AP Theory Overview:

Transcription

1 AP Theory Overvie: 1. When you miss class, keep up ith assignments on our ebsite: 2. Take notes using our 'Note-taking paper', or buy: 3. Ask questions in class 4. Bring your AP 3-ring notebook to class EVERY class-day 5. We MUST get through the first 6 chapters quickly Important online link: Notation: - Music is a form of communication - Very important to have clean and correctly ritten manuscript - Music cannot be played or distinguished if it cannot be read, or if the rules for notation are not folloed - "Standard Practice of Music Notation"

2 Tonal Harmony, Chapter 1, "Elements of Pitch" Pitch: refers to the highness and loness of sound. Pitch is determinate sound. Musical Alphabet: 7 pitches: A, B, C, D, E, F, G? The Keyboard: 88 total keys C nearest the middle of the keyboard is knon as Middle C or C4. Piano Keyboard: Hint: Left of every set of 2 black keys is C Left of every set of 3 black keys is F Octave: the distance of 8 diatonic steps or 12 half steps; distance from one note up or don to its next occurrence (i.e. C4 to C5, G4 to G5, Bb4 to Bb5, etc.) Notation on the Staff Staff: arrangement of 5 lines and 4 spaces that can be extended through the use of ledger lines. Indicates the precise pitch desired Clef: symbol hich indicates hich pitches are to be associated ith hich lines and spaces. 4 clefs: treble, bass, alto, tenor Chapter 1 Ear-Training Goals: - To associate Chapter 1 concepts ith appropriate Ear-Training 1. Write (aurally) recognize Major Scales 2. Write recognize all 3 forms of the Minor Scales/Keys 3. Write recognize Perfect, Major Minor Intervals 4. Write recognize Augmented diminished Interval

3 AP Theory, Chapt 1 Worksheet Name: Date: Period: 1 2 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 middle C A. For each note on the Grand Staff belo, place the number corresponding to each note ON the matching White key, or ABOVE the matching Black key on the keyboard above, as shon in EX. A for notes 1 2.? EX. A b 3 4 b 5 6? B b 7 8 b Clefs used in AP Theory, each shoing 'Middle C': Treble Bass Alto (C Clef) Tenor (C Clef) C4 C4 C4 C4 2. Ledger lines, both above and belo the staff. Note: see page 17 for other "C" Clef info B GRAND STAFF: B B Write note-names: (Complete parts of Self-Test 1-1 ) 3. Major Scales have a specific pattern of W (hole) and H (half) steps. Can you rite a Major Scale using the W W H - W - W W H pattern using accidentals only? W W H W W W H W W H W W W H 4. Write Major Scales starting on the given note, using accidentals only. Sho W H step pattern on blanks. b _

4 Major Key Signatures ith Flats, and Tetrachords What are Tetrachords? (AP Term) A tetrachord is a group of four successive notes. Major scales consist of to tetrachords, an upper and a loer one, separated by a hole step. The loer tetrachord is the first four notes of a scale, and the upper tetrachord is the last four notes of a scale. 4 4 Upper tetrachord W W H Loer tetrachord 19 Key name: F b of flats: 1 W W W H Find the 1st flat key by going up a fourth from C: Starting ith C Major, hich has no sharps or flats, e can build a ne scale from its loer tetrachord. The loer tetrachord of C Major - C,D,E,F - forms the upper tetrachord of an F Major scale, hich has one flat, Bb. A Key name: Bb of flats: 2 bb Write the loer tetrachord of F Major as the upper tetrachord of the ne flat key: b b b Key name: Eb of flats: 3 Key name: Ab of flats: 4 Key name: Db of flats: 5 Key name: Gb of flats: 6 Key name: Cb of flats: 7 bb b bb b b bb b b b bb b b b b bb b b b b b Bb Write the loer tetrachord of Major as the upper tetrachord the ne flat key: b b Eb b b Write the loer tetrachord of Major as the upper tetrachord the ne flat key: b b b b b Write the loer tetrachord of Major as the upper tetrachord the ne flat key: b Ab b b b b b Write the loer tetrachord of Major as the upper tetrachord the ne flat key: b b Db b b b b b Write the loer tetrachord of Major as the upper tetrachord the ne flat key: b b Gb b b b b b b

5 40 Major Key Signatures ith Sharps, and Tetrachords What are Tetrachords? A tetrachord is a group of four successive notes. Major scales consist of to tetrachords, an upper and a loer one, separated by a hole step. The loer tetrachord is the first four notes of a scale, and the upper tetrachord is the last four notes of a scale. Key name: of sharps: W W H Loer tetrachord G 1 W Upper tetrachord W W H Find the 1st sharp key by going up a fifth from C: Starting ith C Major, hich has no sharps or flats, e can build a ne scale from its upper tetrachord. The upper tetrachord of C Major - G,A,B,C - forms the loer tetrachord of a G Major scale, hich has one sharp, F. 5 D 2 Key name: of sharps: A 3 Key name: of sharps: Write the upper tetrachord of G Major as the loer tetrachord of the ne sharp key: D Write the upper tetrachord of Major as the loer tetrachord the ne sharp key: A Write the upper tetrachord of Major as the loer tetrachord the ne sharp key: E 4 Key name: of sharps: B 5 Key name: of sharps: Write the upper tetrachord of Major as the loer tetrachord the ne sharp key: E F 6 Key name: C 7 Write the upper tetrachord of Major as the loer tetrachord the ne sharp key: of sharps: Key name: B F Write the upper tetrachord of Major as the loer tetrachord the ne sharp key: of sharps: rite key signature and key-note

6 63 1. Major Key Signatures: What's the easy ay to IDENTIFY Major Key Signatures? Sharp Keys: the name of the key is a half-step above the last sharp... Flat Keys: the name of the key is the next to last flat...? Hint: from C, count 'UP' 5 to find each SHARP Key 6 70 Key: G D A E B F C? b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b Hint: from C, either count 'DOWN' 5 or 'UP' 4 to find each FLAT Key name... b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b Key: F B b E b A b D b G b C b 2. The "Order of the Flats" (1 to 7 Flats) in Flat Key Signatures is: B E A D G C F The mnemonic device is: "Bead-go-college-football" 3. The "Order of the Sharps" (1 to 7 Sharps) in Sharp Key Signatures is: F C G D A E B The mnemonic device is: "Fat Cats Go Don Alleys Eating Bagels" 4. Note that the "Order of the Sharps" is the REVERSE of the "Order of the Flats". 5. The major scale ith one flat is F major. 6. What's the easy-ay to WRITE Major Key Signatures using the order of flats or sharps? 1. Flats: consider the "Order of the Flats": B E A D G C F Since the NAME of a flat key is the next to last flat, simply go one flat past the name. 2. Sharps: consider the "Order of the Sharps": F C G D A E B Since the NAME of a sharp key is a half-step ABOVE the last sharp, simply find the last sharp a half-step BELOW the name of the key. Complete Major Scale Ear-Training orksheet Self-Test The 'Minor Scale': 3 Different Types of Minor Scales Natural Minor Harmonic Minor Melodic Minor 2. 'To' Ways of Writing Minor Scales: Parallel: (AP Term) major and minor keys that share the same starting note Relative: (AP Term) major and minor keys that share the same key signatures? Parallel Minor b b b Relative Minor C Major C Natural Minor Eb Major C Natural Minor b b b

7 Let's focus on learning ho to rite the "Relative Natural Minor Scale": 7 Minor scales/keys are used by composers hen they ish to express a different mood than those characterized by Major scales in music. Minor scales and keys conjure feelings of sorro or tension. Minor scales share the Key Signature of their Relative Major Key. Example 1 shos that relationship very clearly. All of the notes in the E Minor Scale are found in the G Major Scale ith the difference beteen the to just the starting note or Tonic. The G Major Scale starts on G hich is its Tonic and the E Minor Scale starts on E hich is its Tonic. Example 1: G MAJOR: E MINOR: 4 4 Tonic Tonic Each Major Scale/Key has a relative Minor (cousin) that uses the same notes and key signature, hoever each starts on a different note (Tonic). Memorize: The starting note (Tonic) for the Relative Minor is the sixth note of its Major cousin. Memorize: Another ay of finding a Major Scale's 'relative minor' is to find the note a minor third BELOW the Major and that is the Tonic of the Relative Minor. Memorize: Conversely to find the a Minor Scale's 'relative Major Key Signature', simply find the note a a minor third ABOVE the minor tonic. The E Minor Scale above is a Natural Minor Scale because all the notes belong to its 'relative Major', G Major. In other ords, 'E to E in the Key of G Major is the E Natural Minor Scale'. Study the Example 1. Exercise 1. Write the folloing Natural Minor Scales by first riting the 'Relative Major' Key Signature and then the Natural Minor Scale (use quarter notes as shon in Example 2): 1. G Natural Minor Scale 2. B Natural Minor Scale bb 3. C Natural Minor Scale 4. F Natural Minor Scale 5. F Natural Minor Scale 6. D Natural Minor Scale

8 Let's focus on learning ho to rite the "Relative Harmonic Minor Scale": Natural Minor is only one of the three types of Minor Scales. There are also Harmonic Minor and Melodic Minor Scales. These additional types of Minor are used hen composers ish to utilize Minor Keys in melody and in harmony. 8 Let's learn ho to rite Harmonic Minor Scales. The Harmonic Minor Scale has a raised 7th scale degree compared to the Natural Minor Scale. Here are the 'Completion Steps' for riting Harmonic Minor Scales: Write the 'Relative Major Key Signature' 2. Write the Natural Minor Scale first 3. Put scale degree numbers under each note of the Natural Minor Scale 4. Look at the 7th scale 6 degree 7 of 1 the Natural 2 Minor 3 4 Scale, 5 hile 6 being 7 MINDFUL 8 of the KEY SIGNATURE (is there anything in the KEY SIGNATURE that might affect the 7th scale degree?) 5. Name the 7th scale degree and then decide hether a, n, or ould be best to RAISE the 7th scale degree by 1/2 Step. Reminder: you'll use a sharp, natural, or double-sharp to raise the 7th! 6. Since the raised 7th scale degree is a LEADING TONE, rite the Note-Letter-Name and the accidental that raises it on the blank: LT = 7. Then rite the accidental next to the NOTE. 8. See Example 3! EXAMPLE 3 Eb Natural Minor Scale: b b b b b b b b b b b b n Eb Harmonic Minor Scale: LT = D n Exercise 2: Use quarter notes to rite the folloing Harmonic Minor Scales. Write the Key Signature first. USE THE COMPLETION STEPS 1-8 above. 1. D Harmonic Minor Scale LT = 2. Ab Harmonic Minor Scale LT = 3. G Harmonic Minor Scale LT = 4. Bb Harmonic Minor Scale LT = Suggestion: make a habit of riting the LT (raised 7th) for Harmonic Melodic minor scales.

9 Ho to rite Melodic Minor Scales Natural Minor is only one of the three types of Minor Scales. There are also Harmonic Minor and Melodic Minor Scales. These additional types of Minor are used hen composers ish to utilize Minor Keys in melody and in harmony. 9 Let's learn ho to rite Melodic Minor Scales. The Melodic Minor Scale has a raised 6th and 7th scale degree ascending compared to the Natural Minor Scale, but then the descending portion returns to the Natural Minor Scale. Here are the 'Completion Steps' for riting Melodic Minor Scales: 1. Write the 'Relative Major Key Signature' 2. Write an ASCENDING DESCENDING Natural Minor Scale first (4 measures) 3. Put scale degree numbers under each note of the Natural Minor Scale 4. Look at the 6th 7th scale degrees of the ASCENDING Natural Minor Scale, hile being MINDFUL of the KEY SIGNATURE (is there anything in the KEY SIGNATURE that might affect the 6th 7th scale degrees?) 5. Name the 6th 7th scale degrees and then decide hether a, n, or ould be best to RAISE the 6th 7th scale degrees (on the ASCENDING portion) by 1/2 Step. Reminder: you'll use a sharp, natural, or double-sharp to raise the 6th and 7th! 6. Since the raised 7th scale degree is a LEADING TONE, rite the Note-Letter-Name and the accidental that raises it on the blank: LT = 7. Then rite the proper accidentals next to the NOTES. 8. Return the DESCENDING portion of the scale back to NATURAL MINOR (loer the 6th 7th) 9. See Example 4! EXAMPLE 4 Bb Natural Minor Scale: b b b b b b b b b b n n Raised 6th 7th ascending - loered 6th 7th descending Bb Melodic Minor Scale: LT = A n Exercise 3: Use quarter notes to rite the folloing Meldic Minor Scales. First rite the Key Signature. USE THE COMPLETION STEPS 1-9 above use 4 quarter notes per measure B Melodic Minor Scale LT = (rite the KEY then start on B3) 2. G Melodic Minor Scale LT = (rite the KEY then start on G4)

10 Three minor scale types, summarized: 10 Note that scale degrees (^ = scale degree symbol) 1 through 5 are identical in all three forms of the minor scale. This pattern of -h-- is knon as the minor pentachord. Pentachord ^ definition: ^ a series of five consecutive notes of a scale. 118 a. Note that the 7th scale degree (7) of the Harmonic minor scale is raised compared ith the Natural minor scale. The raised 7th scale degree is indicated ith an upard arro: 7. b. Note that both the 6th and 7th scale degrees ( 6 7) of the ascending Melodic minor scale are raised compared ith the Natural minor scale. Indicate the raised 6 7 scale degree ith an upard arro: ^ 6 7. ^ c. Note that both the 7th and 6th scale degrees ( 6 7) of the descending Melodic minor are loered compared ith the Natural minor scale. Indicate the loered 6 7 scale degree ith ^ ^ a donard arro: 7 6. Example 5: Natural minor b b b ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ indicates Scale Degree indicates a raised pitch indicates a loered pitch Harmonic minor b b N ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Melodic minor b N N b b A ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Scale Degree Names: 121 Example 6: ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ b tonic supertonic mediant subdominant dominant submediant (subtonic) leading tone tonic Complete minor Scale Ear-Training orksheet Self-Test 1-3 n

11 11 Chapter "Checkpoint" challenge: a. b. c. 1. Translate these numbers aloud to scale degree names as fast as possible. Repeat as often as necessary until speed is attained! ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Call out or sing the scale degree names contained in each example that follos: 122 C: G:? b n d:

12 Intervals (read Ed 6 Text, pages 18-23; read Ed 7 Text, pages 8-13) 12 Terms: Interval: the measurement of the distance in pitch beteen to notes, measured in numbers Harmonic Interval: hen notes are performed at the same time Melodic Interval: hen notes are performed successively (one-at-a-time) Unison/Prime: e use the terms prime or unison instead of "1" Octave: e use the term Octave (8ve) instead of "8" 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th: e use these terms instead of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Simple Intervals: intervals smaller than an 8ve Compound Intervals: intervals of an 8ve or larger Interval Modifiers: Perfect, Major, Minor, Augmented diminished 125 Example 7: 'Melodic' intervals of the Major Scale? b F: W W H W W W H 126 Example 8: 'Harmonic' intervals of the Major Scale? b F: PP M2 M3 P4 P5 M6 M7 P8 Learning Target: One ay to begin learning the modifiers for intervals is by relating them to the harmonic intervals of the Major Scale, specifically the intervals from 1 thru 8. (See Example 8) Learning Target: This method can then be applied in any context, hether or not the major scale is actually being used. Learning Target: Notice that the harmonic intervals of the Major Scale are either Perfect (P) or Major (M). Learning Target: The Perfect (P) intervals are Prime (unison), 4th, 5th, and 8ve. Learning Target: The Major (M) intervals are 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 7th. Example 9: 'Major scale degrees 1-1, 1-4, ill alays be PP, P4, P5 P8' C: PP P4 P5 P8

13 Intervals, continued. 13 Learning Target: If e ant to spell a Perfect interval above Eb, for example, e need only to think of scale steps 1, 4, and 5 of the Eb Major scale. Learning Target: If the bottom note does not commonly serve as scale degree 1 of a Major scale (such as D), remove the accidental temporarily, spell the interval, and then apply the accidental to both notes (see Example 10, belo) Example 10: 131 N N 144 P5 above P5 above P5 above D =? D n = A n D = A Exercise: a. b. b P4 above P5 above Fb =? G =? Learning Target: the modifiers Major and minor are used only in connection ith 2nds, 3rds, 6ths, 7ths. Learning Target: the intervals formed by scale degrees 1-2, 1-3, in the Major scale are all Major intervals, see Example 11, belo. Example 11: 'Major scale degrees 1-2, 1-3, ill alays be M2, M3, M6 M7' C: M2 M3 M6 M7 Learning Target: if a Major interval is made a half-step smaller ithout altering its numerical name, it becomes a minor interval, see Example 12, belo. Example 12: 'notice that you can make an interval smaller by loering the top note or raising the bottom note. a. b. c. d. 4 4 b M2 m2 M3 m3 M6 m6 M7 m7 b a

14 14 Intervals, continued. Terms: Augmented Interval: a Perfect or Major interval is made larger by a half-step ithout changing the numerical name. Diminished Interval: a Perfect or minor interval is made smaller by a half-step ithout changing the numerical name. Tritone: a term used for the +4 or o5. A or + = Augmented d or o = diminished M = Major m = minor Learning Target: Interval 'flo chart' A A M m P d d?

15 Inversion of Intervals (read Ed 6 Text, pages 22-23; read Ed 7 Text, pages 12-13) 15 Terms: Interval Inversion: hen the bottom pitch of an interval is put above the top pitch, or vice-versa. Learning Target: descending intervals, especially large ones, are often easier to spell and identify through the use of Interval Inversions. Learning Target: e invert an interval by putting the bottom pitch above the top one, for example, the interval D-A inverts to A-D. Learning Target: When e invert an interval, the ne numerical name is alays different from the old one. Learning Target: the ne numerical name can be calculatd by subracting the old numerical name from 9. Constant value of Minus old numeric name Equals ne numeric name Learning Target: an inverted 2nd becomes a 7th; a 3rd becomes a 6th; a 4th becomes a 5th; and so on... Example 13: ?? Learning Target: the modifier also changes hen an interval is inverted, ith the exception of perfect intervals: Old modifier: m M P + o Ne modifier: M m P o + Learning Target: as an example of the usefulness of inversion, suppose you anted to kno hat note lies a m6 belo G3. Solution: invert the m6 don to a M3 up, as in Example 14, transpose the B3 don an 8v3, and you find the anser is B2. Example 14:? m6 Complete =? M3 P, M = B3 m Ear-Training m6 = B2 orksheet d7 =? Self-Test 1-4, 1-5d8 =?

16 Consonant and Dissonant Harmonic Intervals: Consonant intervals are described as pleasant and agreeable to the ear. Dissonant intervals are described as unpleasant and disagreeable to the ear. Note: Some of the most exciting and dramatic moments in tonal harmony involve dissonance, hich is eventually resolved. Consonant Intervals: Major minor 3rds, 6ths. Perfect 5ths 8ves. Dissonant Intervals: All other harmonic intervals, including all augmented diminished intervals. P4 is considered dissonant only hen it occurs above the loest voice (bass) in both vocal and instrumental music.?? 209? Checkpoint: 1. What is the term for an interval in hich the notes are played in sucession instead of simultaneously? 2. Is there such a thing as a m5? A P6? 3. A perfect interval made a half-step smaller ithout changing its numerical name becomes. 4. A o 5 inverted becomes a. 5. Intervals that are relatively displeasing to the ear are classified as. Complete A d Ear-Training orksheet Self-Test 1-6

17 Clef Supplements, page Treble Clef Bass Clef Alto Clef Tenor Clef? B B B ALTO CLEF middle F A C E G G B D F TENOR CLEF B middle D F A C E E G B D

18 18 B B B B B Baritone Clef Tenor Clef Alto Clef Mezzo Soprano Clef Soprano Clef Middle C's in all the "C" Clefs: