Multimedia: is any combination of: text, graphic art, sound, animation, video delivered by computer or electronic means.

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1 Chapter #1. Multimedia: is any combination of: text, graphic art, sound, animation, video delivered by computer or electronic means. Multimedia types: Interactive multimedia: allows the user to control what and when the elements are delivered. Linear multimedia: users can sit back and watch it just as they do a movie or the television. Hypermedia: structure of linked elements through which the user can navigate. Authoring tools: software tools are designed to manage individual multimedia elements and provide user interaction. Multimedia project: the software vehicle, the messages, and the content presented on a computer, television screen or mobile phone. GUI: the sum of what gets played back and how it is presented to the viewer on a monitor. Multimedia platform: the hardware and software that govern the limits of what can happen. Multimedia content: the information that makes up a multimedia presentation. Where to Use Multimedia: Business Schools Home Public Places VR- Virtual Reality Goggles, helmets, gloves, etc. place users inside a life-like experience. View changes as user moves forward, left/right, etc. Composed of thousands of geometric to be realistic. Stages of a Project planning and costing-begin with an idea. design and production. testing and delivery. Summarized by Faisal Fagihi 1 12/12/2018

2 Chapter #2. Text: a part of multimedia and it still delivers information that can have potent meaning. Fonts and Faces: typeface is a family of graphic characters that includes many type sizes and styles (such as Times, Arial, Helvetica). font is a collection of characters of a single size and style belonging to a typeface family (such as bold, italic). sizes are usually expressed in points; 1 point = 1/72 inch. PostScript, TrueType and Master fonts can be altered Bitmapped fonts cannot be altered The computer draws a letter on the screen with pixels or dots. Factors affecting legibility of text Size. Background and foreground color. Style (bold, italic, underline). Leading. Leading and Kerning adjust the line spacing called leading. the space between pairs of letters called kerning. Cases sensitive The upper drawer held the capital letters, and the lower drawer held the smaller letters. Password, and paths in a URL are case sensitive. Icons: are symbolic representations of objects and processes common to the graphical user interfaces of many computer operating systems. Serif and Sans Serif serif: is a little decoration at the end of the letter (Times - serif T ). sans serif ( sans from the French meaning without) ( Arial - sans serif T ). Using Text in Multimedia WYSIWYG - What you see is what you get! Aim for a balance between too much text and too little Make web pages no more than 1 to 2 screenfuls of text Bring the user to the destination with as few actions as possible. Summarized by Faisal Fagihi 2 12/12/2018

3 HTML Documents Standard document format on the web is called Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). Originally designed for text not multimedia - now being redesigned as Dynamic HTML (DHTML), which uses CSS (Cascading Style sheets) and permits defining text choices. Fonts and Characters Fonts smaller than 12 point are not very legible on a monitor Never assume the fonts installed on your computer are on all computers ASCII character set - most common Extended Character set - used for HTML UNICODE supports characters for all known languages Unicode: the original standard accommodated up to about 65,000 characters to include the characters from all known languages and alphabets in the world. Scripts: collection of several languages share a set of symbols. Contains: numbers, mathematical symbols, punctuation, arrows, blocks and drawing shapes and technical symbols. Mapping Text Across Platforms: a substitute must be provided that does exist on the target. Localization: Translating or designing multimedia into a language other than the one in which it was originally. Jaggies: are avoided by anti-aliasing the edges of the text characters, making them seem smoother to the eye. Hypermedia and Hypertext Hypertext: is a text which contains links to other texts or pages. Hypermedia: It can include other media images, videos etc.. and it also can be linked to other pages. Hypermedia Structures A link anchor is where you come from A link end is the destination node Hypertext Tools: building and reading. The builder creates the links, identifies nodes, and generates the all-important index of words. Summarized by Faisal Fagihi 3 12/12/2018

4 Chapter #3. Making Still Images Bitmaps: used for photo-realistic images and detailed drawings. Vector graphics: used for lines, polygons and other mathematical objects. Bitmaps Bitmap is derived from the words bit, which means the simplest element in which only two digits are used, and map, which is a two-dimensional matrix of these bits. A bitmap is made up of individual dots or picture elements known as pixels or pels. Bitmapped images can have varying bit and color depths. Morphing blends two images so that one seems to melt into the other. Vector Drawing: Used for lines, rectangles, geometric objects-stored mathematically CAD ( computed aided design) programs created complex and geometric renderings needed by architects and engineers. Graphic artists use vector graphics to eliminate the jaggies. Programs for 3-D animation use vector graphics for rotation, spinning and shading How Vector Drawing Works: a vector is a line that is described by the location of its two endpoints. Ex: RECT 0,0,200,200,red,blue. Vector-Drawn Objects vs. Bitmaps: Bitmap Made up pixels with different colors Loss of images quality when enlarge Loss of image quality when shrunk Vector Made up of points lines and shapes based on mathematical equations No change in the image quality when enlarge No change in the image quality when shrunk Auto-tracing: Converting bitmaps to drawn object (difficult). Summarized by Faisal Fagihi 4 12/12/2018

5 3-D Drawing Objects and elements in 3-D space carry with them properties such as shape, color, Directional lighting. Motion. Different perspectives. Color: Is the frequency of a light wave within the narrow band of the electromagnetic spectrum to which the human eye responds. Computerized Color: Additive Color: is created by combining colored light sources in three primary colors: red, green, and blue (RGB). Subtractive Color: is created by combining colored media such as paints or ink. Color Harmony Monochromatic: all colors have hues that are the same or within a few degrees of one another. Complementary: uses a pair of complementary hues, which appear opposite one another on a color wheel. Analogous: two colors which lie close together on a color wheel Triadic: any 3 colors, spaced equally around a color wheel. Dithering: is a process whereby the color value of each pixel is changed to the closest matching color value in the target palette, using a mathematical algorithm. Image File Formats MAC has a single standard format PICT Windows uses device independent bitmaps DIBs written as.bmp files. TIFF (Tagged interchange file formats) are universal bitmap files used in desktop publishing. Most common bitmap formats for the web are GIF and JPEG, since all browsers can display them. Summarized by Faisal Fagihi 5 12/12/2018

6 Chapter #4. Acoustics: is the branch of physics that studies sound. sound pressure levels are measured in decibels (db). Digital audio: is created when you represent the characteristics of a sound wave using numbers a process referred to as digitizing. Sample of sound is taken and stored as digital information in bits and bytes. Sampling rate or frequency, measured in kilohertz, or thousands of samples per second. (CD-quality), khz, and khz. Sample sizes are either 8 bits or 16 bits. Quantization: the value of each sample is rounded off to the nearest integer. o can produce an unwanted background hissing noise, and clipping may severely distort the sound. Resampling(down-sampling): reducing the number of separate measurements of an audio file. Is a device independent. MIDI Audio MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a communications standard developed in the early 1980s for electronic musical instruments and computers. Is a device independent. MIDI vs. Digital Audio MIDI files are tiny, often less than 10K. files with MIDI formats are easily editable. Digital digital audio file is larger in size than a MIDI file. Need a system with high configuration. MIDI advantages and disadvantages advantages file sizes are smaller All aspects of the sound can be edited disadvantages Dependent on quality of sound card for overall sound cannot store vocals Effects can be applied effects are limited Summarized by Faisal Fagihi 6 12/12/2018

7 Formulas for determining the size (in bytes) of a digital recording: monophonic: sampling rate * duration of recording in seconds * (bit resolution / 8) * 1 stereo: sampling rate * duration of recording in seconds * (bit resolution / 8) * 2 Calculate the size of a mono recorded audio file of sampling rate at khz, 8-bit resolution for 10 seconds. sampling rate * duration of recording in seconds * (bit resolution / 8) * 1 = * 1000 = = * 10(8/8) * 1 = * 10 * 1 * 1 = * 10 = bytes Calculate the size of a stereo-recorded audio file of sampling rate at 44.1 khz, 16-bit resolution for 10 seconds. sampling rate * duration of recording in seconds * (bit resolution / 8) * 2 = 44.1 * 1000 = = * 10 (16/8) * 2 = * 10 * 2 * 2 = * 4 = bytes Summarized by Faisal Fagihi 7 12/12/2018

8 Chapter #5. persistence of vision: an object seen by the human eye remains chemically mapped on the eye s retina for a brief time after viewing. Animation: an object moving across or into or out of the screen. Animation Techniques: Cel Animation: made famous by Disney use a series of cels on each frame of movie film (which plays at 24 frames per second) and it begins with keyframes (the first and last frame of an action). Computer animation: programs typically employ the same logic and concepts as cel animation and use the vocabulary of classic cel animation terms such as layer, keyframe, and tweening. Tweening: The series of frames in between the keyframes are drawn in a process. Jerky: If you cannot compute all your changes and display them as a new frame on your monitor. Kinematics: is the study of the movement and motion of structures that have joints, such as a walking man. Inverse kinematics: available in high-end 3-D programs such as Lightwave and Maya. Morphing: is effect in which one image transforms into another. Animation File Formats: Flash files(.swf). Audio video interleaved format (.avi). Quick Time (.qt,.mov). Motion Picture Engineering Group video (.mpeg or.mpg). Summarized by Faisal Fagihi 8 12/12/2018

9 Chapter #6. Of all the multimedia elements, video places the highest performance demand on your computer or device and its memory and storage. How Video Works: A charge-coupled device (CCD): converts the light that has been reflected from an object through the camera's lens. Analog Video: in an analog system, the output of the CCD is processed by the camera into three channels of color information and synchronization pulses and the signals are recorded onto magnetic tape. If each channel of color information is transmitted as a separate signal on its own conductor, the signal output is called component. Analog recording: is a technique used for the recording of analog signals many possibilities include audio frequency, analog audio and analog video information for later playback. Broadcast Video Standards: National Television Standards Committee (NTSC): these standards defined a method for encoding information into the electronic signal that ultimately created a television picture. Phase Alternate Line (PAL): increased the screen resolution to 625 horizontal lines, but slowed the scan rate to 25 frames per second. Sequential Color and Memory (SECAM): it differed greatly from both the NTSC and the PAL color systems and it is a 625-line, 50 Hz system ATSC DTV: TV stations with sufficient bandwidth to present four or five standard television signals. HDTV signal (providing 1,080 lines of resolution with a movie screens 16:9 aspect ratio). Suggestions for creating good titles: Fonts for titles should be plain Use a drop shadow Do not kern your letters too tightly Avoid colors that are too hot Avoid making busy title screens MPEG: Moving Picture Experts Group. Summarized by Faisal Fagihi 9 12/12/2018

10 Digital Video: Digital Video Architectures: is made up of a format for encoding and playing back video files by a computer and includes player that can recognize, and play files created for that format. Digital Video Compression: is the algorithm used to compress(code) a video for delivery. Video Recording and Tape Formats: Composite analog video: combines the luminance and Chroma information from the video signal. As a result, it produces the lowest quality. Component analog video: separates the luminance and Chroma information in order to improve the quality of the video and to decrease generation loss. S-video: color and luminance information are kept on two separate track (Y/C). Composite Digital: just as analog composite formats do but they sample the incoming waveforme and encode the information in binary (0/1) digital code. Component digital: adds that advantages of component signals to digital recording. It has a very high-quality image. Shooting and Editing Video: Shooting Platform: o A steady shooting platform. o Try to use a camera with an electronic image. Lighting: o Using a simple floodlight kit. o Improve your image onboard. Chroma Keys: o Blue screen is a popular technique for making multimedia titles. Composition: o Use close-up and medium shots, head-and-shoulders or even tighter. Optimizing Video Files for CD-ROM: synchronization required between the video and audio. use regularly spaced key frames, 10 to 15 frames. in Quick Time, 20 frames per second. software compression algorithm. using a specialized application such as Media Cleaner. Summarized by Faisal Fagihi 10 12/12/2018

11 Chapter #7. The Stages of a project: Planning and Costing Designing and producing Testing Delivery Types of Authoring Tools: Card-or page-based tools: elements are organized as pages of a book or a stack of cards. Icon-based, event-driven tools: organized as objects in a structural framework or process. Time-based tools: authoring systems, elements and events are organized along a timeline. Authoring Tool: Editing Features. Organizing Features. Programming Features. Interactivity Features. Performance Tuning Features. Playback Features. Delivery Features. Time-Based Authoring Tools: Director: Adobe s Director is a powerful and complex multimedia authoring tool o o o Cast: is a multimedia database containing still images, sound files, text, palettes Score: which is a sequencer for displaying, animating, and playing Cast members Lingo: enable interactivity and programmed control. Summarized by Faisal Fagihi 11 12/12/2018