1 Introduction to Pitch
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1 Introduction to Pitch Sound Music is made of many different sounds combined together. In order to understand how to read music we need to understand how sound works at the fundamental level. Sound is created by the vibration of air. When air vibrates, this vibration moves through the air to our ear drums and is then turned into a signal our brains can understand as a sound. Pitch The vibration of the air, also know as a sound wave, can be measured as a frequency. The frequency of a sound wave is called its pitch. Pitch is one of the fundamental building blocks of music. There is a huge range of frequencies that can be heard by the human ear from 20 Hertz in the low bass range all the way up to the extremely high 20,000 Hertz, which may be higher than some people can hear. The concept of pitch allows musicians to express this entire range with the use of only the first 7 letters of the alphabet. A B C D E F G - 3 -
2 To best understand how pitch works lets visualize these 7 letters in a circle. The Keyboard Conveniently these 7 pitch letters are the same as the white keys on a piano keyboard
3 As I mentioned earlier there is a large range of frequencies but only 7 letters used to represent them. This is possible by using the 7 letters in rotation over and over again to label the entire range of frequencies. We can easily see that in the labeled keyboard below The seven 7 letters repeat as we move to the right on the keyboard, or up in pitch. You may notice that the pattern of keys on a piano repeats at every 12 keys, with the inclusion of the black keys. These 5 extra keys also have a specific pitch which we will need to modify the letter names to label them with. Flats, Sharps, Naturals These black keys are known as accidentals, or more commonly the flats and sharps. In order to label them with a pitch we need to add a flat sign (b ) or a sharp sign ( # ) before their letter name. Flats label a pitch as being one key lower than the original pitch name. You can clearly see how they are labeled as flats on the keyboard below
4 These same keys have another name when they are labeled as sharps. Sharps are labeled by their position of being one key higher than their neighboring pitch to the left. To best understand how to label these keys you need to understand the half & whole step. Half step & Whole step The shortest distance between any two pitches or keys on a piano keyboard is a half step
5 When moving from C to C# you are moving 1 half step. This is easy to visualize by moving from the top of the C key to the top of the C# key. When moving 2 half steps we call this a whole step, because two halves make a whole. When moving from C to D you moving 2 half steps or 1 whole step. Enharmonics So each black key can be labeled by its two names. This concept of having multiple names for a pitch is called an enharmonic relationship or more commonly as enharmonics. The pitches C# and Db are the same key on the keyboard, so they are considered enharmonics of each other. There are a couple special enharmonics that require the musician to play a white key even though they are labeled with a sharp or flat. These occur at the natural half steps on the keyboard
6 The natural half step occurs anywhere on the keyboard where two white keys do not have a black key between them. Here we see that between E & F and B & C there is no black key on the keyboard. These are the natural half steps. But occasionally we will see the enharmonics Fb, E#, B#, and Cb. These are considered as enharmonics equivalent to white keys. For now is clearest to fully understand why we use these but how to find them on a piano and what pitch they are. E# is one half higher than E, so it is the same as F. Fb is one half step below F, so is is the same as E. Similarly - 8 -
7 B# is one half higher than B, so it is the same as C. Cb is one half step below C, so is is the same as B. So now we have covered all the possible pitch names. Again it is best to imagine them as a circle, because as they repeat in either direction we can visualize their order. In conclusion: There are a total of 12 pitches, which only use 7 letter names
8 2 Reading Pitch from Notation Reading Pitch from Notation The 12 pitches are used in order to describe which frequency you, as the musician, should play on your instrument. To express which exact frequency in the entire range, a pitch needs to be notated onto a staff. The basic staff used in music is the 5 line staff. It consists of 5 parallel lines with 4 spaces between. Pitch is placed on a staff based on how high or low its frequency is. High pitches are higher on the staff and lower pitches are lower
9 2 Reading Pitch from Notation In general instruments that make high sounds will be placed on a staff that uses the Treble Clef and lower sounding instruments usually use the Bass Clef. The Treble Clef A Clef is a symbol that tells you as a musician where pitches are on a staff and their position. The Treble Clef is also known as the G clef because its second line from the bottom is G. You can remember this because the Treble Clef crosses this line a total of 4 times. This G line lets you know the rest of the pitches based on the relationships of the rest of the lines and space. As we move up the staff we rotate around the 7 pitch letters. So one right clockwise from G is A. So the note above the G line in the space will be A
10 2 Reading Pitch from Notation Below are the rest of the pitches if the Treble Clef. In order to easily remember these notes people use two acronyms. One for the lines and one for the spaces. For the lines you can say: Every Good Boys Does Fine
11 2 Reading Pitch from Notation For the spaces: Face (F A C E) The Bass Clef The Bass Clef is also called the F clef. This is due to its second line from the top being the pitch F. You can remember this by the large round end of the Bass Clef sits on this line and its two dots reside on just either side of it. Again higher notes are at the top of the staff and lower pitches at the bottom. The pitch letters move clockwise through the 7 letters as you move up the staff
12 2 Reading Pitch from Notation Below are the rest of the pitches of the Bass Clef. In order to easily remember these notes people also use two acronyms. One for the lines and one for the spaces. For the lines you can say: Good Boys Do Fine Always
13 2 Reading Pitch from Notation For the spaces: All Cows Eat Grass Finally, pianist will often see music written on the Grand Staff which is simply the combination of the Treble and Bass Clef together. Below is the Grand Staff with all the pitches of both Staves. (Staves is the plural form of the word Staff). Notice below that you see the pitch C on both staves. This is known as middle C. Not only is near the middle of the piano, but is theoretically the line that connects the Bass Clef to the Treble Clef
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