1.39 Musical Instruments

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1 1.39 Musical Instruments Identify common features shared by all musical instruments. Describe how different categories of musical instruments make sounds and change pitch. Do you ever see a colorful drum like this one before? It s a traditional musical instrument of Uruguay. The drummer is equally colorful. Each time he strikes the drum, it produces a loud, pounding sound. There are hundreds of different kinds of musical instruments, from drums to horns to stringed instruments. Would it surprise you to learn that all of them make sound in the same basic way? Making Music People have been using sound to make music for thousands of years. They have invented many different kinds of musical instruments. Despite their diversity, however, musical instruments share certain similarities. All musical instruments create sound by causing matter to vibrate. The vibrations start sound waves moving through the air. Most musical instruments use resonance to amplify the sound waves and make the sounds louder. Resonance occurs when an object vibrates in response to sound waves of a certain frequency. In a musical instrument such as a drum, the whole instrument and the air inside it may vibrate when the head of the drum is struck. Most musical instruments have a way of changing the frequency of the sound waves they produce. This changes the pitch of the sounds, or how high or low the sounds seem to a listener. 135

2 1.39. Musical Instruments Categories of Musical Instruments There are three basic categories of musical instruments: percussion, wind, and stringed instruments. You can read in the Figure 1.81 how instruments in each category make sound and change pitch. FIGURE 1.81 Q: Can you name other instruments in each of the three categories of musical instruments? A: Other percussion instruments include drums and cymbals. Other wind instruments include trumpets and flutes. Other stringed instruments include guitars and harps. You can learn in greater depth how musical instruments work at the following URL. ash/instruments_intro/how_instruments_work_-_in_depth.html You can learn more about specific musical instruments at these URLs: Summary 136 All musical instruments create sound by causing matter to vibrate. Most musical instruments use resonance to amplify sound waves and make sounds louder. Most musical instruments also have a way of changing the frequency of sound waves, which changes the pitch of the sounds.

3 There are three basic categories of musical instruments: percussion instruments such as xylophones, wind instruments such as clarinets, and stringed instruments such as violins. Vocabulary pitch: How high or low a sound seems to a listener. resonance: Vibration of an object in response to sound waves of a certain frequency. Practice At the following URLs, find tips and ideas for building homemade musical instruments. Then design a musical instrument of your own. Include ways to make your instrument louder and change its pitch. graypoodles/kkraft.html Review 1. List three properties of most musical instruments. 2. Define resonance. How is resonance used in musical instruments? 3. Identify the three basic categories of musical instruments. 4. What is your favorite musical instrument? In which category does it belong? How do you think it makes sounds and changes pitch? 137

4 1.40. Ultrasound Ultrasound Define ultrasound Describe echolocation. State what sonar is and how it is used. Explain how ultrasound is used to see inside the human body. What could this smiling dolphin and yawning bat possibly have in common? It s not just that both of them are mammals. Both of them also use ultrasound to find things in the dark. What Is Ultrasound? Ultrasound is sound that has a wave frequency higher than the human ear can detect. It includes all sound with wave frequencies higher than 20,000 waves per second, or 20,000 hertz (Hz). Although we can t hear ultrasound, it is very useful to humans and some other animals. Uses of ultrasound include echolocation, sonar, and ultrasonography. Echolocation Animals such as bats and dolphins send out ultrasound waves and use their echoes, or reflected waves, to identify the locations of objects they cannot see. This is called echolocation. Animals use echolocation to find prey and avoid running into objects in the dark. You can see in the Figure 1.82 and also at the following URL how a bat uses echolocation to find insect prey. Sonar Sonar uses ultrasound in a way that is similar to echolocation. Sonar stands for sound navigation and ranging. It is used to locate underwater objects such as submarines. That s how the ship pictured below is using it. A sonar device is both a sender and a receiver. It sends out ultrasound waves and detects the waves after they reflect from 138

5 FIGURE 1.82 underwater objects. If you watch the video at the URL below, you can see how sonar is used on a submarine. http ://dsc.discovery.com/videos/ultimate-guide-to-submarines-sonar.html FIGURE 1.83 The distance to underwater objects can be calculated from the known speed of sound in water and the time it takes for the sound waves to travel to the object. The equation for distance traveled when speed and time are known is: Distance = Speed x Time 139

6 1.40. Ultrasound Consider the ship and submarine in the picture above. If an ultrasound wave travels from the ship to the submarine and back again in 2 seconds, what is the distance from the ship to the submarine? The sound wave travels from the ship to the submarine in just 1 second, or half the time it takes to make the round trip. The speed of sound waves through ocean water is 1437 m/s. Therefore, the distance from the ship to the submarine is: Distance = 1437 m/s x 1 s = 1437 m Q: Now assume that the sonar device on the ship sends an ultrasound wave to the bottom of the water. If the sound wave is reflected back to the device in 4 seconds, how deep is the water? A: The time it takes the wave to reach the bottom is 2 seconds. So the distance from the ship to the bottom of the water is: Distance = 1437 m/s x 2 s = 2874 m Ultrasonography Another use of ultrasound is to see inside the human body. This use of ultrasound is called ultrasonography. Harmless ultrasound waves are sent inside the body, and the reflected waves are used to create an image on a screen. This technology is used to examine internal organs and unborn babies without risk to the patient. You can see a doctor using ultrasound in the Figure You can watch an animation showing how ultrasonography works at this URL: FIGURE 1.84 Summary 140 Ultrasound is sound that has a wave frequency higher than the human ear can detect. It includes all sounds with wave frequencies higher than 20,000 waves per second, or 20,000 hertz (Hz). Animals such as bats and dolphins send out ultrasound waves and use their echoes to identify the locations of objects they cannot see. This is called echolocation. Sonar stands for sound navigation and ranging. It is used to locate underwater objects such as submarines. Ultrasonography is the use of reflected ultrasound waves to see inside the body.

7 Vocabulary sonar: Sound navigation and ranging; use of reflected ultrasound waves to locate objects under water. ultrasound: Sound with a frequency above the range of human hearing (greater than 20,000 hertz). Practice At the following URL, read about dolphin echolocation and watch the animation. Then answer the questions below Why do dolphins use echolocation? 2. Describe how dolphins use echolocation. 3. What can dolphins determine about an object by using echolocation? 4. From how far away can dolphins see small objects with echolocation? Review 1. Define ultrasound. 2. Explain how animals use echolocation to find things in the dark. 3. What does sonar stand for? How is it used to locate underwater objects? 4. A sonar device on a ship sends ultrasound waves under the water to locate a sunken ship. It takes the ultrasound wave 0.6 seconds to travel from the device to the sunken ship and back again. How far below the surface is the sunken ship? 5. How is ultrasonography like sonar? 141

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