Between two worlds : Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, his journey from Italy to America, and his oratorio "The book of Ruth"

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1 Uiversity o Ioa Ioa Research Olie Theses ad Dissertatios all 015 etee to orlds : Mario CasteluovoTedesco, his ourey rom Italy to merica, ad his oratorio "The ook o Ruth" Noah David DeLog Uiversity o Ioa Coyright 015 Noah David DeLog This dissertatio is availale at Ioa Research Olie: htt://iruioaedu/etd/19 Recommeded Citatio DeLog, Noah David "etee to orlds : Mario CasteluovoTedesco, his ourey rom Italy to merica, ad his oratorio "The ook o Ruth"" DM (Doctor o Musical rts) thesis, Uiversity o Ioa, 015 htt://iruioaedu/etd/19 ollo this ad additioal orks at: htt://iruioaedu/etd art o the Music Commos

2 ETWEEN TWO WORLD: MRIO CTELNUOVOTEDECO, HI OURNEY ROM ITLY TO MERIC, ND HI ORTORIO THE OOK O RUTH VOLUME I y Noah David DeLog thesis sumitted i artial ulillmet o the requiremets or the Doctor o Musical rts degree i the Graduate College o The Uiversity o Ioa Decemer 015 Thesis uervisor: ssociate roessor David uderaugh

3 Coyright y Noah David DeLog 015 ll Rights Reserved

4 Graduate College The Uiversity o Ioa Ioa City, Ioa CERTIICTE O ROVL DM THEI This is to certiy that the DM thesis o Noah David DeLog has ee aroved y the Examiig Committee or the thesis requiremet or the Doctor o Musical rts degree at the Decemer 015 graduatio Thesis Committee: David uderaugh, Thesis uervisor Deorah Cotrada Michael Eckert Christie Getz Timothy talter

5 To Lily, a, ad Laura ii

6 CKNOWLEDGEMENT I ish to thak the may eole ho have aided me durig the course o this roect The helul guidace ad careul editig doe y the memers o my thesis committee, articularly my advisor Dr David uderaugh, ere idisesale i helig me rig this roect to its ial orm Liseth CasteluovoTedesco as kid eough to grat ermissio to ulish the score or The ook o Ruth i this editio The sta o the Music Divisio o the Lirary o Cogress rovided helul assistace hile accessig materials i their collectio o Mario CasteluovoTedesco aers Dillo Whittigto, Emily May, ad arah eth Hill ere all helul ith a myriad o clerical ad rooreadig tasks Migo Hole graciously assisted me ith traslatig ortios o Mario CasteluovoTedesco s autoiograhy ito Eglish ially, I as surred o y the ecouragemet o may amily memers, rieds, colleagues, ad studets, or hich I am very grateul I am articularly ideted to my ie, eth, or her edurig atiece, suort, ad love iii

7 ULIC TRCT The loretie e Mario CasteluovoTedesco (19519), garered iteratioal acclaim as a comoser ad erormer i the 190s ad 190s He studied comositio ith Ilderado izzetti ad ecame associated ith the Iteratioal ociety or Cotemorary Music CasteluovoTedesco received articular attetio or his oeras, iig the Cocorso Lirico Nazioale i 195 or La Madragola, ad his cocertos, ith romiet erormaces y ascha Heietz ad drés egovia Durig the 190s, CasteluovoTedesco ad his amily ere egatively aected y the ascist govermet s racial las restrictig the rights o Italia es I 19, ater ulic erormaces o his music ere caceled ad his childre ere oridde rom attedig ulic school, CasteluovoTedesco ad his ie Clara decided to immigrate to the Uited tates They sailed or the U i 199, settled i everly Hills, ad gaied citizeshi i 19 I 199, at the ed o that turulet decade, Casteluovo Tedesco comleted his irst oratorio, The ook o Ruth This study eatures a e editio o The ook o Ruth, the irst comlete ulicatio o the ork i ull score The editio is accomaied y a musical aalysis that examies melody, harmoy, rhythm, text settig, vocal texture, orchestratio, ad ormal desig i The ook o Ruth, comarig it ith his other orks urthermore, selected assages rom CasteluovoTedesco s autoiograhy, ely traslated ito Eglish, rovide isight ito the evetul decade recedig the ork s comositio ad ucover several ersoal coectios that exist etee CasteluovoTedesco ad the story o The ook o Ruth iv

8 TLE O CONTENT VOLUME I LIT O TLE LIT O EXMLE vii viii CHTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Historical ackgroud Overvie o Comositioal ctivity Choral Works Other Vocal Works 1 Works i Other Geres 1 Motivatio or tudy 0 CHTER YER O TRNITION, The eish ituatio i Italy leeig ersecutio 9 ettlig i merica Cotiuig Coectios ith Italy 0 Geesis o The ook o Ruth 51 CHTER COMOITIONL ROCE ND TYLE 5 Comositioal rocess 5 Workig ith Texts 5 ummary o Comositioal tyle 0 Melody 0 Harmoy 1 Rhythm ad Text ettig Vocal ad Choral Texture Orchestratio ormal Desig alysis o The ook o Ruth 5 Melody Harmoy 7 Rhythm ad Text ettig Vocal ad Choral Texture Orchestratio 91 ormal Desig 9 ceic Comoets 99 tylistic eriods 101 v

9 CHTER CONCLUION 10 ersoal Coectios 10 urther Research 105 igiicace 10 ILIOGRHY 109 VOLUME II EDITORIL COMMENTRY 11 ource 11 Editorial Methods 11 Critical Notes 11 ULL CORE O THE OOK O RUTH 11 art I Naomi ad Ruth 117 art II The Retur o Naomi 17 art III The arley Harvest 1 art IV The MotherILa art V The ummeright 7 art VI t the Gate o the City 10 art VII Eilogue 71 vi

10 LIT O TLE Tale 1 rimary Motis i The ook o Ruth 95 Tale Istaces o rimary motis i The ook o Ruth 9 vii

11 LIT O EXMLE Examle 1 art I, mm 5 7 Examle art I, mm 9 9 Examle art IV, mm Examle art III, mm Examle 5 art IV, mm Examle art IV, mm Examle 7 art V, mm Examle art IV, mm 5 7 Examle 9 art II, mm 1 7 Examle 10 art V, mm Examle 11 art II, mm Examle 1 art IV, mm 9 75 Examle 1 art V, mm Examle 1 art VII, mm Examle 15 art VII, mm Examle 1 art III, mm Examle 17 art VII, mm Examle 1 art VI, mm Examle 19 art VII, mm Examle 0 art III, mm 95 Examle 1 art III, mm 5 Examle art VII, mm Examle art II, mm Examle art VI, mm Examle 5 art VI, mm Examle art V, mm viii

12 Examle 7 art I, mm Examle art II, mm 5 7 Examle 9 art III, mm Examle 0 art IV, mm Examle 1 art I, mm ix

13 CHTER 1 INTRODUCTION May remarkale acets o the lie ad ork o Italiamerica comoser Mario CasteluovoTedesco (195 19) cotriute to his uique ositio i the history o tetiethcetury music Though he irst eared iteratioal acclaim orkig i his hometo o lorece, a hu o Euroea itellectual ad artistic lie, Casteluovo Tedesco set early the last three decades o his career hal a orld aay i everly Hills, Calioria, a city more reoed or its ilm idustry His comositioal career ca e vieed as successul i may resects; he eared several aards (the Cocorso Lirico Nazioale i 195 or his oera La Madragola, o 0, ad the Cocorso Iterazioale Camari i 195 or the oera The Merchat o Veice, o 11) ad itessed imortat remieres o his orks y leadig soloists (ascha Heietz, Gregor iatigorsky ad drés egovia) 1 Nevertheless, his orks i may geres, articularly choral music, remai largely uko erhas most strikig, CasteluovoTedesco as oe o very e comosers o eish aith ad acestry ho ere active i Italy durig the ascist regime, a act that had sigiicat imact o oth his ersoal lie ad his career ater the govermet istituted olicies o oicial discrimiatio agaist es i 19 I a attemt to uderstad these disarate circumstaces o Casteluovo Tedesco s lie ad ork more ully, this study ill take as a oit o dearture the 1 Heietz remiered the irst Violi Cocerto, o 1, i 191 ad the ecod Violi Cocerto, o, i 19; iatigorsky layed the Violocello Cocerto, o 7, i 19; ad egovia remiered the irst ad ecod Guitar Cocertos, o 99 ad o 10, i 199 ad 195 CasteluovoTedesco, i a 19 letter to Mussolii, metioed oly ive eish musicias i Italy: lerto rachetti, Leoetto iigaglia, Rezo Massarai, Vittorio Rieti, ad himsel oames oh Westy, CasteluovoTedesco i merica: The ilm Music (hd diss, Uiversity o Calioria, Los geles, 199), 15 1

14 comositio o the irst to choralorchestral orks y the comoser, the 197 catata Naomi ad Ruth, o 17, hich as exaded ito the oratorio The ook o Ruth, o 10, i 199 The suect o oth is take rom the ilical story o Ruth, i hich the eish rotagoists are dislaced rom their homelad yet id elcome ad roserity i a e coutry, rovidig some strikig arallels to the reallie circumstaces o CasteluovoTedesco ad his amily I the decade etee 199 ad 199, CasteluovoTedesco aced several ivotal evets i his lie, egiig ith his immigratio to the Uited tates that as rought o y icreasig olitical ad social ressures rom the Italia govermet, ad resultig i his evetual merica citizeshi These sigiicat evets ivite a closer examiatio o The ook o Ruth, a ork comosed at the ed o this turulet eriod The reviously uulished ull score o The ook o Ruth is icluded i volume to o this study i a ely reared scholarly editio This editio, reared rom the holograh mauscrit oud i the collectio o Mario CasteluovoTedesco aers housed i the Lirary o Cogress, ides the availaility o his irst oratorio to iterested coductors ad scholars alike I additio, CasteluovoTedesco s autoiograhy, Ua vita di musica, as oly recetly ulished i the origial Italia laguage, ad o comlete Eglish traslatio exists This study ill dra o ely traslated material rom this autoiograhy, sulemeted y secodary sources, to exlore the motivatios that led CasteluovoTedesco to comose choral orks ased o the ilical story o Ruth To egi, this chater ill summarize the curret scholarshi aout Casteluovo Tedesco ad his choral music, therey rovidig a ackgroud or this ivestigatio The secod chater, hich dras o ely traslated material rom the comoser s 005) Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, ed ames Westy (lorece: Cadmo,

15 autoiograhy, ill examie the evetul decade rom 199 (he he let Italy) to 199 (he he comosed The ook o Ruth) Chater to ill also exlore several actors that motivated the comositio o The ook o Ruth, coirmig a coectio to the comoser s aith ad heritage as ell as shoig a umer o the comoser s ersoal associatios ith the arrative musical aalysis o The ook o Ruth ill ollo i chater three romiet comositioal devices i the ork ill e highlighted ad comared to eatures idetiied y other studies o CasteluovoTedesco s music I additio, this aalysis ill lace o The ook o Ruth ithi the three eriods o CasteluovoTedesco s comositioal career as descried y urto cali I additio, this aalysis ill discuss the overall structure ad extramusical asects o the ork, highlightig the articular elemets that cotriute to the comoser s uique cocetio o hat he calls a sceic oratorio To coclude, chater our ill suggest several thematic coectios etee evets i the lie o CasteluovoTedesco ad evets i the ilical story o Ruth, list ossile directios or urther research, ad relect o the imortace o this articular study Historical ackgroud Mario CasteluovoTedesco as or i lorece o ril, 195, the third so o madeo ad Noemi CasteluovoTedesco His ather, ho as a leadig aker i the city, did ot ecourage Mario s iterest i music at irst Rather, it as his mother, hose amily as more iterested i music ad the arts, ho gave Mario his irst lessos i iao at the age o seve or eight Mario later oted, I my mother s amily everyody as very musical, ad it is certaily rom her side that I iherited my musical urto Hoard cali, Oeras y Mario CasteluovoTedesco (h D diss, Northester Uiversity, 190), 17

16 icliatio 5 Ecouraged y Mario s materal gradather, Noemi taught Mario i secret or some time madeo irst heard his so lay Choi ater he had take a year o lessos ad susequetly agreed to allo him to study music urther I additio to iao studies, Mario also shoed a early iterest i comositio, ulishig to ieces or iao i Il Gioralio della Domeica at the age o ie ad te 7 ust as Mario s arets diered i their relative iterest i music, they also diered ith resect to their eish heritage His mother traced her amily s lieage to es ho lived aroud Rome, most likely sice the height o the Roma Emire His ather, o the other had, traced his lieage to o the ehardic es ho ere exelled rom ai ad settled i the regio o Tuscay at the ed o the iteeth cetury Together, Mario s arets made sure that their amily as actively ivolved i the eish commuity i lorece 9 Mario s so Lorezo later commeted that My ather s amily ere [sic] Orthodox es ad they ere oservig Religio as a very imortat art o their lie 10 Mario rememered vividly the religious exerieces o his youth: Yes, I as a memer o the eish commuity i lorece; ad, sice childhood, I et to the temle o the solem Holy Days ot so much ecause o ier covictio, ut rather to do somethig ice or my arets Desite a certai exteral gradeur o lies, the temle i lorece is ot really eautiul The iterior has a chocolate color ad is decorated ith araesques, makig it resemle a mosque Hoever, it seemed eautiul to me he I as a child d aout midday, he the 5 Gdal aleski, amous Musicias o eish Origi (Ne York: loch ulishig, 199), aleski, 5 7 cali, aleski, 1 9 Westy, 10 Clara CasteluovoTedesco, La sua ede, itervieed y Reecca drade (Los geles: UCL Oral History rogram, 19),

17 su iltered through the red, yello, ad lue staiedglass idos, ad he the gilded doors o the actum actorum ere oeed so that the aciet ile ritte o scrolls o archmet, covered ith old ad recious rocades, ad croed y tiklig silver turrets could e take out, my imagiatio le i a dream o orietal sledor ad I could almost see the aciet temle, destroyed log ago i erusalem s or the religious services they seemed log ad I did't ay too much attetio to the rai's scholarly sermos yho, or me, the temle i lorece remaied tied to "traditios" to memories o my amily, to ather ad to mother 11 These ormative coectios to aith ad amily layed a ivotal role i may o CasteluovoTedesco s later comositios, articularly The ook o Ruth CasteluovoTedesco cotiued his musical traiig at the Istituto Musicale Cheruii i lorece, here he erolled i 1909 ad received a degree i iao ive years later I 1915, he et o to egi comositio studies ith oe o Italy s leadig comosers at the time, Ilderado izzetti (10 19), hose iluece o his uil as dee ad lastig 1 CasteluovoTedesco adoted several o izzetti s comositioal ractices, icludig 1) extesive choral ritig, ) elaorate couteroit, ) strict chromaticism ith diatoic melodic lies, ad ) declamatory recitative 1 I 191 CasteluovoTedesco eared a diloma i comositio rom the Liceo Musicale di ologa I additio to his iluece o CasteluovoTedesco s music, izzetti as also a great chamio o his studet s career izzetti, alog ith lredo Casella (1 197), G racesco Maliiero (1 197), Ottorio Resighi (179 19), Vittorio Gui ( ), Carlo eriello (177 19) ad Vicezo Tommasii ( ), 11 Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Music or the yagogue, tras urto Hoard cali, oural o yagogue Music 5 (Dec 197), quoted i Clara CasteluovoTedesco, 91 1 Westy, 7 1 Harriette Rose, The Iluece o udaic Liturgical Music i elected ecular Works o Mario CasteluovoTedesco ad Darius Milhaud, (h D diss, Uiversity o Calioria, a Diego, 1991), 7 5

18 ormed the ocietà Nazioale di Musica (later the ocietà Italiaa di Musica Modera) i 1917 CasteluovoTedesco soo came to e associated ith this grou, ad through it he oud oortuities or the erormace o his comositios across the coutry as ell as icreased stature ecause o his coectio to these leadig igures o Italia music I additio, Casella, a cocert iaist ad comoser ho heled orgaize the Italia divisio o the Iteratioal ociety or Cotemorary Music (ICM), as articularly iterested i advacig CasteluovoTedesco s music ad requetly icluded it o cocert rograms, 1 Throughout the 190s several iteratioal music estivals held y the ICM icluded cocert erormaces o orks y CasteluovoTedesco, earig him otoriety throughout Euroe as oe o Italy s leadig comosers 15 I articular, Casteluovo Tedesco ega to make his mark o the orld o oera i this decade, ith the remieres o the aardiig La Madragola (190 19) at Il Teatro della eice i 19 ad acco i Toscaa (19) at Il Teatro alla cala i 191 urthermore, Casteluovo Tedesco eoyed success i other areas as a cocert iaist, otaly erormig the Italia remiere o travisky s Les Noces i 197, ad as a music critic or several ulicatios, icludig Il iaoorte (later Rivista musicale italiaa), La Critica musicale, Musica d oggi, ad ègaso 1 Outside o the roessioal accomlishmets o this era, CasteluovoTedesco as married to Clara orti o March, 19 Clara, or ito a highly cultured amily i the to o rato (ear lorece), shared Mario s 1 Westy, 9 15 These iclude Il Raggio verde at the irst estival o the ICM i 19, Colas at the 19 estival, ad Le Daze del Re David at the 197 estival 1 cali, 1

19 iterests i art, music, ad literature 17 The coule had to sos, ietro ( ) ad Lorezo ( ), ad remaied together util the comoser s death i 19 Durig the 190s, CasteluovoTedesco oud cotiued success i Italy at the same time that atiemitism as o the rise elsehere i Euroe I 191, Casteluovo Tedesco as aroached y the celerated violiist ascha Heietz ( ) to comose a violi cocerto, ad he sought to exress ride i his eish heritage ith a ork sutitled I roeti, isired y the Here rohets Isaiah, eremiah, ad Eliah other sigiicat commissio came i 195, he eito Mussolii requested a ork or the Maggio Musicale ioretio estival, though i the comig years his ascist govermet ould restrict oortuities or es i the arts ad other ulic sectors 1 Evidece o the comig ersecutio o Italia es irst came i auary 19, he CasteluovoTedesco received es that a ucomig erormace o his ecod Violi Cocerto ( I roeti ) scheduled y the Turi Radio Orchestra had ee cacelled y oicial orders rom Rome 19 I etemer o that same year, i oe o the irst overt atiemitic measures take y Mussolii s govermet, eish childre ere oridde to atted ulic schools ad es ere ot alloed to teach at ay level 0 This rohiitio struck CasteluovoTedesco s amily very deely, articularly his so ietro: d it as a terrile lo; I could have edured aythig, the ed o my roessioal career, the seizure o my roerty, ut ot this! 17 Iid, 7 1 The commissioed ork as icidetal music or the lay avoarola y Rio lessi 1 19 Harvey achs, Music i ascist Italy (Ne York: WW Norto ad Comay, 197), 0 Other measures take that autum iclude limited roerty rights, rohiitios o mixed marriages, exclusio rom may tyes o emloymet, ad the exulsio o oreig es rom the coutry Mario Toscao, rologue: The es i Italy ad the tiemitic olicy o ascism, i Ucertai Reuge: Italy ad the es Durig the Holocaust, y Nicola Caracciolo, tras lorette Rechitz Koler ad Richard Koler (Uraa, IL: Uiversity o Illiois ress, 1995), xxxviii 7

20 I ca still see the deserate exressio o ietro s ace he he read the setece, ad, i there is oe thig or hich I caot orgive the ascist regime, it is exactly this silet, iard, ad dee ai that I read o the ace o my so 1 Cosequetly, the comoser ad his amily decided to leave the coutry, requestig exit visas rom the Italia govermet a rocess that took several moths ad seekig assistace rom several roessioal cotacts i the Uited tates, icludig rturo Toscaii, lert aldig, ad Heietz ially i 199, ater receivig all o the ecessary aerork, the CasteluovoTedesco amily set sail or Ne York May authors have ritte i some deth aout CasteluovoTedesco s early career ad the tumultuous years leadig u to his emigratio i 199 O the other had, accouts o his lie ad career i the years that olloed his arrival i merica have ocused rimarily o his ork or the ilm idustry, oth as a comoser o ilm music ad a teacher o other ilm comosers Hoever, a umer o ivotal evets i the comoser s lie occurred i the decade olloig his arrival i the Uited tates the death o his eloved mother Noemi i 190, the aardig o his merica citizeshi i 19, ad his irst retur to Italy i 19 Chater to o this study ill detail the circumstaces surroudig these evets ad highlight CasteluovoTedesco s relectios o them as revealed i his autoiograhy Overvie o Comositioal ctivity Choral Works The to choral orks discussed i chater three, Naomi ad Ruth ad The ook o Ruth, are ut a small ractio o CasteluovoTedesco s total outut or chorus, hich 1 E u u colo terriile: qualuque cosa avrei otuto soortare, la ie della mia attività roessioale, l esrorio dei ei, ma o questo! Rivedo acora l esressioe diserata sul volto di ietro quado lesse la codaa, e, se c è ua cosa che o osso erdoare al ascismo, è rorio questo dolore muto, chiuso, roodo che lessi sulla accia del mio amio Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, 01, traslatio y author

21 umers at over oe hudred orks The late Nick Rossi, ouder ad ormer residet o the Iteratioal CasteluovoTedesco ociety, categorized the comoser s choral orks ito three mai grous accordig to their musical orm shorter orks, loger cocert orks, ad oratorios The variety o texts used i his shorter choral orks sho CasteluovoTedesco s diverse literary iterests CasteluovoTedesco himsel idetiied the Kig ames ile as a sigiicat literary iluece May o his choral orks, i act, dra o ilical texts, icludig rovers o olomo, o 1, or uaccomaied me s voices; Lamet o David, o 19, rom II amuel or uaccomaied doule T chorus; ad To Motets rom the Gosel o oh, o 17, or uaccomaied T chorus I additio, the comoser s odess or the ritigs o hakeseare is aaret i several choral settigs o hakeseare s soets Other choral orks dra o Eglish texts rom such distiguished oets as oh Keats, Hery Wadsorth Logello, Christia Rossetti, ir Walter cott, ercy ysshe helley, lred Lord Teyso, ad William Wordsorth I additio, CasteluovoTedesco as ell acquaited ith a umer o dieret laguages, ad comosed choral orks o Italia, Lati, Here, rech, ad aish texts The loger choral orks o CasteluovoTedesco also reveal a variety o iterests ad ilueces The acred ervice or aath Eve, o 1 (19), ritte or cator, choir, ad orga, is a liturgical ork that shos the comoser s iterest i his eish aith ad heritage The catata Naomi ad Ruth, hich later ormed the irst movemet o the oratorio The ook o Ruth, is oe o three catatas ritte o ilical texts Like CasteluovoTedesco, Mario The Comoser eaks, i The Ne ook o Moder Comosers, third editio, revised ad elarged (Ne York: lred Ko, 191), 111 He also used hakesearea texts i his otale set o Thirtythree hakeseare ogs or solo voice ad iao, o, as ell as the oeras The Merchat o Veice, o 11, ad ll s Well That Eds Well, o 1 9

22 Naomi ad Ruth, The Quee o hea, o 11, as ritte or ome s chorus ad sorao solo, ad its text as take rom I Kigs third catata, The iery urace, o 1 (195), as ritte or aritoe solo, childre s chorus, iao ad ercussio o a text rom the ook o Daiel I a dieret vei, the multimovemet Romacero Gitao, o15 (1951), or mixed chorus ad guitar, is a roduct o Casteluovo Tedesco s logterm iterest i comosig or the guitar, iitiated ad sustaied y his relatioshi ith the reoed guitarist drés egovia This set o seve ieces o oems y ederico García Lorca dislays a decidedly aish style i melody, rhythm, ad accomaimet Rossi s third category o choral orks, the, cosists o the ive oratorios ritte y CasteluovoTedesco o ilical texts The irst as The ook o Ruth (199), hich calls or a sorao, mezzosorao, teor, ad to aritoe soloists, mixed chorus, ad a moderately large orchestra This as olloed to years later y The ook o oah, o 151, a ork hose scorig is less tyical a teor ad aritoe soloist, me s chorus, several saxohoes, rass, timai, ercussio, to iaos, cellos, ad asses other exteded ork is The og o ogs, o 17 ( ), hich the comoser laeled a rustic eddig idyll, ritte or sorao, teor, ad aritoe soloists, mixed chorus, ad a somehat modest orchestratio 5 CasteluovoTedesco s uique cocetio o this ork deied easy categorizatio i a covetioal gere: The og o ogs is certaily ot oera, ust as the text is ot drama It is a mixture o sogs ad daces, as ere most o the rimitive orms o theater I ot drama, certaily a lyric exressio ; ad, i this sese, it is useless to discuss, as I did at the egiig, hether the text is a athology o sogs or a orm o reresetatio s ar as the music is cocered, oth Icludig lutes, iccolo, ooes, Eglish hor, clariets, ass clariet, assoos, hors, trumets, tromoes, ercussio, har, iao, celesta, ad strigs 5 Icludig lute, ooes, clariets, assoo, hors, trumet, timai, har, ad strigs 10

23 hyotheses are valid ad overlaig; the orm is that o a dialogue, ut i sirit it is a love sog With his ext oratorio, The ook o Esther, o 00 (19), CasteluovoTedesco cotiued to rite o texts rom the Old Testamet, ad uses a larger orchestra that is similar i size to that o The ook o Ruth 7 CasteluovoTedesco s ial ork i this gere, Toias ad the gel, o 0 (19 195), calls or a smaller orchestra ut a greater umer o other erormers This oratorio, hose liretto is take rom the aocryhal ook o Toit,calls or a mixed chorus, seve soloists (sorao, cotraltos, teor, aritoe, ad to asses), a arrator, ad eve a mime ad dacers Tracig the dates o comositio o CasteluovoTedesco s may choral orks, a tred emerges ccordig to Rossi s catalogue o orks, oly our choral orks date rom the 1910s, he the comoser as still a studet i Italy, ad aother our ere ritte i the midtolate 190s The large maority o his music or chorus as ritte, the, ater his immigratio to the Uited tates CasteluovoTedesco otes i his autoiograhy that the icreased outut o choral orks as artly due to the relatively greater umer o choirs i the Uited tates He rites: I additio to the liturgical choral music, I have also ritte quite a e ieces o secular character, sice I oud that i merica there as a lot o demad, oth o the art o ulishers ad o choral societies I as leased (ad a little surrised), ecause i Italy (eve though I had received rom izzetti a articularly strog rearatio i this area, ad I mysel elt iclied to it), I had had irequet oortuities to cultivate it Here i merica, o the other had, the roessioal choirs are truly extraordiary, those o amateurs also excellet, ad ially there is o school or uiversity that does ot have oe or more grous o varyig roiciecy Mario CasteluovoTedesco, The og o ogs, Music oural 1 (Nov 19): 7 Icludig lutes, iccolo, ooes, Eglish hor, clariets, assoos, cotraassoo, hors, trumets, tromoes, tua, ercussio, xylohoe, ad hars Di musica corale, oltre quella liturgica, e ho scritta arecchia ache di carattere secolare, oiché trovai che i merica ve era molta richiesta, sia da arte di editori che delle società corali Ne ui lieto (e u o sorreso) oiché i Italia (er quato avessi avuto da izzetti ua rearazioe articolarmete solida i questo camo, e mi ci setissi io stesso ortato) avevo 11

24 I additio to this geeral tred o comosig more choral orks ater movig to the Uited tates, chater to ill exlore CasteluovoTedesco s secic motivatios or comosig The ook o Ruth, icludig his ersoal coectios ith the ilical arrative Oly oe ulllegth study has ee ritte o his choral orks o Casteluovo Tedesco 9 I it, Dorothy Ladis Gray discusses a umer o orks, oth or chorus ad or solo voice, that ere ritte or ome s voices The solo sogs icluded i this study ere chose y Ladis Gray ecause she idetiied a certai geder ersective i the text, eve though they ere ot seciied or ome s voices y Casteluovo Tedesco himsel The choral orks she studied iclude several sets o ieces our Christia Rosetti ettigs, o 15 (1951); Three helley ogs, o 15 (1951); ogs o the Oceaides, o 171 (195); ad Three helley ogs, o 17 (1955) as ell as to catatas, Naomi ad Ruth ad The Quee o hea Ladis Gray s musical aalyses reveal a umer o oteorthy comositioal eatures The selected orks are characterized y the comoser s git o ritig lyrical melodies, ith comortale tessituras ad redomiatly couct motio 0 urthermore, they eature sesitive text settig ith correct accetuatio achieved through lexile rhythms 1 Textures o these orks alterate etee homohoy ad avuto rare occasioi di coltivarlaqui i merica, ivece, i cori roessioali soo veramete ormidaili, quelli di dilettati ure ottimi; e iie o vi è scuola od uiversità che o aia uo o iù grui di varia eicieza Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica,, traslatio y author 9 Dorothy Ladis Gray, Mario CasteluovoTedesco: elected Eglish ettigs o Music or Wome s Voices rom His merica eriod (19919) (hd diss, The Catholic Uiversity o merica, 199) 0 Ladis Gray, 05 1 Iid, 0 1

25 imitatio, ith careul use o rie uaccomaied sectios ad hummig or sigig o a eutral syllale or eect Ladis Gray also oits out that CasteluovoTedesco uses a rimary melodic moti to uiy some o his orks, articularly the catatas; this moti is geerally reseted i the accomaimet eore eig take u y the chorus The comoser also uses sequeces ad modulatios to illustrate imortat arts o the arrative; modulatios to remote keys deict articularly dramatic evets or to idetiy e characters I additio, text aitig to deict eeig, or examle is used requetly i oth the vocal lies ad the accomaimet 5 The accomaimets i these orks are tyically suortive o the vocal lies ad ote eature the use o ostiato or edal toe Cocludig her aalysis o CasteluovoTedesco s choral ad vocal orks, Ladis Gray ids that his aroach to comositio egis ith a cocer or exressig the meaig o the text: ove all, his irst aesthetic ricile seems to e a rooud aareess that it is ecessary to e true to the text i every ay His melody lies ad accomaimets attest to this act 7 This assertio is suorted y the comoser himsel, ho descried: the rooud urge ithi me to uite my music to oetic texts that arouse my iterest ad emotio, to iterret them ad at the same time to set them orth i lyric exressio, to stam them ith the authetic ad thereore udetachale seal o melody, to give Ladis Gray, 09 Iid, 0 Iid, 05 5 Iid, 09 Iid, 0 7 Iid, 09 1

26 utterace to the music that is latet ithi them, ad, i doig so, to discover their real source i the emotios that rought them ito eig Evidece o this textdrive aroach, i hich the comoser uses various musical devices to exress the meaig o the text, ill also e see i the musical aalysis o The ook o Ruth give i chater three Other Vocal Works I additio to his orks or chorus, CasteluovoTedesco rote a great deal o other vocal music, icludig oeras ad orks or solo voice ad iao Though the comoser as adet at ritig istrumetal music ad is erhas most ellko today or his orks or iao, guitar, or orchestra, he had a great odess or comosig or the voice He oce rote, Oe o my amitios has alays ee to ed my music ith the urest ad highest oetry i the orm o the sog or voice ad iao o great is my assio or this orm o art that I oce rote, ad I reeat it here, that i there is ay comoser I evy it is raz chuert or his Lieder 9 CasteluovoTedesco ursued that amitio y ritig more tha 150 comositios or solo voice ad iao s ith the choral orks, his diverse literary iterests are evidet i this gere as ell CasteluovoTedesco comosed sogs o Italia texts y Date, D uzio, Leoardi, alazzeschi, ad etrarch, amog others; rech oetry y Gide, roust, Raelais, Valéry, ad Verlaie; Eglish oetry y roig, yro, Kilig, Larece, Milto, helley, teveso, Whitma, ad Wordsorth; ad Germa oetry y Heie These sogs ere ritte throughout his career, though he used more Italia ad rech texts i the early decades ad more Eglish texts i later years Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Music ad oetry: rolems o a ogwriter, The Musical Quarterly 0, o 1 (a 19): 10 9 Mario CasteluovoTedesco, The Comoser eaks, 111 1

27 hakeseare as also a imortat isiratio or CasteluovoTedesco rom 191 to 195, the comoser comleted a set o Thirtythree hakeseare ogs, o, or solo voice ad iao The texts chose or these ieces are sog texts rom several hakeseare lays, ad CasteluovoTedesco set them or dieret voice tyes i oe collectio Later, he tured to hakeseare s soets or Tetyeight hakeseare oets, o 15 (19197), ad set our additioal soets i 19 These hakeseare orks have ee the suect o to dissertatios, oe y David Lee lt ad aother y ylvaa rechtl 0 lt s study aalyzes ive selected sogs rom ous ad shos ho the musical settigs illustrate the characters ad dramatic itetios i hakeseare s lays Musically, lt otes imressioistic elemets i CasteluovoTedesco s harmoies, statig that ielycrated melody is the most ovious ad aealig eature o CasteluovoTedesco s comositios, hether it e i a sog, a iao comositio, or a aria rom oe o his oeras 1 The scoe o rechtl s research icludes all o the sixtyto sogs or solo voice ad iao thirtythree sogs rom the lays ad tetyie soets Her aalysis cosiders stylistic elemets such as orm, rhythm, melody, harmoy, texture, ad text settig, as ell as such asects o vocal erormace as hrase legth, rage, tessitura, dictio, ad dyamics he also classiies the ieces i terms o diiculty, ith roughly hal itermediate ad hal advaced Her stylistic coclusios closely match those o lt, idig redomiatly couct, diatoic melodies ith imressioistic harmoic laguage, esecially i the sogs rom the lays ritte etee 191 ad 195 he 0 David Lee lt alysis o ive hakesearea ettigs y Mario Casteluovo Tedesco (DM essay, The Uiversity o Ioa, 190), ad ylvaa T rechtl tylistic ad Vocal alysis o the hakeseare ogs o Mario CasteluovoTedesco (DM diss, Idiaa Uiversity, 191) 1 Lee lt, rechtl, 5 15

28 otes that a more ovious iluece o imressioism is evidet i the earlier orks This is due to the greater use o such imressioistic devices as rhythmic ostiatos, melodic modes, immediate reetitio o melodic hrases, exteded tertia soorities, symmetrical harmoies ad laig CasteluovoTedesco as also very roductive ad successul i oera s reviously oted, to o CasteluovoTedesco s dramatic orks eared to hoors i cometitio La Madragola, o 0 (190 19), ased o the lay y Machiavelli, ad The Merchat o Veice, o 11 (195), adated rom hakeseare His other oeratic orks iclude acco i Toscaa, o 9 (195 19), a oeact oera ased o a oem y racesco Redi; ucassi et Nicolette, o 9 (19), a uet oera ased o a late telthcetury rech chateale; ll s Well That Eds Well, o 1 ( ), aother hakeseareisired ork; aùl, o 191 ( ), his irst ilicallythemed oera, ased o a drama y Vittorio lieri; ad ially The Imortace o eig Earest, o 19 (191 19), ased o the Oscar Wilde lay Nick Rossi discusses each o these orks i a article i The Oera Quarterly, outliig the reasos or comositio, arrative, dramatic structure, ad erormace history o each oera urto cali s dissertatio o CasteluovoTedesco s oeras gives a overvie o the comoser s ork i this gere ad examies La Madragola, acco i Toscaa, ad The Imortace o eig Earest i detail cali oserves that Casteluovo Tedesco read idely ad had a discerig taste or great ritig, evideced y the act that the comoser reared the liretti or his oeras himsel ased o acclaimed orks rechtl, 9 Nick Rossi, Tale o To Coutries: The Oeras o Mario CasteluovoTedesco, The Oera Quarterly 7, o (1990): 911 1

29 o literature 5 cali also oits out that CasteluovoTedesco comosed the Eglishlaguage oeras ith oth Eglish ad Italia texts, as oosed to creatig a Italia traslatio ater the act He rites: CasteluovoTedesco s ractice o settig rior sources i their origial laguage, eve he such laguages are ot Italia, is a eature hich aears to e uique to him The reset riter has ee uale to id ay other examle o this ractice amog the more ellko Italia comoserlirettists ho ere cotemoraries o CasteluovoTedesco urthermore, Rossi oserves that CasteluovoTedesco s rocess o cratig liretti rom revious orksresults i a lack o traditioal arias He exlais: Without excetio, CasteluovoTedesco crated the liretti himsel or each o his eight oeras, through a systematic ad rudet arig do o some o the iest dramas i existece Not ishig to add text or ords o his o, CasteluovoTedesco had to rely or each liretto o the origial creatio, hich, i most cases, rovided recious e soliloquies that could e tured ito arias ad very little text that ould led itsel to esemles (He did add, hoever, i oth o his hakeseare oeras The Merchat o Veice ad ll s Well That Eds Well soets, ust as Verdi had doe or eto i alsta) 7 cali s study also reaches several coclusios regardig CasteluovoTedesco s musical style as see i his oeras The ormal desig relies o a series o scees coected y musical cotiuity achieved either y use o cadeces hich ridge the ed o oe segmet ad the egiig o the olloig oe, or y use o the same chord hich carries through the oit o ucture The musical vocaulary is cosistet throughout the various orks; characteristic elemets iclude the use o diatoic melodies (i maor, mior, or oe o the church modes), tertia harmoies ith some 5 cali, 0 Iid, 11 7 Rossi, Tale o To Coutries, 995 cali, 1 17

30 exaded soorities (9 th, 11 th, 1 th, ad added th chords) at the eds o structural divisios, the requet aearace o chais o arallel chords, ad evaded cadeces to maitai cotiuity etee scees 9 cali later oserves that CasteluovoTedesco s comositioal career ca e divided ito three maor eriods, as has ee doe ith umerous other comosers 50 Chater three o this essay ill descrie these eriods i greater detail ad illustrate ho the musical eatures o The ook o Ruth it ithi this rameork Works i Other Geres I additio to the studies o vocal music already metioed, Casteluovo Tedesco s istrumetal music has also ee the suect o academic research s oted aove, the comoser s solo cocertos received erormaces y some o the leadig soloists ad orchestras o the day Mark Holmerg has ritte o the suect o these solo cocertos three or violi, to or iao, to or guitar, ad oe or cello comosed etee 19 ad Holmerg s aalysis reveals idigs similar to those o other studies aout the diatoic ature o CasteluovoTedesco s melodies, hich he descries as road ad seeig i ature i these istrumetal orks 5 Likeise, Holmerg ids that CasteluovoTedesco s harmoies are rimarily tertia, hile avoidig the historically commo relatioshi o toic to domiat ote oud 9 cali, The irst eriod, 1915 through the early 190s, sa orks that exhiited his creative rilliace The secod, rom the early 190s to 199, as he he emraced a tred directed toards simliicatio o style I the third, hich sas rom the 190s through the 190s, he ote attemted to comie a cotiuig simliicatio ith accessiility Iid, Mark L Holmerg Thematic Cotours ad Harmoic Idioms o Mario Casteluovo Tedesco, as Exemliied i the olo Cocertos (hd diss, Northester Uiversity, 197) 5 Iid, 5 1

31 etee the rimary ad secodary themes o each movemet 5 Holmerg also icludes aalysis o the orm ad structure o the cocertos ad otes the comoser s requet use o couteroit: CasteluovoTedesco may e descried as a cotrautist He is od o comiig to or more melodies, articularly i the develomet sectio o a soataallegro orm movemet o a cocerto Imitatio aouds i the exositio o themes ad may caos are oud i the develomet sectios 5 To other scholarly studies also deserve metio The irst, ritte y Harriette Rose, is a examiatio o the CasteluovoTedesco s use o udaic themes i several istrumetal orks, icludig Le Daze del Re David, o 7 (195), or solo iao, the ecod Violi Cocerto (I roeti), o (19), ad rayers My Gradather Wrote (19) or orga solo 55 These orks ere chose ecause their themes ere either orroed rom eish liturgical chats or ely comosed i the style o eish melodies ames Westy has studied CasteluovoTedesco s ilm music, a gere that occuied much o the comoser s career i the Uited tates 5 Westy idetiies aroud 00 movies i hich CasteluovoTedesco as ivolved to some degree; these ere made durig the years , a eriod i hich the comoser also created over sevety cocert orks i various geres 57 Westy rovides a discussio o his comositioal style i hich he ascries various laels, icludig rogressivism, imressioism, eoromaticism, ad eoclassicism Hoever, Westy otes that: 5 Holmerg, 17 5 Iid, 55 Harriette Mildred Rose The Iluece o udaic Liturgical Music i elected ecular Works o Mario CasteluovoTedesco ad Darius Milhaud (hd diss, Uiversity o Calioria, a Diego, 1991) 5 ames oh Westy CasteluovoTedesco i merica: The ilm Music (hd diss, Uiversity o Calioria, Los geles, 199) 57 Iid, xii 19

32 The oe overridig eature that ecomasses all o the aovemetioed laels is CasteluovoTedesco s devotio to text, e it literary or visual He elieved, ad his comositios demostrate, that music uctioed to ehace either the ord or the visual image tyle, thereore, existed to serve that uctio 5 dditioally, Westy otes ho CasteluovoTedesco s ilm music imacted his music or the cocert hall, oservig that: Oce CasteluovoTedesco ecame associated ith Hollyood, may o his comositios had to ight a atiilm music reudice 59 erhas this atiilm ias has also had a imact o the recetio ad lastig imact o CasteluovoTedesco s music or chorus Motivatio or tudy lthough CasteluovoTedesco as a roliic comoser o various geres icludig choral music, a great deal o that music remais uamiliar to choral coductors i the Uited tates today everal circumstaces cotriute to (ad are erhas a result o) this lack o amiliarity The irst is that oly a ractio o CasteluovoTedesco s choral orks are availale i ulished editios or examle, a search o the MusicI rit olie dataase reveals oly eightee scores availale or urchase, these eig rimarily smaller, uaccomaied orks 0 lso, relatively e scholarly studies have ee ritte aout his choral orks, otithstadig those ulished y Nick Rossi ad Dorothy Ladis Gray metioed aove 5 Westy, 1 59 Iid, 01 0 These ieces iclude: ix Carols o Early Eglish oems (Geeral Music ulishig), Cherry Rie (Geeral Music ulishig), The Day is Doe (aks Music), The Dove (Galaxy Music), Edymio (Edard Marks), Lo, the Messiah (Galaxy Music), Memorial ervice or the Dearted (aks Music), The Moo (MC oit Veture Editios), My Heart is Like a igig ird (Galaxy Music), Nature (aks Music), The Nightigale (Galaxy Music), O the Grasshoer ad the Cricket (Galaxy Music), The Ol (aks Music), rocessioal og (Galaxy Music), The Quee o hea, (aks Music), Romacero Gitao (oosey Hakes), Thaksgivig (ragiai ress), ad Uo Westmister ridge (Galaxy Music) Musicirit, htt://emusiciritcom (accessed Octoer 1, 01) 0

33 ecause CasteluovoTedesco s oratorios are almost etirely aset rom the availale ulished scores ad have ot ee the suect o scholarly essays, this study oers a e editio o The ook o Ruth, CasteluovoTedesco s irst oratorio It urther icludes a examiatio o evets i the tumultuous decade rom 199 to 199, hich rought sigiicat chages to CasteluovoTedesco s ersoal ad roessioal lie, rovidig a rich cotext or the study o The ook o Ruth I aroachig Casteluovo Tedesco s lie ad ork i this maer, several guidig questios arise or examle, hat ere the actors that led to his amily s immigratio to the Uited tates ad alyig or Uited tates citizeshi lso, hat ca e lear rom Casteluovo Tedesco s autoiograhy aout his o thoughts ad emotios durig this eriod i his lie Moreover, ho did the comoser s exerieces oth early i his lie ad durig this eriod o trasitio aect his comositioal activity, articularly his ork o The ook o Ruth ially, hat isights ca e gleaed rom a musical aalysis o The ook o Ruth, ad ho does it comare to other orks y CasteluovoTedesco sers to these questios ill rovide a greater uderstadig ad areciatio o Mario Casteluovo Tedesco s iograhy, career, ad orks or chorus ad orchestra 1

34 CHTER YER O TRNITION, I the years leadig u to the ecod World War, the chagig olitical ladscae across Euroe aected may artists ad itellectuals, ad musicias ere o excetio Numerous Germa ad ustria comosers came to merica to lee the Nazi regime otaly rold choeerg, Kurt Weill, ad Erich Korgold ad may o these have ee the suect o scholarly study 1 y cotrast, Mario CasteluovoTedesco is the rare Italia comoser ho sought exile rom Italy s ascist regime ad settled ermaetly i the Uited tates everal authors have ritte aout the coditios i Italy leadig u to CasteluovoTedesco s emigratio i 199, as ell as the comoser s irst several years i merica This chater ill outlie the evets o those turulet years ad icororate ersectives rom selected chaters o the comoser s autoiograhy, Ua vita di musica, that have ee ely traslated ito Eglish Moreover, several imortat evets occurred i the decade ater CasteluovoTedesco s arrival hich have ot ee discussed elsehere, icludig the death o his mother, his amily s light rom the Germa occuatio o Italy, the gratig o his Uited tates citizeshi, ad his retur to Italy or the irst time ater the ar These later evets ill also e outlied i this chater, givig a more comlete icture o CasteluovoTedesco s lie i the decade recedig the comositio o The ook o Ruth i or examle, see Dorothy L Craord, Widall o Musicias: Hitler s Emigrés ad Exiles i outher Calioria (Ne Have: Yale Uiversity ress, 009); Laura ermi, Illustrious Immigrats: The Itellectual Migratio rom Euroe, , d ed (Chicago: Uiversity o Chicago ress, 1971); arell C ackma ad Carla M ordo, eds, The Muses lee Hitler: Cultural Traser ad datatio, (Washigto, DC: mithsoia Istitutio ress, 19); lexader Gordo Kah, Doule Lives: Exile Comosers i Los geles (hd diss, Uiversity o Calioria, erkeley, 009); ad oh Russell Taylor, tragers i aradise: The Hollyood Emigrés, (Ne York: Holt, Riehart Wisto, 19)

35 The eish ituatio i Italy I the early decades o the tetieth cetury, the eish oulatio i Italy as quite small comared to that o other Euroea coutries or examle, a 191 cesus idetiied oly 9,11 es amog a oulatio o 1,17,700 residets, or less tha 01% o the total Italia oulatio Moreover, memers o eish commuities across Italy had steadily itegrated ito the larger Italia society ad cultural lie rom the time o uiicatio i 11, a heomeo that had also occurred i CasteluovoTedesco s hometo o lorece Whe Mussolii took oer as a result o the March o Rome i 19, the reactios o Italia es ere ust as varied as those o the rest o the coutry; some oosed the regime, others ere idieret, ad some eve suorted the ascist arty s takeover o oer 5 The ascist govermet held o oicial ositio o atiemitism or more tha a decade, ad may es eve held romiet govermet osts I act, Mussolii actually voed i a 19 itervie ith the ouralist Emil Mario Toscao, rologue: The es i Italy ad the tiemitic olocy o ascism, i Ucertai Reuge: Italy ad the es Durig the Holocaust, tras ad ed y lorette Rechitz Koler ad Richard Koler (Uraa, IL: Uiversity o Illiois ress, 1995), xxxvi Roerto G alvadori, The es o lorece: rom the Origis o the Commuity u to the reset, tras Curiel (lorece: Giutia, 001), 1 t the time, Italy aced a divided arliamet ad the otetial o icreased iluece rom the ocialist arty Whe mos o ascists, called lackshirts, laed to march o the city o Rome to seize oer o Octoer, Kig Victor Emmauel III reused to suort the rulig govermet ith military assistace rime Miister Luigi acta susequetly resiged, ad Mussolii as ivited to orm a e govermet The rulig ascist arty the celerated ith a victory arade o Octoer 1 e Carter Mulliga, "March o Rome," i Oxord Ecycloedia o the Moder World, edited y eter N tears htt://oxordreerececommilligaidmoclcorg/vie/10109/acre/ /acre e97 (accessed ue, 015) 5 alvadori, These iclude ldo izi, udersecretary at the Miistry o the Iterior ad a memer o the irst ascist Grad Coucil; Date lmasi, vicechie o olice; ad Guido ug, Miister o iace Outside the govermet, Margherita aratti as a iluetial editor as ell as Mussolii s mistress usa Zuccotti, The Italias ad the Holocaust: ersecutio, Rescue, ad urvival (Ne York: asic ooks, 197), 5

36 Ludig that atiemitism did ot exist i Italy, a ledge that stads i stark cotrast to the oressive olicies that his govermet eacted later i the decade 7 Nevertheless, he Mussolii orged a alliace ith Hitler i 19, the ositio o the ascist govermet toard Italy s eish oulatio ega to shit dramatically It aears that Mussolii s ely iitiated atiemitic camaig i Italy as itroduced or the urely olitical oective o gaiig avor ith his coutry s e ally to the orth ave o atiemitic articles irst aeared i the Italia ress that decried hat they called excessive eishess, ortedig the oicial ersecutio that as to come at the hads o the govermet Mussolii himsel descried atiemitism as the ievitale cosequece or the coutry i a usiged article that aeared i his esaer Il oolo d Italia o Decemer 1, 19 9 This theme as icked u i may other ulicatios, rom most atioal esaers do to small orgaizatios seekig govermet suort; a articularly outsoke esaer as La Diesa della razza, hich as ulished rom ugust 19 through uly The groig assault 7 Mussolii is quoted as sayig: tiemitism does ot exist i Italy Italias o eish irth have sho themselves good citizes, ad they ought ravely i the ar May o them occuy leadig ositios i the uiversities, i the army, i the aks Quite a umer o them are geerals; Modea, the commadat o ardiia, is a geeral o the artillery lso, i cotrast to those ho have roclaimed the oility o the Teutoic race, Mussolii stated that No such doctrie ill ever id ide accetace here i Italy Natioal ride has o eed o the delirium o race Emil Ludig, Talks ith Mussolii, tras Ede aul ad Cedar aul (osto: Little, ro, ad Co, 19), 70 Though there is o evidece that Hitler or his to aides ever demaded a atiemitic rogram as the rice o Germa riedshi, Mussolii realized that a Italia racial olicy ould lease the ührer y demostratig that the ascists had cut all ties ith ritai ad race Thus, usa Zuccotti cocludes that Mussolii itroduced the racial las, i art, as a toke o his id or a alliace Zuccotti, 9 Michele aratti, The ersecutio o the es i ascist Italy, i The es o Italy: Memory ad Idetity, ed erard D Cooerma ad arara Garvi (ethesda, MD: Uiversity ress o Marylad, 000), Zuccotti,

37 agaist es i the ress as iteded to uild ulic suort or the esuig oicial acts o ersecutio: Whe the decisio as made to ersecute es as idividuals (i ays as yet udetermied), the ext ste as to commuicate this decisio to the Italia eole ad, irst ad oremost, to otai the suort ad commitmet o the regime s highrakig arty leaders ad romiet ouralists uch actios ere deemed ecessary sice, at that time, Italia atiemitism remaied more a eature o govermet olicy tha a oular attitude This exlais hy the eactmet o actual ersecutory measures took lace a coule o years ater this turig oit 11 Ideed, this ress camaig did lay the groudork or a slate o atieish olicies, ote called the racial las, that et ito eect i the succeedig years Early i 19, CasteluovoTedesco elt the eects o these discrimiatory olicies irst had he a ucomig erormace o his ecod Violi Cocerto ( I roeti ) as cacelled The ork, hich as commissioed y ascha Heietz i 191, has three movemets sutitled Isaiah, eremiah, ad Eliah ater the aciet Here rohets The comoser called the cocerto the most imortat ad I elieve the most sigiicat amog my orks o eish isiratio 1 Ideed, Casteluovo Tedesco desired to exress ride i his eish heritage through this ork: It as also the time he the atiemitic movemet started ad ecame harder i Middle Euroe; ad y reactio I elt roud o elogig to a race so uustly ersecuted; I ated to exress this ride i some large ork, gloriyig the sledor o the ast days ad the urig isiratio hich ilamed the evoys o God, the rohets The violi seemed to me articularly adated to ersoiy, as a rotagoist, the ree ad vivid eloquece o the rohets; hile the orchestra i the multiorm asects o the symhoic texture could evoke all the voices o the surroudig orld, voices o eole, voices o ature, voices o God 1 11 aratti, The ersecutio o the es i ascist Italy, 0 1 Gdal aleski, amous Musicias o eish Origi (Ne York: loch ulishig, 199), 1 Iid 5

38 This erormace o I roeti, hich as to eature a youg loretie violiist amed Giulio igami alog ith the Turi Radio Orchestra, as scheduled to e roadcast o Radio Italy Hoever, igami received oicial istructios rom Rome that aother iece ould e sustituted i its lace CasteluovoTedesco as distured y the icidet, ut attriuted the decisio to the guest coductor, ho haeed to e a Germa ad a Nazi I the comig eeks, hoever, he received es o aother ork rohiited rom erormace o Italia radio, the Medelssoh Violi Cocerto, hich made him more susicious Uo urther ivestigatio through his roessioal cotacts, CasteluovoTedesco leared that the orders came directly rom the Miister o the Iterior ad the Miister o roagada 1 Ideed, soo ater the ascist govermet istituted olicies that oicially aed orks y eish comosers ad riters rom the radio as ell as oera houses, movie theaters, ad record comaies, ad removed all es emloyed i the etertaimet sector rom their ositios 15 I etemer 19, the govermet aouced the irst arreachig racial olicies, hich excluded es rom teachig i schools at ay level ad aed eish uils rom attedig ulic schools 1 The eects o these actios ere devastatig or 1 Hoever, CasteluovoTedesco haily records oe excetio to the radio as that occurred i March 19: d i the meatime thigs seemed to calm do (it as still the egiig) I act this tacit radio a as removed o oe sigle occasio: he Mariuzzi coducted my music or I Gigati della Motaga i a cocert at the oliteama ioretio I had my revege! [E itato le cose arvero acquetarsi (era acora icomiciata): aziquesto tacito ado radiooico u tolto, i ua sola occasioe: quado Mariuzzi diressele mie musiche er I Gigati della Motaga i u cocerto al oliteama ioretiovevo avuto la mia rivicita!] Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, ed ames Westy (lorece: Cadmo, 005), 95, traslatio y author 15 Michele aratti, The es i Mussolii s Italy: rom Equality to ersecutio, tras y oh ad e C Tedeschi (Madiso: Uiversity o Wiscosi, 00), 15 1 Oly those already erolled at a uiversity ere alloed to cotiue their educatio aio Levi, ocial sects o Italia tieish Legislatio, i The es o Italy: Memory ad Idetity, ed erard D Cooerma ad arara Garvi (ethesda, MD: Uiversity ress o Marylad, 000), 0

39 may amilies, sice eish childre lost may social coectios ith their schoolmates ad teachers, ad therey ere derived ot oly o a educatio ut also o a atural chael o itegratio ito society 17 I resose, the eish commuity i CasteluovoTedesco s hometo o lorece, like other commuities across Italy, oeed their o rivate schools that ere staed y the umerous eish teachers ho had recetly ee exelled rom their teachig osts at ulic schools ad uiversities 1 Eve so, Mario ad Clara CasteluovoTedesco ere articularly struck he their to sos ere exelled rom the ulic schools o lorece ad made ariahs ad outlas y the govermet 19 Lorezo, their youger so, later relected o the imact o the racial las o his amily: Italia es, ater the Romeerli xis act, ere so diserachised i the sese that their civil lierties ere removed My rother ad I could t go to ulic schools, or examle It as airly like eig a ocitize 0 This diserachisemet aected a road sectrum o Italia es, eve highrakig oicials or examle, Geeral Ugo Modea, though decorated or his service i World War I, as dismissed i 19 alog ith umerous other eish geerals Hoever, Modea cosidered the removal o his childre rom ulic school ad eve greater oese: Whe his childre ere orced to leave school, hoever, he could o loger ear it He rote a courteous letter to his kig, requestig that, i his medals ad service had ay meaig, his childre e reistated The kig romised to try, ut Geeral 17 Levi, 0 1 alvadori, 7 19 dei aria, dei uorilegge, Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, 01, traslatio y author 0 Clara CasteluovoTedesco, La sua ede, itervieed y Reecca drade (Los geles: UCL Oral History rogram, 19), 5 7

40 Modea otaied o results Quietly ad ithout ulicity, he retured his medals 1 More racial las quickly olloed, ith the ulk o them oicially takig eect i Novemer 19 The umerous rovisios icluded the exulsio o all oreig es rom Italy ad its territories, the rohiitio agaist marriage etee es ad o es, restrictios o oig roerty ad emloyig oeish orkers, ad the loss o os i oth the ulic sector ad some areas o the rivate sector, such as aks ad isurace comaies Exemtios to some rovisios could e grated to es i secial circumstaces, such as distiguished veteras o World War I or memers o the ascist arty, i a olicy iroically called discrimiazioe (discrimiatio) urthermore, the govermet rovided or a rogram o ryaizatio i 199 y hich a commissio could declare (ote o the asis o riery) that a e as o loger a e, ad thereore ot suect to these racial olicies; this rogram romtly ulilled the urose or hich it had ee desiged, hoorig the most corrut ad ealizig y deault the most orthy I the ace o these oressive olicies aimed at their ello citizes, the reactio o oeish Italias varied idely May ho oosed the measures ere illig to assist ad deed their eish rieds ad eighors rom attemts to take over their roerty aio Levi otes that, desite the severig o may social coectios at the time, es tyically oud it more eective to rely o their ersoal relatioshis or assistace rather tha to aeal or rotectio rom govermet agecies or 1 Zuccotti, Iid, Iael NidamOrvieto, The Imact o tieish Legislatio o Everyday Lie ad the Resose o Italia, es, 1919 i es i Italy uder ascist ad Nazi Rule, 19195, ed oshua D Zimmerma (Ne York: Camridge Uiversity ress, 005), Zuccotti, 9

41 commissios 5 These real rieds ere illig to risk rerisal i order to hel es cotiue to hold roerty or ork i secret Examles o those ho disaroved o these racial las ca e oud eve amog the highestrakig oicials Kig Victor Emmauel III exressed rivate disset, hile oe ius XI ulicly deouced Mussolii s olicies, radig them couter to the ole traditios o the Roma Emire 7 Hoever, Iael NidamOrvieto remids us that desite the kidess sho y may ello citizes, hudreds o oes deouced es or roessioal, ideological, or ersoal reasos, [hile] others shoed hostility, attacked es i ulic, ad deied them hel ad assistace or their art, Italia es struggled to coe ith the racial olicies that the ascist govermet had istigated The racial las ere so itrusive that eve those ith status ad ealth ecame eak ad deesive, thus erodig the trust o those ho had reviously ee loyal to the state urthermore, as es ere rogressively excluded rom more ad more areas o society, their relatioshis ith eighors, rieds, ad acquaitaces gre ever more distat Thus, Levi oserved that the more amilies ad idividuals ere orced ito isolatio, the more they teded to isolate themselves 9 leeig ersecutio ecause o their groig isolatio rom society, may Italia es cocluded that leavig the coutry as their est ad oly otio Michele aratti argues, i act, that 5 Levi, 05 NidamOrvieto, 15 7 Harvey achs, Music i ascist Italy (Ne York: WW Norto, 197), 1 NidamOrvieto, 1 9 Levi, 00 9

42 the volutary emigratio o large umers o es rom Italy as recisely the goal o the racial las: ascism resolved to elimiate eve Italia es rom the eisula This oective as ot immediately aouced ad oely ursued ecause o the thorough itegratio, icludig through marriage, o the ersecuted ith other Italias s e have see, the govermet iitially orked at excludig es rom the lie o the atio (through exulsio rom ulic ositios ad rom educatioal ad cultural sheres), ad searatig them rom oes (y the rohiitio o mixed marriages ad similar measures) till other oressive devices (the revocatio or limitatio o emloymet ad educatioal ossiilities) oectively drove the alieated victims to emigrate 0 To that ed, the govermet took delierate stes to acilitate ad eve haste the dearture o es rom the coutry, orderig that o ostacles should e laced i the ay o the exatriatio o Italia es The eort roved to e a successul oe, as over 5,00 es had emigrated etee 19, he the racial las ere ut ito eect, ad the srig o mog those ho decided to leave Italy at this time ere Mario ad Clara CasteluovoTedesco s they discussed the cosequeces o the govermet s racial las, Clara cocluded that the oly otio i the ace o such iustice as to leave the coutry: Liste, i some accusatios ere made agaist us, agaist adults, the maye, i some istaces, they could ossily e ustiied ut oe caot ad should ot accuse ad oress the iocet childre! Oce that egis the aythig is ossile! d there is oly oe thig let to do leave! 0 aratti, The es i Mussolii s Italy, 1 1 Iid eti: se qualche accusa osse atta cotro di oi, cotro degli adulti, orse, i qualche caso, otree ache essere giustiicata; ma o si uò e o si deve accusare e ar sorire dei aciulli, degl ioceti! e si comicia così qualuque cosa è ossiile! E o resta da are che ua sola cosa: artire! Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, 010, traslatio y author 0

43 Cosequetly, oth Mario ad Clara ere resolved to leave the coutry as soo as they ere ale Desite their sorro, Mario s arets ere suortive o the decisio Mario rote that they ere so cocered or our ate (ad at the same time so coidet i my lucky star) that they did othig to deter us; o the cotrary, they ecouraged the chose decisio Clara oted that oe o her sisters, hose husad as a doctor, also let Italy or merica aroud the same time; hoever, other amily memers ere ot ale to leave the coutry ecause they could ot secure ork elsehere Thereore, rather tha leavig ithout a exit visa ad otetially causig rolems or those amily memers ho remaied i Italy, Mario sought oicial ermissio rom the govermet to leave the coutry, a rocess that took a cosiderale legth o time lthough Mario riely cosidered alestie as the amily s destiatio, he istead chose the Uited tates, a coutry that is strog, rich, ree, ull o resources, here I had iluetial rieds ho (I hoed) ould hel me 5 Those aoremetioed rieds icluded several romiet musicias rturo Toscaii, coductor o the Ne York hilharmoic, ad the celerated violiists ascha Heietz ad lert aldig CasteluovoTedesco traveled to itzerlad, here he as ale to sed corresodece to each cotact ithout itererece rom the Italia cesors It order to otai etrace visas rom the merica govermet, he eeded roo o otetial emloymet i the U, hich he asked his rieds to rovide Toscaii relied quickly via telegram that all three ould seek some kid o ork or him, ad that Heietz ad aldig (ho ere I miei geitori erao così asiosi er la ostra sorte (e al temo stresso così iduciosi ella mia uoa stella) che ulla ecero er distoglierci, azi c icoraggiaroo ella decisioe resa Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, 0, traslatio y author Clara CasteluovoTedesco, 5 5 u aese orte, ricco, liero, ieo di risorse, dove avevo amici autorevoli che (seravo) me avreero aiutato Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, 0, traslatio y author 1

44 merica citizes) ould rovide the aroriate aidavit To CasteluovoTedesco, it as a rare ad touchig roo o riedshi ad solidarity Oce the aidavit rom Heietz had arrived romisig ork i the ilm idustry, CasteluovoTedesco ega the rocess o otaiig oicial aers, headig irst to the merica cosulate i Nales Receivig the aroriate aers as a log ad arduous rocess, ut CasteluovoTedesco as ersistet: t Nales they looked at the documet ith much curiosity, ad assed it aroud (they ere ot accustomed to seeig the aidavits o such amous eole!); hoever, they thre cold ater o my ethusiasm, arig me that I roaly ould have some diiculties otaiig the regular ermissio or emigratio rom the Italia govermet, ecause at that time it as reusig all o them (sayig to the es that the saces o quota ere reserved or the ryas, ad vice versa): they assured me, hoever, that ith such a excetioal aidavit, goig to the merica cosulate o aris, Lodo, or Zurich, I could quickly otai ermissio to eter the Uited tates, eve ithout the coset o the Italia govermet t this I reelled! I said that I did ot ited to e a reugee, that I as a artist ho had alays ee a credit to his o coutry, ad that the least that the Italia govermet could do or me as to allo me to emigrate regularly ad ith all hoors! Nevertheless, the ears o the merica cosul ere ot uouded, ad i act i Rome my ermissio to emigrate as reused; they told me i act that they ould grat ermissio to me, ut ot to my amily: I reelled oce agai, ad asered that, i I iteded to emigrate, it as ot or me, ut really or my amily! d thus ega my via crucis; I caot say ho may tris I made to Rome or ho may doors I kocked o alays i vai! ut I did ot give u; ad, ially, ith the hel o a musicia ried, ho, or reasos o ositio had easy access to the higher raks, I otaied the logaaited ermissio! It as delivered to me o ril, 199, exactly the day o my irth! d I said immediately that this as the last git that I ould receive rom my homelad! 7 ua rova di amicizia e di solidarietà rara e commovete Mario Casteluovo Tedesco, Ua vita di musica, 0, traslatio y author 7 Naoli guardaro co molta curiosità il documeto, e se lo assaro di mao i mao (o erao avvezzi a vedere degli aidavit di ersoe così celeri!); erò gettaroo ua doccia redda sui miei etusiasmi, avvertedomi che, roailmete, avrei avuto delle diicoltà ad otteere u regolare ermesso di emigrazioe dal govero italiao, che i quel mometo lo riiutava a tutti (agli Erei dicedo che i osti dell quota erao riservati agli riai, e viceversa): me assicuraroo erò che, co u aidavit così eccezioale, adado al cosolato americao di arigi, di Lodra o di Zurigo, avrei otuto otteere suito il ermesso di igresso

45 ecause the emigratio aers ere valid or six moths, CasteluovoTedesco cosidered the otio o remaiig i Italy through the summer ad emarkig i etemer, therey alloig his amily to sed more time ith relatives Hoever, he ad Clara decided that a earlier dearture as advisale, sice durig the summer dictators alays lose their heads; etter to leave as soo as ossile! The decisio roved to e a ise oe, sice Germay ivaded olad i etemer o 199, sigalig the egiig o World War II CasteluovoTedesco cosidered the eriod o the ext several moths, set i hurried rearatios to leave Italy, as moths o hysical eorts, o moral strai, ad o setimetal tormet 9 Though their youger so Lorezo seemed excited to go to merica, the elder ietro as asolutely i desair at the idea o leavig his homelad, his gradarets, his cousis, the studies that he loved 0 or his art, Mario aid a visit to several laces he called his holy sites eore he dearted, icludig their amily s coutry estate i Usigliao as ell as his aret s house i lorece 1 The areell to egli tati Uiti, ache seza il coseso del govero italiao questo mi riellai! Dissi che o itedevo are il uoruscito, che ero u artista che aveva semre atto oore al rorio aese, e che il miimo che il govero italiao oteva are er me, era di cocedermi di emigrare regolarmete e co tutti gli oori! erò i timori del cosole americao o erao iodate, e diatti a Roma il ermesso d emigrazioe mi u riiutato; mi dissero cioè che l avreero cocesso a me ersoalmete, ma o alla mia amiglia: ache questa volta mi riellai, e risosi che, se itedevo emigrare, o era er me, ma rorio er la amiglia! E allora comiciò la mia via crucis: o so dire quate gite eci a Roma, a quate orte ussai semre ivao! Ma o mi arresi: e ialmete, co l aiuto di u amico musicista, che, er ragioi d uicio, aveva acile accesso elle alte gerarchie, ottei il sosirato ermesso! Mi u recaitato il d arile 199, rorio il gioro del mio comleao! E dissi suito che questo era l ultimo doo che ricevevo dalla atria mia! Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, 00, traslatio y author Durate l estate i dittatori erdo semre la testa: meglio artire al iù resto! Iid, 0, traslatio y author 9 questi mesi di atiche materiali, do logorio morale, di strazio setimetale Iid, traslatio y author 0 ietro era assolutamete diserato all idea di lasciare la atria, i Noi, i cugii, gli studi che amava Iid, 005, traslatio y author

46 his arets as illed ith so may tears, desite the act that Mario tried to assure his arets o his retur y urchasig a roudtri ticket t last, the time came or Mario ad Clara CasteluovoTedesco ad their amily to set sail or merica They chose to sail o a shi called the aturia, hich let rom Trieste o uly 1, 199, ecause it took a loger route that called o various orts i the Mediterraea, i order to oer a greater diversio or the oys Mario later rote o the emotios that he exerieced uo leavig Italy: What I elt i that momet, I do ot ho to reeat, ad oe ho does ot ko the itteress o exatriatio caot imagie it Oe caot seak o sorro, regret, moral suerig: it as almost a hysical tormet, a tearig asuder, a mutilatio! (it seemed almost a dress rehearsal or death) d there at that momet somethig ermaetly died i me ot hoe ut illuisio d i somethig ket me alive it as the love or my amily ad the love o music lthough ith time I gre sicerely od o my adoted coutry, I could o loger ecome attached to eole ad thigs; I have lived as i suseded i midair, i a cloud, aitig: ithout resetmet (rather ith a mid ull o uderstadig ad ity or this oor, tortured humaity), ut y o distat The aturia irst made several stos i Italy as it sailed aroud the eisula, ad CasteluovoTedesco sa rieds or amily i several orts, icludig alermo ad Nales 5 Next, the shi sailed est ith stos i lgiers, Giraltar, Liso, ad the 1 Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, 05 Iid, 05 er orire u maggiore svago ai ragazzi Iid, 0, traslatio y author Quel che rovai i quel mometo o lo sarei ridire; e chi o coosce l amarezza dell esatrio o la uò immagiare No si uò arlare di dolore, di rimiato, di soereza morale: u quasi uo strazio isico, u strao, ua mutilazioe! (mi arve quasi la rova geerale dell morte); e da allora qualche cosa è deiitivamete morta i me: o la seraza, ma l illusioe; e se qualche cosa mi ha teuto i vita è stato l amore er i miei cari e l amore er la musica er quato cogli ai mi sia siceramete aezioato al mio aese d adozioe, o ho sauto iù attaccarmi agli uomii e alle cose; ho vissuto come soseso a mezz aria, come i ua uvoletta, i attesa: seza racori (azi coll aimo ieo di comresioe e di ietà er questa overa umaità martoriata), ma ormai lotao Iid, 007, traslatio y author 5 Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, 11

47 zores, here CasteluovoTedesco otes that his sos eoyed samlig ieales at the ieale latatios Evetually, the aturia sailed over the oe tlatic Clara later descried their tri as retty good [though] e ke that e ere oserved y the Italia authorities 7 Mario set the ourey thikig aout the uture ad cotiuig ith his ormal activities: What as I doig i that time (other tha chasig ater the thoughts that tormeted me ad to tryig to guess the ucertai uture that aaited us) I read, studied the iao, ad (eve) comosed Through a arragemet ith the iaist o the orchestra o oard the shi, Mario as ortuate eough to e ale to ractice o a small uright iao i a rivate cai He oted that, ith several ucomig cocerts arraged or him i merica, there as o time to lose! 9 ially, the amily arrived i Ne York City o uly 7, 199 Casteluovo Tedesco had vivid memories o the scee as the shi sailed ito Ne York Haror: It as a muggy uly morig, ad, ecause o the heavy og, at da the sires holed, strage ad siister: the shi as still outside o the ort (i rot o Ellis Islad) or the usual ormalities, ad the excitemet o oard as great (imagie ours, aitig to lad i the romised lad ) The, suddely, a voice came o the radio, ad, rom the lad, streams o music silled out: light music, really, oular sogs; ut they ere so estive ad srightly (otimistic, I ould say) ad roceeded ith a ace so rhythmic ad secure; they seemed the voice o a ovial ad youthul eole, hoest ad elcomig; at last, little y little, the og ega to clear out, ad the lie o skyscraers aeared, the roile o Ne York (a imressive ad uorgettale sight, very Iid 7 Clara CasteluovoTedesco, Che cosa acevo i quell temo (oltre che correre dietro ai esieri che mi assillavao e cercare di idoviare l icerto avveire che ci attedeva) Leggevo, studiavo il iaoorte, e (erio) comoevo Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, 11, traslatio y author 9 quidi o c era temo da erdere! Iid, 1, traslatio y author 5

48 ote descried, ut oe that ills me ith rooud amazemet every time that I see it agai): truly, a e orld! 50 ettlig i merica Uo arrivig i the Ne York City, CasteluovoTedesco ad his amily took lodgig i a hotel ad ega makig cotacts ith their rieds i the city Hoever, they oud stayig i the city uleasat, articularly i the heat o the summer Cosequetly, CasteluovoTedesco reted a small house i a eary suur o Larchmot, Ne York: It as, as I have said, a harshly scorchig ad stilig summer (as it ca e oly i Ne York!), ad ot oly did e adults suer, ut aove all the oys, ho I as araid to see astig aay: eve orse tha our daily excursios as the retur to the hotel i the eveig, here, e ere uale to slee Thereore, I decided ater a eek to seek reuge i the coutry, here the air as, i ot more resh, at least more ure ad ree, here there as a little it o gree (ad ot the dulless o reletless ashalt); there eeded to e, or me, a little it o quiet i order to ork 51 Lorezo ad ietro soo erolled i school, ad Mario ega to look or ork i earest The amily s iacial situatio as articularly challegig, ecause they ere ot alloed to take ay moey he they let Italy Clara recollected that: 50 Era ua mattia aosa di luglio, e, er la gra eia, all ala, ululavao, strae e siister, le siree: la ave era erma uori del orto (di rote ad Ellis Islad) er le ormalità d uso, e grade era l eccitameto a ordo (igurarsi il ostro, i attesa di sarcare sulla terra romessa ) oi, d u tratto, si arì la voce della radio,e, da terra, si rovesciaro iotti di musica: musichette leggere, veramete, cazoette; ma era così estose e alzati (ottimiste, direi) e rocedeva co asso così ritmico e sicuro: areva la voce di u oolo gioviale e aciulloe, oesto ed accogliete; iie, a oco a oco, la eia comiciò a diradarsi, ed aarve la liea dei grattacieli,il roile di Ne York (settacolo imoete ed idimeticaile, tate volte descritto, ma che, ogi volta quado io lo rivedo, mi riemie di commosso stuore): u uovo modo, veramete! Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, 11, traslatio y author 51 Era u estate, come ho detto, crudelmete torrida e soocate (come uò esserlo solo a Ne York!), e e sorivamo o solo oi adulti, ma sorattutto i ragazzi, che temevo di veder deerire: eggio acora che elle ostre escursioi quotidiae, era il torare la sera i alergo, dove, la otte, o otevamo chiuder occhio Decisi allora, doo ua settimaa, di cercare riugio i camaga, dove l aria osse, se o iù resca, almeo iù ura e liera, dove ci osse u o di verde (e o il grigiore dell asalto imlacaile); dove ci osse, er me, u o di quiete er lavorare Iid, 1, traslatio y author

49 They let us go ith the right aers rom Italy, ut o moey o e arrived i Ne York really ith othig o that s hy Mario had ecessity to start ut he had already cocerts orgaized i Ne York, may cocerts He as layig, ad his music as erormed 5 Ideed, Mario soo made his merica deut o Novemer, 199, layig his o ecod iao Cocerto ith the Ne York hilharmoic The coductor, oh arirolli, had also laced his Overture to Telth Night o the rogram, ad CasteluovoTedesco otes that the cocert as a success ith oth audiece ad critics, alike 5 Though other erormaces ad commissios soo olloed, Casteluovo Tedesco oud it diicult to make a secure livig i Ne York as a comoser ad cocert iaist aloe I additio, he reerred a ork situatio that ould allo him to remai close to his amily, hich as diicult he travelig as a erormer Thereore, he set a great deal o eort searchig or ork i the ilm idustry or or a teachig ost, ut oortuities ere slo to materialize 5 I the midst o these challeges o his lie i merica, CasteluovoTedesco received ord that his dearly eloved mother, Noemi, had assed aay o uly, 190, ust shy o a year ater he had arrived i the Uited tates Receivig the es as a terrile ad uexected lo: exactly like a heavy lo to the head 55 lthough CasteluovoTedesco s mother had suered or several years rom various ailmets, icludig liver ad resiratory rolems as ell as diaetes, her death still came as a uexected shock to him lthough CasteluovoTedesco later leared that his mother s 5 Clara CasteluovoTedesco, 5 5 Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, 1 5 Iid, 1 55 u u colo terriile, iatteso: rorio come ua mazzata sulla testa Iid, 1, traslatio y author 7

50 health had deteriorated severely y etemer o 199, she itetioally ket the es rom him: rom the o mother had lived a lie o a ivalid; ut I ke othig o it (either had I ee ale to guess it); y a merciul cosiracy, everyoe, amily ad rieds, had ket it hidde rom me; ad it as mother hersel ho had ated it that ay, givig me a sureme roo o her aectio: she ke, give the e ad diicult exeriece o the merica lie, that I ould eed all o my eergy, all o my courage, ad she had ated othig to distur me; she had also thought, koig the seriousess o her illess, that I ould have ated to retur to Italy to see her, ad so ould have comromised my saety ad that o my little amily Everyoe had resected her ish; ad she, or her art, cotiued to rite me requet letters, right ad calm, i hich she let othig serious ilter through: I had ideed oticed that she led a very secluded lie ad soke oly o a small circle o rieds; ut the I had ot ee surrised give the e circumstaces created y the racial las, ad koig that she, rom that momet, had aadoed all social activities, takig reuge i her domestic lie ad i her thoughts 5 Yet eve as he grieved at the assig o his mother, CasteluovoTedesco also received some elcome es He rote that i a very strage eisode, o the same day that a telegram arrived ith the es o his mother s death, he also received a telehoe call rom ascha Heietz, ho as i Calioria at the time, askig i he ould accet a cotract ith a movie studio He quickly resoded that he ould accet, recisely ecause I had the imressio (suerstitio or istict) that mother ated it 5 Da allora la Mamma aveva trasciato ua vita da ierma; ma io ulla e saevo (é avevo sauto idoviarlo); er ua ietosa cogiura, tutti, areti ed amici, me l aveva teuto ascosto; ed era la Mamma stessa che aveva voluto così, dadomi ua surema rova del suo attaccameto: saeva che, ella uova, dura eserieza della vita americaa, io avrei avuto isogo di tutta la mia eergia, di tutto il mio coraggio, ed aveva voluto che ulla otesse turarmi; aveva esato ache che, saedola gravemete ammalata, io sarei voluto torare i Italia er rivederla, e avrei comromesso così la mia sicurezza e quella della mia amigliuola Tutti avevao risettato il suo desiderio; e, dal cato suo, ella cotiuava a scrivermi le sue requeti lettere, lumiose e seree, che ulla di grave lasciava traelare: avevo otato, sì, che essa coduceva ua vita molto ritirata e o arlava che di ua ristretta cerchia d amici; ma d altra arte o me ero meravigliato date le uove circostaze create dalle leggi razziali, e saedo che essa, da quel mometo, aveva tralasciato ogi attivatà modaa, riugiadosi ella vita domestica e ei suoi esieri Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, 0, traslatio y author

51 that ay, ad that this as the last git, the last arig that she gave me rom the gates o the aterlie 57 Hoever, some moths assed eore he heard aythig more aout the otetial emloymet ially, i the middle o Octoer, he as oered a cotract to ork or MetroGoldiMayer, or MGM, comosig ilm music Not atig to uroot their sos rom school i the middle o the year, CasteluovoTedesco le to Hollyood aloe to egi his o o Novemer 1 o that year 5 CasteluovoTedesco orked i the ilm idustry rom 190 util 195 Durig this eriod, CasteluovoTedesco cotriuted to aroximately 00 movies or MGM as ell as Columia, Uiversal, Warer rothers, 0 th Cetury ox, ad C, amog others 59 ccordig to oh Westy, CasteluovoTedesco ossessed several skills that made him ell suited or a career i Hollyood: Comositio came easily or him; he comosed quickly, i ik ad ever at the iao; his reutatio or luecy ad ready techique ere ell deserved His seed o comositio aloe ould rove ivaluale durig his Hollyood years acility, cratsmashi, a evocative arrative style ad a aility to comose selcotaied, short musical segmets ere the qualities Hollyood demaded o its comosers These CasteluovoTedesco had i audace 0 Desite his roliic outut ad ovious talet or the gere, hoever, Casteluovo Tedesco laced little value o his ork i the ilm idustry, sayig that i my artistic lie the ilm exeriece does t rereset more tha oe red cet 1 Hoever, he 57 rorio erché ei l imressioe (suerstizioe od istito) che la Mamma volesse così, e che questo osse l ultimo doo, l ultimo avvertimeto che essa mi madava dalle soglie dell aldilà, Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, 5 Iid, 59 ames oh Westy, CasteluovoTedesco i merica: The ilm Music, hd dissertatio, UCL, 199Iid, xii ad Iid, 01 1 Westy, 1 9

52 remaied active i other musical outlets durig those years, comosig over sevety cocert orks i various geres as ell as takig o rivate comositio studets With steady emloymet o secured i Hollyood, CasteluovoTedesco rought the rest o his amily to everly Hills i the srig o 191, ad he remaied there or the rest o his lie The amily s exeriece as similar to that o may other Euroea émigrés ho also settled i Calioria; i act, y 195, the exile oulatio i the Los geles area as larger tha i ay other i the Uited tates excet or Ne York City s ith CasteluovoTedesco, a sigiicat actor or may o these émigrés as the oortuity o emloymet i Hollyood s ilm idustry, hich as still virat desite the coutry s recet ecoomic struggles urthermore, Calioria also oered may teachig oortuities, a comortale climate, ad a diverse oulatio o eole rom various cultures, ith a articularly strog eish commuity Ideed, these very circumstaces rovided a leasat home or CasteluovoTedesco ad his amily or may years Cotiuig Coectios ith Italy Durig CasteluovoTedesco s irst teuous years i merica, may o his amily ad rieds ho remaied i Italy aced eve greater trials olloig Italy s etrace ito the ar i ue 190, the Italia govermet cotiued to stregthe its atieish stace, tighteig restrictios agaist emloymet ad arrestig may ho ere He taught may ellko comosers over the years, icludig Hery Macii, erry Goldsmith, Nelso Riddle, oh Williams, ad dré revi Iid, 050 Diae eacock ezic, The Musical Migratio ad Erst Toch, (mes, I: Ioa tate Uiversity ress, 199), 1 lexader Gordo Kah, Doule Lives: Exile Comosers i Los geles (hd dissertatio, Uiversity o Calioria erkeley, 009), 170 0

53 erceived as eemies o the state 5 ter 19, the govermet required that emloyers avor orkers o the rya race he makig decisios aout hirig or irig ersoel Worse yet, i May o that year, the govermet ega sedig es to orced laor cams, evetually requirig that all aleodied Italia es e set aay, though the measure as eorced ith varyig rigor y the reects 7 To escae such coditios, may es ho did ot have the meas or the documetatio to leave legally chose istead to lee secretly to itzerlad Clara recalled the coditios aced y may: ut at that momet it as a hell ecause o Mussolii ad Hitler ad hat as goig o o it as oly righteig to e there Everyody, all the es ossile [sic], tried to leave, to go out s a matter o act, may o my rieds ad Mario s rothers ad my sisters ad rothers let Italy They could t come to merica ecause they did t have ay meas to come to merica, ut they let or itzerlad as soo as they could, y ight, through the lakes he also recollected that other es, icludig Mario s ather ad middle rother Guido, ere hidde i Catholic covets he reorted that there ere may i Italy, may covets o riests ad us, ad they heled very much 9 adly, those ho ere uale to lee ote disaeared ithout a trace: It as so terrile that i some old eole, es, ho ere sick or too old to leave, i they did t have eough hel to leave Italy, they ere take eve [rom] their eds, ad they disaeared ad [ere] ever see agai ad rought to the eish cams They 5 Over 00 Italia es as ell as thousads o oreig es residig i Italy ere set aay to itermet cams or other locatios NidamOrvieto, 1 aratti, The ersecutio o the es i ascist Italy, 7 Iid Clara CasteluovoTedesco, 9 9 Iid, 555 1

54 disaeared ad ere ever heard [rom] agai It as righteig 70 Nevertheless, the ascist govermet s ersecutio o the es ega to suside i the summer o 19 as Italy aced icreasig ressure rom the llied advace o icily, hich soo led to Mussolii s removal rom oer 71 y rerieve or the es as shortlived, hoever, as Germa orces occuied Italy ad ega a camaig o more violet ersecutio agaist Italia es i the all o that year Tragically, itee searate covoys trasortig es to Germa extermiatio cams let Italy rom Octoer 19 through the ed o 19; the total umer o es deorted rom Italy ad Italia territories as,9, ith oly 90 survivors 7 Whe the ar i Euroe eded i the srig o 195 ad diicult coditios still ligered or the eish oulatio o Italy, CasteluovoTedesco received a ivitatio rom the rovisioal govermet to retur to Italy as the director o oe o the coservatories o music i either Nales or Rome 7 He rites that the oer aturally leased me as a sig o recogitio ad I ould say a symol o recociliatio, ad he cosidered it careully 7 side rom ot atig to reliquish his ositio i merica or ull his childre out o school, CasteluovoTedesco cosidered it a sigiicat challege to id trasortatio ack to Italy i the immediate atermath o the ar 75 urthermore, his exerieces i Italy eore the ar had made him susicious o hat the olitical situatio ould e there ater the ar: 70 Clara CasteluovoTedesco, 9 71 aratti, The ersecutio o the es i ascist Italy, 7 Cetro di Documetazioe Eraica Cotemoraea, Mila, ed, Erei i Italia: Deortazioe, resisteza (lorece: La Giutia, 1975), 1, cited y Toscao, xli 7 Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, 7 7 Naturalmete l oerta mi ece iacere, come sego di ricooscimeto e direi come simolo di ricociliazioe Iid, traslatio y author 75 Iid,

55 yay, oe must ot orget that e es had ee estraged rom Italia lie, had ee declared, i ot oreigers, secodclass citizes, ad they had deied us those rights that, amog every civilized eole, are elemetary ad udametal: the right to ork ad the right to a ree educatio or oe s childre! It is true that the resosiility did ot elog to the eole, ut to a desicale gag o goverig crimials; o the other had this eole (though so good) had ot raised a sigle voice i rotest o the iustice that as eretrated I held o grudge agaist the Italia eole, ut I could ot orget; ad, aove all, I could ot (at that time) have coidece i a Italia govermet d the, hat govermet I those coused years o the immediate ostar eriod o oe could oresee hat shae the olitical lie o Italy ould take; ould it e a ree democratic govermet, a commuist dictatorshi, or, orse yet, a ascist dictatorshi! Oe did ot eve ko (at that momet) i Italy ould e a reulic or a moarchy! 7 Thereore, desite the oortuity to retur to Italy, CasteluovoTedesco ad his amily decided ot oly to remai i the Uited tates, ut also to take merica citizeshi He records that the decisio as diicult, ad he ad Clara cotemlated it rivately or a log time 77 I cotrast to his ucertaity aout the state o aairs i Italy at the time, the emloymet ad educatioal oortuities his amily eoyed i the Uited tates gave him a very ositive vie o his e coutry o residece: O the other had I oed to merica a det o gratitude! ice here I had ee elcomed i erect equality o rights ith the other citizes, here I had ee ale to cotiue my ork udistured, here I had ee ermitted to reely ad roerly educate my childre! (ad I ke that, i I had give the otio to 7 d ogi modo o si dimetichi che oi Erei eravamo stati estraiati dalla vita italiaa, che eravamo stati dichiarati, se o straieri, cittadii di secoda classe, e che ci erao stati egate quei diritti che, resso ogi oolo civile, soo elemetari e odametali: il diritto al lavoro e il diritto alla liera educazioe dei rori igliuoli! È vero che la resosailità o era stata del oolo, ma di ua aietta cricca di goverati crimiali; d altra arte da questo oolo (ur così uoo) o si era levata ua voce di rotesta cotro l igiustizia eretrata Verso il oolo italiao io o seravo essu racore, ma o otevo dimeticare; e, sorattutto, o otevo (allora) aver iducia i u govero italiao E oi, quale govero I quegli ai couse dell immediato dooguerra essuo oteva revedere quale orma avree otuto assumere la vita olitica italiaa: se u liero govero democratico, se ua dittatura comuista, o, eggio acora, ua dittatura ascista! No si saeva eure (a quell mometo) se l Italia saree stata ua reulica o ua moarchia! Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, 5, traslatio y author 77 Iid,

56 my childre, as later i act I did, they ould have reerred to carry out their lives ad their activities i merica, rather tha retur to a coutry o hich they could ot kee a very grateul memory Neither Clara or I ould ever have agreed to searate ourselves rom our childre, or, orse yet, to risk idig ourselves i dieret cams ) 7 He also areciated the cultural ad ethic diversity that he oserved i the Uited tates: it is truly uique that i merica grous o various ethic origis could reserve itact their attachmet to their coutry o origi (erhas eve more so tha those ho live i their homelad!) hile they eel, o the other had, that oly uder the aegis o merica las have they ee grated that ree ad eaceul coexistece hich too ote has ee deied them i their coutry o origi 79 With their decisio made, CasteluovoTedesco ad his amily sumitted their ial alicatios ad took the citizeshi exam o ril 0, 195, ut they heard othig or some moths Evetually, he leared that the merica authorities, ho had cesored his corresodece regardig a ossile ost i Italy, had gro susicious o the sicerity o his itetios to ecome a merica citize I early 19, a govermet aget called o them ith questios aout their citizeshi alicatio Evetually, their case as reerred to a aeals court, here the udge quickly decided i their avor: The scee i court as almost comical! ice that ie udge, he he leared rom the documets that ere sumitted to him 7 D altra arte io avevo verso l merica u deito di ricoosceza! oiché qui ero stato accolto i eretta uguagliaza di diritti co gli altri cittadii, qui avevo otuto cotiuare idisturato il mio lavoro, qui mi era stato cosetito di educare lieramete e digitosamete I miei lgliuoli! (e saevo che, qualora avessi dato la scelta ai miei igliuoli, come oi eettivamete eci, essi avreero reerito svolgere la loro vita e la loro attività i merica, iuttosto che torare i u aese di cui o otevao serare u troo grato ricordo: é Clara é io avremmo mai accosetito a seararci dai ostri igliuoli, o, eggio acora, a rischiare di trovarci i cami diversi ) Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica,, traslatio y author 79 è veramete sigolare come i merica i grui di varia roveieza etica serio itatto il loro attaccameto al aese d origie (orse ache iù di coloro che vivoo i atria!); metre setoo d altra arte che solo sotto l egida delle leggi americae, è loro cocessa quella liera e aciica coviveza, che troo sesso è stata loro egate el aese d origie Iid, traslatio y author

57 that I had give u a high ad hoorary ositio i Italy ad that I reerred to kee a ositio o a modest orker i merica, oud (as a good ractical merica) the case asolutely extraordiary, ad there as o loger ay dout o our itetios! (Clara, ho as iterrogated ater me, declared, ith her tyical adorale simlicity, that herever I ould have goe, she ould have olloed me: somethig, agai, uusual amog merica ives!) The udge ordered, thereore, that e should e declared citizes immediately! o e ecame citizes, almost ithout realizig it! 0 Thus, the CasteluovoTedescos ecame citizes o the Uited tates o uly, 19, early seve years ater irst arrivig i the coutry 1 The amily as evetually ale to make a retur tri to their homelad i 19, arrivig i Italy at the ed o May ad deartig i early Novemer They sailed directly to Nales, here they ere to remai or several days eore travelig y trai to Rome ad o to lorece CasteluovoTedesco rote o the clash o emotios that he exerieced durig his irst e days ack i Italy as he vieed the eauty o the lad ad the destructio o the ar: Earlier (hile the Vulcaia tacked the legth o the islad o Ischia ad the Miseo coast) uo seeig agai that lad so ertile, so leasat, so sledid uder the Mediterraea su, I said to mysel: My God! Ho eautiul Italy is! Eve more so tha I rememered! The, he the shi etered the ort, ad I sa the horredous destructio caused y the ar (ad sa, o the ier, dozes o maimed childre ad tattered eggars seekig a hadout), I said to mysel: My God! ut hat has haeed to this oor, dilaidated city Evetually (later o), he I etered the city itsel ad I sa the state o the survivig eighorhoods ad the coditios o squalid misery i hich the maority o the ihaitats lived, I said to mysel (ad may God orgive me!): 0 La scea i corte u quasi comcia! oiché quel ravo giudice, quado arese dai documeti che gli erao stati sottoosti, che io avevo riuziato ad u alta ed ooriica osizioe i Italia e che reerivo di serare ua osizioe di modesto lavoratore i merica, trovò (da uo americao ratico) la cosa assolutamete straordiaria, e o ee iù alcu duio sulle ostre itezioi! (Clara, che era stata iterrogata doo di me, dichiarò, colla sua cosueta adoraile semlicità, che, dovuque io ossi adato, essa mi avree seguito: cosa, ache questa, isolita ra le mogli americae!) Il giudice ordiò, quidi, che ossimo dichiarati cittadii seduta state! Così divetammo cittadii, quasi seza accorgercee! Mario Casteluovo Tedesco, Ua vita di musica, 9, traslatio y author 1 Westy, 99 5

58 Maye it ould have ee etter i everythig had ee destroyed, so everythig could e reuilt rom scratch Meahile, the directorshi o the Nales Coservatory remaied vacat, ad several o CasteluovoTedesco s rieds ecouraged him to take the ositio To that ed, i his irst e days i the city several ulic evets ere laed to celerate his arrival, icludig a erormace o his Overture or The Witer s Tale at the Teatro a Carlo ad a etire cocert o CasteluovoTedesco s chamer music (i hich the comoser as slated to erorm) at the coservatory Nevertheless, to actors coviced him to reect the ositio oce agai irst o all, his so Lorezo as critically ill ith meigitis or over te days hile i Nales, hich trouled Mario greatly: I cursed the day that I had retured to Italy!ut it seemed, i ay evet, a sig, a arig (suerstitio agai); ad rom that time my decisio as settled: e could ot remai i Italy ad aove all e could ot remai i Nales! Durig his so s illess, CasteluovoTedesco oserved aother reaso to avoid Nales Eve though may colleagues rom that city visited him ad ere symathetic ad carig durig this time, everyoe had some reaso to reset ad hold a grudge toard the rima (metre il Vulcaia ordeggiava lugo l isola d Ischia e la costa misea) el rivedere quella terra così ertile, così ridete, così sledida sotto il sole mediterraeo, mi dissi: <<Dio mio! Com è ella l Italia! cora iù ella di quato o mi ricordassi!>> oi, quado la ave etrò el orto, e vidi le orrede distruzioi causate dalla guerra (e vidi, sulla achia, a diecie, amii mutilati e laceri medicati a chieder l elemosia) mi dissi: <<Dio mio! Ma che cosa hao atto a questa overa città martoriata>> Iie (iù tardi), quado etrai ella città stessa e vidi lo stato di rovia dei quartieri suerstiti e le codizioi di squallida miseria i cui viveva la maggior arte degli aitati, mi dissi (e che Dio mi erdoi!): <<orse saree stato meglio se tutto osse stato distrutto, e tutto si otesse riediicare da cao>> Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica,, traslatio y author Iid, Maledissi il gioro che ero torado i Italia!Ma arve, ad ogi modo, u sego, u avvertimeto (acora suerstizioe); e da allora la mia decisioe u resa: o si doveva restare i Italia e sorattutto o si doveva restare a Naoli! Iid,, traslatio y author

59 others, ad each oe ared me aout someoe else 5 ter several days o this, CasteluovoTedesco gre tired o the iightig ad declared: Right o everyoe ishes me ell, sice I have ee aay or te years, ad you have od memories o me; ut i I retur here, ater six moths you ould hate me like you hate oe aother here! It is ot your ault: it is that there are too may aroud this oe that has ee icked clea called Italia music, ad every success, every erormace is a reaso or ealousy! elieve me, the est thig that I could ossily do or the sake o my homelad is to retur to merica, to my modest ad quiet lie! With his mid irmly made u, CasteluovoTedesco traveled y trai directly to lorece, orgoig a sto i Rome or oicial egotiatios aout the ositio i Nales Uo arrivig i lorece, CasteluovoTedesco eoyed seeig the amiliar sights o his ative city oce more He took requet alks tourig aroud the city o his o, ad said that he could ot descrie the ecstasy o rediscoverig my city!a city made exactly or me, to my stadards (ut it as I, rather, ho as made to its stadards) 7 Hoever, the eaceul city that he rememered had ecome croded ad clamorous: I could arely recogize the quiet streets o my lorece i that hustle ad ustle o the ato crod, that disorderly movemet o vehicles o every make ad every seed: cars (e i umer ut too large), rickety carriages, a myriad o icycles ad clouds o motorcycles 5 Oguo aveva verso gli altri qualche motivo d astio e di racore, oguo mi metteva i guardia cotro qualcu altro Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, 5, traslatio y author desso tutti mi volete ee, oiché soo stato assete er dieci ai, e di me serate u uo ricordo; ma se torassi qui, doo sei mesi mi odiereste, come vi odiate tra voi! La cola o è vostra: è che siete i troi itoro a quest osso solato della musica italiaa, e ogi successo, ogi esecuzioe è motivo di gelosia! Credimi, er carità atria, la cosa migliore ch io ossa are è di torare i merica, alla mia modesta e sileziosa via! Iid, traslatio y author 7 l estasi di ritrovare la mia città! rorio ua città atta er me, sulla mia misura (ma iuttosto ero io che ero stato atto sulla misura sua) Iid,, traslatio y author a mala ea avrei ricoosciuto le quiete vie della mia ireze i quell adiriviei di olla romiscua, i quel movimeto sregolato di veicoli d ogi geere e d ogi velocità: 7

60 urthermore, the deterioratio ad eglect rom the years o ar ere evidet aroud the city: the rai ad id seemed to have ecrusted the old alls ith the dust ad dirt ot o a decade ut o a cetury, ad i Hitler had still ee alive, I ould have seteced him there as a atoemet (seeig that he ega as a aiter) to hiteash the alls o the uildigs o lorece! 9 CasteluovoTedesco as also very glad to ree may ersoal coectios i lorece He rote that it as a great oy to see all o my relatives ad may aithul rieds agai, ad he seciically metioed the comort o visitig ith his rothers Ugo ad Guido 90 It as more aiul, hoever, to visit the eish Cemetery here his arets ere uried; they had oth died ater he let Italy, so he shed may tears o regret 91 I additio to his amily, may eole i the city made a oit to greet ad elcome him, icludig rieds, acquaitaces, ad a umer o eole hom I did ot rememer at all! 9 Nevertheless, he regretted the etty ad quarrelsome attitude that he oserved i ostar Italy: What reoccuied me as, I reeat, the metality o the eole; this sese o ucertaity, o cousio, o irresosiility (at times eve o duious cyicism) that I sa i everythig ad everyoe I had heard o the miracles o solidarity, o geerosity, o altruism o hich this eole ere caale i the struggle agaist the Germas, i the diicult eriod o emergecy (ad I do ot dout automoili (oche ma troo gradi), sgagherate carrozzelle, miriadi di iciclette e uvole di motociclette Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, 7, traslatio y author 9 la ioggia, il veto arevao avera icrostato sulle vecchie mura la olvere e il sudicio o di u deceio, ma di u secolo e, se Hitler osse stato semre vivo, l avrei codaato, come esiazioe (visto che i origie era u imiachio) ad imiacar le mura dei alazzi di ireze! Iid, 7, traslatio y author 90 ua grade gioia rivedere tutti i areti e tati amici edeli, Iid,, traslatio y author 91 versai molte lacrime di rimiato, Iid, traslatio y author 9 amici, cogosceti e ua quatità di gete che o ricordavo aatto! Iid, 7, traslatio y author

61 it at all, sice I ko hat miracles the Italia eole are caale o i imortat momets ); ut o, i ormality, I sa o trace o ay o that: I sa a mea, etty, ad selish sirit, each livig or himsel, ithout ay sese o cosideratio or charity or oe s eighor; ad all this made me rooudly sad What also othered me (I coess) as the attitude o the Italias toard merica: o oe had they evied us eig there (as i oe ere simmig i gold!) ad everyoe seemed ready to emigrate; o the other had they soke o merica ith airs o itellectual sueriority ad almost ith cotemt (orgettig, much too easily, that the geerous hel received had made ossile, at least or the momet, their survival) Their attitude toard us as also curious; sice, hile everyoe soke o their suerig (ad I ko ull ell that it had ee hard), oody ated to admit that e also had suered! (admittedly i a dieret ay) O the other had, hile I ke that e had leared somethig rom our suerig (to e more reasoale ad modest), I had the imressio that the Italias had leared othig (or very little) rom theirs, ad that they ere ready to all ack ito the same resumtios ad errors o I oud mysel ill at ease; o the oe had my dear Italias (so itelliget, so likeale, ut so uruly ad artisa, ad so lackig i olitical maturity), ad o the other my dear mericas (so good, so geerous, ut so lackig i imagiatio, ad ote so shortsighted) 9 Returig to the amily s coutry estate i Usigliao, hich had ee CasteluovoTedesco s dream or may years, as a elcome resite ater the 9 Quello che mi reoccuava era, rieto, la metalità della gete; questo seso d icertezza, di sadameto, d irresosailità (a volte ache di equivoco ciismo) che vedevo i tutto e i tutti vevo setito arlare dei miracoli di solidarietà, di geerosità, d altruismo di cui era stata caace questa oolazioe ella lotta cotro i Tedeschi, el diicile eriodo dell emergeza (e o e duito aatto, oiché so di quali miracoli sia caace il oolo italiao elle gradi occasioi ); ma adesso, ella ormalità, di tutto questo o vedevo traccia: vedevo uo sirito meschio, gretto, egoista, u viver di esedieti, seza essu seso di cosiderazioe e carità verso il rossimo; e tutto questo mi rattristava roodamete Mi dava astidio ache (lo coesso) l atteggiameto degl Italiai verso l merica: da u lato c ividiavao er essere là (come se si uotasse ell oro!) e semravao tutti roti ad emigrare; dall altro arlavao dell merica co arie di itellettuale sueriorità e quasi di disrezzo (dimeticado, troo acilmete, che ai geerosi aiuti ricevuti dovevao, almeo allora, la loro soravviveza) Era curioso ache il loro atteggiameto ei ostri riguardi: oiché, metre tutti arlavao delle loro soereze (e so eissimo che erao state dure) essuo voleva ammettere che avessimo ache oi soerto! (sia ure i modo diverso) D altra arte, metre io saevo che, dalle ostre soereze, oi avevamo imarato qualche cosa (ad esser iù ragioevoli e modesti), avevo l imressioe che gl Italiai, dalle loro, o avessero imarato ulla (o e oco), e che ossero roti a ricadere elle stesse resuzioi e egli stessi errori Così mi trovavo a disagio: da u lato questi miei cari Italiai (così itelligeti, così simatici, ma così riottosi e artigiai, e così rivi di maturità olitica) dall altro questi miei cari mericai (così uoi, così geerosi, ma così overi di atasia, e sesso così oco lugimirati) Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, 990, traslatio y author 9

62 ueasiess o their time i Nales ad lorece 9 He oud that it remaied the most eautiul lace i the orld; a lace here the delightul eauty, the ure austerity o the coutryside ethralled me yet agai 95 CasteluovoTedesco haily resumed orkig i his old studio o the groud loor o the villa, isired to rite y the eauty o the coutryside, ad comosed his ecod Quartet i i ust oe eek s time Nevertheless, he oud that the state o the arm ad the villa had declied over the ar years to such a degree that the roerty ould have required a large ivestmet o moey ad time to retur it to staility ad roserity urthermore, koig that their childre ould ot at to leave merica to live o the arm, the CasteluovoTedescos decided that they ere uale to suervise the aairs o the estate rom such a distace Thereore, alog ith the other cooers aolo ad Lucetta Liuzzi, the Casteluovo Tedescos decided to sell their eloved coutry estate, ith dee sorro ad immese regret 9 They riely cosidered urchasig aother smaller roerty elsehere i the coutry, ut evetually agreed that the Usigliao estate ould e the last lad that they oed i Italy Whe the amily sailed agai or merica o Novemer, CasteluovoTedesco relected o his retur to Italy ith great sadess He rote: With a heavy heart I emraced my rothers agai; ad I let there itter ad uset: everythig had ee a disaoitmet ad a ailure, aove all to have realized y the that it ould e imossile or me to adat to Italia lie (ad this hile keeig my attachmet to my ative coutry, ad at the same time my gratitude or my adoted coutry) ut I ould ot e, rom the o, comletely hay either here or there, ad I ould ot ultimately elog to either o the to I realized i that momet, 9 il mio sogo di tati ai, Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, 90, traslatio y author 95 il luogo iù ello del modo la ridete ellezza, la ura austerità di quella camaga mi avvise ua volta di iù Iid, 90, traslatio y author 9 u roodo dolore e u immeso rimiato! Iid, 91, traslatio y author 50

63 maye or the irst time, hat as to e the real tragedy o my lie (hat I had already sesed may times eore, ut oly vaguely, ad ot as a deiitive covictio): the tragedy o exatriatio! rom that time o I ould remai or the mericas the Italia, ad or the Italias the merica; rom o o (or at least or the years that I had let) suseded etee to orlds! 97 ust as he had doe ack at his estate i Usigliao, he CasteluovoTedesco retured to merica he oud a outlet or his emotios through comositio Geesis o The ook o Ruth CasteluovoTedesco comosed the oratorio The ook o Ruth i the moths olloig his retur to merica, comletig the drat or voices ad iao o ril 17, 199, ad the ull orchestratio o uly o that year Earlier, i 197, he had comosed a recursor to the ork, the catata Naomi ad Ruth, ritte or a comositio cotest that called or orks or emale chorus CasteluovoTedesco chose to set the irst sevetee verses o the irst chater o Ruth, ith the ords o Naomi sug y a sorao soloist ad the ords o Ruth sug y the chorus Eve though his catata did ot i the cotest, CasteluovoTedesco as leased that it as ulished ad, accordig to him, erormed much more ote tha the catata that did i 9 Evetually, he ould icororated the catata virtually uchaged as the irst movemet o the later oratorio 97 Col cuore stretto riaracciai i miei ratelli; e me e artii amareggiato, agosciato: tutto era stato ua delusioe e u allimeto, sorattutto er aver realizzato, ormai, la mia imossiilità di adattameto alla vita italiaa (e questo ur serado il mio attaccameto al aese atio, e al temo stesso la mia ricoosceza al aese d adozioe) Ma o sarei stato, d ora i oi, comletamete elice é qui é lì, e o sarei aarteuto, i deiitiva, a essuo dei due Realizzai orse allora er la rima volta quella che doveva essere la vera tragedia della mia vita (che avevo già rima iù volte ituito, ma solo vagamete, e o come ua deiitiva codaa): la tragedia dell esatrio! Da allora i oi sarei rimasto er gli mericao l Italiao, er gl Italiai l mericao : ormai er semre (o almeo er gli ai che mi rimaevao) soseso ra due modi! Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, 9, traslatio y author 9 Iid, 95 51

64 Hoever, CasteluovoTedesco rote that iitially he did ot have ay urther las or the catata, ut or a strage coicidece 99 The day eore deartig or Italy i 19, he as visited y his ried Erst Toch 100 Whe Toch reseted the score o his o cello cocerto as a git, CasteluovoTedesco ated to reay the git ith a score o his o; ecause o his travel rearatios, the oly score ot acked aay as a coy o the catata Naomi ad Ruth He relected that: To Erst, a musicia so mature ad comlex, this music ill seem too simle, almost childish, ad rote that he regretted the git 101 O the cotrary, Toch as leased y the iece ad ecouraged CasteluovoTedesco to exad uo it: It as ith extreme surrise (ut also ith ier satisactio), that I received i Italy sometime later a letter rom Toch, ho soke ith ethusiasm aout the Catata, sayig: This is oe o the most ure ad touchig thigs that you have ritte, ad cocluded the letter ith this suggestio: Why do t you rite the etire story o Ruth Thereore, I elcomed the advice, hich came to me rom oe o my most trustorthy ad uderstadig colleagues (ad corresoded to oe o my secret, logstadig desires); uo returig rom Italy, I set immediately to the task ua straa comiazioe, Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, traslatio y author 100 Toch (1719) as a comoser o eish descet ho as or i Viea, studied i rakurt ad Heidelerg, ad lived i erli He led Germay i 19 he the Nazi arty came to oer, ad, like CasteluovoTedesco, evetually settled i souther Calioria here he comosed ilm scores ad taught at the Uiversity o outher Calioria 101 d Erst, musicista cosí maturo e comlesso, questa musica semrerà troo semlice, quasi uerile Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, 95, traslatio y author 10 u co estrema sorresa (ma ache co itimo comiacimeto), che ricevetti, qualche temo doo, i Italia, ua lettera di Toch, che mi arlava co etusiasmo della Catata, dicedomi: <<Questa è ua delle cose iù ure e commoveti che tu aia scritto>>, e cocludeva la lettera co questo suggerimeto: <<erché o scrivi l itera storia di Ruth>> ccolsi duque il cosiglio, che mi veiva da uo dei miei colleghi iù idati e comresivi (e che corrisodeva ad u mio segreto desiderio di atica data); e, al ritoro dall Italia, mi osi suito al lavoro Iid, traslatio y author 5

65 It as, ideed, a logheld ish to comose the ork, ad CasteluovoTedesco oted that the irst thoughts o it came i his childhood He had log idetiied ith the story ecause o his mother s ame: hat attracted me to it aove all as the ame o oe o thericial emale characters (ideed, i a certai sese, the rotagoist), Naomi, hich i Here meas seetess (hich as also my mother s ame); thereore, i a certai sese I idetiied her ith my mother (ad at the same time idetiied mysel ith her) 10 I his youth, his iitial itetio as to comose a orchestral trilogy, ut he ever made sigiicat rogress o the roect due to his total techical iaility at that time 10 Later i lie, though, he oud still other ersoal coectios to the story through his marriage to Clara: the other ricial emale character, Ruth, getle ad aithul, resemled Clara (ad, vaguely, her uio ith oaz ad their meetig i the suy coutryside at the time o the harvest remided me o my o eddig ad made me thik o Usigliao) 105 o, ith Toch s ecouragemet couled ith his o logheld desire to comose a ork o the ook o Ruth, CasteluovoTedesco set to ork exadig the catata Naomi ad Ruth ito a oratorio I the midst o his ork o the iece, he exerieced a serious ad aiul attack o gallstoes that required a oeratio Watig to iish a drat o the iece eore the rocedure, he orked itesely or 10 mi attirasse sorattutto il ome di uo dei riciali caratteri emmiili (azi, i u certo sese, la rotagoista), Noemi, che i eraico vuol dire dolcezza (e che era ache il ome della mia Mamma); così, i u certo seso l idetiicava colla mia Mamma (e, al temo stesso, m idetiicavo co lei) Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, 9, traslatio y author 10 la mia totale icaacità tecica di allor, Iid, traslatio y author 105 l altro riciale carattere emmiile, Ruth, mite e edele, rassomigliava a Clara (e, vagamete, la sua uioe co oàz, il loro icotro ella camaga assolata, al temo della mietitura, mi rammetava il mio stesso matrimoio, e mi aceva esare a Usigliao) Iid, traslatio y author 5

66 several eeks, though i the midst o useakale suerig 10 He did, ideed, comlete the drat o the day eore eterig the hosital, ad echoes o the ork ligered i his mid durig his recovery He rote: The, or some eeks, I exerieced a great darkess I rememer that, i my delirium, I sa some suy coutryside; ut ere they those o Usigliao (that I ke so ell) or those o alestie (that erhas I ould ever see) I rememer that, i my hosital ed, I hummed to mysel: ay as or to Naomi ut as I the ay (sice I as alays the ay o the house ) or as it etruchio i the arms o Gradma (sice the last memory that I held o my mother as recisely that o Gradma Naomi) 107 Durig the threemoth eriod o recovery rom his surgery, CastleuovoTedesco ersisted i orchestratig the oratorio, hich as iished o uly, 199; as he himsel oted, or a covalescet that is ot ad 10 The ook o Ruth as CasteluovoTedesco s irst oratorio, ad he as very satisied ith it, callig it this ork that lay so dee i my heart 109 urthermore, he rote o the may oits o coectio ith the ork: I truly elieve (or hat it is orth) that I have ut all my heart ito it: the tederess or my mother, my aectio or Clara, the coutry memory o Usigliao, ad my ilical vei (all together) i mezzo a soereze idiciili, Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, 9, traslatio y author 107 oi, er qualche settimaa, u u gra uio Rammeto che, ei miei vaeggiameti, vedevo delle camage assolate: ma erao quelle di Usigliao (che cooscevo tato ee) o quelle della alestia (che orse o avrei mai vedute) E rammeto che, el lettio dell osedale, mi caticchiavo: <<U amio è ato a Noemi>> Ma ero io il amio (oichè ero stato semre Il amio di casa ) o era etruchio i raccio alla Noa (oichè l ultimo ricordo che seravo della mia Mamma era rorio quello della Noa Noemi) Iid, 9, traslatio y author N, etruchio as a term o edearmet CasteluovoTedesco used or his so ietro 10 er u covalescete o c è male, Iid, 99, traslatio y author 109 questo lavoro che mi stava tato a cuore, Iid, 9, traslatio y author 110 Credo veramete (qualuque sia il suo valore) di averci messo detro tutto il mio cuore, la teerazza er la Mamma, il mio aetto er Clara, il ricordo camestre di Usigliao, e la mia vaa ilica (tutto isieme) Iid, 500, traslatio y author 5

67 Cosiderig the various ays that CasteluovoTedesco ersoally idetiied ith the story o the ook o Ruth esecially through his odess or his mother, his ie, his amily estate, ad the ile it is ot surrisig that he elt a strog coectio to the oratorio The deth o his coectio led him to this realizatio: Thus, as you ca see, the echo o the story o Ruth ra across all o my lie ad ecame the symol ad the autoiograhy o my lie (i a certai sese as really my symolic autoiograhy eore I decided to rite these ages ith a oe heart); it as thereore o surrise that (at a time he I sa my lie i dager) I had so much to exress musically 111 Uortuately, though the catata Naomi ad Ruth as erormed several times durig his lietime, CasteluovoTedesco ever had the oortuity to hear or see the oratorio The ook o Ruth erormed 11 I act, to the author s koledge, the ull oratorio has ever ee erormed or ulished Thereore, ith a clearer uderstadig o the cotext i hich the ork as comosed ad ith the aid o a ely comleted trascritio o the ull score, the olloig chater resets a multiaceted musical aalysis o the ork itsel 111 Così, come si vede, l eco della storia di Ruth correva attraverso tutta la mia vita, e divetava il simolo e l autoviograia (azi, i u certo seso, era rorio la mia autoiograia simolica, rima che mi decidessi a scrivere, a cuore aerto, queste agia): o c è duque da sorredersi se (al mometo i cui vedevo la mia vita i ericolo) teessi tato ad esrimerle musicalmete Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Ua vita di musica, 9, traslatio y author 11 Iid, 99 55

68 CHTER COMOITIONL ROCE ND TYLE lthough the choral orks o Mario CasteluovoTedesco have received relatively e erormaces ad scat scholarly attetio i recet decades, the e editio o The ook o Ruth i this study rovides a oortuity or a musical aalysis o the iece May o the stylistic traits that scholars have idetiied i Casteluovo Tedesco s other orks, icludig his git or lyrical melodic ritig ad his odess or imressioistic harmoic techiques, are also evidet i this comositio Moreover, the comoser s otale emhasis o text exressio is o dislay i The ook o Ruth, articularly i the use o such varied musical devices as text aitig, varyig choral textures, colorul orchestratio, ad recurrig thematic motis ially, a iterestig eature o this ad other oratorios, amely CasteluovoTedesco s uique visio o a sceic oratorio, reveals a cocetual coectio etee his large choralorchestral orks ad his ork i the geres o oera, ilm music, ad eve solo sog Westy oted: Comositioal rocess CasteluovoTedesco as ell ko or his aility to comose raidly, as ames Comositio came easily or him; he comosed quickly, i ik ad ever at the iao; his reutatio or luecy ad ready techique ere ell deserved His seed o comositio aloe ould rove ivaluale durig his Hollyood years 1 I the case o The ook o Ruth, CasteluovoTedesco s seed is eve more imressive, cosiderig that he hurriedly comleted the iaovocal score eore udergoig gallstoe surgery ad orchestrated the ork hile recoverig rom that surgery 1 ames oh Westy, CasteluovoTedesco i merica: The ilm Music, (hd diss, UCL, 199), 0 5

69 The ook o Ruth is also oe o several examles i hich CasteluovoTedesco created a larger ork y exadig o a smaller oe s metioed reviously, CasteluovoTedesco irst comosed the catata Naomi ad Ruth or a cotest i 197, the later icororated the catata as the irst movemet o the larger oratorio o The ook o Ruth, comleted i 199 imilarly, The og o ogs, a large choralorchestral ork comosed rom 195 to 1955 that the comoser laeled a rustic eddig idyll, as irst coceived i 195 as a sog cycle or voice ad chamer esemle called ogs o the hulamite imilarly, accordig to Rossi s Catalogue o Works, the acred ervice or the aath Eve as irst comleted i 19 ad a additioal our movemets ere added i 1950 lthough CasteluovoTedesco requetly uses musical devices that might e idetiied as Imressioist, he sought aove all to comose music as a meas o exressio I act, Westy idetiies exressio as the essece o Casteluovo Tedesco s aesthetic Rolad vo Weer, otig CasteluovoTedesco s uity o exressio, goes so ar as to lael him the Italia rahms 5 CasteluovoTedesco descried his desire to use music as a meas o exressio as ollos: Writig music has alays ee a eed or me ever sice I as a child, rom the time I as ie years old ad my mother ega to teach me to lay the iao It seemed to me that everythig could e exressed or traslated ito music: the ladscaes I sa, the ooks I read, the ictures ad statues I admired s I gre u, I leared that the thigs that ca e exressed musically are ot Dorothy Ladis Gray, Mario CasteluovoTedesco: elected Eglish ettigs o Music or Wome s Voices rom His merica eriod (19919), (h D diss, The Catholic Uiversity o merica, 199), Nick Rossi, com ad ed, CasteluovoTedesco: Cataogue o Works, (Ne York: The Iteratioal CasteluovoTedesco ociety, 1977), 757 Westy, 5 Quoted i David Ee, ed, The Ne ook o Moder Comoers, third ed (Ne York: lred Ko, 191),

70 quite so umerous, ad I strived to e isired y hat as i me rather tha hat as outside o me The simlest meas are geerally the est I elieve that my ersoality as ormed to a decided degree quite early, ut hat I have sought to do, durig my artistic evolutio, has ee to exress mysel ith meas alays simler ad more direct, i a laguage alays clearer ad more recise Ideed, The ook o Ruth, a ork isired y may ersoal associatios, rovides vivid examles o the comoser s musical exressio through the colorul ritig that evokes a variety o dieret scees ad emotios Workig ith Texts or CasteluovoTedesco, his startig oit i comosig as the text or examle, CasteluovoTedesco s descried ho he comosed solo sogs y exressig the emotio iheret ithi the text: My amitio eve more tha that, a rooud urge ithi me has alays ee to uite my music to oetic texts that arouse my iterest ad emotio, to iterret them ad at the same time to set them orth i lyric exressio, to stam them ith the authetic ad thereore udetachale seal o melody, to give utterace to the music that is latet ithi them, ad, i doig so, to discover their real source i the emotios that rought them ito eig 7 I discussig the comoser s git or exressio o text, Westy relies o a road deiitio o texts that icororates ot oly literary texts, ut visual oes as ell This road vie makes it ossile to discuss CasteluovoTedesco s aility to traslate arrative or oetic texts ito music as ell as his caacity to ortray images ad scees through music Naturally, a oratorio like The ook o Ruth rovides a oortuity or the comoser to dislay oth o these skills Ee, Mario CasteluovoTedesco, rolems o a ogwriter, The Musical Quarterly 0/1 (a 19), 10 Westy, 1 5

71 The text or The ook o Ruth, as ell as umerous other vocal orks comosed y CasteluovoTedesco, as take exclusively rom the ilical arrative s has ee reviously oted, CasteluovoTedesco traced his aidig iterests i oth aith ad music to his materal gradather Cosequetly, eish characters ad stories served as the asis or may o his comositios I act, all o his catatas ad oratorios, o hich Naomi ad Ruth ad The ook o Ruth ere the irst, ere ritte o texts rom the Here ile or the ocryha 9 dditioally, to techical details aout his ork ith texts deserve to e metioed irst, CasteluovoTedesco s liretto or The ook o Ruth as take directly rom the Kig ames Versio o the ile ith very little alteratio, though his aroach to rearig liretti or other orks varied 10 or istace, the liretto or the oera Imortace o eig Earest (191 ) icororated the source text ith very little chage, as he did i The ook o Ruth 11 Hoever, to create the liretti or the oeras acco i Toscaa (195 ) ad La Madragola (190 ), he chose to make more extesive chages to the source material through creative selectio, reorderig, ad adatatio 1 9 The ook o Esther (19), The ook o oah (1951), The ook o Ruth (199), The iery urace (195) rom the ook o Daiel, Naomi ad Ruth (197) rom the ook o Ruth, The Quee o hea (195) rom I Kigs, The og o ogs (19555), ad Toias ad the gel (195) rom the ook o Toit 10 There are ust three istaces i hich the text rom the KV is altered i the oratorio The hrase o a art o the ield elogig uto oaz rom Ruth : is set as o a art o the ield elogig to oaz i art III lso, the hrase ad hath cotiued eve rom the morig util o oud i Ruth :7 is set as ad hath cotiued rom the morig util o i the same movemet ially, Ruth :15 reads d he shall e uto thee a restorer o thy lie, hile the text o the oratorio oud i art VII is d he shall e a restorer o thy lie 11 urto Hoard cali, Oeras y Mario CasteluovoTedesco (hd diss, Northester Uiversity, 190), 11 1 Iid 59

72 other iterestig eature o The ook o Ruth ad other orks is Casteluovo Tedesco s simultaeous iclusio o to dieret texts i to dieret laguages (i this case Eglish ad Italia) 1 Examles o this ractice iclude the oratorio The ook o oah (i Eglish ad Italia), the acred ervice (i Here ad Eglish), ad three oeras ll s Well that Eds Well, The Merchat o Veice, ad The Imortace o eig Erest (all i Eglish ad Italia) CasteluovoTedesco descried his aroach to comosig a ork i to laguages at the same time: To exlai mysel etter: o ad o, as I comosed the music to the origial Eglish text, hrase y hrase, I asked mysel, Ho should I e ale to reder this same hrase I Italia d thus the oera as or, ractically, i to laguages (ot traslated a osteriori) 1 ummary o Comositioal tyle ice several scholars have aalyzed other orks y CasteluovoTedesco, a summary o their oservatios rovides a helul startig oit or aalyzig The ook o Ruth This summary cosiders melody, harmoy, rhythm ad text settig, vocal ad choral textures, orchestratio, ad ormal desig Melody May authors agree that the melodic ritig oud i CasteluovoTedesco s music is oe o its most outstadig eatures Nick Rossi, a early chamio o his music, asserts that CasteluovoTedesco is oe o the iest lyrical creators o our 1 It should e oted that though the mauscrit score or The ook o Ruth icludes oly the Eglish text, the comoser also reared a searate Italia liretto that has ee reserved i the collectio o CasteluovoTedesco aers housed at the Lirary o Cogress This liretto also icludes airly extesive sceic descritios that are ot oud i the mauscrit score 1 Mario CasteluovoTedesco, Coessioi di u autore,, quoted i cali, 11 0

73 time 15 other scholar, David Lee lt, idetiies melody as a commo eature amog the may geres i hich the comoser has ritte: ielycrated melody is the most ovious ad aealig eature o CasteluovoTedesco s comositios, hether it e i a sog, a iao comositio, or a aria rom oe o his oeras 1 His melodies are tyically diatoic, rimarily couct, ad easily sug Eve melodies i his istrumetal orks, such as those that ere the suect o Mark Holmerg s study o cocertos, are said to resemle those that might e oud i a solo art sog 17 Harmoy lthough CasteluovoTedesco s melodic ritig remais stylistically cosistet through much o his music, his harmoic aroach shos more variatio over time His early orks requetly emloy exteded tertia soorities ad chromaticism, hile his later orks ted to have eer exteded soorities ad more coservative harmoies t the outset o his career, CasteluovoTedesco as associated ith the rogressive music movemet i Italy, led y lredo Casella s such, his music rom this time shoed the iluece o the cotrautal austerities o izzetti, Deussy s imressioism, Ravel s eoclassicism, ad a tedecy to lirt ith olytoal techiques ad ucovetioal harmoies 1 ylvaa rechtl emhasizes the articular iluece o imressioism i her study o his hakeseare sogs icludig exteded tertia soorities, symmetrical harmoies, ad laig ad otes that these characteristics aear requetly i the 15 Nick Rossi, CasteluovoTedesco: Neglected Master, Music oural XXXIII/1 (auary 1975): 1 1 David Lee lt, alysis o ive hakesearea ettigs y Mario Casteluovo Tedesco (DM Essay, The Uiversity o Ioa, 190), 17 Mark L Holmerg, Thematic Cotours ad Harmoic Idioms o Mario Casteluovo Tedesco as Exemliied i the olo Cocertos (hd diss, Northester Uiversity, 197), 1 1 Westy, 1

74 earlier orks 19 urto Hoard cali s study o the oeras, a gere that Casteluovo Tedesco tured to a it later i his career, ids a slightly more coservative aroach, the harmoy i these orks remais mostly tertia, ith exaded soorities tyically aearig at the eds o structural divisios 0 Rhythm ad Text ettig Whe CasteluovoTedesco descried his aroach to comosig vocal music, he exlaied that he ould egi y aalyzig the text (otig asects o orm, hrases, character, cotrasts, etc), ad the the melody ad accomaimet arise rom that aalysis 1 Ideed, scholars agree that, ove all, his irst aesthetic ricile seems to e a rooud aareess that it is ecessary to e true to the text i every ay Ladis Gray, i her study o choral ad solo vocal orks, sees this layed out i his sesitive text settig, i hich the accetuatio o the ords is closed matched y the atters ad accetuatio o the rhythms CasteluovoTedesco emloys lexile rhythms, ith dulets ad trilets, as ell as occasioal meter chages to accomlish this eect CasteluovoTedesco s sesitivity to correct text declamatio may e traced to the iluece o his teacher, izzetti, ho as also cocered ith matchig musical rhythms ith the rhythms o seech 19 ylvaa T rechtl, tylistic ad Vocal alysis o the hakeseare og o Mario CasteluovoTedesco (DM diss, Idiaa Uiversity, 191), 9 0 urto Hoard cali, Oeras y Mario CasteluovoTedesco, CasteluovoTedesco, rolems o a ogwriter, Ladis Gray, 09 Iid, 0 Rolad vo Weer, Mario CasteluovoTedesco, i The Ne ook o Moder Comoers, third ed, David Ee, ed (Ne York: lred Ko, 191), 11

75 Vocal ad Choral Texture CasteluovoTedesco s choral ritig remais airly straightorard, ad eatures alteratio etee homohoy ad rie assages o imitatio requetly, the imitative assages emloy a articularly uique threevoice texture; here, the to leadig voices move i arallel motio olloed y the third voice i imitatio 5 I additio, there are occasioal istaces o uaccomaied choral assages as ell as hummig or sigig o a eutral syllale or certai eects olo ritig i the catatas ad oratorios alterates etee short assages o recitative ad loger assages i a arioso style 7 Orchestratio The orchestral orces emloyed i CasteluovoTedesco s music are rimarily covetioal, usig strigs, ids, rass, ercussio, ad har or iao Nevertheless, he does exlore variatios i toe color, istrumetal doulig, ad the size o orchestra rom airly small to quite large Eve i orks that emloy large orces, such as several cocertos ith exaded ids ad rass, CasteluovoTedesco oly occasioally uses the tutti soud or a large eect, hile at other times uses selected orces or a variety o toe colors 9 lso, CasteluovoTedesco exerimets ith 5 urto Hoard cali, ome ilicallyisired ad Liturgical Comositios o Mario CasteluovoTedesco, uulished aer oud i the collectio o CasteluovoTedesco aers housed at the Lirary o Cogress, 7 or a examle o this aroach, see examles ad 1 elo Ladis Gray, 10 7 cali,, ome ilicallyisired ad Liturgical Comositios o Mario CasteluovoTedesco, 7 He also icludes early the same oservatio aout the solo ritig i the oeras i Oeras y Mario CasteluovoTedesco, 1 Holmerg, 9 Iid, 9

76 ucovetioal istrumetatio i certai orks such as the oratorio The ook o oah, hich eatures to alto saxohoes, to teor saxohoes, aritoe saxohoe, three trumets, three tromoes, timai, ercussio, to iaos, ad divided cellos ad asses, ad the catata The iery urace or iao ad ercussio everal authors ote that uiyig motives ote are irst itroduced i the orchestra ad tyically echoed later i the chorus 0 ormal Desig The ormal desig o CasteluovoTedesco s music relies o the aoremetioed ractice o uiyig motivic themes Ladis Gray illustrates the imortace o the recurrig motive used i the catata Naomi ad Ruth; this motive aears i the itroductio, throughout the ork to sigal certai dramatic develomets, ad agai at the ed to rig closure to the iece 1 cali ids a comarale use o uiyig motives i the oeras; he also otes that the oeras are costructed as a series o scees that lo cotiuously rom oe to the ext, either ith cadeces or commo chords to coect the scees This cotiuity rom scee to scee is evidet i the catatas as ell, here modulatios to more remote keys seem to idicate articularly dramatic evets or the itroductio o e characters This lexile aroach to overall orm i larger orks, ith a cotiuous lo rom scee to scee, allos the musical orm to coorm closely to the orm o the text 0 Ladis Gray, 0, ad cali, ome ilicallyisired ad Liturgical Comositios o Mario CasteluovoTedesco, 9 Hoever, cali ids that the use o these themes is ot cosistet eough to e ale to idetiy them roerly as leitmotivs 1 Ladis Gray, 0 cali, Oeras y Mario CasteluovoTedesco, 1 Ladis Gray, 05 imilarly, i the smaller orms o his hakeseare sogs, rechtl ids that the musical orm also los rom the text o each ork,

77 alysis o The ook o Ruth CasteluovoTedesco took the liretto or The ook o Ruth directly rom the ilical text, hich he divided ito the seve arts o the oratorio The sectioal divisios adhere closely to the hysical settigs reerred to i the arrative ad are ot ecessarily tied to the chater divisios o the text The reexistig catata Naomi ad Ruth orms the asis or art I o the oratorio 5 The text, take rom Ruth 1:1 1, comrises the iitial sceario The Israelites Elimelech ad Naomi, alog ith their sos Mahlo ad Chilio, travel to Moa ecause o a amie everal evets trasire there Elimelech dies, Mahlo ad Chilio marry to Moaite ome (Orah ad Ruth), ad the oth sos also die olloig their deaths, Naomi decides to retur to her hometo o ethlehem ecause the amie had eded there, ut urges her daughtersila to remai i Moa Orah is evetually ersuaded to stay i Moa, ut Ruth vos to retur ith Naomi ad stay ith her util death The remaider o Ruth chater 1, verses 19, descries the scee uo Naomi s retur to ethlehem, ortrayed i art II o the oratorio, The Retur o Naomi This assage descries the itter sorro that Naomi exerieces uo her retur ad the elcome that she receives rom the eole o the city art III, The arley Harvest, is set to Ruth :1 17, hich itroduces oaz, a ealthy relative o Elimelech livig i ethlehem Whe Ruth decides to glea i the ields o oaz to suort Naomi ad hersel, oaz graciously oers ood rom his ields ad ater rom his ells ad ivites her to eat ith his reaers He also istructs his orkers to e kid to Ruth as she gleas Whe she asks him the reaso or his kidess, he relies that he has heard aout her devotio to her motherila, Naomi 5 The comoser added ust to additioal measures ot oud i the catata mm 19 19, here the alto sectio sigs the text o verse 1, rovidig a arrative lik to art II 5

78 The sectio that ollos descries Naomi s reactio to oaz s kidess, as oud i Ruth :1 art IV, The MotheriLa, egis as Ruth returs ith the arley that she had gleaed, exlaiig hat had haeed i the ields oed y oaz Verse reveals that Ruth cotiued to glea i his ields or some time hile stayig ith Naomi The, Ruth :1 descries Naomi s la to seek eve more security or Ruth y aroachig oaz he ecourages her daughterila to reare hersel to oi oaz oe ight as he slees o his threshig loor art V, The ummer Night, descries hat haes as Ruth ollos Naomi s la, oud i Ruth :7 1 oaz is startled to discover Ruth sleeig at his eet, ut soo decides to assist her He metios a uamed erso ho is a earer kisma to Ruth ad las to ask him i he ill care ad rovide or her I he ill ot, the oaz romises to do the art o a kisma himsel y takig Ruth as his ie I the morig, oaz seds her ack to Naomi ith more grai The ourth ad last chater o the ook is the asis or to sectios o the oratorio art VI, t the Gate o the City, descries the scee i Ruth :1 1 i hich oaz ad the kisma meet at the city gates ittig eore the elders, oaz asks the kisma i he ill urchase, or redeem, Naomi s lad ad take Ruth as his ie Whe the kisma reuses to do so, oaz makes a vo eore the eole to redeem Naomi s roerty ad to marry Ruth The Eilogue, art VII, descries the evets olloig their marriage as oud i Ruth :1 Ruth ears oaz a so amed Oed, ad the ome o the city reoice ith Naomi at her good ortue The movemet cocludes y outliig the lieage i hich Ruth s so Oed ecame the gradather o Israel s Kig David Melody CasteluovoTedesco s oted git or ritig lyrical melodies is evidet throughout this ork The melody that accomaies Naomi s irst etrace is a ie

79 illustratio(see examle 1) The assage is largely diatoic, ith oe chromatic ilectio that is tied to the harmoic movemet lso, the melodic motio is alaced etee steise motio ad modest leas, mostly at the itervals o a third or a ourth ll o the melodic itervals, icludig the oe istace o a dimiished ith, are suorted y the lock chords oud i the accomaimet, ad are thereore easy to sig Examle 1 art I, mm 5 7

80 While CasteluovoTedesco s melodies ca e descried as mostly diatoic, he ote emloys istaces o chromatic ritig ometimes, a chromatic melody is used or a articular eect, as i examle here the udulatig chromatic lie exresses the eeig reerred to i the text Examle art I, mm 9 9 I additio, a moti that the comoser idetiies as like a alestiia dace (examle ) emloys some chromaticism that gives the theme a exotic character The uer strig igure suggests a uusual mode ith a redomiace o hal stes (, The harmoic rogressios i this assage ivolve alteratios etee the to holetoe hexachords

81 lat,, C, D, Elat, E,, G, lat, ), ad the ascedig ass lie oeys a strict chromatic sequece Examle art IV, mm 5 55 Other chromatic melodies occur i relatio to comositioal techiques such as modulatio or laig Examle shos a leaig chromatic vocal melody that is derived rimarily rom the accomaimet, a successio o laed irstiversio maor chords i the clariets 9

82 Examle art III, mm 5 59 The melodies i this ork vary etee lyrical ad arlado style, ote ased o the character o the articular lie o text or examle, the ulk o the arratio is give to the chorus i a arlado style ith limited melodic motio y cotrast, or assages o dialogue, the vocal lies emloy more lyrical melodies Examle 5 shos a hrase ith oth o these characteristics irst, he Ruth says He said uto me also, the reeated itches are idicative o a recitative I the assage o dialogue that ollos, the melody emloys a ascedig sequece o the hrase util they have eded ith my harvest 70

83 Examle 5 art IV, mm CasteluovoTedesco icludes may examles o text aitig, i hich the melody asceds or desceds accordig to the meaig o the text or istace, examle shos oe o several istaces o the ord ehold, o hich CasteluovoTedesco rites as a uard lea (here a maor sixth); this toic accet highlights the declarative character o the ord I examle 7, the hrase Who art thou, sug y oaz, cotais a uard lea o a mior ith, rigig heighteed emotio to that questio y cotrast, examle eatures a chromatic descet as Naomi descries her la or Ruth to go at ight to lie at the eet o oaz 7 Examle art IV, mm The tritoe i this assage may hit at a itimate ecouter etee Ruth ad oaz It is also used i art V, measures 79179, o the text eore oe could ko aother 71

84 Examle 7 art V, mm 77 7 Examle art IV, mm 5 ome assages emloy oth ascedig ad descedig melodic lies or exressive uroses I examle 9, Naomi s melody leas uard as she ivokes the ame o the lmighty, hile the may descedig igures illustrate the aguish that 7

85 she is exeriecig Likeise, the assage see i examle 10 cotais a ascedig melodic sequece that accomaies oaz s vo to ulill the role o kisma to Ruth I the measures that ollo (ot sho), he sigs a descedig octave lea as he istructs her to lie do util the morig Examle 9 art II, mm 1 lso ote the descedig erect ith to covey the ord emty 7

86 Examle 10 art V, mm other otale melodic eature o this ork is that may assages are derived rom a set o recurrig motis, hich aear to have seciic dramatic cootatios The use o such uiyig motis ill e examied more ully i the sectio o ormal desig elo, shoig that may melodic gestures are coected ith certai motis Harmoy s i other orks y CasteluovoTedesco, The ook o Ruth has may harmoic eatures that are commoly associated ith Imressioism, icludig chromaticism, exteded soorities, ad laig Other otale harmoic devices i the oratorio iclude requet use o sequeces, ostiatos, ad edal oits, as ell as a e assages that have a modal character 7

87 There are requet examles o chromaticism i this ork, hich ote results rom the use o other devices like laig, sequeces, or cotrary motio The latter is see i examle 11, here the our voices o the homohoic choral texture have chromatic lies that move raidly i cotrary motio similar istace is see i examle 1, here the chromatically descedig ass lie evokes the text ad she et do ito the loor y cotrast, the chromaticism i examle aove occurs i couctio ith laig i the uer strigs, ad a ascedig sequetial igure i the cellos ad asses Examle 11 art II, mm 01 0 Examle 1 art IV, mm 9 75

88 Exteded soorities are tyically oud oly at cadeces ad imortat ormal divisios art IV eds ith a cadece to a sustaied lat domiat 9 th chord, ad i the egiig o art V (see examle 1) that same soority is exteded or the irst to measures The itroductio o art VII, see i examle 1, culmiates i a G domiat 1 th chord i hich successive chord toes are sloly added ially, the maestic ial cadece o the oratorio cotais a series o exteded chords maor 9 ad D mior 11 that cadece to a C maor chord ith rie ilectios o C maor 7 see i examle 15 Examle 1 art V, mm

89 Examle 1 art VII, mm

90 Examle 15 art VII, mm

91 Examle 15 Cotiued 79

92 CasteluovoTedesco also utilized laig throughout this ork Oe occurrece is sho i examle 1, i hich the uer voices o the chorus ad the clariets reset a series o laed domiat 7 th chords This device is also see i examle 17, here the uaccomaied trele ad ass voices move i cotrary motio, ith laed iths ad octaves I other istaces, laig is used more ervasively throughout the texture, such as examles 15 (maor triads) ad 1 (iths ad octaves), here the device is oud across the ids, chorus, ad strigs Examle 1 art III, mm Examle 17 art VII, mm

93 Examle 1 art VI, mm CasteluovoTedesco uses several other harmoic devices throughout this ork, icludig sequeces, ostiatos, ad edal toes The melodic sequece see i examle 10, aove, accomaies a harmoic sequece i hich the toal ceter modulates rom lat maor to D maor Ostiato atters sometime aear i isolatio, hile several ostiatos are layered together i examle 19 ially, a romiet edal toe egis art I o the oratorio (ot sho); here, the edal i the loer strigs lasts or most o the irst tetyour measures 1

94 Examle 19 art VII, mm dditioally, the harmoies i several assages suggest other modes eside maor or mior or examle, the laig i examle 17 has a clear modal character (eolia i the sorao ad ass lies ad hrygia i the alto ad teor), ad the cadece i mm 90 o examle 0 suggests the Mixolydia mode o Elat I additio, examle 15 eatures a sustaied C maor soority i the chorus alog ith laed maor triads i the

95 uer ids ad strigs; this uxtaositio results i a ucovetioal soority that also suggests the hrygia mode o C 9 Examle 0 art III, mm 95 Rhythm ad Text ettig Like may o the melodic ad harmoic characteristics highlighted aove, the rhythmic devices used i The ook o Ruth ote serve exressive uroses or istace, the ord ehold is set i imitatio i examle 1 ith a declamatory rhythm a sixteeth ote aacrusis olloed y a loger ote value 0 lso, examle 9 cotais a recurrig rhythm, a dottedeighth olloed y a sixteeth, hich evokes the 9 The itches Dlat, Elat, lat, ad lat itroduce the loered d, rd, th, ad 7 th scale degrees, resectively 0 lso see examle aove

96 eeig o Naomi descried i the text ially, examle shos a reeated eighthote igure i the uer strigs, hich calls to mid the rockig o cradle, as the chorus sigs o Naomi cradlig Ruth s so i her arms Examle 1 art III, mm 5 Examle art VII, mm Examle also illustrates the comoser s use o various meters or exressive uroses The comoud meter i this examle seems to match the teder ad childlike

97 asects o that assage Comoud meter is also used throughout arts II ad III, i hich 1/ ad 15/ meters are used to evoke the astoral scee o the reaers ad gleaers i the ields o oaz I aother assage i art II, a slo / meter ad slo harmoic rhythm coveys Naomi s sadess (see examle ) Examle art II, mm 1 0 CasteluovoTedesco s use o rhythm i this ork is ot oly exressive ut also lexile, achievig a atural, luid declamatio o the text Much o the text settig i the oratorio is syllaic, hich allos the comoser to set a airly log liretto i a eiciet maer ad may imrove the itelligiility o the text i erormace I cotrast to the syllaic assages, the occasioal melismatic assages highlight articular ords o the text or istace, i examle 9, the melisma o the ord lmighty stads i 5

98 exressive cotrast to the otherise syllaically declaimed hrase lso, the climactic coclusio o the oratorio, see i examle 15, cotais reeated statemets o a melismatic motive o the ord David, highlightig the imortat lace that Ruth ad her so Oed have i David s lieage It is evidet that the comoser emloys lexile rhythms ad chagig meters i a attemt to match the musical rhythms ith the lo o the text The egiig o art III, see i examle 0, is a good examle o this varied use o rhythms (esecially the uxtaositio o dule ad trile divisios o the eat) lso, examle shos a careul alteratio o dule ad trile sudivisios o the hal ote Examle art VI, mm CasteluovoTedesco emloys various meters throughout the oratorio, ad occasioally i quick successio The requet meter chages i examle 5 serve to match the textual stress o the choral lies ith the doeat o each measure other assage ith requet meter chages is sho i examle, a urther illustratio o atural ad exressive textual declamatio achieved through shitig meters 1 1 I act, the comoser eve emloys simultaeous use o / ad 1/ meters i mm 1011 to cotrast the rhythms o the choral ad orchestral textures, resectively

99 Examle 5 art VI, mm 9 99 Examle art V, mm Though may more examles o careul text settig ca e highlighted, there are a e istaces i hich the stress o the text is rather akardly matched ith the musical rhythm or istace, the rhythm i examle 7 icorrectly laces the stress o the secod syllale o the ords Moa ad Orah imilarly, Examle shos a stress o the secod syllale o the ord comorted rather tha the irst While the e 7

100 icidets o akard declamatio may e attriuted to the comoser orkig i Eglish as oosed to his ative Italia, the vast maority o the ork dislays a very atural airig o text ad rhythm Examle 7 art I, mm Examle art III, mm 5 7 Vocal ad Choral Texture CasteluovoTedesco desigates each o the ive soloists as characters ithi the arrative o The ook o Ruth There are three maor roles: Naomi is sug y a mezzosorao, Ruth y a sorao, ad oaz y a aritoe The to uamed roles o a servat ad the kisma are ritte or a teor ad ass, resectively To excetios to the ractice are oud i art I, hoever I mm , the emale chorus sigs the ords o Orah ad Ruth; mm , here Ruth amously ledges to stay ith Naomi util death, is give to the emale chorus as ell roaly ecause art I as origially ritte as a stadaloe catata ith oly oe soloist

101 The solo vocal ritig ca e descried as either arioso or recitativo Examle 9, hich is lyrical ad exressive, shos a arioso assage sug y Naomi O the other had, istaces o recitativo ca e see i examle (Naomi), as ell as examle 9 (oaz) While the comoser reely alterates etee arioso ad recitativo styles, he rerais rom ritig ay exteded arias or the soloists Examle 9 art III, mm 10 1 Whereas the uctio o the soloists is to ortray idividual characters i the oratorio, the rimary role o the chorus is to advace the story y givig the large amout o arratio itersersed throughout the text Cosequetly, the choral textures are maily homohoic, ad ote ith sarse or o accomaimet or examle, the assage i examle 1 uses homohoic declamatio i the chorus accomaied y sustaied chords i the uer ids ad strigs Note also i this examle that the arratio that seaks o oaz is sug y the teors ad asses, hile the olloig arratio aout Ruth (ot sho) is sug y the uer voices o the chorus; this divisio o arratio y geder o the characters rovides variety i the choral texture ad is 9

102 commo throughout the oratorio urthermore, the comoser ote uses a uaccomaied, homohoic choral texture here the soraos ad altos move i cotrary motio ith the teors ad asses, see i examle 17 everal revious examles illustrate the comoser s comiatio o oth imitative ad homohoic choral textures, usually oud i that order Examle 11 is tyical, ith to voices i rie imitatio olloed y a homohoic texture Examle 1, y cotrast, egis ith all our voices i successive imitatio that uilds to a homohoic texture strict ourart imitatio is see elo i Examle 0, as the teors echo the soraos at the octave, hile the altos ad asses give a real aser to the motive at a ourth elo urthermore, a illustratio o a uusual imitative device that seems eculiar to CasteluovoTedesco is see i examle Here, the to leadig voices move i arallel motio at the third, hile a third voice ollos these i imitatio, resultig i a characteristic toversusoe texture that is revalet i the choral ritig o The ook o Ruth Examle 0 art IV, mm 5 59 I act, art I, hich itroduces the light o Naomi ad Ruth, calls or emale chorus oly, hile much o art VI, hich talks aout the elders o the city, is ritte exclusively or male chorus lso commo i these assages is the use o divisi ithi each sectio o the chorus 90

103 esides arratig to advace the story, the chorus is occasioally give assages o either a eutral voel or a hum This allos the chorus to serve a accomayig role i the overall texture or istace, examle 1 shos the chorus hummig exressively uder Naomi s solo lie lso, the chorus sigs i some o the orchestral iterludes, as i the sustaied lies o the syllale ah at the ed o art IV or the eighthote iterectios o oh at the ed o the oeig iterlude o art VI Examle 1 art I, mm Orchestratio The orchestra i The ook o Ruth is moderately large, ith ull sectios o ids (three lutes, iccolo, to ooes, Eglish hor, three clariets, ass clariet, ad to assoos), rass (our hors, three trumets, ad three tromoes), ad ercussio (timai, cymals, triagle, sare drum, tamourie, glockesiel, xylohoe, castaets, har, iao, ad celesta) i additio to the strigs, hich are at times divided ito to or eve three arts Eve so, the comoser reserves the ull orchestral orces or ust a e occasios tyically at eds o movemets (arts II, IV, VI, ad VII) or i orchestral iterludes that evoke the mood ad eergy o a articular scee (at the ed o art IV ad the egiig o art VI) 91