Multipaction Breakdown Prediction of Passive Microwave Devices with CST Particle-Studio
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1 Multipaction Breakdown Prediction of Passive Microwave Devices with CST Particle-Studio José R. Montejo Garai (1), Carlos A. Leal (1), Jorge A. Ruiz Cruz (2) Jesús M. Rebollar Machaín (1) (1) Dpto. de Electromagnetismo y Teoría de Circuitos Universidad Politécnica de Madrid jr@etc.upm.es (2) Escuela Politécnica Superior Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
2 Outline 1. Introduction a) Particle accelerators, vacuum electronics, stellarators,, etc. b) Satellite communication devices. 2. Multipactor prediction a) Classical method: Hatch and Williams susceptibility curves. - ESA/ESTEC Multipactor Calculator. b) PIC technique: simulation of electrons motion inside the device. 3. Results - CST Particle Studio. a) Stop-band filter for plasma diagnosis. b) OMT for antenna feeder on board communication satellite. e. 4. Conclusions
3 1. Introduction. Multipactor is an electron resonance effect that occurs when RF fields accelerate electrons in a vacuum and cause them to impact with a surface, which depending on its energy, release one or more electrons into the vacuum. When a sustained multiplication of the number of electrons occurs, the phenomenon will grow exponentially and may lead to operational problems. RF CYCLE + RF CYCLE RF CYCLE _ (1) (2) (3) RF CYCLE RF CYCLE + RF CYCLE (4) (5) (6)
4 1. Introduction. a) Particle accelerators, vacuum electronics, stellarators,, etc. b) Satellite communication devices.
5 2. Multipactor prediction. a) Classical method: Hatch and Williams susceptibility curves. - ESA/ESTEC Multipactor Calculator. x=d x=0
6 2. Multipactor prediction. b) PIC technique: simulation of electrons motion inside the device. - CST Particle Studio
7 3. Results: stop-band filter for plasma diagnosis. Magnetically confined fusion plasmas Stellarator TJ-II in CIEMAT with its main components
8 3. Results: stop-band filter for plasma diagnosis. Block diagram of the heterodyne receiver for CTS (Collective Thomson Scattering)
9 3. Results: stop-band filter for plasma diagnosis s 11 Simulation s 21 Simulation s 11 Measurement s 21 Measurement s 11 (db) -30 Center frequency 28 GHz s 21 Bandwith 560 MHz (2%) Stopband attenuation 40 db Return Loss 18 db Spurious free frequency bands GHz GHz Frequency (GHz)
10 3. Results: stop-band filter for plasma diagnosis. Graphical representation of electrical field to foresee the maximum strength. Electric field configuration at 32 GHz (frequency in the bandpass) Electric field configuration at GHz (first transmission zero)
11 3. Results: stop-band filter for plasma diagnosis. Integration lines used to calculate the breakdown voltages Two transmission frequencies f t1 =27.0 GHz f t2 =32.0 GHz Lref L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 Five transmission zeros f tz1 = GHz f tz2 = GHz f tz3 = GHz f tz4 = GHz f tz5 = GHz
12 3. Results: stop-band filter for plasma diagnosis. Voltages (rms( values) along the six integration lines (mm) for the seven frequencies (GHz). Lref = L1=0.569 L2= L3= L4= L5= ft 1 = f tz1 = f tz2 = f tz3 = f tz4 = f tz5 = f t2 =
13 3. Results: stop-band filter for plasma diagnosis. Classical method: Hatch and Williams susceptibility curves. Gap=0.569 mm Silver V p = P = ( w) Analysis margin 8 db P = 33.4( w)
14 3. Results: stop-band filter for plasma diagnosis. Characteristics: The emission type follows the Furman model The maximum number of secondary electrons emitted per incident electron is 10 The maximum number of generations which a primary source can produce is 1000 Silver coated surfaces with Emax =165 ev, δmax = 2.22 The initial energy of the electrons 10eV
15 3. Results: stop-band filter for plasma diagnosis. CST Particle Studio: PIC technique. Number of Particles W 310 W 320 W 330 W 340 W 350 W 360 W 370 W 380 W 390 W 400 W Threshold: 400 W exponential increase t(ns)
16 3. Results: stop-band filter for plasma diagnosis. Multipaction breakdown Number of Particles Threshold: 400 W t(ns)
17 3. Results. P=400 w Multipaction
18 3. Results: stop-band filter for plasma diagnosis. Breakdown power for the critical element of the band stop filter. Element Slot of the first cavity at f tz1 = GHz ECCS model 210 W Particle Studio (PIC) 400 W P=400 w Number of Particles Number of Particles P=210 w t(ns) t(ns)
19 4. Results: OMT on board satellite 0-10 S 11 TE 10 S 11 TE (db) TE TE V TE 10 TE H 11 Frequency GHz Frequency (GHz)
20 4. Results: OMT on board satellite Vertical Polarization Voltages (rms( values) along the six integration lines (mm) at (GHz) Lref = 15.5 L1=5.86 L2=7.31 L3=5.86 L4=7.31 L5=10.16 f= Classical method: Hatch and Williams susceptibility curves. Gap=5.86 mm Silver P = ( w) Lref L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 Electric field configuration at GHz
21 4. Results: OMT on board satellite Horizontal Polarization Voltages (rms values) along the four integration lines (mm) at (GHz) Lref = 15.5 L1=5.51 L2=8.94 L3=10.16 f= L3 Classical method: Hatch and Williams susceptibility curves. Gap=5.51 mm Silver P = 6709 ( w) L2 L1 Lref Electric field configuration at GHz
22 4. Results: OMT on board satellite Breakdown power for the critical element of the OMT Element Iris (horizontal polarization) at f=10.65 GHz ECCS model 6709 W Particle Studio (PIC) > W lines per λ 7000 Number of Particles kw 20 kw 30 kw 40 kw 50 kw t(ns) No exponential increase L3 L2 L1 Lref
23 4. Conclusions. A multipactor breakdown threshold analysis of a microwaves passive devices, (stop-band filter and OMT), has been presented. Firstly, the standard approach has been used. However, the standard multipactor susceptibility curves underestimate the thresholds. In order to avoid this limitation, a rigorous analysis which takes into account the actual electromagnetic field distribution and the geometry dimensions has been performed using the CST Particle Studio. This allows a more realistic evaluation of the breakdown threshold, and therefore, a safer design of microwave filters at much higher breakdown levels. This is extremely important in different areas like nuclear fusion research and satellite industry.
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