JROTCDL.com CADET 104 How to Write Effectively 1

Transcription

1 JROTCDL.cm CADET 104 Hw t Write Effectively 1

2 JROTCDL.cm CADET 104 Hw t Write Effectively 2

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS The Writing Prcess and Prewriting Phase... 5 Rugh Draft Writing and Revising Phase... 6 Editing and Publishing Phases... 7 Principles f Writing... 8 Develpment Methds... 9 Bubble Maps Style Reasns fr Unclear Writing Paragraph Elements Plagiarism Part 1 f Plagiarism Part 2 f Electrnic Cmmunicatin JROTCDL.cm CADET 104 Hw t Write Effectively 3

4 JROTCDL.cm CADET 104 Hw t Write Effectively 4

5 The Writing Prcess and Prewriting Phase During the prewriting phase, brainstrm with a circle map. Once yu have created a circle map, use it t help create a tree map. Reference: Lessn 1 The Writing Prcess JROTCDL.cm CADET 104 Hw t Write Effectively 5

6 Rugh Draft Writing and Revising Phase Paragraph Structure A rugh draft shuld include gd paragraph structure: Revising is yur chance t imprve the style, r effectiveness, f yur dcument. Opening r Hk : The pening is the attentin-getter, where yu grab yur reader's attentin. It can be a questin, a qute, a stry, r a prblem t be slved. Lk at yur paper frm the eyes f yur audience. Revise fr style primarily - are yu getting yur pint acrss? Bdy paragraphs: Dedicate each bdy paragraph t a tpic that supprts the statement yu are making. Use anther reader (a teacher, anther adult, r a student) t review the dcument. Clsing: The clsing is where yu make a final statement that ties tgether the main pints f yur essay. Review it frm the pint f view f yur target audience. Identify where yu need transitins. Reference: Lessn 1 The Writing Prcess JROTCDL.cm CADET 104 Hw t Write Effectively 6

7 Editing and Publishing Phases When editing yur paper: 1. Fcus n grammar, mechanics, and usage. 2. D nt guess at spelling, punctuatin, grammar, r frmatting. The publishing step is when yu create a final draft that is ready t be published r submitted as yur final prduct. 1. Create the final draft. 2. Fllw prper frmatting. 3. Save an electrnic cpy. Reference: Lessn 1 The Writing Prcess JROTCDL.cm CADET 104 Hw t Write Effectively 7

8 Principles f Writing Reference: Lessn 2 The Principles f Writing JROTCDL.cm CADET 104 Hw t Write Effectively 8

9 Develpment Methds Fllw these guidelines t determine when t use each develpment methd: Reference: Lessn 2 The Principles f Writing JROTCDL.cm CADET 104 Hw t Write Effectively 9

10 Bubble Maps Bubble Maps are used t describe qualities using adjectives and adjective phrases. As a writing tl, Bubble Maps help yu identify qualities and use descriptive wrds. In the center circle, write the wrd r thing being described. Write the adjectives r adjective phrases in the utside circles. Reference: Lessn 2 The Principles f Writing JROTCDL.cm CADET 104 Hw t Write Effectively 10

11 Style Sme cmmn elements f an effective paper and cmmn style errrs include: Agreement: The subject agrees in number with the verb. Run-n: The cmma is misplaced r there is n punctuatin between tw independent clauses. Clarity: Quality f clearness that lets yur reader understands yur meaning quickly. Fragment: A grup f wrds that lacks either a subject r a predicate. Cntinuity: Every part wrks tward the gal f the writing clearly and quickly. Tne: Intended affect f yur wrds n the audience. Yu can shw style with the sentence structure, images, r the figures f speech yu use. Smetimes writers make cmmn style and substance errrs, and it hurts the statement they are trying t make. Sme cmmn style errrs are listed belw. Reference: Lessn 3 Writing Yur Paper JROTCDL.cm CADET 104 Hw t Write Effectively 11

12 Reasns fr Unclear Writing Overuse f t be and t have : Dn't rely n frms f "t be" and "t have" frequently in yur writing. When pssible, substitute with mre descriptive wrds. Fr example: With "t be": "The teenagers were in the car." Withut "t be": "The teenagers piled int the car." Wrdiness: Delete wrds such as intensifiers (very, really, cmpletely, etc), phrases, and clauses that d nt add t the meaning. Fr example: Wrdy: "Under all circumstances and in every case, teenagers shuld nt be allwed in any way t drive after 10 'clck p.m." Cncise: "Teenagers shuld nt be allwed t drive after 10 p.m." Misuse f Active and Passive Vice: In the active vice, the subject is perfrming the actin. In the passive vice, the subject receives the actin r is acted upn. Fr example: Active: "The teenager drve the car." (The teenager (the subject) perfrmed the actin.) Passive: "The car was driven by a teenager." (The car (the subject) was acted upn.) The passive vice is less direct and less frceful than the active vice. The passive vice sftens bad news, and als can be used when the der f the actin is unknwn, unimprtant, bvius, r better left unnamed. Jargn: When yu use jargn, yu use shrthand r uncmmn wrds, phrases, r abbreviatins that are nly knwn t a small grup f peple. Fr example: Jargn: "Semi-permanent dyadic relatinships prvide the adlescent with the pprtunities fr trailing that make fr a mre secure unin in the third and furth decades." Clear: "Ging steady when yu are a teenager helps prepare yu fr marriage later n." Reference: Lessn 4 Writing t Reach the Reader JROTCDL.cm CADET 104 Hw t Write Effectively 12

13 Paragraph Elements The tpic sentence, the details, and yur transitinal wrds and sentences all need t wrk tgether t build a paragraph. Reference: Lessn 5 Organizing a Paragraph JROTCDL.cm CADET 104 Hw t Write Effectively 13

14 Plagiarism Part 1 f 2 Plagiarism is taking smene else's idea r research and claiming it as yur wn. The defense f nt knwing better will NOT save yu frm being accused f plagiarism, and the cnsequences may be severe. Examples f plagiarism exist in many creative and well respected fields, and they have ften caused prfessinal harm t thse wh plagiarize. Here are examples f hw plagiarism affected well-respected prfessinals in each field: Academia: One authr did nt cite references in a bk she wrte, s she had t resign frm the Pulitzer Prize bard Film: The prducers f an unauthrized adaptatin f a film were sued and frced t destry many f their adaptatin's cpies Jurnalism: A lng-time clumnist fr a newspaper resigned after being accused f using ther jurnalist's articles Music: This artist's recrd failed after the sngwriters were accused f plagiarism Plitics: One presidential hpeful had t abandn his campaign fr the White Huse after being accused f plagiarizing years befre, when he was in law schl. He stated that at the time, he misunderstd the need t cite surces. He was later cleared. Plagiarism facts: Plagiarism is stealing. T plagiarize is t take smene else's wrds and use them as yur wn withut giving the authr credit. This includes using smething yu read n the Internet withut citing the surce. T avid plagiarizing, yu must cite the riginal authr and all available surce infrmatin. Plagiarism types: Using exact wrds withut qutatin marks Summarizing withut citing the surce Using smene else's ideas r research withut citing the surce Reference: Lessn 6 Plagiarism JROTCDL.cm CADET 104 Hw t Write Effectively 14

15 Plagiarism Part 2 f 2 Plagiarism guidelines: Summarizing: When yu summarize, yu still need t cite yur surce. Paraphrasing: A paraphrase is apprximately the same length as the surce and restates the infrmatin, just in yur wrds. Using qutatin marks: A qutatin is the exact wrds f a surce, indicated by surrunding the wrds with qutatin marks. Even if yu fllw these guidelines, yu may still be accused f cheating. Smetimes the mst hnest student may unknwingly cmmit plagiarism by ding ne f the fllwing: Cnfusing citatins: Knw the prper methds t cite yur surces Plagiarizing vs. paraphrasing: Smetimes yu may paraphrase by changing the riginal t much r nt enugh. Practice may prevent this. Transcriptin errrs: Taking messy ntes may lead t misquting a surce r attributing a surce's ideas t yu. Reference: Lessn 6 Plagiarism JROTCDL.cm CADET 104 Hw t Write Effectively 15

16 Electrnic Cmmunicatin is everywhere. While has made instant cmmunicatin easy and reliable, many rules that used t apply t writing have changed r have been frgtten. It is imprtant t remember that even thugh is fast and cnvenient, yu still need t fllw sme etiquette and rules f writing. What t keep in mind when yu are writing s: Advantages: Virtually instant Paperless Can reach many peple The disadvantages are that a hastily written can cause damage as quickly as it is sent, and while it is paperless, an electrnic prblem can cause it t disappear. Grund rules: Make it fitting fr yur audience an t yur teacher will be different than an t yur friend. Be clear and cncise. Watch yur tne: ask yurself, "Culd I say this t smene in persn, face t face?" Dn't hide behind an . Be selective abut what messages yu send. Be selective abut wh gets the message. Check yur attachments and supprt material. Keep yur under cntrl. Never give persnal infrmatin ver the Internet, including: Passwrd Legal Name Address Picture Scial Security Number Credit Card number Phne number Remember! It is extremely imprtant t knw with whm yu are crrespnding. Once yur infrmatin is available, yu cannt cntrl what happens with it! Reference: Lessn 7 Electrnic Cmmunicatin JROTCDL.cm CADET 104 Hw t Write Effectively 16

17 JROTCDL.cm CADET 104 Hw t Write Effectively 17

18 JROTCDL.cm CADET 104 Hw t Write Effectively 18