12 Adjectives. Grammar Review 387. Writing Application 393 UNIT. Lesson 12.1 Adjectives and Proper Adjectives 379

Transcription

1 UNIT 12 Lesson 12.1 and Proper 379 Lesson 12.2 Articles and Demonstratives 381 Lesson 12.3 That Compare 383 Lesson 12.4 Special That Compare 385 Grammar Review 387 Writing Application

2 12.1 and Proper The words that we use to describe people, places, and things are called adjectives. An adjective is a word that describes a noun or a pronoun. describe, or modify, nouns in three ways. Most adjectives come before the nouns they modify. Sometimes adjectives follow linking verbs and modify the subject, as in the example below. These adjectives are called predicate adjectives. These inventions are important. Some adjectives are formed from proper nouns and begin with a capital letter. These are called proper adjectives. Proper adjectives are adjectives formed from proper nouns. Proper adjectives often have the same form as the noun. Others are formed by adding an ending to the noun form. PROPER NOUN FORMING PROPER ADJECTIVES Oranges from Florida A symphony by Mozart Food from Italy PROPER ADJECTIVE Florida oranges A Mozart symphony Italian food 12.1 and Proper 379

3 Exercise 1 Identifying Write each adjective. Beside it, write the noun or pronoun it describes. If it is a predicate adjective, label it P.A. 1. Young Gandhi studied at a small school in India. 2. He later lived for a while in busy London. 3. Sometimes Gandhi was homesick. 4. Gandhi heard the truth of an inner voice. 5. He was courageous and purposeful. 6. Gandhi often fasted for many days. 7. After fasting, Gandhi grew weak, but he remained determined. 8. The mature Gandhi returned to India and led the nationalist movement. 9. He used nonviolent resistance as a protest against foreign rule. 10. He spent seven years in prison for that resistance. 11. The long struggle against foreign rule ended in Two separate nations India and Pakistan were formed. 13. Most Hindus remained in independent India. 14. Large numbers of Muslims settled in Pakistan. 15. In 1971 the eastern portion of Pakistan became the new nation of Bangladesh. Exercise 2 Identifying Proper Write each adjective. Beside it, write the noun it describes. Capitalize each proper adjective. 1. Victoria was a famous ruler in english history. 2. She was the energetic granddaughter of George III. 3. Victoria was the english queen from 1837 to Victoria was also the queen of the scottish and welsh people. 5. During that time, Britain built a colonial empire. 6. The vast empire included indian plantations. 7. Victoria established asian and african colonies. 8. The colonial empire made Britain a rich country. 9. Victoria was wise and capable. 10. She became the symbol of british greatness The diamond jubilee was celebrated by immense crowds. 12. The Royal Princess Victoria married a german prince. 13. Prince Edward was crowned the next british monarch. 14. Students of english history are knowledgeable about the victorian era. 15. The elizabethan and edwardian eras are famous too. 380 Unit 12

4 12.2 Articles and Demonstratives The words a, an, and the are special kinds of adjectives. They are called articles. The points to a specific item or items. A and an refer to any one item of a group. Use a before words that begin with a consonant sound. Use an before words that begin with a vowel sound. William Shakespeare is the most famous English playwright. Getting a lead role in a Shakespeare play is an honor. The words this, that, these, and those are called demonstrative adjectives. They are used to point out something. Take this umbrella with you. Take these boots also. That store is closed. Those clouds are lovely. Use this and that with singular nouns. Use these and those with plural nouns. Use this and these to point out something that is close to you. Use that and those to point out something that is far from you. this that these those Demonstratives can be used with nouns or without them. When used alone, they are called demonstrative pronouns. This is mine. These are for you Articles and Demonstratives 381

5 Exercise 3 Using Articles For each sentence, write the correct article. 1. William Shakespeare was (an, the) English playwright. 2. Was he (a, the) greatest writer of all time? 3. (A, The) town of Stratford-on-Avon was his birthplace. 4. Shakespeare was (a, an) country boy. 5. He was (a, an) poet and (a, an) actor. 6. His plays caused (a, an) sensation in London. 7. Shakespeare had one of (a, the) largest vocabularies of any English writer. 8. Many of his plays were performed at (a, the) Globe Theatre. 9. Romeo and Juliet is (a, an) popular play. 10. (An, The) annual celebration of Shakespeare s birth takes place on April 23. Exercise 4 Using Demonstratives For each sentence, write the correct demonstrative word. 1. (This, That) biography I m holding is about Florence Nightingale. 2. (This, These) woman dreamed of being a nurse. 3. Her friends encouraged (that, those) dream. 4. (That, Those) sick soldiers lacked expert care. 5. (This, These) injustice created great concern. 6. (This, These) concern brought about reforms. 7. Florence Nightingale led (that, those) nurses. 8. Nightingale could organize and take care of details, and (that, those) abilities made her successful. 9. (This, These) behavior was unusual for a rich woman of her time. 10. Florence Nightingale s achievements remain famous to (this, that) day. Exercise 5 Writing Sentences with Demonstratives Write a pair of sentences for each of these words: this, that, these, and those. In one sentence of each pair, use the word as a demonstrative adjective. In the other, use it as a demonstrative pronoun. SAMPLE ANSWER These boots are too small. (demonstrative adjective) These will fit you. (demonstrative pronoun) 382 Unit 12

6 12.3 That Compare You can use adjectives to compare two or more nouns. The comparative form of an adjective compares two things or people. For most adjectives of one syllable, form the comparative by adding -er. For most adjectives of two or more syllables, form the comparative by using more before the adjective. Is Venezuela larger than Peru? Is Argentina more beautiful than Ecuador? The superlative form of an adjective compares more than two things or people. For most adjectives of one syllable, form the superlative by adding -est. For most adjectives of two or more syllables, form the superlative by using most before the adjective. Is Brazil the richest country in South America? Simón Bolívar was one of South America s most successful generals. Do not use more or most before adjectives that already are in the comparative or superlative form That Compare 383

7 Exercise 6 Using the Comparative and Superlative Forms Write the correct comparative or superlative form of the adjective in parentheses. 1. Simón Bolívar is one of the (great) heroes of South America. 2. He was (successful) as an older man than as a younger man. 3. The general was (wise) than before about the struggle. 4. Simón Bolívar was one of the (loyal) of patriots. 5. The general cherished the (important) dream of all. 6. He is (famous) in Europe than in the United States. 7. Maria Tallchief was one of the (noted) dancers in the world. 8. Her Canadian tour was the (challenging) of all the tours. 9. Away from home, Tallchief was (homesick) this time than ever before. 10. Maria received the (marvelous) opportunity of all. 11. The Russian composer Igor Stravinsky thought she was the (suitable) dancer for some of his ballets. 12. Tallchief is perhaps (memorable) for her role in The Firebird. 13. George Balanchine gave her the (prominent) roles of all. 14. George Balanchine may be the (famous) ballet choreographer of this century. 15. Some of his ballets are (inventive) than others. 16. Balanchine choreographed ballets to music that was (romantic) than Stravinsky s music. 17. Dancing requires (hard) work than some other professions. 18. Only the (dedicated) dancers become professionals. 19. Although ballets have music, scenery, and costumes, the (important) part is the dancing. 20. American ballet is often (energetic) than Russian ballet. Exercise 7 Writing Sentences to Show Comparison Write five sentences that make comparisons. After each sentence, write whether the comparison is in the comparative or superlative form. SAMPLE ANSWER The dancers needed longer rehearsals. (comparative) 384 Unit 12

8 12.4 Special That Compare Many More Most The comparative and superlative forms of some adjectives are not formed in the regular manner. Harriet Tubman believed in a good cause. She knew that freedom was better than slavery. The Underground Railroad was the best route to freedom. In the sentences above, better is the comparative form of the adjective good. Best is the superlative form of good. Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms Adjective Comparative Superlative good bad much, many little better worse more less best worst most least Do not use more or most before irregular adjectives that are already in the comparative or superlative form. Tubman felt better at the end of the day. [not more better] 12.4 Special That Compare 385

9 Exercise 8 Identifying the Comparative and Superlative Forms Identify the form of each underlined adjective as comparative or superlative. Then write the adjective from which it was formed. 1. Martin Luther King Jr. wanted a better life for all Americans. 2. His best speeches inspired people. 3. He worked hard on his better speeches. 4. There were more people in his audience near the end of his life than there had been in the beginning. 5. King paid less attention to his critics than to his supporters. 6. King believed that nonviolent protest was the best way to achieve equality for everyone. 7. Other people believed in the use of more force. 8. Some of the worst conditions in housing were in northern cities, rather than in the South. 9. Many hoped for a better education for their children. 10. Most listeners were inspired by King s I Have a Dream speech. Exercise 9 Using the Comparative and Superlative Forms Write the correct comparative or superlative form of the adjectives in parentheses. 1. After her husband s death, Eleanor Roosevelt did even (much) work than before. 2. Mrs. Roosevelt s newspaper column was (good) than many other newspaper columns. 3. She gave her (good) efforts to the United Nations. 4. Perhaps she did her (good) work of all in the cause of peace. 5. Which of her speeches is the (good)? 6. She had (many) projects than the previous first ladies. 7. She may have been the (good) writer of them all. 8. When Franklin was alive, Eleanor made (many) trips than he did. 9. Being affected by polio was one of the (bad) personal problems Franklin faced. 10. Eleanor worked to help people who had (little) power and influence than she had. 386 Unit 12

10 UNIT 12 Grammar Review A DJECTIVES In the following selection, Chicago writer Studs Terkel looks at the early years of famed jazz musician Louis Armstrong. The passage has been annotated to show some of the kinds of adjectives covered in this unit. Literature Model from Giants of Jazz by Studs Terkel Kid Ory s Band was the most popular one in New Orleans. They played just about everywhere, for fancy parties as well as for rough-and-tumble gettogethers. Louis was the most sought-after jazzman. He had no days off. When the Ory group was resting, he d be playing at some dance or funeral. Often he blew second cornet with the Papa Celestin s Tuxedo Brass Band. In later years he recalled, I thought I was in heaven, playing with that band. They had funeral marches that would touch your heart, they were so beautiful. One day he was approached by a red-headed band leader. It was Fate Marable, the riverboat king. Excellent jazz was being played on the excursion boats that glided up and down the Mississippi. Easily the best of these boat bands was Marable s, of the steamer Sydney. His repertoire was far more varied than that of any New Orleans band. His men could read music! Come on, Louis, urged Fate. Join us and see what the rest of the country looks like. Armstrong, eager for new adventures and new learning, readily accepted. Superlative form of popular Demonstrative adjective Predicate adjective Comparative form of varied Proper adjective Article Grammar Review 387

11 Grammar Review Review: Exercise 1 Using Articles Write the correct article for each blank. SAMPLE Jazz is truly American style of music. ANSWER an 1. While it is impossible to say when and where jazz was first played, many people call New Orleans one and only cradle of jazz. 2. Improvisation and syncopation made jazz unusual form of folk music. 3. In the late nineteenth century, creative musicians combined rhythms of West Africa with European harmony and American folk music. 4. Jazz historians say that before turn of century, this type of music was not as popular as it is today. 5. In the South, many bands played new music in street parades and funeral processions. Review: Exercise 2 Identifying and Proper The following sentences are about jazz. Write each adjective. (Do not include articles.) Beside it, write the noun it describes. Capitalize any proper adjectives you find. SAMPLE ANSWER Jazz is an american style of music. American style 1. The rhythm section of a jazz band usually includes a piano and drums. 2. Scott Joplin was a good pianist and a noted composer of ragtime music. 3. Joplin received a special Pulitzer award in The popular Gene Krupa drew attention for skill on the drums. 5. The famous drummer started a new band. 6. The mournful sound of blues characterized early jazz. 7. Bessie Smith was a blues singer. 8. The legendary Buddy Boldon was a new orleans musician. 9. Musicians on mississippi riverboats brought the new sound to Chicago. 10. Benny Goodman, a clarinet player, started a dance band in Chicago. 388 Unit 12

12 Grammar Review Review: Exercise 3 Distinguishing Kinds of Number your paper from 1 to 5. Identify each underlined word as a proper adjective, a predicate adjective, an article, or a demonstrative adjective. 1 American musicians often serve as goodwill ambassadors to other countries. 2 Jazz is popular all over the world. 3 Audiences everywhere respond enthusiastically to this music. 4 A musician may be as well known overseas as at home. 5 Music seems to be an international language. Review: Exercise 4 Using Demonstratives Write the best demonstrative that, this, those, or these for each sentence. SAMPLE A truly unique style of music is music called jazz. ANSWER this 1. Many people living in New Orleans have said, city is the cradle of jazz. 2. When players make up some of the music they are playing, players are improvising. 3. In syncopation, beats that are normally unaccented are accented. 4. Improvisation and syncopation give jazz its unusual form. 5. Louis Armstrong was one of early jazz musicians who became famous throughout the United States. 6. Armstrong also traveled to many foreign countries; he was very popular with fans in countries. 7. In 1955 Armstrong toured Western Europe; trip was a smashing success. 8. Armstrong was the first to use scat; in kind of singing, meaningless syllables replace words. 9. Many other jazz singers have copied style. 10. Armstrong s great trumpet playing and his famous scratchy voice are still admired days. Grammar Review 389

13 Grammar Review Review: Exercise 5 Identifying Comparative and Superlative Forms Write whether each underlined adjective is in the comparative or superlative form. Then write the adjective from which it is formed. SAMPLE ANSWER Some of the liveliest jazz was once played on a cornet. superlative, lively 1. The cornet and the trumpet are very similar brass instruments, but the cornet is the shorter of the two. 2. Duke Ellington had some of the greatest musical ideas of his time. 3. Many people think Ellington s band was the finest band of the swing era. 4. Was Benny Goodman a better clarinet player than any other clarinet player of his time? 5. Bebop was perhaps the best jazz style developed in the decade of the 1940s. Review: Exercise 6 Using That Compare Write the correct comparative or superlative form of the adjective in parentheses. SAMPLE ANSWER Louis Armstrong received his (early) formal music instruction at a children s home in New Orleans. earliest 1. Being (persistent) than other teenage spectators, Armstrong borrowed clothes and went to the jazz clubs almost every evening. 2. Fate Marable s group had the (great) repertoire of any New Orleans band. 3. Was Joe King Oliver the (good) cornet player in Kid Ory s orchestra? 4. Many critics feel that of these two great musicians, Armstrong was the (talented). 5. Armstrong ranks high among the world s (popular) jazz musicians of all time. 390 Unit 12

14 Grammar Review Review: Exercise 7 Proofreading The following passage discusses the art of Lois Mailou Jones, an African American artist, whose work appears below. Rewrite the passage, correcting the errors in spelling, capitalization, grammar, and usage. Add any missing punctuation. There are ten errors in all. Lois Mailou Jones 1 This painting by Lois Mailou Jones combines images from a age of Egypts greatness with images from African American art drama, and music. 2 The climbing figures are bathed in golden light and gold is used Lois Mailou Jones, The Ascent of Ethiopia, 1932 Grammar Review 391 (continued)

15 Grammar Review again on the pyramids and the circle that represents music. 3 The entire painting consists of shades of gold, green, blue, and violet; blue is the more prominent color of all, however. 4 The artist was born in Boston and studyed at two boston art schools. 5 Later she gone to other american cities and to Paris to learn more about painting, she has won many awards for her work. Review: Exercise 8 Mixed Review For each sentence write the correct choices from the words in parentheses. When you find a proper adjective that is not capitalized, write it with the correct capitalization. 1. Boogie-woogie was (a, an) popular jazz style that used eight beats to a bar instead of (a, the) usual four beats to a bar. 2. Boogie-woogie, which developed in (a, the) 1930s, was (more intense, most intense) than other jazz styles. 3. Two of the (more important, most important) boogie-woogie artists of all were Pinetop Smith and Meade Lux Lewis. 4. Cool jazz emphasized (a, an) lagging beat and (more unusual, unusualler) orchestrations. 5. A belgian guitarist and (a, an) english pianist influenced american jazz artists. 6. The newport festival, first held in 1954, and other (big, biggest) jazz festivals introduced the new music to ever (larger, largest) audiences. 7. Since the 1950s, small combos have become (more prominent, most prominent) than before. 8. Jazz musicians continue to incorporate influences from (many, most) sources; the (better, best) among them constantly try new sounds and new combinations of instruments. 9. The american jazz musicians of the modern era that are (better, best) known include guitarist George Benson, trumpeter Wynton Marsalis, and pianist Herbie Hancock. 10. Wynton Marsalis, known for his excellent tone and flawless technique, was perhaps the (better, best) new jazz musician of the 1980s. 392 Unit 12

16 in Writing Writing Application Yoshika Uchida uses specific words and adjectives in this passage from The Invisible Thread to convey her feelings about a visit to the country. Examine the passage, focusing especially on the italicized adjectives. They [the stars] seemed brighter and closer than they were in Berkeley. It was as though the entire sky had dropped closer to earth to spread out its full glory right there in front of me. I listened to the slow clop-clop of the mules as they plodded through the fields, probably wondering why they were pulling a wagonload of people in the dark, instead of hauling boxes of grapes to the shed under the hot, dry sun. Techniques with Try to apply some of Yoshiko Uchida s writing techniques when you write and revise your own work. 1 Whenever possible, use specific adjectives to make your descriptions more precise. WITHOUT ADJECTIVES under the sun UCHIDA S VERSION under the hot, dry sun 2 Use comparisons for clarity and brevity. WITHOUT COMPARISONS [the stars] seemed bright and close UCHIDA S VERSION They seemed brighter and closer than they were in Berkeley. For more about using adjectives, see TIME Facing the Blank Page, page 98. Practice Practice these techniques by revising the following passage, using a separate sheet of paper. Add adjectives to enhance the description. Use comparisons where appropriate. At dusk we were one of the groups of people enjoying a picnic on the grass. We were clustered on blankets on the hill in front of the band shell. The smells of foods floated in the air around us. The dark descended as the musicians gathered on stage and tuned their instruments. They began the concert with several jazz standards. Some people in the audience stood and began to sway to the music. Soloists took turns showing their skills. Soon everyone was standing, moving, and swaying. Writing Online For more grammar practice, go to glencoe.com and enter QuickPass code WC67666p2. Writing Application 393