjerg, Eva Novrup Redvall and Andrew Higson 2015 Individual chapters Respective authors 2015 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data European cinema and television: cultural policy and everyday life / [edited by] Ib Bondebjerg, University of Copenhagen, Denmark ; Eva Novrup Redvall, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Andrew Higson, University of York, UK. pages cm (Palgrave European film and media studies) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Motion pictures Europe History and criticism. 2. Motion pictures Social aspects Europe. 3. Identity (Psychology) in motion pictures. 4. Television programs Europe. 5. Television programs Social aspects Europe. 6. Identity (Psychology) on television. I. Bondebjerg, Ib, editor. II. Redvall, Eva Novrup. III. Higson, Andrew. PN E8E dc Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India.

5 Contents List of Figures and Tables Notes on Contributors vii ix Introduction: Mediated Cultural Encounters in Europe 1 Ib Bondebjerg and Eva Novrup Redvall Part I Culture, Identity and Everyday Life 1 Narratives of European Identity 25 Monica Sassatelli 2 Film and European Identity: A German Case Study 43 Michael Meyen 3 Sensing National Spaces: Representing the Mundane in English Film and Television 58 Tim Edensor Part II Film and Media Policy: Between the National and the Transnational 4 The European Audiovisual Space: How European Media Policy Has Set the Pace of Its Development 81 Carmina Crusafon 5 Beyond Borders and into the Digital Era: Future-proofing European-level Film Support Schemes 102 Sophie De Vinck and Caroline Pauwels Part III National Cinemas European Cinemas 6 British Cinema, Europe and the Global Reach for Audiences 127 Andrew Higson 7 The East Meets the West in Contemporary Eastern European Films 151 Ewa Mazierska 8 New Voices, New Stories: Migrant Cinema and Television in Norway 169 Leif Ove Larsen v

6 vi Contents Part IV National Television European Television 9 Italian TV Drama: The Multiple Forms of European Influence 195 Milly Buonanno 10 Breaking Borders: The International Success of Danish Television Drama 214 Ib Bondebjerg and Eva Novrup Redvall 11 Small Nation/Big Neighbours: Co-producing Stories in a European Context 239 Diog O Connell Index 257

7 List of Figures and Tables Figures 1.1 EU webpage on the Capital of Culture Initiative EU webpage on the Capital of Culture Initiative Agency and structure according to Giddens Screenshot from Cedric Klapisch s French film L Auberge Espagnole (2002) Screenshot from Lars von Trier s art film Europa (1991) Screenshot from the film This is England (2006) Screenshot from Fish Tank (2009) Screenshot from the long-running series Coronation Street, (1960 present) Screenshot from the EBU website, announcing the new European crime series The Team Screenshot from Creative Europe webpage Screenshot from Creative Europe webpage Screenshot from The King s Speech (2010) Screenshot from In Bruges (2008) Screenshot from Essential Killing (2010) Screenshot from The Temptation of St. Tony (2009) Screenshot from Import/Export (2005) Screenshot from Import/Export (2005) Screenshot from Winterland (2007) Picture from A Doctor in the Family. Courtesy RAI Still from The Cesaronis. Courtesy of Mediaset and Publispei Screenshot from The Killing, season two, episode two Screenshot from Borgen Screenshot from the opening episode of Borgen, season two Screenshot from Love/Hate, season five, episode three 252 vii

8 viii List of Figures and Tables Tables 1.1 Models of European identity List of European cities of culture and EU resolutions behind this initiative Breakdown of European Union admissions by the origin of films (%) ( ) Number of film funds in Europe EU audiovisual policy: instruments for external action ( ) Financial resources for developing the external dimension of EU audiovisual policy Box office numbers from the Lumiere database on films released in Europe Audience share for European co-productions in the 2000s 202

9 Notes on Contributors Ib Bondebjerg is Professor of Film and Media Studies, Department of Media, Cognition and Communication, University of Copenhagen. He was chairman of the Danish Film Institute ( ) and of the Center for Modern European Studies ( ). He was co-director of the research projects Changing Media Changing Europe ( ) and Media and Democracy in the Network Society ( ) and he is presently principal investigator in the European project Mediating Cultural Encounters on European Screens (MeCETES, ). He has published numerous books and articles on European film and media culture and he is on the editorial or advisory board of several international journals. Milly Buonanno is Professor of Television Studies in the Department of Communication and Social Research, University of Rome La Sapienza, and chair of the research programme GEMMA (GEnder and Media MAtter). She is the founder of the Observatory of Italian Fiction (1988 ), and was the co-ordinator of the Eurofiction project on the European television industry ( ), carried out under the aegis of the European Audiovisual Observatory. Her most recent books are the monograph Italian TV Drama and Beyond: Stories from the Soil, Stories from the Sea (2012) and the co-edited SAGE Handbook of Television Studies (2014). Carmina Crusafon is Associate Professor in the Department of Journalism and Communication Studies at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) (Spain). She is a researcher in media systems and audiovisual policies (of the European Union and Latin America). She teaches media policy in Journalism Bachelor and Master Studies at the UAB. She is deputy director of the Ibero-American Observatory of Communication. She has been a visiting scholar at the University of Leeds, the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, and she has been an invited lecturer in different Spanish and Latin American universities. Sophie De Vinck is currently a case handler at the European Commission s DG Competition. Before that, she was senior researcher within the centre for Studies on Media Information and Telecommunication (SMIT) at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. She successfully defended her doctoral ix

10 x Notes on Contributors dissertation on the digital challenges facing the European film industries and European-level film support in July Her research focuses on the film industries, digital evolutions and related policy-making efforts. She has been involved in research projects such as Digital Cinema In Flanders. Her publications have appeared in edited books and international journals including Communications: The European Journal of Communication Research. Tim Edensor teaches cultural geography at Manchester Metropolitan University. He is the author of Tourists at the Taj (2008), National Identity, Popular Culture and Everyday Life (2002) and Industrial Ruins: Space, Aesthetics and Materiality (2005), as well as the editor of Geographies of Rhythm (2010) and the co-editor of Spaces of Vernacular Creativity (2009) and Urban Theory Beyond the West: A World of Cities (2011). He is the editor of Tourist Studies. Tim has written extensively on national identity, tourism, industrial ruins, walking, driving, football cultures and urban materiality and is currently investigating spaces of illumination and darkness. Andrew Higson is Greg Dyke Professor of Film and Television, and head of the Department of Theatre, Film and Television, at the University of York. He is a specialist in English and British cinema history, from the silent period to the present, and has published influential articles on national and transnational cinema. He currently leads the European project Mediating Cultural Encounters on European Screens ( co.uk). His books include: Film England: Culturally English Filmmaking in the 1990s and 2000s (2011), English Heritage, English Cinema (2003) and Waving the Flag: Constructing a National Cinema in Britain (1995). Leif Ove Larsen is Professor of Media Studies and head of the Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen. He is a specialist in Norwegian film and television history, and has particularly written on popular comedy and comedians, genre studies and journalism. He is a member of the Norwegian research council for film at the National Library, co-directing the research project Journalistic Reorientations ( ). He was a co-founder and editor of Norsk medietidsskrift (Norwegian Journal of Media Studies, ), and is on the advisory board of Journal of Scandinavian Cinema (2011 ). Ewa Mazierska is Professor in Film Studies, at the School of Journalism and Media, University of Central Lancashire. She has published over 20 monographs and edited collections, including From Self-Fulfilment to Survival of the Fittest: Representation of Work in European Cinema from the

11 Notes on Contributors xi 1960s till Now (2015), Postcolonial Approaches to Eastern European Cinema: Representing Neighbours on Screen, with Eva Näripea and Lars Kristensen (2014), and European Cinema and Intertextuality: History, Memory, Politics (2011). Mazierska s work was translated into over ten languages. She is principal editor of the Routledge journal Studies in Eastern European Cinema. Michael Meyen is Professor of Communication at the University of Munich. He is a specialist in audience research and has also written about media history, journalism and the history of communication as an academic discipline. He has published more than 120 articles in academic journals and books, single- or co-authored 16 books and co-edited another ten. He has published several articles on media and everyday life in Germany. His English language articles have appeared in, for instance, International Journal of Communication, Journalism Studies, Global Media and Communication and Media, Culture & Society and Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. Diog O Connell is Lecturer in Film & Media Studies at the Institute of Art, Design & Technology, Dún Laoghaire, Ireland. She is a specialist in Irish cinema and has published widely on contemporary Irish cinema in a both national and European context. Her most recent books are New Irish Storytellers: Narrative Strategies in Contemporary Cinema (2010) and Documentary in a Changing State: Ireland since the 1990s (co-edited with Carl MacKeogh, 2012). She has contributed to several international books and has published articles in journals such as Journal of Screenwriting and Film & Film Culture. Caroline Pauwels is Professor of National and European Media Policy at the Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB) and former head of the Department for Communication Studies of the VUB. She is director of the Centre for Media, Information and Telecommunication (SMIT), part of the Flemish Interdisciplinary Institute for Broadband Technology. She has written extensively on European audiovisual policy and acts as the government representative within the Flemish public service broadcaster VRT. Her main book publication is the co-edited Rethinking European Media and Communications Policies (2009). Eva Novrup Redvall is Associate Professor in Film and Media Studies at the University of Copenhagen where she is head of the Research Priority Area on Creative Media Industries. Her research focuses on film and tele vision production, particularly screenwriting, and she has published widely on this in international books and journals. Her latest

12 xii Notes on Contributors books are Writing and Producing Television Drama in Denmark: From The Kingdom to The Killing (2013) and Danish Directors 3: Dialogues on the New Danish Documentary Cinema (co-authored with Mette Hjort and Ib Bondebjerg, 2014). Monica Sassatelli is Lecturer of Sociology at Goldsmiths, University of London. She specializes in the sociology of culture and of Europe, and has related interests in classical and contemporary social theory, urban studies, sociology of the arts and sociology of tourism. Her recent publications in English include Becoming Europeans: Cultural Identity and Cultural Policies (2009) which was awarded the British Sociological Association Philip Abrams Prize for best sole-authored book in the UK in She has co-edited and contributed to the volume Art Festivals and the Cultural Public Sphere (2011) and published in a number of journals including Sociology, European Journal of Social Theory and European Societies.