Comparison of N-Gram 1 Rank Frequency Data from the Written Texts of the British National Corpus World Edition (BNC) and the author s Web Corpus

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1 Comparison of N-Gram 1 Rank Frequency Data from the Written Texts of the British National Corpus World Edition (BNC) and the author s Web Corpus Both sets of texts were preprocessed to provide comparable data. British National Corpus. For simplicity s sake, all text within <body> tags in the BNC data files was assumed to be written text. It was extracted from the files, then all SGML tags including grammatical markup were stripped from it and SMGL entities were expanded to the corresponding characters. Spaces around orthographic wordinterior hyphen and apostrophe were removed. The resulting text data were amalgamated into nine large data files with 87,221,955 tokens total for further processing. Web Corpus. The 4949 documents which survived the various filters and selection processes elaborated elsewhere were combined into a single file with 5,382,595 tokens total to facilitate processing (approximately 1/16 of the size of the BNC written corpus). Both Corpora. With the author s software kfngram 2 frequency lists of 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 25-, and 50-grams in the two corpora were produced. Relevant options chosen were: not case-sensitive, preserve word-interior hyphens and apostrophes, replace numerals with #, sort on the first 2048 characters of each n-gram, floor (i.e. minimum frequency for inclusion in the final list) 50. Standard kfngram character remapping was chosen, so boundaries between sentences, paragraphs and even entire texts were ignored on the reasonable assumption that the random pseudo-n-grams resulting from this expediency would fall below the relatively high threshold chosen. The 5000 most frequent alphabetic 3 n-grams for each value of n were then imported into a Microsoft Access database for further analysis. Three sets of queries yielded the record sets reproduced below (since these are frequency ranks, lower numbers reflect higher frequencies): 1. N-grams with a rank frequency of 1 to 250 in both corpora 2. N-grams with a rank frequency of 1 to 200 in one corpus and greater than 300 (i.e. relatively less frequent) in the other 3. N-grams with a rank frequency of 1 to 500 in one corpus not among the 5000 most frequent in the other. Future. In this study no attempt was made to normalize spelling (e.g. ize / -ise, -er / -re, -or / -our, as well as tendencies to write certain compound nouns with a hyphen, a space or without a space) between the predominantly British BNC texts and the American-biased Web documents, a planned refinement that will enhance comparability in the future. 1 The term n-gram is understood here as a sequence of n words, also variously known as cluster, lexical bundle, or chain. In other fields this term is also used to mean sequence of n characters. 2 Information on kfngram and free download are available at Other tools used for this analysis either are already or will soon be available there as well. 3 Since in a preliminary analysis the great variety of numeric data obscured the patterns of linguistic data, all n-grams containing numerals were excluded from this analysis. 1

2 Similarities between British National Corpus and Web Corpus Data Dataset 1: 50 most frequent n-grams from those with a rank frequency of 1 to 250 in both corpora, ordered by rank frequency in BNC and in WC respectively 2

3 Top 50 Shared Frequent 1-grams BNC Order 1-Gram BNC Rank Web Rank the 1 1 of 2 2 to 3 4 and 4 3 a 5 5 in 6 6 is 7 7 that 8 9 for 9 8 was it on with as be he by i at are not from his this had but have you which or an they she her were their been has all one will there we if would can more when so who Top 50 Shared Frequent 1-grams Web Order 1-Gram BNC Rank Web Rank the 1 1 of 2 2 and 4 3 to 3 4 a 5 5 in 6 6 is 7 7 for 9 8 that 8 9 on with be this are you it as or by i at from have was not an will we your all can if but has which they more one he about their new other his information our there may when these

4 Top 50 Shared Frequent 2-grams BNC Order 2-Gram BNC Rank Web Rank of the 1 1 in the 2 2 to the 3 3 on the 4 4 and the 5 6 to be 6 7 for the 7 5 at the 8 8 it is 9 12 by the that the with the 12 9 of a from the it was in a as a with a is a he was for a have been will be had been as the was a is the the first one of to a has been there is and a can be the same into the would be of his is not out of on a this is all the was the to have may be over the they are there are that it Top 50 Shared Frequent 2-grams Web Order 2-Gram BNC Rank Web Rank of the 1 1 in the 2 2 to the 3 3 on the 4 4 for the 7 5 and the 5 6 to be 6 7 at the 8 8 with the 12 9 from the by the it is 9 12 is a that the of a in a will be as a is the if you can be for a with a you can to a as the the first this is of this has been one of the same is not have been there is in this and a may be it was such as on a there are number of you are about the should be the world as well the most you have

5 Top 50 Shared Frequent 3-grams BNC Order 3-Gram BNC Rank Web Rank one of the 1 1 the end of 2 14 as well as 3 2 part of the 4 5 out of the 5 32 a number of 6 8 there is a 7 11 some of the 8 7 there was a end of the the fact that it was a in order to 14 6 there is no be able to to be a it is not it would be the number of at the end it is a a lot of 23 9 the use of in terms of that it is most of the on the other the rest of members of the as a result in the first at the same at the time the first time for the first the same time to be the have to be because of the and in the in the same would have been in which the it is the side of the the united states 51 4 this is a a series of is to be many of the Top 50 Shared Frequent 3-grams Web Order 3-Gram BNC Rank Web Rank one of the 1 1 as well as 3 2 the united states 51 4 part of the 4 5 in order to 14 6 some of the 8 7 a number of 6 8 a lot of 23 9 be able to there is a 7 11 the use of the end of 2 14 if you are the number of there is no this is a to be a it is not would like to this is the a variety of most of the out of the 5 32 it is a end of the in the world the fact that in addition to back to the as a result of the most the development of members of the in terms of at the same in the united that it is the department of in the first of the world at the time is one of as part of at the end based on the member of the the same time according to the the rest of it is the

6 Top 50 Frequent Shared 4-grams BNC Order 4-Gram BNC Rank Web Rank the end of the 1 1 at the end of 2 4 at the same time 3 3 for the first time 4 21 on the other hand 5 14 as a result of 6 7 the rest of the 7 13 in the case of 9 19 one of the most by the end of is one of the 13 8 on the basis of at the time of in the form of as well as the 17 9 to be able to in the middle of the top of the a member of the the fact that the a wide range of the nature of the was one of the a great deal of at the beginning of will be able to the middle of the it is possible to as part of the in the context of in the united states 37 2 in the course of is likely to be in terms of the it is important to a result of the in front of the in the first place the beginning of the the time of the from time to time in the absence of it is difficult to on the part of at the top of in the face of that there is a the size of the for a long time the role of the Top 50 Frequent Shared 4-grams Web Order 4-Gram BNC Rank Web Rank the end of the 1 1 in the united states 37 2 at the same time 3 3 at the end of 2 4 at the university of if you want to 93 6 as a result of 6 7 is one of the 13 8 as well as the 17 9 one of the most the rest of the 7 13 on the other hand 5 14 will be able to a member of the at the time of in the case of 9 19 for the first time 4 21 to be able to a wide range of as part of the on the basis of from time to time the name of the in addition to the in the form of the top of the i would like to can be used to it is important to in accordance with the for the purpose of at the beginning of the bottom of the a copy of the the beginning of the the use of the in the first place a great deal of the nature of the the size of the by the end of the fact that the one of the best as well as a was one of the in the context of a result of the a wide variety of a large number of in the middle of

7 Differences between British National Corpus and Web Corpus Data Dataset 2: N-grams with a rank frequency of 1 to 200 in one corpus and greater than 300 (i.e. relatively less frequent) in the other 7

8 200 most frequent 1-grams in BNC data Ranked 300 or lower in Web data 1Gram BNC Rank Web Rank mr per man again old never thought away left although going put social came though rather always got until cent most frequent 1-grams in Web data Ranked 300 or lower in BNC data 1gram BNC Rank Web Rank available c computer contact data file free including links list name news page please program project s search services site software students systems university using

9 200 most frequent 2-grams in BNC data Ranked 300 or lower in Web data 2-gram BNC Rank Web Rank against the and he as he can not had to he had he said i don't i had it would like a of her per cent she had she was that there the government the house the whole there were they had this was to her to his was to when he who had most frequent 2-grams in Web data Ranked 300 or lower in BNC data 2-gram BNC Rank Web Rank all of based on be used department of for more go to have the how to in addition information about information on like to list of new york of your on this return to that are the state the united the university to help to provide to this to use united states university of use the when you you may you to you will

10 200 most frequent 3-grams in BNC data Ranked 300 or lower in Web data 3-gram BNC Rank Web Rank a great deal a matter of a range of and it was and so on and that the as a whole away from the between the two but it was by the end by the time cent of the for a moment had to be has to be he did not he had been he was a in favour of in relation to in the middle in the uk is likely to it had been it is possible it was not it was the of the house on to the per cent of secretary of state so that the that he had that he was that of the that there was the age of the back of the centre of the effect of the house of the idea of the level of the middle of the prime minister the secretary of the united kingdom the work of to have been to say that was going to was in the was one of most frequent 3-grams in BNC data Ranked 300 or lower in Web data 3-gram BNC Rank Web Rank was to be would be a would have to would not be most frequent 3-grams in Web data Ranked 300 or lower in BNC data 3-gram BNC Rank Web Rank a copy of a list of a part of a set of all of the around the world at the university can be found due to the each of the go to the his or her history of the if you want if you would in accordance with in new york in the future information about the information on the more than one name of the of the united of the university return to the that can be the ability to the history of the office of the purpose of the state of the university of there are many to create a to find out to the top to use the version of the what is the with respect to you do not you have a you want to

11 200 most frequent 4-grams in BNC data Ranked 300 or lower in Web data 4-gram BNC Rank Web Rank the way in which the back of the in the light of in the same way at the age of in an attempt to on the one hand at a time when the other side of the side of the there has been a on the other side it is clear that i don't want to for the rest of it would have been nothing to do with are likely to be other side of the the case of the on the edge of by the fact that in a number of that it would be it would be a at the expense of at the start of in the hands of turned out to be as a means of the heart of the of a number of as far as the to deal with the that it is not one of the few of the fact that on top of the the same time the in spite of the for the sake of the creation of a but it is not most frequent 4-grams in Web data Ranked 300 or lower in BNC data 4-gram BNC Rank Web Rank in an effort to all over the world of the united states to the top of can be found in is part of the some of the most in the field of to make sure that is based on the the purpose of the the results of the if you have a the best way to in the area of to return to the the president of the to the united states the story of the have the right to a few of the in the near future if you wish to of the university of if you do not of the department of the purpose of this the united states the if you are a you don't have to take a look at the office of the a look at the if you would like having regard to the if you have any if you are not for a period of is a member of on a regular basis

12 Differences between British National Corpus and Web Corpus Data Dataset 3: N-grams with a rank frequency of 1 to 500 in one corpus not among the 5000 most frequent in the other. 12

13 500 most frequent 1-grams in BNC data Missing among 5000 most frequent in Web data [None] 500 most frequent 1-grams in Web data Missing among 5000 most frequent in BNC data Rank 1-Gram Freq 72 web internet http click center online copyright server u.s

14 500 most frequent 2-grams in BNC data Missing among 5000 most frequent in Web data BNC Rank 2-Gram Freq 297 as she she could at her the police see p most frequent 2-grams in Web data Missing among 5000 most frequent in BNC data Web Rank 2-gram Freq 64 web site the internet click here this site the web home page all rights rights reserved this page more information copyright contact us the u.s the program links to click on here for real estate welcome to web page space ghost to top site is check out

15 500 most frequent 3-grams in Web data Missing among 5000 most frequent in BNC data BNC Rank 3-Gram Freq 39 can not be read in studio video-taped report follows she had been the labour party that she had of state for my hon friend so far as but there was on the floor but he was the sound of they had been he had to most frequent 3-grams in Web data Missing among 5000 most frequent in BNC data Web Rank 3-Gram Freq 3 all rights reserved click here to for more information on the web on the internet table of contents click here for click on the you need to most frequent 3-grams in Web data Missing among 5000 most frequent in BNC data Web Rank 3-Gram Freq 256 available on the of the internet you can also check out the this page is you will need more information about to the internet your web site cost to advertiser feel free to terms and conditions in the u.s on the net new york city learn more about return to top you wish to the web site portion of the a web site university of texas are interested in how to use in the state links to other take a look the internet and microsoft internet explorer where you can back to top this web site world wide web top of page how do i you will be you would like inc all rights on this site this site is the world wide of the corporation welcome to the the mutual fund frequently asked questions you have any percent of the more information on you will find allows you to be sure to you can find you can use

16 500 most frequent 3-grams in BNC data Missing among 5000 most frequent in Web data BNC 5-gram Freq Rank 12 ask the secretary of state at the back of the at the end of a at the start of the award type research grant project but at the same time at the other end of as in the case of at the foot of the for now our next bulletin department of trade and industry award type research development substantive development substantive award ref no all from us for now evening anne dawson wesley smith does my right hon friend by the secretary of state bbc summary of world broadcasts and up at two marks ask the prime minister if as a matter of fact and down at two marks before the end of the at the time of writing barnes reports video-taped report follows at the end of this at the heart of the at the expense of the bed and breakfast beach charges and summarised in appendix a between fields is fully described fields is fully described in description the use of keys detailed description the use of economy economic indicators gdp growth a you must provide the appendix a you must provide as a result of a by the court of appeal on the other side of and in the case of award type research grant award by the hon member for economic and social history discipline barnett reports video-taped report follows the end of the year at a time when the as a member of the follows read in studio voice by the house of lords as the case may be does my hon friend agree most frequent 3-grams in BNC data Missing among 5000 most frequent in Web data BNC 5-gram Freq Rank 68 conference on security and co-operation a point of order mr clare lafferty reports video-taped report during the course of the for foreign and commonwealth affairs anne still to come on an example of this option example of this option is far eastern economic review of and business studies primary subject business studies primary subject area for the first time since towards the end of the evening anne dawson harriet ryley agree with my hon friend award type research contract award be in a position to an integral part of the does the secretary of state a breach of the peace dinner bed and breakfast beach discipline unknown subject area unknown am grateful to my hon and if he will make and social history primary subject economic and social history primary at the centre of the and co-operation in europe csce anne dawson wesley smith video-taped by my right hon friend dawson wesley smith video-taped report elected for a five-year term first quarter net profit up on the edge of the contact sema software technology technical 105 award type unknown award ref between the government and the in the same way as can be found in appendix cases are referred to in a bottle of sparkling wine erika barnes reports video-taped report the end of the century the other end of the agreement on tariffs and trade are referred to in the for the rest of the the secretary of state for there is no doubt that both sides of the house the department of the environment and limitations no special lifespan department unknown institution london

17 500 most frequent 3-grams in BNC data Missing among 5000 most frequent in Web data BNC 5-gram Freq Rank university 125 for the benefit of the in the wake of the at a meeting of the at the far end of in the centre of the in the house of commons the way in which the commonwealth of independent states cis department department of economics institution 134 following cases are referred to at the same time it committee of the red cross facts are stated in the are required to use this cases were cited in argument clark reports video-taped report follows commission of the european communities as my hon friend the court of appeal held that dinner or lunch bed and additional cases were cited in and methodology primary subject area computing and methodology primary subject 149 contract for the sale of debt service ratio as of effect of an accounting change at the head of the by my hon friend the cumulative effect of an accounting in the direction of the a loss last time of at the request of the cent of gross domestic product does the minister agree that first lateral arm plate the and for the first time and i am sure that compagnie des machines bull sa per cent of the vote the turn of the century after the second world war am grateful to the hon as well as in the department department of psychology institution 172 at a press conference on at half-past two o'clock prayers on the side of the the department of trade and the end of the day cent of the vote and most frequent 3-grams in BNC data Missing among 5000 most frequent in Web data BNC 5-gram Freq Rank 179 child in the family of a contract for the sale are stated in the judgment arm plate the oral shield breakfast supplements per person per it is not surprising that the end of the war and breakfast supplements per person and international relations primary subject and social history subject area asset no mouse no others bed and breakfast supplements per economic and social history subject following additional cases were cited and breakfast beach charges are at an additional cost of decision of the court of in the first half of in the hands of the of the second world war to be one of the most frequent 3-grams in Web data Missing among 5000 most frequent in BNC data Web 5-Gram Freq Rank 2 if you would like to messages sorted by date thread 74 5 on the world wide web 74 6 sorted by date thread subject 74 7 by date thread subject author 72 9 university of texas at austin if you have any questions the university of texas at img src http broccoli.mfn.ki.se aj src http broccoli.mfn.ki.se aj gifs user interfaces for information visualization 51 17

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