Name. Music. Art. Writing. Science

Transcription

1 Science Art Music Name Enlightenment Culture Who What Writing

2 Johan Sebastian Bach Johann Sebastian Bach a German composer, organist, and violinist of the Baroque Period. Many of Bach's works are still known today, such as the Brandenburg Concertos, the Mass in B minor, and organ works. His music is revered for its intellectual depth, technical command, and artistic beauty. Bach was born in Germany into a very musical family; his father, Johann Ambrosius Bach was the director of the town musicians, and all of his uncles were professional musicians. Bach's abilities as an organist were highly respected throughout Europe during his lifetime, although he was not widely recognised as a great composer until a revival of interest and performances of his music in the first half of the 19th century. He is now generally regarded as one of the main composers of the Baroque period, and as one of the greatest composers of all time. Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical era. Mozart showed amazing ability from his earliest childhood. Already competent on keyboard and violin, he composed from the age of five and performed before European royalty. At 17, he was engaged as a court musician in Germany, but grew restless and travelled in search of a better position, always composing abundantly. After visiting Vienna, Austria in 1781, he chose to stay in the capital, where he achieved fame but little financial security. During his final years in Vienna, he composed many of his bestknown symphonies, concertos, and operas, and portions of the Requiem, which was largely unfinished at the time of his death. Mozart learned much from others, and developed a brilliance and maturity of style that encompassed the light and graceful along with the dark and passionate. He composed over 600 works, many acknowledged as pinnacles of symphony, concertos, chamber, operatic, and choral music. He is among the most enduringly popular of classical composers, and his influence on subsequent Western art music is profound; Beethoven composed his own early works in the shadow of Mozart, and Joseph Haydn wrote that "posterity will not see such a talent again in 100 years.

3 Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer and pianist. A crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music, he remains one of the most famous and influential of all composers. His best known compositions include 9 symphonies, 5 concertos for piano, 32 piano sonatas, and 16 string quartets. He also composed other chamber music, choral, and songs. Born in Bonn, then the capital of the Holy Roman Empire, Beethoven displayed his musical talents at an early age and was taught by his father Johann van Beethoven and Christian Gottlob Neefe. During his first 22 years in Bonn, Beethoven intended to study with Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and befriended Joseph Haydn. Beethoven moved to Vienna in 1792 and began studying with Haydn, quickly gaining a reputation as a virtuoso pianist. He lived in Vienna until his death. During the late 18th century, his hearing began to deteriorate significantly, yet he continued to compose, conduct, and perform after becoming completely deaf. Eugene Delacroix Eugène Delacroix was a French Romantic painter regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school. Delacroix's use of expressive brushstrokes and his study of the effects of color profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists. Delacroix illustrated various works of William Shakespeare, the Scottish writer Walter Scott and the German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Delacroix took for his inspiration the art of Rubens and painters of the Renaissance, with an attendant emphasis on color and movement rather than clarity of outline and carefully modeled form. Dramatic and romantic content characterized the central themes of his maturity, and led him not to the classical models of Greek and Roman art, but to travel in North Africa, in search of the exotic. The painting seen below, Liberty Leading the People celebrates the French Revolution and has become one of his best known works. Delacroix was given to neither sentimentality nor bombast, and his Romanticism was that of an individualist. In the words of Baudelaire, Delacroix was passionately in love with passion, but coldly determined to express passion as clearly as possible.

4 Francisco Goya Francisco Goya was a Spanish romantic painter regarded both as the last of the Old Masters and the first of the moderns. Goya was a court painter to the Spanish Crown, and through his works was both a commentator on and chronicler of his era. The subversive imaginative element in his art, as well as his bold handling of paint, provided a model for the work of later generations of artists, notably Manet, Picasso and Francis Bacon. In his honor, Spain's main national film awards are called the Goya Awards. His painting The Third of May seen to the right commemorates Spanish resistance to Napoleon's armies during the Peninsular War with France. Miguel Cervantes Miguel de Cervantes was a Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright. His most famous work, Don Quixote, is considered to be the first ever European novel. It is a classic of Western literature, and is regarded amongst the best works of fiction ever written. His influence on the Spanish language has been so great that the language is often called la lengua de Cervantes ("the language of Cervantes"). The novel Don Quixote follows the adventures of Alonso Quijano, a hidalgo who reads so many chivalric novels, that he decides to set out to revive chivalry under the name of Don Quixote. He recruits a simple farmer, Sancho Panza, as his squire, who frequently deals with Don Quixote's talks on antiquated knighthood with a unique, earthy wit. Published in two volumes a decade apart, in 1605 and 1615, Don Quixote is considered the most influential work of literature from the Spanish Golden Age and the entire Spanish literary canon. As a founding work of modern Western literature, and one of the earliest canonical novels, it regularly appears high on lists of the greatest works of fiction ever published.

5 Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer and the first person to prove that the universe is heliocentric with the sun not the Earth at the center of our universe. Copernicus' book, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), published just before his death in 1543, is often regarded as the starting point of modern astronomy and the defining work that began the scientific revolution. His heliocentric model, with the Sun at the center of the universe, demonstrated that the observed motions of celestial objects can be explained without putting Earth at rest in the center of the universe. His work stimulated further scientific investigations, becoming a landmark in the history of science that is often referred to as the Copernican Revolution. Copernicus was a also mathematician, astronomer, jurist with a doctorate in law, physician, and classics scholar, translator, artist,[3] Catholic cleric, governor, diplomat and economist. Johannes Kepler Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer and astrologer. A key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, he is best known for his laws of planetary motion. These works provided one of the foundations for Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation. During his career, Kepler was a mathematics teacher at a seminary school in Graz, Austria. There, he invented an improved version of the refracting telescope (the Keplerian Telescope), and mentioned the telescopic discoveries of his contemporary Galileo Galilei. Kepler incorporated religious arguments and reasoning into his work, motivated by the religious conviction and belief that God had created the world according to an intelligible plan that is accessible through the natural light of reason.his laws of planetary motion described how the planets take elliptical orbits around the sun, not perfect circles like some astronomers thought. Students of History -

6 Galileo Galilei Galileo Galilei an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations and support for a heliocentric universe. Galileo has been called the father of modern observational astronomy and the Father of Modern Science. His contributions to astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter (named the Galilean moons in his honour), and the observation and analysis of sunspots. Galileo's championing of a heliocentric universe was controversial within his lifetime, when most subscribed to either geocentrism with the Earth at the center of the universe. He met with opposition from astronomers and the Catholic Church. Galileo defended his views and criticized Pope Urban VIII and he was tried by the Inquisition, found "vehemently suspect of heresy", forced to recant, and spent the rest of his life under house arrest. It was while Galileo was under house arrest that he wrote one of his finest works. Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist, mathematician, and astronomer, who has been "considered by many to be the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived. Newton is most famous for his laws of universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. The famous story is that he was sitting under an apple tree when an apple fell on his head and the theory of gravity came to him. Newton showed that the motions of objects on Earth are governed by the same set of natural laws. He also proved Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his own theory of gravitation. Newton also built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a theory of color based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the many colors that form the visible spectrum. In mathematics, Newton shares the credit for the invention of calculus. Students of History -

7 William Harvey William Harvey was an English physician, who described completely and in detail the how blood circulates throughout the body by being pumped by the heart. Harvey's research was furthered through the dissection of animals. He first revealed his findings at the College of Physicians in 1616, and in 1628 he explained how the heart propelled the blood in a circular course through the body. Harvey was also the first to suggest that humans and other mammals reproduced via the fertilisation of an egg by sperm. It took a further two centuries before a mammalian egg was finally observed, but nonetheless Harvey's theory won credibility during his lifetime. Students of History -

8 Science Art Music Name Answer Key Enlightenment Culture Who Bach Beethoven Mozart Eugene Delacroix What German composer, organist, and violinist of the Baroque Period. Many of Bach's works are still known today, and his music is revered for its intellectual depth, technical command, and artistic beauty. German composer and pianist. A crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music, he remains one of the most famous and influential of all composers. Prolific and influential composer of the Classical era and among the most enduringly popular of classical composers, and his influence on subsequent Western art music is profound. French Romantic painter regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school. Delacroix's use of expressive brushstrokes and his study of the effects of color profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists Writing Francisco Goya Miguel Cervantes Copernicus Kepler Galileo Isaac Newton William Harvey Spanish romantic painter regarded both as the last of the Old Masters and the first of the moderns. Goya was a court painter to the Spanish Crown. Spanish author of the first modern novel Don Quixote, which tells the story of Alonso Quijano, who decides to set out to revive chivalry under the name of Don Quixote. He recruits a simple farmer, Sancho Panza, as his squire,. Polish astronomer and the first person to prove that the universe is heliocentric with the sun not the Earth at the center of our universe. German astronomer and astrologer. A key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, he is best known for his laws of planetary motion Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who improved to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations and support for a heliocentric universe. English physicist, mathematician, and astronomer, who has been "considered by many to be the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived. English physician who described completely and in detail the how blood circulates throughout the body by being pumped by the heart. Students of History -