THE LONG PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT

Transcription

1 THE LONG PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT Douglass North once emphasized that development takes centuries, but he did not have a theory of how and why change occurs. This groundbreaking book advances such a theory by examining in detail why England and Spain developed so slowly from 1000 to A colonial legacy must go back centuries before settlement, and this book points to key events in England and Spain in the 1260s to explain why Mexico lagged behind the United States economically in the twentieth century. Based on the integration of North s institutional approach with Mancur Olson s collective action theory, Max Weber s theory of value change, and North s focus on dominant coalitions based on rent and military in In the Shadow of Violence, this theory of change leads to exciting new historical interpretations, including the crucial role of the merchant-navy alliance in England and the key role of George Washington s control of the military in Jerry F. Hough is the James B. Duke Professor of Political Science at Duke University. He has taught at Duke since He previously taught at the University of Toronto and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and he has served as a senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution. Hough received his PhD from Harvard University in His research has focused on the Soviet Union, the democratization of Russia and America, and nation building in the United States. He is the author of How the Soviet Union Is Governed ; Soviet Leadership in Transition ; The Struggle for the Third World ; Soviet Debate and American Options ; Democratization and Revolution in the USSR, ; The Logic of Economic Reform in Russia ; and Changing Party Coalitions: The Mystery of the Red State Blue State Alignment. Robin Grier earned her PhD from George Mason University in She was an assistant professor of economics at Centro de Investigaci ó n y Docencia Econ ó micas (CIDE) in Mexico City before joining the University of Oklahoma in She became an associate professor of economics in 2004 and a professor in Grier s research has been published in the Journal of Development Economics, the Journal of Law and Economics, Economic Development & Cultural Change, Review of Development Economics, the Journal of Development Studies, Economic Inquiry, Public Choice, the Southern Economic Journal, Kyklos, Economía Mexicana, El Trimestre Econ ó mico, and Rationality and Society. Her area of specialization is the political economy of development in Latin America and Mexico.

2

3 The Long Process of Development Building Markets and States in Pre-industrial England, Spain, and Their Colonies JERRY F. HOUGH Duke University ROBIN GRIER Unive rsit y of Ok l a homa

4 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY , USA Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence. Information on this title: / This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2015 Printed in the United States of America A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hough, Jerry F., 1935 The long process of development: building markets and states in pre-industrial England, Spain, and their colonies / Jerry F. Hough, Duke University; Robin Grier, University of Oklahoma. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (hardback) 1. State, The Philosophy. 2. Political development. 3. Great Britain Politics and governmenty Spain Politics and government To Great Britain Colonies America Administration. 6. Spain Colonies America Administration. 7. Economic development United States History 18th century. 8. Economic development Mexico History 18th century. I. Grier, Robin M. II. Title. JC131.H dc ISBN Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

5 Contents List of Tables and Figures Monarchs, page vi vii Int ro du c t i on 1 1. The Collective Action Difficulties of Creating an Effective State The Pre-State of England and Spain: The Importance of Manmade Geography The Early State in England and Spain The Minimally Effective State: England, Tax Revenue, and Colonization Spanish Colonial Policy and the Transition to the Minimally Effective State A Dominant Coalition in Transition: England and the Rise of the Merchant Navy Alliance after The English Colonies Colonial Mexico The Collective Action Problems of the Formation of the United States The Collective Action Problems of the Formation of Mexico The Implications for Development Theory 380 References 409 Index 437 v

6 Tables and Figures Tables 3.1 Export of Wool and Wool Cloth, , Bags of Wool and Equivalent Cloth, Selected Decades page Population of the British Colonies in 1710, by Regions The White Population of the Colonies, Mexican Economic Development, Figures 5.1 Reported Silver Production in Bolivia, in silver marks Reported Silver Production in Mexico, in silver pesos 194 vi

7 Monarchs, English Monarchs S ax on s Edward (the Confessor) Harold II 1066 Nor man s William I William II Henry I Stephen Plantagenets Henry II Richard I John Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II House of Lancaster Henry IV Henry V Henry VI vii

8 viii Monarchs, House of York Edward IV Edward V 1483 Richard III Tudors Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Mary I Elizabeth I Stuarts James I Charles I Commonwealth Oliver Cromwell Richard Cromwell Stuarts (restored) Charles II James II William III Mary II Anne House of Hanover George I George II George III Castilian Monarchs Jiménez Dynasty Ferdinand I Sancho II Alfonso VI Urraca

9 Monarchs, ix House of Burgundy Alfonso VII Sancho III Alfonso VIII Henry I Ferdinand III Alfonso X Sancho IV Ferdinand IV Alfonso XI Peter House of Trastámara ( ) Henry II John I Henry III John II Henry IV Spanish Monarchs 2 Isabella I Ferdinand V 3 (Regent) House of Habsburg Charles I Philip II Philip III Philip IV Charles II The Castilian kings also ruled the region of Le ó n from 1230 onward. Prior to then, Castilian kings had only occasionally ruled Le ó n. 2 As the text indicates, these dates can be misleading. Henry IV s death ushered in a civil war, and Isabella did not consolidate her power until Succeeding to the throne of Aragon as Ferdinand II on January 19, 1479, Ferdinand ruled Castile as a regent of Joanna. Ferdinand also went on to rule Granada (1492) and Navarre (1515).

10 x Monarchs, House of Bourbon Philip V Louis I 1724 Philip V Ferdinand VI Charles III Charles IV Ferdinand VII 1808 House of Bonaparte Joseph I House of Bourbon Ferdinand VII