ANCIENT AND ORIENTAL MUSIC

Transcription

1 ANCIENT AND ORIENTAL MUSIC EDITED BY EGON WELLESZ LONDON OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK 1957 TORONTO

2 CONTENTS GENERAL INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME I V XVU ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XXltt I. PRIMITIVE MUSIC. J5y MARIUS SCHNEIDER, Professor of Comparative Musicology, University of Cologne Comparative Musicology 1 Melody and Mankind 2 The Origin of Music 5 Totemistic Music 8 Culture and Race 12 The Formation of Scales 14 Structure of the Melodic Ambit 17 Origin of Polyphony 20 Variation and Types of Melody 23 Historical Development 28 Music and Speech 31 Instrumental 'Language' 32 The Musical Instruments 33 Repertory 38 The Importance of the Musician 40 Spiritual Culture 41 Music Examples 61 II. THE MUSIC OF FAR EASTERN ASIA. 1. CHINA By LAURENCE PICKEN, Fellow ofjesus College, Cambridge Introduction 83 Prehistory and Ethnology of the Far East 84 The Place of Music in Chinese Civilization 86 Chinese Musical Instruments 88 History of Theory and Notation 93 History of the Music 101 Chinese Instrumental Heterophony 124 The Structure of Chinese Instrumental Music 125 A Tsyr Melody 125 Opera 126 Folk-Song 130 Buddhist Music 133

3 x CONTENTS III. THE MUSIC OF FAR EASTERN ASIA. 2. OTHER COUNTRIES. By LAURENCE PICKEN Mongolia 135 Shinjiang (Chinese Turkestan) 136 Tibet 137 Korea 142 Japan 144 Miau 150 Luoluo and Minjia 154 Nagas 155 Annam 156 Cambodia 159 ' Siam (Thailand) 162 Burma 164 Java, Sumatra, and Nias 165 Bali 170 Other Islands of the Indian Archipelago 176 Cultural Interrelations 180 Glossary of Chinese Characters 190 IV. THE MUSIC OF INDIA. By ARNOLD BAKE, Reader in Sanskrit, University of London Introduction 195 Cultural and Philosophical Importance 196 Vedic Music 199 The Classical System 204 Classical Instruments 220 Modern Developments 225 V. THE MUSIC OF ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA. By HENRY. GEORGE FARMER Introduction 228 The Primitive Element in Music 229 The Music of the Temples 231 Secular Music 236 Instruments of Music 239 The Theory and Practice of Music 246 Notation 249 The Heritage 250 VI. THE MUSIC OF ANCIENT EGYPT. By HENRY GEORGE FARMER Introduction 255 Primitive Musical Survivals 256 Religious Music 258

4 CONTENTS xi Secular Music 262 Instruments of Music 266 The Practice and Theory of Music 274 The Legacy 279 VII. MUSIC IN THE BIBLE. By CARL H. KRAELING, Director of the Oriental Institute and Professor of Hellenistic Oriental Archaeology, University of Chicago, and LUCETTA MOWRY, Professor of Biblical History, Wellesley College Limitations of Biblical Information 283 The Nomadic Period 284 Early Palestinian Period 286 Monarchic Period, 290 Music in the Temple 291 The Prophets and Music 293 Secular Music 294 Lyrical Metres 294 Instruments After the Captivity 296 Graeco-Roman Period 300 Services of the Synagogue 301 Music in the New Testament 303 The Church outside Palestine 307 Early Christian Antiphony 311 Gnostic Hymns 311 VIII. THE MUSIC OF POST-BIBLICAL JUDAISM. By ERIC WERNER, Professor of Jewish Music, Jewish Institute of Religion, New York Introduction 313 Continuity of Jewish Tradition 314 Cantillation of Scripture 316 Psalm Tones 318 Autonomous Melody 318 The Modes of Synagogue Music 320 The Influence of Poetry on the Development of Synagogue Music 324 The Music of Italian Jewry 326 The Music of Central European Jewry 329 The Music of East European Jewry 331 Disintegration of Synagogue Music before the Era of Emancipation 332 IX. ANCIENT GREEK MUSIC. By ISOBEL HENDERSON, Tutor in Ancient History, Fellow of Somerville College, Oxford The Musical Tradition in Antiquity 336 Traditions of Harmonic Science 340 Grammar and Syntax 344

5 xii CONTENTS The Tonoi 348 The Notations 358 The Extant Musical Documents 363 The History of Greek Music (i) Music in Homer's Greece 376 (ii) The Music of the Early Lyrics 378 (iii) Aeolian Music 382 (iv) The Harmoniae of Plato's Republic 384 (v) The 'Enharmonic' Music 387 (vi) Aristophanes and Athens 390 (vii) Plato and the Revolution 395 (viii) Music after the Revolution 397 X. ROMAN MUSIC. By the Reverend 1. E. SCOTT Introduction 404 Instruments 406 Social Status of Musicians 410 Military Music 411 Music in Everyday Life 413 Music in the Theatre 414 Recitals and Virtuosi 416 Imperial Amateurs 417 Music Teaching 419 XI. THE MUSIC OF ISLAM. By HENRY GEORGE FARMER Islamic Civilization 421 The Cultural Background 422 The Rise of Islamic Music 427 Secular Music 433 Religious Music 438 Instruments of Music 442 The Practical Art 447 The Theory of Music 456 The Influence 464 BIBLIOGRAPHY 479 CONTENTS OF THE HISTORY OF MUSIC IN SOUND, VOLUME I 504 INDEX 507