SPECIFICATION FOR APPROVAL

Transcription

1 SPECIFICATION FOR APPROVAL ( ) Preliminary Specification ( ) Final Specification Title 5.6 HD TFT LCD BUYER HP SUPPLIER LG Display Co., Ltd. MODEL *MODEL SUFFIX TLE *When you obtain standard approval, please use the above model name without suffix SIGNATURE / DATE APPROVED BY G.T.KIM / G.Manager DATE REVIEWED BY Y.W.LEE / Manager [C] / J.H.LEE / Manager [M] D.Y.SEOK / Manager [P] / PREPARED BY D.G.KIM / Engineer Please return copy for your confirmation with your signature and comments. Product Engineering Dept. LG Display Co., Ltd. / 29

2 CONTENTS NO. ITEM Page COVER CONTENTS 2 RECORD OF REVISIONS 3 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 4 2 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS 5 3 ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS 6 3 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS 6 32 INTERFACE CONNECTIONS 9 33 SIGNAL TIMING SPECIFICATIONS 4 34 SIGNAL TIMING WAVEFORMS 5 35 COLOR INPUT DATA REFERAE 6 36 POWER SEQUEE 7 4 OPTICAL SPECIFICATIONS 8 5 MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS 22 6 RELIABILITY 25 7 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS 26 7 SAFETY EMC 26 8 PACKING 27 8 DESIGNATION OF LOT MARK PACKING FORM 27 9 PRECAUTIONS 28 2/ 29

3 RECORD OF REVISIONS Revision No Revision Date Page Description 0. Oct First Draft (Preliminary Specification) 0.2 Dec Update for color coordinates 24 Update for Rear view 0.3 Jan Update for Dclk(Min, Max).0 Jan Final specification 3/ 29

4 . General Description The TLE is a Color Active Matrix with an integral Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp (CCFL) backlight system. The matrix employs asi Thin Film Transistor as the active element. It is a transmissive type display operating in the normally white mode. This TFTLCD has 5.6 inches diagonally measured active display area with HD resolution(768 vertical by 366 horizontal pixel array). Each pixel is divided into Red, Green and Blue subpixels or dots which are arranged in vertical stripes. Gray scale or the brightness of the subpixel color is determined with a 6bit gray scale signal for each dot, thus, presenting a palette of more than 262,44 colors. The TLE has been designed to apply the interface method that enables low power, high speed, low EMI. The TLE is intended to support applications where thin thickness, low power are critical factors and graphic displays are important. In combination with the vertical arrangement of the subpixels, the TLE characteristics provide an excellent flat display for office automation products such as Monitors. RGB Source driver circuit S S366 CN (30pin) LVDS Timing controller &LVDS chip G TFT LCD Panel (366 RGB 768 pixels) +3.3V VLCD Power circuit block G768 CN2 (2pin) CN3 (2pin) Backlight assembly (2CCFL) General Features Figure. Block diagram Active Screen Size Outline Dimension Pixel Pitch Pixel Format Color Depth Luminance, White Power Consumption Weight Display Operating Mode Surface Treatment RoHS Comply 5.6 inches diagonal 363.8(H, typ) 25.9(V, typ) 2.0(D,typ) [mm] 0.252mm mm 366 horiz. By 768 vert. Pixels RGB strip arrangement 6bit, 262,44 colors 200 cd/m 2 (Typ.Center point) Total 2.35 LCM circuit.55 Watt(Typ.), B/L input 0.80 Watt(Typ.) 950g (Typ.) Transmissive mode, normally white Hard Coating(3H), AntiGlare treatment of the front polarizer Yes 4/ 29

5 2. Absolute maximum ratings The following are maximum values which, if exceeded, may cause faulty operation or damage to the unit. Table. ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS Parameter Symbol Min Values Max Units Notes Power Input Voltage VCC Vdc at 25 ± 5 C Operating Temperature TOP 0 50 C Storage Temperature HST C Operating Ambient Humidity HOP 0 90 %RH Storage Humidity HST 0 90 %RH Note :. Temperature and relative humidity range are shown in the figure below. Wet bulb temperature should be 39 C Max, and no condensation of water % 60% Wet Bulb Temperature [ ] % Humidity [(%)RH] Storage Operation 0 0 0% Dry Bulb Temperature [ ] Figure 2. Temperature and relative humidity 5/ 29

6 3. Electrical specifications 3. Electrical characteristics The TLE requires two power inputs. One is employed to power the LCD electronics and to drive the TFT array and liquid crystal. Another which powers the CCFL, is typically generated by an inverter. The inverter is an external unit to the LCD. Table 2_. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS Parameter Symbol Min Values Typ Max Unit Notes MODULE : Power Supply Input Voltage VLCD Vdc Power Supply Input Current ILCD_MOSAIC ILCD_BLACK ma ma 2 Power Consumption PLCD Watt Rush current IRUSH 2 A 3 Note :. The specified current and power consumption are under the V LCD =3.3V, 25 ± 2 C,f V =60Hz condition whereas mosaic pattern(8 x 6) is displayed and f V is the frame frequency. 2. The current is specified at the maximum current pattern. 3. The duration of rush current is about 2ms and rising time of power Input is 500us ± 20%.(min.). White : 63Gray Black : 0Gray Maximum current pattern Mosaic Pattern(8 x 6) Black Pattern Figure 3. Current Pattern 6/ 29

7 Table 2_2. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS Parameter Symbol Min Values Typ Max Unit Notes LAMP : Operating Voltage Operating Current VBL IBL 590 (9.5mA) (9.0mA) (2.5mA) 9.5 V RMS ma RMS, 2 Established Starting Voltage Vs, 3 at 25 C 00 V RMS at 0 C 300 V RMS Operating Frequency fbl khz 4 Discharge Stabilization Time Ts 3 Min, 5 Power Consumption PBL W 6 Life Time 35,000 Hrs, 7 Note : The design of the inverter must have specifications for the lamp in LCD Assembly. The performance of the Lamp in LCM, for example life time or brightness, is extremely influenced by the characteristics of the DCAC inverter. So all the parameters of an inverter should be carefully designed so as not to produce too much leakage current from highvoltage output of the inverter. When you design or order the inverter, please make sure unwanted lighting caused by the mismatch of the lamp and the inverter (no lighting, flicker, etc) never occurs. When you confirm it, the LCD Assembly should be operated in the same condition as installed in you instrument. Do not attach a conducting tape to lamp connecting wire. If the lamp wire attach to a conducting tape, TFTLCD Module has a low luminance and the inverter has abnormal action. Because leakage current is occurred between lamp wire and conducting tape.. Specified values are for a single lamp. 2. Operating voltage is measured at 25 ± 2 C. The variance of the voltage is ± 0%. 3. The voltage above V S should be applied to the lamps for more than second for startup. (Inverter open voltage must be more than lamp startingvoltage.) Otherwise, the lamps may not be turned on. The used lamp current is the lamp typical current. 4. Lamp frequency may produce interface with horizontal synchronous frequency and as a result this may cause beat on the display. Therefore lamp frequency shall be as away possible from the horizontal synchronous frequency and from its harmonics in order to prevent interference. 5. Let s define the brightness of the lamp after being lighted for 5 minutes as 00%. T S is the time required for the brightness of the center of the lamp to be not less than 95%. 6. The lamp power consumption shown above does not include loss of external inverter. The used lamp current is the lamp typical current. (P BL = V BL x I BL x N Lamp ) 7. The life is determined as the time at which brightness of the lamp is 50% compared to that of initial value at the typical lamp current on condition of continuous operating at 25 ± 2 C. 7/ 29

8 8. The output of the inverter must have symmetrical(negative and positive) voltage waveform and symmetrical current waveform (Unsymmetrical ratio is less than 0%). Please do not use the inverter which has unsymmetrical voltage and unsymmetrical current and spike wave. Requirements for a system inverter design, which is intended to have a better display performance, a better power efficiency and a more reliable lamp, are following. It shall help increase the lamp lifetime and reduce leakage current. a. The asymmetry rate of the inverter waveform should be less than 0%. b. The distortion rate of the waveform should be within 2 ±0%. * Inverter output waveform had better be more similar to ideal sine wave. * Asymmetry rate: I p I p I p / I rms x 00% I p * Distortion rate I p (or I p ) / I rms 9. The inverter which is combined with this LCM, is highly recommended to connect coupling(ballast) condenser at the high voltage output side. When you use the inverter which has not coupling(ballast) condenser, it may cause abnormal lamp lighting because of biased mercury as time goes. 0.In case of edgy type back light with over 4 parallel lamps, input current and voltage wave form should be synchronized 8/ 29

9 32. Interface Connections a) LCD connector(cn) : AL230FALGDP (Manufactured by PTWO), and IS00L30RC23(UJU) b) Mating connector : FIX30H and FIX30HL (Manufactured by JAE) or Equivalent c) Interface chips(system) : THC63LVDF823A or equivalent * Pin to Pin compatible with LVDS Table 3. Module connector pin configuration Pin Symbol GND VCC VCC Odd_R IN 0 Odd_R IN 0+ GND Odd_R IN Odd_R IN + GND Odd_R IN 2 Odd_R IN 2+ GND Odd_CLKIN Odd_CLKIN+ GND Description Ground Power Supply, 3.3V Typ. Power Supply, 3.3V Typ. No connection No connection(for LCD internal use only) No connection(for LCD internal use only) No connection(for LCD internal use only) Negative LVDS differential data input Positive LVDS differential data input Ground Negative LVDS differential data input Positive LVDS differential data input Ground Negative LVDS differential data input Positive LVDS differential data input Ground Negative LVDS differential clock input Positive LVDS differential clock input Ground No Connection No Connection No Connection No Connection No Connection No Connection No Connection No Connection No Connection No Connection No Connection 9/ 29

10 AL230FALGDP (PTWO) # #30 #30 # signal pairs Power(3.3V) #30 # Rear view of LCM [ Figure 4 ] Connector diagram Notes:. All GND(ground) pins should be connected together and connected to the LCD s metal frame. should also be 2. All V CC (power input) pins should be connected together. 3. All pins should be separated from other signal or power. 0 / 29

11 The backlight interface connector is a model 3500HS02LD(YEONHO). The mating connector part number is 3500WR02L or equivalent. The pin configuration for the connector is shown in the table 4. Table 4. Backlight connector pin configuration Pin Symbol Description Notes HV High Voltage for lamp 2 LV Low Voltage for lamp,2 Notes :. The high voltage side terminal is colored gray. The low voltage side terminal is black. 2. The backlight ground should be common with LCD metal frame. Up side Lamp CN2 Down side Lamp2 CN3 [ Figure 5 ] Backlight connector view / 29

12 LVDS Input characteristics. DC Specification Description Symb ol Min Max Unit Notes LVDS Differential Voltage V ID mv LVDS Common mode Voltage V CM V LVDS Input Voltage Range V IN V 2. AC Specification Description Symbol Min Max Unit Notes LVDS Clock to Data Skew Margin t SKEW t SKEW ps ps 85MHz > Fclk 65MHz 65MHz > Fclk 25MHz LVDS Clock to Clock Skew Margin (Even to Odd) t SKEW_EO /7 + /7 T clk Maximum deviation of input clock frequency during SSC F DEV ± 3 % Maximum modulation frequency of input clock during SSC F MOD 200 KHz 2 / 29

13 < Clock skew margin between channel > Freq. F max F center * F DEV F center F min F MOD Time 3. Data Format ) LVDS 2 Port < Spread Spectrum > RCLK+ RA+/ R3 R2 R R0 G0 R5 R4 R3 R2 R R0 G0 R5 R4 RB+/ G4 G3 G2 G B B0 G5 G4 G3 G2 G B B0 G5 RC+/ B5 B4 B3 B2 DE VSY HSY B5 B4 B3 B2 DE VSY HSY RD+/ G7 G6 R7 R6 X B7 B6 G7 G6 R7 R6 X B7 B6 Previous (N)th Cycle Current (Nth) Cycle Next(N+)th Cycle < LVDS Data Format > 3 / 29

14 33. Signal Timing Specifications This is the signal timing required at the input of the User connector. All of the interface signal timing should be satisfied with the following specifications and specifications of LVDS Tx/Rx for its proper operation. Table 5. Timing table ITEM Symbol Min Typ Max Unit Note DCLK Frequency f CLK MHz Period t HP Hsync Width t WH tclk WidthActive t WHA Vsync Period Width t VP t WV thp WidthActive t WVA Data Enable Horizontal back porch Horizontal front porch Vertical back porch Vertical front porch t HBP t HFP t VBP t VFP tclk thp 4 / 29

15 34. Signal Timing Waveforms Condition : VCC =3.3V Data Enable, Hsync, Vsync High: 0.7VCC Low: 0.3VCC DCLK tclk 0.5 Vcc Hsync t WH t HP t HBP twha t HFP Data Enable t VP t WV Vsync t VBP twva t VFP Data Enable [ Figure 6 ] Signal timing waveforms 5 / 29

16 35. Color Input Data Reference The brightness of each primary color (red,green and blue) is based on the 6bit gray scale data input for the color ; the higher the binary input, the brighter the color. The table below provides a reference for color versus data input. Table 6. Color data reference Input Color Data Color MSB RED LSB MSB GREEN LSB MSB BLUE LSB R5 R4 R3 R2 R R0 G5 G4 G3 G2 G G0 B5 B4 B3 B2 B B0 Black Red Green Basic Color Blue Cyan Magenta Yellow White RED (00) RED (0) RED RED (62) 0 RED (63) GREEN (00) GREEN (0) GREEN... GREEN (62) 0 GREEN (63) BLUE (00) BLUE (0) BLUE BLUE (62) 0 BLUE (63) 6 / 29

17 36. Power Sequence 90% 90% Power supply for LCD Vcc 0% 0V 0% Interface signal V I 0V T T2 T5 T7 Valid data T3 T4 Power for LAMP OFF Lamp on OFF [ Figure 7 ] Power sequence Parameter Table 7. Power sequence time delay Values Min. Typ. Max. Units T T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 T ms ms ms ms ms s Note). Valid Data is Data to meet 33. LVDS Signal Timing Specifications 2. Please avoid floating state of interface signal at invalid period. 3. When the interface signal is invalid, be sure to pull down the power supply for LCD VCC to 0V. 4. Lamp power must be turn on after power supply for LCD and interface signal are valid. 7 / 29

18 4. Optical Specifications Optical characteristics are determined after the unit has been ON and stable for approximately 30 minutes in a dark environment at 25 C. The values specified are measured at an approximate distance 50cm from the LCD surface at a viewing angle of Φ and θ equal to 0. Figure. 8 presents additional information concerning the measurement equipment and method. Optical Stage(x,y) LCD Module Field = 50Cm Pritchard PR880 or equivalent [Figure 8] Optical characteristic measurement equipment and method Table 8. Optical characteristics (Ta=25 C, V CC =3.3V, f V =60Hz Dclk=72.3MHz, I BL =9.0mArms) Contrast ratio Parameter Surface luminance, white Luminance uniformity Symbol CR L WH L 9 Min Values Typ Max..5 Units cd/m 2 Notes 2 3 Response time Tr 8 6 Ms 4 Rise time TrR 2 5 Decay time TrD 6 Color gamut (CIE976) 60 % CIE color coordinates Red XR YR Green XG Blue YG XB Typ Typ YB White XW 0.33 YW Viewing angle (by CR 0) degree 5 X axis, right(φ=0 ) θr X axis, left (φ=80 ) θl Y axis, up (φ=90 ) θu 0 5 Y axis, down (φ=270 ) θd Crosstalk.5 Figure 2 8 / 29

19 Notes :. Contrast ratio(cr) is defined mathematically as : Surface luminance with all white pixels Contrast ratio = Surface luminance with all black pixels 2. Surface luminance is the center point across the LCD surface 50cm from the surface with all pixels displaying white. For more information see [ Figure 9 ]. When I BL =9.0mA, L WH =60cd/m 2 (Min.) 200cd/m 2 (Typ.) 3. The uniformity in surface luminance, L 9 is determined by measuring L ON at any point in test area. But the management of L 9 is determined by measuring Lon at each test position through 9, and then dividing the maximum L ON of 9 points luminance by minimum L ON of 9 points luminance. For more information see [ Figure 9 ]. L9= Maximum (LON,LON2,.. LON9) Minimum (LON,LON2,.. LON9) 4. Response time is the time required for the display to transition from white to black(rise Time, Tr R ) and from black to white(decay Time, Tr D ). For additional information see [ Figure 0 ]. The sampling rate is 2,500 sample/sec. 5. Viewing angle is the angle at which the contrast ratio is greater than 0. The angles are determined for the horizontal or x axis and the vertical or y axis with respect to the z axis which is normal to the LCD surface. For more information see Figure. 6. Gray scale specification Gray Level L0 L7 L5 L23 L3 L39 L47 L55 L63 Table 9. Gray scale Luminance [%] (Typ) / 29

20 Figure 9. Luminance measuring point <Measuring point for luminance variation> H A <Measuring point for surface luminance> H H/2 H/0 V B V/2 V/ A : H/4 mm B : V/4 H,V : Active Area Active Area 20 / 29

21 Figure 0. Response time The response time is defined as the following Figure and shall be measured by switching the input signal for black and white. % Tr R Tr D Optical response 0 0 white black white Figure. Viewing angle <Dimension of viewing angle range> φ = 90 (2:00) yu θ = 0 z θ A φ xl φ = 80 (9:00) φ = 0 (3:00) xr TFT LCD MODULE z' yd φ = 270 (6:00) 2 / 29

22 Figure 2. Crosstalk The equation of crosstalk : ( L A[or C]2 L A[or C] /L A[or C] ) 00(%) [Vertical], ( L B[or D]2 L B[or D] /L B[or D] ) 00(%) [Horizontal] Pattern (Half gray: gray 3) A/2 A/8 Pattern 2 (Background: gray 3, Rectangular: gray 0, gray 63 ) A/4 A/2 A/4 L A B/8 L A2 B/4 B B/2 L B L D L B2 L D2 L C B/2 L C2 B/4 A 5. Mechanical Characteristics Table 0. provides general mechanical characteristics for the model TLE. Please refer to Figure 3,4 regarding the detailed mechanical drawing of the LCD. Table 0. Mechanical characteristics Outside dimensions Bezel area Active display area Weight(approximate) Horizontal Vertical Depth Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical 950g(Typ.),,000g(Max.) 363.8mm 25.9mm 2.0mm 347.5mm 96.8mm mm mm Surface Treatment Hard coating(3h) Antiglare treatment of the front polarizer 22 / 29

23 Figure 3. Front view 23 / 29

24 Figure 4. Rear view 24 / 29

25 6. Reliability Table. Environment test condition No. Test item Conditions High temperature storage test Ta= 60 C 240h 2 Low temperature storage test Ta= 20 C 240h 3 High temperature operation test Ta= 50 C 50%RH 240h 4 Low temperature operation test Ta= 0 C 240h Vibration test (nonoperating) Shock test (nonoperating) Altitude storage / shipment Wave form : random Vibration level :.0G RMS Bandwidth : 0300Hz Duration : X,Y,Z, 30 min One time each direction Shock level : 20G Waveform : half sine wave, 2ms Direction : ±X, ±Y, ±Z One time each direction 0 40,000 feet(2,92m) { Result evaluation criteria } There should be no change which might affect the practical display function when the display quality test is conducted under normal operating condition. 25 / 29

26 7. International Standards 7. Safety a) UL 60950:2003, First Edition, Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., Standard for Safety of Information Technology Equipment. b) CAN/CSA C22.2, No st Ed. April, 2003, Canadian Standards Association, Standard for Safety of Information Technology Equipment. c) EN 60950:200, First Edition, European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization(CENELEC) European Standard for Safety of Information Technology Equipment. d) RoHS, Directive 2002/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 27 January EMC a) ANSI C63.4 Methods of Measurement of RadioNoise Emissions from LowVoltage Electrical and Electrical Equipment in the Range of 9kHZ to 40GHz. American National Standards Institute(ANSI), 992 b) C.I.S.P.R Limits and Methods of Measurement of Radio Interface Characteristics of Information Technology Equipment. International Special Committee on Radio Interference. c) EN Limits and Methods of Measurement of Radio Interface Characteristics of Information Technology Equipment. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization.(CENELEC), 998 ( Including A: 2000 ) 26 / 29

27 8. Packing 8. Designation of Lot Mark a) Lot Mark A B C D E F G H I J K L M A,B,C : SIZE(IH) E : MONTH D : YEAR F ~ M : SERIAL NO. Note. YEAR Year Mark MONTH Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mark A B C b) Location of Lot Mark Serial No. is printed on the label. The label is attached to the backside of the LCD module. This is subject to change without prior notice. 82. Packing Form a) Package quantity in one box : 4EA(2ea/slot X 7) b) Box Size : 37 X 322 X / 29

28 9. Precautions Please pay attention to the following when you use this TFT LCD module. 9. Mounting Precautions () You must mount a module using holes arranged in four corners or four sides. (2) You should consider the mounting structure so that uneven force(ex. twisted stress) is not applied to the module. And the case on which a module is mounted should have sufficient strength so that external force is not transmitted directly to the module. (3) Please attach a transparent protective plate to the surface in order to protect the polarizer. Transparent protective plate should have sufficient strength in order to the resist external force. (4) You should adopt radiation structure to satisfy the temperature specification. (5) Acetic acid type and chlorine type materials for the cover case are not describe because the former generates corrosive gas of attacking the polarizer at high temperature and the latter causes circuit break by electrochemical reaction. (6) Do not touch, push or rub the exposed polarizers with glass, tweezers or anything harder than HB pencil lead. And please do not rub with dust clothes with chemical treatment. Do not touch the surface of polarizer for bare hand or greasy cloth.(some cosmetics are determined to the polarizer.) (7) When the surface becomes dusty, please wipe gently with absorbent cotton or other soft materials like chamois soaks with petroleum benzene. Normalhexane is recommended for cleaning the adhesives used to attach front / rear polarizers. Do not use acetone, toluene and alcohol because they cause chemical damage to the polarizer. (8) Wipe off saliva or water drops as soon as possible. Their long time contact with polarizer causes deformations and color fading. (9) Do not open the case because inside circuits do not have sufficient strength. 92. Operating Precautions () The spike noise causes the misoperation of circuits. It should be lower than following voltage : V=±200mV(Over and under shoot voltage) (2) Response time depends on the temperature.(in lower temperature, it becomes longer.) (3) Brightness depends on the temperature. (In lower temperature, it becomes lower.) And in lower temperature, response time(required time that brightness is stable after turned on) becomes longer. (4) Be careful for condensation at sudden temperature change. Condensation makes damage to polarizer or electrical contacted parts. And after fading condensation, smear or spot will occur. (5) When fixed patterns are displayed for a long time, remnant image is likely to occur. (6) Module has high frequency circuits. Sufficient suppression to the electromagnetic interference shall be done by system manufacturers. Grounding and shielding methods may be important to minimized the interference. (7) Please do not give any mechanical and/or acoustical impact to LCM. Otherwise, LCM can not be operated its full characteristics perfectly. (8) A screw which is fastened up the steels should be a machine screw (if not, it causes metal foreign material and deal LCM a fatal blow) 28 / 29

29 93. Electrostatic Discharge Control Since a module is composed of electronic circuits, it is not strong to electrostatic discharge. Make certain that treatment persons are connected to ground through wrist band etc. And don t touch interface pin directly. 94. Precautions for Strong Light Exposure Strong light exposure causes degradation of polarizer and color filter. 95. Storage When storing modules as spares for a long time, the following precautions are necessary. () Store them in a dark place. Do not expose the module to sunlight or fluorescent light. Keep the temperature between 5 C and 35 C at normal humidity. (2) The polarizer surface should not come in contact with any other object. It is recommended that they be stored in the container in which they were shipped. 96. Handling Precautions for Protection Film () The protection film is attached to the bezel with a small masking tape. When the protection film is peeled off, static electricity is generated between the film and polarizer. This should be peeled off slowly and carefully by people who are electrically grounded and with well ionblown equipment or in such a condition, etc. (2) When the module with protection film attached is stored for a long time, sometimes there remains a very small amount of glue still on the Bezel after the protection film is peeled off. (3) You can remove the glue easily. When the glue remains on the Bezel or its vestige is recognized, please wipe them off with absorbent cotton waste or other soft material like chamois soaked with normalhexane. 29 / 29