Music Year 11 - Term 3

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1 Music Year 11 - Term 3 Rhythmic Notation Name Of Note Symbol For Note Length Of Note Rest Symbol Semiquaver ¼ of a beat Quaver ½ a beat Crotchet 1 beat Dotted Crotchet 1 ½ beats Minim 2 beats Dotted Minim 3 beats Semibreve 4 beats Notes On A Stave

2 Notes On A Keyboard Set Works Bach Brandenburg Concerto Key Terms Concerto Grosso A piece of music written for an orchestra where there is a small group of soloists. Concertino The name of the small group of soloists Ripieno The larger group of instruments Fugue A musical texture where ideas are developed and overlapped Fugue Subject The short main theme of the fugue Fugue Answer When the theme is repeated Fugue Countersubject Music played after the main subject of the fugue Stretto When fugue entries overlap. This creates excitement/tension Ternary Structure Music in an ABA form (which this piece is) Gigue A fast, Baroque dance in compound time

3 Contrapuntal When two (or more) melodies are played together and they interweave Modulation - Changing key Passing Modulation Where the music changes key but only for a very short time before going to a different key. Affection The mood created by a piece of music. Baroque pieces only had one affection in each one. Other Points To Know Section A starts and finishes in the tonic key of D major. During the A sections we modulate to other keys too though to keep it interesting. From bar 12 we modulate to the dominant key (A major), confirmed by the Perfect Cadence in this key in bars We also go to the dominant of the dominant (which we refer to as the Secondary Dominant) which is E major. We start going to this key in bar 23 and we have a Perfect Cadence in it in bars There are a few passing modulations after this before the section ends in D major. Section B starts and finishes in the relative minor key, B minor. This section is more chromatic and the music passes through a lot of keys (mostly minor ones). One example would be going to F# minor in bar 198. The texture is very polyphonic, which is typical of Baroque music. The texture of Section B is lighter overall though. There are no dynamics on the score. He uses terraced dynamics to increase or decrease the volume (i.e. having more of fewer people playing). Beethoven Piano Sonata No. 8 in C Minor, Pathetique Key Words Sonata Form A musical structure made up of three sections Exposition, Development, Recapitulation. The ideas of repetition and contrast are important in this structure. Exposition Two subjects are presented, in different but related keys Development Ideas from the two subjects are manipulated. Typically this section modulates through lots of keys. Recapitulation The two subjects re-appear, but this time both are played in the tonic. Perfect Cadence Chord 5 followed by Chord 1 Imperfect Cadence A cadence ending on Chord 5, sounding incomplete. Usually proceeded by Chord 1, 2 or 4. Interrupted Cadence Chord 5 followed by Chord 6. Murky Bass Fast octave repetitions in the bass, played by the left hand. Augmentation Making the note values of an idea longer Legato When music is played smoothly Staccato When the notes are played short and spiky Alberti Bass A left hand accompaniment idea made up of broken chords Mordent An ornament where you play the note, quickly play the one above it and then go back to the main note. Cadential 6/4 A famous chord progression (Ic V7 I). This piece has one at the end. Other key points Beethoven didn t strictly follow the rules. There is the addition of the very slow introduction (and this slow idea reappears a few other times in the piece). The Exposition starts in C minor. The first subject is in C minor. The second subject starts in the unusual key of Eb minor. It then goes to the more expected key of Eb major (the relative major of C minor). The Development section starts with a slow passage in G minor and then when the tempo goes back to being fast again the key goes to E minor and then goes through a lot of keys, such as G minor in bars The Recapitulation section has the first subject again in the tonic of C minor. We then expect the second subject to reappear in C minor too, but here is appears in the unexpected key of F minor, before going back to C minor at the end of the section. The piece is rounded off with a short Coda section, starting with a slow phrase, followed by a fast finale.

4 Purcell Music For A While Key Terms Basso Continuo Continuous bass parts provided by the harpsichord and bass viol Syllabic Where each syllable in the vocal part has one note Melismatic Where each syllable in the vocal part has more than one note Word Painting Depicting a word in music to imitate its meaning Dissonance Clashing Suspension Prolonging a note to create dissonance with the next chord Tierce De Picardie When a minor piece of music ends on the tonic major chord (the third has been sharpened) Da Capo Aria ABA, but the repeat of A has been ornamented by the singer (also known as rounded binary form) Ground Bass - A repeated bass pattern over which the melody develops. Typically minor, slow, descending and chromatic The A sections are in A minor, and the B section is in the relative major (C major). He creates a feeling of sadness by using: Descending phrases Minor Key Slow tempo Dissonant intervals between the melody and the bass Word Painting is used, such as the descending sequence when the singer repeatedly sings the word drop. The Ground Bass is three bars long and most of the vocal phrases are 4 bars long, therefore they overlap. Helps convey the sense of unease. The song is from a play (it is not a musical). The play tells of Oedipus who accidentally kills his father and then marries his own mother without realising. Upon realising this he plucks out his own eyes and kills himself. In this song the soloist is singing to the fury called Alecto to free to ghost of his father. Queen Killer Queen Key Terms Multitracking When all the parts are recorded separately and then put together afterwards Anthem/Anthemic A song with a strong, memorable melody. Often very uplifting. Middle 8 Connects two sections (usually the final choruses). Doesn t need to be 8 bars long. Capo A clamp fastened across all the guitar strings to raise their pitch Harmonic Sequence When a chord sequence is immediately repeated at either a higher or lower pitch Scalic A melody based on a scale Harmonic Rhythm The rate at which the chords change Circle of Fifths A chord sequence where each chord is a 5 th lower than the last one Vamp A short, repeating accompaniment phrase Synthesiser An instrument that creates electronic sounds, often designed to sound like other instruments Overdubbing Recording an instrumental of vocal part over previously recorded music Antiphony Music performed alternately by two groups

5 Syncopation Emphasising the off-beats Panning Where the sound appears to go from one speaker to the other Flanger An effect creating a swirling sound Distortion An electric guitar effect that makes the sound appear more gritty Reverb An effect that gives the impression of being in a larger physical space Pull Offs When a note is sounded on the guitar by plucking the string with the fretting hand - Based on a verse-chorus structure, but has some unusual phrase lengths. - Is in Eb major an unusual key for rock music. - There are many modulations - Lots of harmonic sequences - No synths used in this, all live instruments - 12/8 compound time - Lots of syncopation - Fast tempo - Lots of syllabic writing in the vocal part Schwartz Defying Gravity Leitmotif A recurring musical idea which is associated with a particular character or place in a musical Motif A short melodic phrase of just a few notes Bitonal Being in two keys at the same time Tremolando/Tremolo Rapidly playing the same note over and over again Augmented Chord A triad where the top interval has been made a semitone larger Colla Voce Literally with the voice the singer dictates the tempo Bare Fifths When chords do not have the third so could be either major or minor. Circle Of Fifths A chord sequence where each one is a fifth lower than the last one (or a fourth higher) Vocalisation Wordless singing using a vowel sound (e.g. Aah ) - Taken from the musical Wicked. It closes Act One when Elphaba has decided she is going to stand up to The Wonderful Wizard Of Oz. - The interval of a 5 th is important throughout - There are times where there is dialogue in this song. What the orchestra plays there is called the underscore. - Major key throughout (D major, but there is a part in G major) - Melody is often syncopated to show the excitement she is feeling. - She gradually increases in confidence with her decision to stand up to the wizard throughout the song. The choruses start off with interrupted cadences at the start of the song, but becomes a perfect cadence at the end. - The overall pitch of the song rises as the song progresses, also showing her newfound confidence. John Williams Star Wars Diegetic Music Music contained within the action of the film and included in the story (e.g. music played in a bar). If a character can hear it, it is diagetic. If they cannot hear it, it is non-diegetic. Underscoring Non-diegetic music adding to the mood of the scene Cue A section of music in a film Fanfare A celebratory piece for brass instruments often marking the opening of an important event or ceremony Added Sixth Chord A common jazz chord with the sixth note above the tonic added

6 Compound Interval An interval of more than an octave Ostinato A short repeated pattern Rit/Ritardando Gradually slowing down Neapolitan Chord A chord built on the flattened 2 nd. - Main theme is in a three part ternary structure. There then follows a link taking us into the Rebel Blockade Runner theme. Another short link takes us into the March and the piece concludes with a short Codetta. - Fourths and Sevenths are important in this piece - Leitmotifs are used. The main theme is associated with Luke Skywalker (strong, bold and heroic). Played at the start by a full symphony orchestra. - Rebel Blockade Runner theme is a contrast to the main theme. Much quieter and lighter in texture. Slow tempo. - March sees a return to a military mood. - Codetta is a short ending section with a very fast tempo. Suddenly ends very quietly and on a long sustained pedal C which will lead into the next cue in the film sequence. Esperanza Spalding Sambe Em Preludio Fusion A mixture of two musical styles Turnaround A set of chords that are faster moving to get us back to a repeated section Hi Hat A pair of cymbals mounted on a stand and operated by a pedal Kick Drum A synonym for the bass drum Side Sticks Hitting the edge of the snare drum with the sticks held sideways Clave A rhythm associated with a Latin Percussion instrument Tempo Rubato The tempo is pulled around Counterpoint Means tune against tune. Two or more melodies played together Changes What the chords are called in jazz music Chorus The jazz term for one repetition of the changes Substitution Chord A changed chord in one repetition of the changes - Mostly split in to 16 bar sections - Intro V1 Break V2 Guitar Solo V3 Coda - B minor - Many extended chords used - Female vocal, acoustic bass guitar and nylon stringed acoustic guitar (second guitar overdubbed for solo) - Starts in free tempo, then goes into 4/4 metre - Based on the bossa nova rhythm - Very syncopated - Melody starts with vocal broken chords outlines the harmony - Syllabic word setting throughout - Melody notes are often the highest extension of extended chords - Monophonic texture at the start - Counterpoint between the parts - Very sparse in places, creating an intimate feel Afro Celt Sound System Release Techno A style of electronic music Groove In this context, a drum loop Fusion A mixture of two, or more, musical styles

7 Pad A synthesised sound designed to be used in chords Drone A long held note, or a repeatedly played one, often low in pitch Metre The number of beats in a bar Sample A pre-recorded segment of sound Loop A short repeated passage, often including electronic drums Build Here this refers to the gradual introduction of more instruments Coda A section sometimes added to the end of a piece or movement Ostinato A short repeated pattern Static Harmony When the harmony remains on a single chord for a prolonged period of time Riff A short passage of music that is repeated Mix The relative volume of the different parts in a recording and their place in the stereo field Breakdown When many of the parts drop out of the musical texture for a short period of time - Intro/V1/V2/Solos/V3/Build/Outro - Mostly made of 8 bar phrases - Sections determined by texture rather than tonality - Modal (Aeolian) - Static Harmony - Irish instruments (Bodhran, Uilleann Pipes, Accordion, Low whistle, Fiddle, Hurdy Gurdy) - African instruments (Kora, Djembe, Talking Drum) - Maninka language from Guinea is spoke, plus singing in English and Irish (Gaelic) - 4/4 time - Use of syncopation and triplets, especially in the solos - Conjunct movement mainly in vocals. More disjunct in solos - Free tempo at the beginning - Steady tempo after the bodhran entry - Multracked and layers - Parts are faded in and out and panned stereo field - Reverb used on all parts to create a sense of space.

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