Sekvencijalna logika
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1 VTŠ: : Osnovi računarske tehnike Sekvencijalna logika mr. Veličkovi ković Zoran Mart, 2010.
2 Sekvencijalna logička funkcija Logičke funkcije se mogu kategorizirati kao kombinacione ili kao sekvencijalne. U slučaju kombinacionih logičkih funkcija, njihov logički izlaz zavisi samo od trenutne kombinacije prisutnih logičkih ulaza (Do sada smo razmatrali samo ove tipove funkcija). Kod sekvencijalnih funkcija stanje izlaza takođe zavisi od stanja logičkih ulaza ali i od njihove logičke vrednosti u prethodnom stanju. Dakle, izlazi kod sekvencijalnih funkcija zavise od vrednosti kompletne ulazne sekvence. Sekvencijalne funkcije pamte prethodno stanje ulaza i zato ih nazivamo memorijskim elementima.
3 RS latc (leč) Jedna od najednostavnijih sekvencijalnih funkcija je RS leč, koji se može formirati korišćenjem dva NILI kola povezana na specifičan način (back-to-back). U ovoj NILI (NOR) verziji RESET i SET ulazi su aktivni visoko. Imena ovih ulaza odgovaraju stanju izlaza Q na koji deluju. Kada je na RESET na aktivnom nivou izlaz q se postavlja na 0. Kada je SET na aktivnom nivou izlaz q se postavlja u 1. Izlazi q i ~q se nazivaju pravi (true) i komplementarni izlaz (commplementary)
4 Predstavljanje RS leča Tabela istinitosti Zadržava se prethodno stanje izlaza
5 RS leč i feedback ~q nije inverzno od q samo u slučaju kada su ulazi SET i RESET istovremeno postavljeni u aktivno stanje (SET=RESET=1)! Stanja q(n+) i ~q(n+) označavaju buduće vrednosti ovih izlaza. RS latch pamti prethodno stanje ulaza što se bazira na tehnici pod nazivom feedback. Ovo je zapravo vraćanje stanja izlaza na ulaz (čime se formira dodatni ulaz u funkciju). Na sledećim slikama ćemo objasniti kako ova tehnika funkcioniše. Počnimo sa pretpostavkom da su ulazi (SET=RESET=0) u neaktivnom stanju.
6 RESET aktivno/neaktivno RESET: aktivno RESET: neaktivno Pretpostavka
7 SET aktivno/neaktivno SET u aktivno SET u neaktivno
8 NI verzija RS leča SET i REST aktivno-nisko
9 Data tip leča: D-latchD Aktivno visoko Leč D tipa sa aktivno-visoko ulazima
10 Primena D leča Nema prolaza podataka, EN=0, Level-sensitive Zapamćeno stanje data ulaza
11 D-latch D Flip-Flop Flop Za razliku od level-sensitive logičkih šema, transition-sensitive sensitive šeme pamte podatake u trenutku promene logičkog nivoa clock ulaza. Oznaka transition-sensitive sensitive ulaza na šemama je sledeća >. Prelazak sa logičkog nivoa 0 na 1 naziva se rastuća ivica pozitivna (rising-edge), dok se tranzicija sa 1 na 0 naziva opadajuća ivica negativna (fallingedge). D-tip flip-flopovi se mogu realizovati i sa pozitivnim i negativnim clock ulazom.
12 Pozitivno i negativno trigerovani D-FFD Pozitivno trigerovan Negativno trigerovan
13 Talasni oblik D-FFD Talasni oblik pozitivno trigerovanog D flip-flopa
14 Vreme uspostavljanja signala Setup (uspostavljanje) and hold (držanje) vremena za D-FF su prikazana slici. Vremenski period u kome vrednost na data ulazu mora ostati stabilan je prikazan tamnijom bojom. Ova vremena su posledica internih kašnjenja u samom FF. Setup i hold definišu brzinu same tehnologije!
15 D-FF sa dodatnim ulazima Asinhroni CLEAR Sinhroni CLEAR
16 MASTER-SLAVE SLAVE D-FFD D-FF sa pozitivnom radnom ivicom MASTER FF SLAVE FF Aktivno NISKO Aktivno VISOKO Iako je sve realiuzovano preko logičkih NIVOA, spolja gledano sve je sinhronizovano sa rastućom ivicom CLOCK-a.
17 JK & T - FF JK - FF T - FF Promena stanja-toggle
18 JK & T FF, realizacija
19 Šift registri - SIPO Posebna vrsta registara koja pomera (shift) binarne podatke za jedan bit. 4-bit šift registar realizovan sa D-FF Paralel OUT
20 Talasni oblik SIPO shift registra
21 SISO šift registar Serijski ulaz serijski izlaz
22 Brojači Brojačke funkcije se veoma često koriste u digitalnim sistemima. Moduo brojača je broj stanja kroz koje prolazi brojač pre povratka na početno stanje. Primer: brojač koji broji od do u binarnom sistemu (ili od 0 to 15 u decimalnom) ima moduo šesnaest (16)
23 Brojač: moduo 16 sa D-FFD Kombinaciona logika Poz. logika 4xD-FF Pamaćenje stanja brojača FF
24 Brojač u kombinacionoj tehn.
25 Dekadni Brojač
26 Ripple - brojač
27 Sedmosegmentni dekoder
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