Fast beam chopper at SARAF accelerator via RF deflector before RFQ

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1 Journal of Instrumentation OPEN ACCESS Fast beam chopper at SARAF accelerator via RF deflector before RFQ To cite this article: A Shor et al View the article online for updates and enhancements. Related content - Neutron measurements with Time- Resolved Event-Counting Optical Radiation (TRECOR) detector M Brandis, D Vartsky, V Dangendorf et al. - Fast-neutron imaging spectrometer based on liquid scintillator loaded capillaries I Mor, D Vartsky, M Brandis et al. - Compact high current proton cyclotron and associated beam dynamics A. Goswami, P. Sing Babu and V.S. Pandit Recent citations - SARAF Phase I linac operation in L. Weissman et al - SARAF Phase I linac in 2012 L Weissman et al This content was downloaded from IP address on 28/11/2017 at 12:03

2 PUBLISHED BY IOP PUBLISHING FOR SISSA MEDIALAB RECEIVED: March 12, 2012 ACCEPTED: May 6, 2012 PUBLISHED: June 7, nd INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON FAST NEUTRON DETECTORS AND APPLICATIONS, NOVEMBER , EIN GEDI, ISRAEL Fast beam chopper at SARAF accelerator via RF deflector before RFQ A. Shor, a,1 D. Vartsky, a V. Dangendorf, b D. Bar, a Y. Ben Aliz, a D. Berkovits, a M. Brandis, a M.B. Goldberg, a A. Grin, a I. Mardor, a I. Mor b and L. Weissman a a Nuclear Physics and Engineering Division, Soreq NRC, Yavne Israel b Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig 38116, Germany shor@soreq.gov.il ABSTRACT: We describe design and simulations of a fast beam chopper for the SARAF accelerator based on an RF deflector preceding the RFQ. The SARAF 176 MHz RFQ, takes a DC proton or deuteron beam and accelerates and bunches the beam to 1.5 MeV/u and bunches of 0.3 ns width (FWHM) every 5.5 ns respectively. The deflector acts on the DC beam and sweeps away all but one of the pre-accelerated (pre)-bunches prior to the actual bunching and acceleration in the RFQ. Simulations were performed for a fast beam chopper, where several deflection voltage pulsing schemes have been investigated. The simulations show effective chopping with alternating positive and negative HV applied to the deflector with a fast HV switch, where the beam is transmitted to the RFQ during the cross-over of the rise(fall) of the HV switching. The simulations show that we can obtain efficient deflection of unwanted bunches, with 60% transmission efficiency for the desired bunch. The present design is for a chopper that will provide 0.3 ns bunches with a repetition rate of 10 5 bunches/sec. Plans for a fast chopper with higher repetition rates of 10 6 Hz are discussed. KEYWORDS: Instrumentation for neutron sources; Accelerator Applications; Accelerator modelling and simulations (multi-particle dynamics; single-particle dynamics); Accelerator Subsystems and Technologies 1 Corresponding author. c 2012 IOP Publishing Ltd and Sissa Medialab srl doi: / /7/06/c06003

3 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 The SARAF accelerator phase I 2 3 Slow chopper at SARAF 3 4 Fast chopper at SARAF 5 5 Simulations of proton beam dynamics in LEBT and RFQ 6 6 Simulations of single bunch-selection with RF deflector before the RFQ 7 7 Discussion 12 1 Introduction Fast beam choppers have been useful in applications where neutron time of flight information is required for measuring and/or selecting the energy of the neutrons [1]. Traditionally, choppers have been used in the injection stages to DC machines such as van de Graaff and Tandem accelerators, usually in combination with a bunching system for additional temporal compression of the beam. These choppers have usually consisted of combination of RF electric-field deflectors and collimators, which enabled production of chopped beams of several tens of nanoseconds in combination with RF bunchers, which further squeezed the chopped beam to widths of a few nano-seconds [2]. More recently, chopping schemes have been developed for next generation high intensity proton driver systems, primarily to adopt linac beams to the beam accumulators and/or synchrotron accelerators [3 5]. These chopping systems are mostly implemented in the MEBT sections where the ion energy is of several MeV and the velocity of a few per-cent of the speed of light will match the phase velocity of deflecting elements comprising of slow wave structures such as meander type delay lines. At high beam current and energies of several MeV, the power dissipated on the beam dump is significant and must be properly dealt with. A chopping scheme based on an RF deflector situated before an RFQ has been studied by our group within the framework of the ACCIS project and FNeuRad collaboration [6]. The deflector effectively chops the pre-rfq ion beam while the energy is still low, and the transmitted beam is further bunched to even shorter pulse width by the RFQ. The FNeuRad collaboration has performed qualitative calculations for low energy protons at several tens of kev, and for an electrostatic deflector with a sinusoidally varying applied HV at frequency of a MHz, and estimated that voltages of 40 kv or more would be required for sufficient deflection of 35 kev protons so as to allow only one transmitted pulse during one half-cycle. Such high RF voltages would require deflector consisting of RF resonators, for otherwise the power consumption would be prohibitive. 1

4 In this paper we present design and simulations of a fast beam chopping system at the SARAF accelerator based on an existing slow chopper consisting of an RF electric-field parallel plate deflector preceding the RFQ. We first discuss operation with the existing deflector for slow chopping and present measurements made with a fast faraday cup showing the micro-structure of the beam emerging the RFQ. We discuss simulations using the General Particle Tracer (GPT) beam dynamics simulation code [7], where various pulsing regimes were simulated to optimize for successful fast chopping operation. The simulations show that fast chopping can be attained for deflection with alternating positive and negative HV polarities with a fast HV switch where the beam is transmitted to the RFQ during the positive-negative cross-over. The simulations also show that one can obtain efficient deflection of unwanted pulsed, with 60% transmission efficiency for the desired pulse. We discuss design for fast chopping at SARAF based on this deflector pulsing scheme, where the current design is for a chopper that will provide 0.3 ns FWHM bunches with a repletion rate of 10 5 bunches/sec, with future plans for a fast chopper with repetition rates of 10 6 Hz. A similar idea was discussed in reference [8], where the combination of a parallel plate deflector just before a 425 MHz RFQ that was used to provide a single pulse of protons at 2 MeV energy, with pulse width of 300 ps and charge of 30 pc. A DC proton beam at 80 kev was transmitted through the LEBT towards the RFQ. The parallel plate deflector consisted of a 12 mm long deflector placed just before the RFQ, where an applied DC voltage of 7 kv deflected the proton beam away from the RFQ entrance. A 2.8 ns HV pulse of 7 kv and of opposite polarity was applied to neutralize the deflection, thereby allowing a 2.3 ns beam pulse to be transmitted to the RFQ. This pulse was further bunched and accelerated by the RFQ to the final energy of 2 MeV and pulse width of 300 ps. For this scheme to work, the effective length of the deflector, including fringe field, cannot be more than the transit time for the 35 kev incoming beam during the time for one RFQ cycle, otherwise more than one (pre-) bunch would be transmitted to the RFQ. The small dimensions of the kicker places a limitation on the repetition rate. Ref. [8] was able to demonstrate effective single bunch selection at repetition rates of up to 10 Hz. 2 The SARAF accelerator phase I The SARAF accelerator complex [9] is designed to provide CW proton or deuteron beams of up to 5 ma current and 40 MeV energy. Currently, phase I of SARAF has been installed and has undergone commissioning, and is currently operational for experimental work. SARAF phase I consists of an ECR ion source (EIS), a 176 MHz radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ), and a prototype superconducting module (PSM) for further acceleration. The EIS source consists of a 2.45 GHz RF ECR plasma source and 20 kv/u accelerating electrode which extracts and focuses the ion beam. A low energy beam transport (LEBT) transports the beam from the ion source to the RFQ, and consists of a solenoid focusing element, a 90 bending magnet, and two additional solenoid focusing element, along with collimators and various diagnostic tools such as a Faraday cup and movable slits and wire scanners for emittance measurements. The 3.8 meter long RFQ is of a 4-rod design operating at frequency of 176 MHz. The RFQ bunches and accelerates the beam to 1.5 MeV/u, providing 300 ps bunches separated by 5.5 nanoseconds. The RFQ was designed for CW operation both for protons and deuterons. Currently, the RFQ can be operated in CW mode for protons, but can only be operated at pulsed mode for deuterons due to the high power requirements. A medium 2

5 Figure 1. Layout of SARAF phase I showing EIS ion source, LEBT, RFQ, MEBT, PSM, D- plate, and magnetic beam line transporting the beam either to the beam dump or to the experiment station. energy beam transport (MEBT) consisting of 3 magnetic quadrupole lens matches the beam to the entrance to the PSM. The PSM contains 6 superconducting half-wave resonators (HWR) and 3 superconducting solenoids. The PSM provides further accelerations, up to about 5 MeV, and also allows for longitudinal focusing or bunching (de-bunching). Following the PSM is diagnostic plate (D-plate) with various devices to provide diagnostics of the beam emerging from the PSM. Following the D-plate is a dipole magnet serving as a switch to channel the beam either to a beam dump or to a special beam line to guide the beam to the experimental target area. Phase II of SARAF is currently in the planning stage and will contain additional cryomodules, each consisting of HWRs and solenoids and will enable acceleration of beams up to energies of 40 MeV. Figure 1 shows the layout for SARAF phase I, including the EIS ion source and LEBT, the RFQ, MEBT, the PSM and D-plate, and the magnetic beam line transporting the beam either to the beam dump or to target station for experimentation. 3 Slow chopper at SARAF The slow chopper at SARAF consists of deflection plates and electronics developed at LNS Catania within the SPIRAL II program [10] and mounted in SARAF for tests and evaluation. The slow chopper consists of a set of parallel plates on which a potential is applied for deflecting a low energy beam at an angle of 20. For the duration for which transmitted beam is desired, a fast switch shuts off the HV for the required beam on-time. The slow chopper was provided to SARAF along with electronics that enable applying a potential of up to 10 kv, and control for varying the duration, frequency and phase for the off-time. The electronics provided allows for minimum offtime of about 180 ns and maximum switching repetition rate of up to 800 Hz, which translates to a minimum transmitted beam with pulse width of 180 ns. More details of the slow chopper and its electronics can be found in reference [10]. The drawing of the LEBT section which includes the chopper and the beam blocker for the deflected beam are shown in the insert of figure 2. The relevant dimensions of the chopper electrodes are also shown. The slow chopper was installed in the LEBT between the second and third solenoids (directly after the movable slit and before the movable wire). The main function of the slow chopper at SARAF and SPIRAL2 is to provide a simple mechanism for lowering beam current and/or duty factor without having to pulse the ion source. Pulsing of the beam is especially required in order to 3

6 Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the EIS source, LEBT, RFQ and MEBT, with placement of slow chopper and beam catcher in the LEBT. A detailed drawing of the LEBT section containing the chopper and beam blocker is shown in the inset. tune the high intensity beam when using the downstream beam-destructive diagnostics. Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of the LEBT and placement of the slow chopper, including the water cooled beam catcher at 20, and also the RFQ and MEBT. The slow chopper was tested with a 0.5 ma and 2.1 MeV proton beam. The beam was deflected onto the movable water cooled beam catcher positioned at 20. The chopper HV was switched off at rate of a few Hz for durations of 10 µs down to 0.2 µs. The shortest HV voltage off duration was 180 ns. The accelerated beam was measured with the beam position monitor 4

7 Figure 3. Trace on fast oscilloscope of beam pulse following slow chopper. Yellow trace shows BPM (beam position monitor) which is upstream of the FFC (fast Farraday cup) shown in green trace. Red trace is signal from RFQ RF. Beam pulse has width of 180 ns. Individual beam bunches shown in the left panel are separated by 5.5 ns and have width of about 0.3 ns. (BPM) in the MEBT, which consisted of 4 button current pick-up devices, and by a fast Farraday cup (FFC) situated in the D-plate [11]. Figure 3 (left panel) shows the signals on a fast digital oscilloscope with 6 GHz bandwidth. The BPM signal is shown in yellow, and the FFC signal in green. The proton TOF and the distance between the BPM in the MEBT and the FFC in the D-plate is reflected by the separation of their waveforms as seen by the scope. The measured transmitted pulse has a pulse width of about 180 ns. Most prominent are the individual RFQ bunches which are resolved very well by the fast scope. Figure 3 (right panel) shows a blow-up where the individual bunches are resolved very well by the FFC. Beam dynamics simulations discussed below show the RFQ bunches to have a bunch width of about 0.3 ns FWHM, which corresponds to a phase width of φ 20. This is consistent with the measured bunch widths shown in figure 3. The first tests of the slow chopper were quite encouraging. Routing operation of the slow chopper at SARAF will start after its implementation into the accelerator machine safety system. 4 Fast chopper at SARAF The compelling question, is there a way to operate the existing slow chopper so that only one prebunch is transmitted to the RFQ, and thereby provide single pulses of 0.3 ns duration following the RFQ bunching? The immediate thought is simply to switch off the deflecting voltage for just one RFQ cycle, namely for a period of 5.5 ns. HV switching technology today has advanced to a point where electronic HV switches with risetimes and falltimes of fractions of nano-seconds are readily available with repetition rates of hundreds of khz. However, this will not work with the existing slow chopper deflecting plates, which is of a length of 130 mm. During one RFQ cycle, a 20 kev/u particles travels a distance of 8 mm. To traverse the length of the slow chopper deflecting plates (must also including additional length due to fringe field) would take a time of T = D v = 130mm c = 65ns. 5

8 This means that the minimum off-time required so that there is no deflection of the desired pre- RFQ-bunch would be 65 ns. Such a long off-time would result in transmitting to the RFQ at least ten additional pre-bunches, at least partially. Therefore, a different scheme needs to be attempted. We were encourages by a preliminary assessment performed by our group which included calculations for a fast beam chopper consisting of an RF deflection plate with sinusoidal varying high voltage placed before an RFQ. The HV-bias applied to the deflection plate was taken to be sinusoidal, where the beam traverses to the RFQ whenever the high voltage on the deflection plates passes zero. Unfortunately, the analytic calculation performed by our group showed that with a sinusoidal varying potential would require a deflecting voltage of 40 kv for 35 kev protons for sufficient deflection of unwanted bunches for effective transmission of only one pre-bunch. This would require an RF resonant cavity at the desired frequency. Possibly, a simpler scheme for beam deflection for obtaining one transmitted pre-bunch and effective deflection of the unwanted pre-bunches would be to bias the deflector with a positive or negative HV for constant deflection, and to transmit the beam during the cross-over when switching to the opposite polarity. We present beam dynamics simulations consisting of the SARAF LEBT and RFQ and the existing slow chopper deflection plates. We describe simulations where no chopping takes place. We then describe simulations including the slow chopper, where we have performed simulations with various waveforms for the HV bias. We find that a square-wave deflecting voltage, where the bias is switched from positive to negative polarity at the desired repetition rate, is able to satisfactorily sweep out the unwanted pre-bunches, and where the desired pre-bunch is transmitted during the phase-adjusted cross-over provided by a fast HV switch. The simulations show that a single RFQ bunch can be extracted with 60% efficiency, while effectively deflecting away the unwanted beam. 5 Simulations of proton beam dynamics in LEBT and RFQ Detailed beam dynamics simulations of the SARAF LEBT, RFQ, and MEBT, including the electrostatic deflector with the time varying electric fields applied to the deflector, are necessary for obtaining a realistic assessment of the effectiveness of the proposed bunching scheme using the existing electrostatic deflector. We perform simulations with the General Particle Tracer (GPT) code available from Pulsar Physics Ltd. [7]. GPT is a multi-particle code using 5 th order Runge- Kutta integration for precision tracking of the particles trajectories through built-in or user supplied acceleration or focusing elements containing time varying electric and magnetic fields. GPT is a time-based code, where integration was performed in steps of 1 nanosecond. The GPT code contains provisions for space charge calculation, although the simulations presented here do not include space charge since. It is believed that sufficient ion neutralization takes place in the LEBT so that consideration of space charge at these energies is not necessary. The simulations of the SARAF LEBT, RFQ and MEBT begin with 20 kev proton beam from the ion source with a spot size of 5 mm diameter and normalized transverse emittance of 0.2π mm-mrad. The RFQ was simulated using a code developed at Soreq [12] and implemented into the GPT simulation code containing implementation of the 8-term potential, including the RMS section, and using RFQ modulation parameters obtained from the RFQ manufacturer [13]. Simulations of the SARAF RFQ using the GPT code with the Soreq RFQ implementations were compared 6

9 to simulations using the beam dynamics code TRACK, with overall very good agreement among the two codes. To provide a more suitable visualization of the simulations, the SARAF LEBT, RFQ, and MEBT are all displayed along a straight line, where the 90 bend is implied. Figures 4 and 6 show the ion source, the LEBT including the RF deflector, the RFQ with a tight 5 mm diameter aperture directly in front, and the MEBT following the RFQ. The simulations presented here were performed with an intial deuteron beam of energy 20 kev/u. The diverging beam following the ion source is focused by the first solenoid, and undergoes a 90 bend with additional focusing from the dipoles pole tips. The second solenoid focuses to a parallel beam, and the third solenoid focuses the beam to a spot of about 4 mm diameter at the entrance of the RFQ. The RFQ accelerates and bunches the beam. A few per-cent of the beam at the edges of the pre-bunches gets out of phase during the bunching process and lags the accelerated beam. Figure 4 shows simulated beam entering the RFQ, with the energy development of the beam on the top graph, the transverse development in the non-bending plane in the bottom graph, with the schematic of the acceleration section in the middle for better visualization. Note the transition from DC beam to bunched beam as the beam traverses the RFQ. 6 Simulations of single bunch-selection with RF deflector before the RFQ RF deflection just before the RFQ can be an efficient method for single bunch selection since the beam energy is still low and therefore relatively low electric fields and moment arms are required for adequate deflection and effective bunch selection, along with less problematic cooling requirements for the beam catcher. Inherent in any pulse selection scheme is proper synchronization with the RFQ RF phase. With the advent of fast high voltage/ high power switching, various deflector pulsing schemes can be possible. The configuration chosen is placement of the deflector between the second and third solenoids in the LEBT and where the beam optics necessitate a parallel beam, with the third solenoid providing a fine focus at the entrance of the RFQ. A 5 mm cooled aperture is place directly before the RFQ. A deflection of the parallel beam would result in a vertical displacement of the beam focus at the location of the RFQ entrance, where the displaced beam will be filtered out by the aperture. The question of which HV modulation or pulsing scheme on the RF deflector will be most effective is a quantitative question which depends on how much of unwanted bunches are filtered out, and what fraction of the desired bunch is transmitted through the RFQ, and at what cost regarding electronics and required RF power. The simplest scheme is for constant applied high voltage, providing constant deflection, and when one RFQ bunch is desired, then the HV is switched off for one RFQ cycle time of 5.5 ns duration. As discussed above, this scheme does not work since the beam traversal time inside the existing deflector is 65 nanoseconds. A simulation was performed with HV placed on the chopper for constant deflection, with the HV switched off for 5.5 ns for bunch selection. This scheme did not result in any beam entering the RFQ, as anticipated. The next scheme studied with the simulations is for a sinusoidally varying deflection provided by a sinusoidal RF HV source placed on the deflector. For one complete cycle, the sinusoidally varying HV passes zero potential twice, thereby providing zero deflection twice, and therefore two 7

10 Figure 4. Simulation of DC deuteron beam traversing the LEBT and then entering the RFQ. RFQ bunches and accelerates the beam to to 1.5 MeV/u. Top graph shows energy development as a function of longitudinal advance. Bottom graph shows transverse displacement along non-bend plane, including transverse focusing by solenoids. The RF deflector has not been included in the simulation. Schematic drawing between top and bottom graph shows layout for LEBT, RFQ, and MEBT, where 90 bend was straightened to facilitate viewing. bunches can be transmitted through the RFQ in one complete cycle. The problem is to keep the HV slope sharp enough so that the moment arm for deflection of the unwanted pre-bunches is sufficient, and thereby only the desired pre-bunch is transferred through the RFQ, but not so sharp so that the efficiency for transfering the desired bunch is still high. This procedure was tried for various values of HV at various frequencies. Table 1 shows that HV required at several deflector frequencies with the requirement for >60% transmission of the desired bunch, with less than 3% transmission of adjacent bunches. The deflector frequency F must be some integral sub-frequency of the RFQ 8

11 Table 1. Amplitude for sinusoidal HV applied to RF deflector necessary for efficient single pulse selection, shown for several oscillation frequencies. frequency F of Repetition rate for HV amplitude required for deflector HV single bunch selection effective single bunch separation 0.88 MHz 1.76 MHz 25, MHz 3.52 MHz 12, MHz 7.04 MHz 6,440 Figure 5. Graph of HV waveforms on existing deflector that can provide single bunch selection by the RFQ. Efficient single bunch selection is found to depend on slope at zero voltage. Discontinuous lines for positive-negative HV with fast switch is to indicate that repetition rate can be varied, and efficient single bunch selection depending only on switching speeds. frequency f of 176 MHz for proper synchronization. It is evident that for all but the very highest frequencies, high voltages are required for deflection with sufficient separation between the desired bunch and the adjacent undesired bunches. Figure 5 shows a plot of the voltage waveforms required for efficient single pulse selection given the electrostatic deflector described above, where the phases have been chosen so that there will be a zero-crossing on the graph at 450 nanoseconds for all the discussed waveforms. It is evident from figure 5 that the slope required for efficient and effective pulse selection, at V of a ±6kV swing in a time span of t of ±40 nanoneconds, is the same regardless of the frequncy of the RF HV applied to the deflector. This leads us to discussion of a more effective scheme for single bunch selection with the existing RF deflection. It involves applying a positive-negative HV with a fast switch that can 9

12 Table 2. Bunch characteristics for single-bunch selection and for CW deuteron operation with the LEBT- RFQ. transmission ε transverse π mm-mrad ε longitudinal π kev-deg. Bunches with CW operation 100% Single bunch selection with RF deflector 60% change polarity of V ±6 kv with a switching time t of 80 ns or less. This switch can be made at any desired repetition rate, and thereby repetition rate is not dependent on the switching speed of the HV source. HV switching has advanced to a stage where fast switching speeds are readily available. Figure 5 shows superimposed on the the three sinudoidal HV waveforms, a constant HV with either +6 kv or -6 kv, with a switch with slope 12 kv/80 ns whenever single bunch transmission is desired. The discontinous horizontal line, either at +6 kv or at -6 kv, is simply an indication that the repetition rate for single bunch transmission can be variable and does not depend on the switching speed. We have performed simulations with constant positive or negative HV on the electrostatic deflector, and with a switch that reverses the polarity over a given time interaval, with the voltage rising or lowering linearly to the opposite polarity during this time. In figure 6, we show again plots and schematic drawing of the LEBT, RFQ, and MEBT, with a simulation for an incoming CW deuteron beam with transverse emittance of 0.2π mm-mrad, but this time with a positivenegative HV applied to the electric-field deflector, and with a switch that changes polarity over a swithcing time of 1 to 80 ns. Figure 6 is a simulation for an applied voltage of ±5 kv and a switching time of 40 ns. The electrostatic deflector deflects the unwanted pre-bunches either up or down, with only the desired pre-bunch experiencing zero net deflection and focused onto the center of the collimator and transmitted to the RFQ. In the plots, only two bunches received zero average deflection and thereby succeeded in tranversing the RFQ, with a third bunch in the making just upstream of the 5 mm collimator. The simulated switching frequency was MHz, and so the bunch separation for the transmitted bunches, as shown in figure 6, is 50βλ. It is instructive to compare the emittances for the transmitted bunches with those of bunches from non-bunched LEBT-RFQ setup containing no RF electric-field deflector. We perform the simulations for incoming CW deuteron beam at 20 kev/u with transverse emittance of 0.2π mmmrad. Table 2 shows the results of these comparisons. The bunches using an RF deflector for single bunch selection have a 60% transmission probability as compared to those with undeflected beams a the LEBT, with a slightly higher transnsverse emittance and somewhat lower longitudinal emmitance as compared to bunches with the normal non-deflecting setup. Given that an applied HV of either positive or negative polarity, with a switch of polarity providing the zero passing to allow the desired pre-bunch to be transmitted into the RFQ, it is useful to ask if there is a tradeoff between switching speed and amplitude of HV. In principle, for a circuit including an ideal capacitor and an ideal load resistor, the power needed to charge the capacitor to a given voltage should be independent of the value of the load resistor, or in other words independent of the speed of charging of the capacitor. Given the progress in fast HV switching, perhaps a higher 10

13 Figure 6. Simulation of a CW beam traversing the LEBT, including existing RF HV deflector providing the transverse deflection necessary for single pulse selection. For this simulation, a positive-negative HV is applied at ±5 kv, with switch of polarity over 40 ns at a frequency ot 3.52 MHz. Time snapshot showing beam deflected by deflector, partially collimated by aperature upstream of RFQ, with final collimation at RFQ entrance. Two bunches with separation of 50β λ successfully traverse the RFQ, with a third in preparation prior to the collimator before the RFQ. (The two events in between are unacclerated particles). switching speed would lower the HV requirements for efficient single bunch selection. Table 3 shows results of simulations for the HV required for efficient single bunch selection for switching speeds of 1 ns, 40 ns, and 80 ns, given the requirement of at least 60% transmission efficiency for desired bunch with less that 3% transmission of adjacent bunches. It is clear that there is a definite advantage to faster positive-negative switching speeds. 11

14 Table 3. HV amplitudes required at several switching speeds for efficient single pulse selection for positivenegative HV applied to RF deflector. Positive-Negative switching speeds ±HV required for efficient single bunch selection 1 ns 4,700 volts 40 ns 5,000 volts 80 ns 5,500 volts 7 Discussion We have shown experimental data taken with a fast faraday cup and fast oscilloscope following the SARAF RFQ showing the mico-bunch structure of the beam exiting the RFQ, demonstrating that 0.3 ns bunches can be extracted from the RFQ, useful for TOF measurements and possibly other applications. The beam was chopped with a slow chopper consisting of an HV deflector placed upstream of the RFQ, where applying a HV compensating pulse with a minimum pulse width of about 180 ns allows for beam transmission to the RFQ. Given the RFQ cycle of 5.5 ns, there are about 33 micro-bunches within this transmitted pulse (slightly less because of transverse acceptance to the FFC and BPM and residual steering in RFQ due to deflector). We have also explored HV waveforms on the existing RF deflector which can provide appropriate deflection patterns that will enable single bunch selection in the RFQ. We have explored sinusoidal HV waveforms applied to the deflector. Detailed beam dynamics simulations show that high frequencies and/or high voltages are necessary for sufficiently fast pre-bunch separation to enable efficient single bunch selection. A more useful scheme is to apply positive-negative HV, with fast switching between polarities enabling the desired pre-bunch to enter the RFQ, with adjacent pre-bunches deflected to a cooled collimator placed immediately before the RFQ. Detailed simulations show that for applied HV of ±5 kv, with switching speeds of 40 ns or less, efficient single bunch selection can be achieved with more than 60% transmission for the selected bunch, and less that 3% transmission for the adjacent bunches. We have also argued that fast HV switches are readily available today with switching speeds of several nano-seconds with a repetition rate of hundreds of khz and even MHz. A big advantage to the scheme of single bunch selection with positive-negative HV on an electrostatic deflector before the RFQ is that the repetition rate can be easily adjustable, depending just on the power capabilities of the HV supplies and switch. The obvious advantage to beam deflection before the RFQ is the lower HV power requirements and reduced cooling requirements for the beam catcher. We are now gearing up to test this idea in the SARAF facility. Acknowledgments We would like to thank our colleagues from SPIRAL II collaboration for developing and loaning to us the slow chopper and electronics used for the measurements presented here, including A. Caruso (INFN-LNS), Marco Di Giacomo (GANIL), Danilo Rifuggiato (INFN-LNS). Giusepper Gallo (INFN-LNS), Emilio Zappalà (INFN-LNS), Fabrizio Consoli (ENEA), and Alberto Longhitano(INFN-LNS). 12

15 References [1] See for example, I. Mor, Elemental Reconstruction from Experimental and Simulated Data in Fast-Neutron Resonance Radiography System, presentation at FNDA2011, Ein Gedi Israel (2011); M. Brandis, Neutron Measurments with Time-Resolved Event Counting Optical Radiation (TRECOR) Detector, presentation at FNDA2011, Ein Gedi Israel (2011). [2] C.D. Moak et al., Nanosecond Pulsing for Van de Graaff Accelerators, Rev. Sci. Inst. 35 (1964) 672. [3] S.S. Kurennov et al., Meander-line current structure for SNS fast beam chopper, Proceedings of the 1999 Particle Accelerator Conference, New York U.S.A. (1999), pg [4] G. El. Dem et al., A single bunch selector for the next low ß continuous wave heavy ion beam, Proceedings of the 2007 Particle Accelerator Conference, Albuquerque U.S.A. (2007), pg [5] T. Kato et al., Beam study with RF choppers in the MEBT of the J-Parc proton LINAC, Proceedings of the 2003 Particle Accelerator Conference, Portland U.S.A. (2003), pg [6] V. Dangendorf et al., Proposed work on pulsed fast neutron sources for FNeuRad-Project, FneuRad proposal (2007). [7] General Particle Tracer code, Pulsar Physics, Netherlands. [8] R.W. Hamm et al., Single Pulse Sub-Nanosecond Proton RFQ, Acc. App Knoxville U.S.A. (2011). [9] I. Mardor et al., Status of the SARAF CW 40 MeV proton/deuteron accelerator, Proceedings of the 2009 Particle Accelerator Conference, Vancouver Canada (2009), pg. 74; L. Weissman et al., The status of the SARAF Linac project, Proceedings of LINAC 10 conference, Tsukuba Japan (2010), pg [10] A. Caruso et al., Preliminary design of the slow chopper for the spiral 2 project, Proceedings of LINAC 2008 conference, Victoria Canada (2008), pg [11] C. Piel, K. Dunkel, M. Pekeler, H. Vogel and P. vom Stein, Beam operation of the SARAF light ion injector, Proceedings of the 2007 Particle Accelerator Conference, Albuquerque U.S.A. (2007), pg [12] B. Bazak et al., Simulations of Ion Beam Loss in RF Linacs with Emphasis on Tails of Particle Distributions, Proceedings of LINAC 10 conference, Tsukuba Japan (2010), pg [13] P. Fischer, Ein Hochleistungs-RFQ-Beschleuniger fr Deuteronen, Ph.D. Thesis, Fachbereich Physik der Johann Wolfgang Goethe - Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main Germany (2007). 13

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