PROCESSOR BASED TIMING SIGNAL GENERATOR FOR RADAR AND SENSOR APPLICATIONS
|
|
- Ernest Park
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 PROCESSOR BASED TIMING SIGNAL GENERATOR FOR RADAR AND SENSOR APPLICATIONS Application Note
2 ABSTRACT... 3 KEYWORDS... 3 I. INTRODUCTION... 4 II. TIMING SIGNALS USAGE AND APPLICATION... 5 III. FEATURES AND IMPLEMENTATION... 6 IV. IMPLEMENTATION RESULTS V. CONCLUSION VI. REFERENCES VII. AUTHOR PROFILE:
3 ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to present the architecture design and implementation of an Application Specific Processor based hardware module called Timing Signal Generator (TSG) for pulsed RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) and Image Sensor applications. It is a digital, programmable, application-specific, control timing signal generator. This module is a slave controller which receives configuration and instructions through 16 bit simple user interface. Depending on the instructions a control signal is generated for a fixed duration or ever lasting repetitive one. It is designed, implemented and validated using Very High Speed Integrated Circuit (VHSIC) Hardware Description Language (VHDL) on Xilinx Kintex 7 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) 7k325tffg The simulation results using Questasim simulator and the timing signals captured in the FPGA using Xilinx Chipscope Logic analyzer verify the effectiveness of the implemented TSG. KEYWORDS FPGA, RADAR, PRI, Image Sensors, Application Specific Processor, Timing Signal Generator. 3
4 I. INTRODUCTION Timing signals are control signals which indicate either the start or end of certain events like enabling disabling of systems, windowing for data to be captured, read or write operations or sequence of control signals. Timing signals are generated in the hardware depending on the system requirements. If the requirements change hardware needs to be changed, which further increases the design and verification efforts. In order to counter this limitation, this paper proposes application specific, two stage pipelined, and processor based implementation of timing signal generation. Required timing signal is generated by the processor depending on the instruction given to it. Thus, if the requirements change then the only change required will be the change of instructions and not of the hardware. Moreover TSG implemented has the capability to change the timing signals on the fly by just changing the instructions in the instruction memory. The paper is organized as follows: Section II describes the usage and applications of timing signals. Section III describes its design and implementation. Section IV provides simulation and hardware results. Conclusions are detailed in Section V. 4
5 II. TIMING SIGNALS USAGE AND APPLICATION Pulsed RADAR has following basic control timing signals as shown in figure 1 repeated at a Pulse Repetitive Interval (PRI) rate. Tx pulse marks the duration of transmission of a pulse of electromagnetic waves during a designated time slot. Tx Control is an extended TX pulse having front and back porch extensions to take care of rise time requirements of the Travelling Wave Tube Amplifier (TWTA) transmitting the amplified modulated electromagnetic waves as well as to protect receiver by removing receiver input through a switch during this period. Rx Data window is the time window with a precisely defined timing relationship with the transmitted pulse to receive the echo back. In addition to these basic signals, depending on the requirements there are other intra-pri calibrations timing pulses. In case of beam-steered antennas, beam switching signals are also required. Front Porch Tx_pulse Back Porch PRI Tx_control Rx_window Intra_PRI_pulses Figure 1 RADAR Timing Signals Diagram Camera gets the capture command and the image sensor is exposed by the exposure window. Strobe pulse provides the sensor with the illumination and finally at the exposure conclusion, the image from the sensor is transferred to the frame grabber. Capture Command Exposure strobe Charge transfer Video output Figure 2 Camera Timing Signals Diagram Timing signals are responsible for controlling the digital subsystems. For many systems timing signals changes from application to application. And in some systems it is required to change them on the fly. For an instance in above two examples, in case of radars the echo relation with respect to the transmitted pulse changes from object to object. In case of camera the exposure and illumination time duration and relation can change. Considering all this a processor based generic timing signal generator is proposed and implemented. 5
6 III. FEATURES AND IMPLEMENTATION A. TSG Architectures TSG designed is capable of generating Timing signals of programmable widths, programmable polarity, synchronous to rising and falling edges of any signal, generating pulses with sync divider capability, generating pulses with variable widths at every sync or repetitive syncs. Timing signal having frequency half of TSG clock can also be generated. It is also possible to change Timing signals on-the fly by changing the instructions. Each Timing signal is generated by an Application Specific TSG Processor depending on the instruction given to it. The user interface to configure the TSG is designed to support maximum of 16 processors and thus 16 timing signals. User interface can be modified to support any no of processors. The block diagram of the Timing Signal Generator (TSG) with a specific case of 8 TSG processors is shown in the figure 3 below. There is an array of 8 RAMs each of 24 x 64, associated with each processor. RAM holds the 21 bit instructions to be executed by the processors. Each processor has a capability to generate an independent timing signal without a sync reference or generate a timing signal with respect to 2 input sync signals. The two input sync signals can be generated either from external sync or internally by any of the other TSG processor. In figure 3, one of the TSG processor takes the role of generating sync pulses. The other 7 processors generate timing signals which are either free running or synchronized to sync depending upon the instruction fed to it. There is a register bank of 9 registers. In all, these 9 registers forms 10, 16 bit registers. User interface which is simple 16 bit read-write interface communicates with this register bank. Control register, current sync register, instruction register, index register, on-off value register and on-off index register are common to all the eight processors, while each bit of ram chip select register, update register and hardware update mask register corresponds to each of the 16 processors. Instruction from the instruction register is loaded to the ram location pointed by instruction index register into all the Rams whose chip select bit is enabled. Processors Program Counter is reset to 0 and it stops executing instruction whenever its corresponding chip select bit is enabled. It starts fetching and executing instruction when global enable bit in control register is 1 and its corresponding chip select bit is 0. TSG also has 8, 16 bit off and 8, 16 bit on count registers. Value in the off on register is written to one of these 16 register as indicated by the value in off on index register. Each of the off and on count values corresponds to one of the eight processors. Each processor updates their off and on count values whenever update bit is set in the update register or on rising edge of the hardware update signal. Update from hardware signal by each processor can be masked by setting their respective bit in hardware update mask register. 6
7 Din[7:0] addr[15:0] dout[7:0] clk Reset_n rd wr cs clk_tsg Sync_tsg_in Control Reg Current Sync Reg Instruction Reg Instruction Index Reg Ram chip select reg Off-On Value Reg Off-On Index Reg Update Reg Hw Update Mask Reg u-controller clock domain synchronizer s Micro controller Interface. Sync mux Off_on_value [15:0] Crnt sync no [15:0] Off_on_index [7:0] Offon_update Hw_updt_mask en Sync_tsg_dir TSG clock domain synchronize rs Sync counter Sync 2 flops TSG Top Update_sw2 Hw_updt_msk2 Instruction [23:0] Inst_index [7:0] Ram_cs0 Ram_cs1 Ram_cs2 Ram_cs3 Ram_cs4 Ram_cs5 Ram_cs6 Ram_cs7 Off_count0, on_count0 Off_count1, on_count1 8 off Off_count2, on_count2 reg[15:0] Off_count3, on_count3 & Off_count4, on_count4 8 on Off_count5, on_count5 reg[15:0] Off_count6, on_count6 Off_count7, on_count7 enable Enable_rising sync1 sync2 Off_count0 On_count0 Ram_cs0 Off_count1 On_count1 Ram_cs1 Off_count2 On_count2 Ram_cs2 Off_count3 On_count3 Ram_cs3 Off_count4 On_count4 Ram_cs4 Off_count5 On_count5 Ram_cs5 Sync Processor TSG Processor 1 TSG Processor 2 TSG Processor 3 TSG Processor 4 TSG Processor 5 Instr_in0[23:0] Addr0[5:0] Instr_in1[23:0] Addr1[5:0] Instr_in2[23:0] Addr2[5:0] Instr_in3[23:0] Addr3[5:0] Instr_in4[23:0] Addr4[5:0] Instr_in5[23:0] Addr5[5:0] RAM 0 RAM 1 RAM 2 RAM 3 RAM 4 RAM 5 Inst_Index[5:0] Ram_cs0 Inst_Index[5:0] Ram_cs1 Inst_Index[5:0] Ram_cs2 Inst_Index[5:0] Ram_cs3 Inst_Index[5:0] Ram_cs4 Inst_Index[5:0] Ram_cs5 SYNC Sig_out1 Sig_out2 Sig_out3 Sig_out4 Sig_out5 External_sig Update_external Ex_sig 2 flops Update external 2 flops Update_ex1 Update_ex2 Update Ex_sig1 Ex_sig2 Update Off_count6 On_count6 Ram_cs6 Off_count7 On_count7 Ram_cs7 TSG Processor 6 TSG Processor 7 Instr_in6[23:0] Addr6[5:0] Instr_in7[23:0] Addr7[5:0] RAM 6 RAM 7 Inst_Index[5:0] Ram_cs6 Inst_Index[5:0] Ram_cs7 Sig_out6 Sig_out7 Control Register (TSG_CNTL) Figure 3 TSG Block Diagram with 8 TSG processors Its zeroth bit if 1, enable the TSG else disable it. Its first bit is for sync selection. If 0-External sync is used then 1-Internal sync from sync processor will be used for timing signal generation. Current sync number (TSG_STS) This register gives current sync number of the sync generated by sync generator module. When the TSG is enabled this register count is incremented on every sync cycle else its value is 0. Instruction Register (TSG_INSTR_15_0, 23_16) 7
8 These two 16 bit registers forms the 21 bit instruction code to be loaded into instructions ram at location given in the Instruction Index Register. Instruction Index Register (TSG_ INSTR _INDEX) This register provides the location of ram where the Instruction in the two instruction registers has to be loaded. Ram chip select Register (TSG_RCS) Each bit of this register provides the chip select for the 16 Instruction rams. Instruction from the Instruction register is written to the ram whose chip select bit is high at the location pointed by Instruction index register. Off-On Value Register (TSG_OFFON) 16 bit Off or On count value. Off-On Index Register (TSG_OFFON _INDEX) This register provides the location of one of the register out of 32 (16 for off and 16 for on) where the off or on value corresponding to each processor has to be loaded. Update Register (TSG_ UPDATE) Each bit of this register provides the off - on count values update signal for the 16 TSG Processors. When its 1 off on counts are updated by respective TSG Processor then the TSG processors clears them after the update. This register provides software update control in addition to the hardware update signal. Hardware update mask Register (TSG_HWUDMSK) Each bit corresponds to each of the 16 TSG Processors. This bit provides masking of the hardware update signal. If set to 1 off and on count values are updated only on corresponding software update bit and hardware update is neglected. B. TSG Processor TSG processor is an application specific 16 bit - RISC processor which outputs a timing signal. It is a Two stage pipelined processor with stages: 1) Instruction fetch and 2) Instruction Decode and Execute. It is designed to generate timing signals of variable no of pulses, of variable pulse widths and of variable periods which are either free running or synchronized with sync signals. It has 15 different instructions out of which 5 are data load instructions, 4 event waiting, 2 count waiting instructions, 3 jump instructions and 1 permanent wait instruction. These 15 instructions are of 5 types: 5 data load instructions are single clock executable, 4 event waiting instructions and 2 count wait instructions causes the processor to enter into halt state until the event happens or count completes, 3 jump instructions causing processor to fetch next instruction from jump address and permanent wait instruction causes the processor to enter into permanent halt. Instruction format is shown in figure 4, while detailed explanation of each instruction is shown in table 1. It has 8, 16 bit 8
9 dedicated counters for counting events, to generate delay and for looping purposes. As each TSG signal is generated and updated by the processor independently without affecting others, it makes the TSG very generic. Detailed architecture diagram is shown in figure 5. Figure 4 Instruction Format Instruction Mnemonic Opcode Instruction Usage Wait for sync rising edge * No S WSRE0 No 0 (0/1) (0000) (16bit no) Wait for sync falling edge * No S WSFE0 No 1 (0/1) (0001) (16bit no) Wait for sync falling edge * No S WSFE0 No 1 (0/1) (0001) (16bit no) Wait for sync1 rising edge * No S WSRE1 No 2 (0/1) (0010) (16bit no) Wait for sync1 falling edge * No S WSFE1 No 3 (0/1) (0011) (16bit no) Wait for on count S WONC 4 (0/1) (0100) (16 0 s) Wait for off count S WOFC 5 (0/1) (0101) (16 0 s) Signal value set S V 6 (0/1) (0110) (16 0 s) On count load value S ONCL Val 7 (0/1) (0111) (16bit value) Off count load value S OFCL Val 8 (0/1) (1000) (16bit value) Generic count load value S GCL0 Val 9 (0/1) (1001) (16bit value) Generic count1 load value S GCL1 Val A (0/1) (1010) (16bit value) Jump to Address S JMP Addr B (0/1) (1011) (10 0 s, 6 bit addr) Decrement generic count, Jump if not zero to given address else to nxt address Decrement generic count1, Jump if not zero to given address else to nxt address S DJNZ0 Addr C (0/1) (1100) (10 0 s, 6 bit addr) S DJNZ1 Addr D (0/1) (1101) (10 0 s, 6 bit addr) Wait S W E (0/1) (1110) (16 0 s) TABLE 1: Instructions 9
10 TSG Processor 16 bit - 2 Stage Pipelined, Application Specific RISC processor Ex_reset Clk_tsg Off_count On_count Ram_cs Enable Reset synchronizer U cntrl clk to TSG clk synchronizers Off_count2 On_count2 Ram_cs2 off_cnt_dn on_cnt_dn gen_cnt_dn gen_cnt_dn1 sync_rise_dn sync_fall_dn Exsig_rise_dn Exsig_fall_dn opcode Jump _addr PC Increment PC PC reg Addr[5:0] Instruction Fetch Update Update Update1 synchronized to sync Off count load Off_count_p Off counter opcode off_cnt_dn Off_count_instr Enable_rising sync1 sync2 On count load On_count_p opcode On counter generic counter generic counter1 Sync rise counter Sync fall counter Off_count_instr opcode on_cnt_dn Generic_cnt gen_cnt_dn Generic_cnt1 gen_cnt_dn1 sync_rise_dn sync_fall_cnt sync_fall_dn sync_rise_cnt opcod e Off_count_ instr On_count_instr Generic_cnt Generic_cnt1 Jump_ addr sync_fall_cnt Exsig_ rise_ cnt Exsig _fall_ cnt Instruction decoder Sig_out Instruction Decode & Execute exsig1 exsig2 exsig rise counter Exsig_rise_cnt Exsig_rise_dn exsig fall counter Exsig_fall_cnt Exsig_fall_dn Figure 5 TSG Processor C. TSG Capabilities 1. Sync generation continuous or for fix numbers with variable pulse widths Figure 6 - Timing Signal Type 1 Instruction continuous sync generation: 1 WONC 0 WOFC 0 JMP 0 Instruction sync generation for 9 numbers: 0 GCL0 8 0 WOFC 1 WONC 0 DJNZ0 1 0 W 10
11 2. Timing Signal generation with respect to rising or falling edge at every sync or in multiples of sync with off and on programmability Instructions timing signal 1: 0 WSFE0 0 0 WOFC 1 WONC 0 JMP 1 Instructions timing signal 2: 1 WSRE0 1 1 WONC 0 WOFC 1 JMP 1 Figure 7 - Timing Signal Type 2 3. Timing Signal which remains high for x numbers and low for y numbers of sync Instructions timing signal: 0 WSRE0 1 1 WSRE0 2 0 JMP 0 Figure 8 - Timing Signal Type 3 11
12 4. Timing Signal generated for x numbers and not for y numbers of sync Instructions timing signal: 1 GCL0 3 1 WSFE0 0 1WONC 0 WOFC 1 DJNZ 1 1 WSFE0 2 1 JMP 1 Figure 9 - Timing Signal Type 4 5. Timing signal generation with variable no of pulses with variable pulse widths at every sync or in multiple of sync Instructions timing signal: 0 GCL0 3 0 WSFE0 0 1WONC 0 WOFC 0 DJNZ 2 0 WSFE0 0 0 JMP 0 Figure 10 - Timing Signal Type 5 12
13 IV. IMPLEMENTATION RESULTS A. Simulation result: Figure 11 - Timing signals simulation waveform Figure 11 shows simulated waveform for eight timing signals generated by their respective eight processors. Sync_tsg_out is the sync signal generated by a TSG processor. Sig_out 2 to 6 are timing signals generated by five TSG processor in a relation with Sync_tsg_out signal. Sig_out 0 and 1 are random control signals having no relation with any sync signal. B. Synthesis Report - Device utilization summary Kintex 7: Device utilization summary for a TSG processor is as below: Slice Logic Utilization: Number of Slice Registers 167 out of % Number of Slice LUTs 263 out of % Number used as Logic: 263 out of % Slice Logic Distribution: Number of LUT Flip Flop pairs used 263 Number with an unused Flip Flop 96 out of % Number with an unused LUT 0 out of 263 0% Number of fully used LUT-FF pairs 167 out of
14 Device utilization summary for the architecture of figure 3 consisting of 8 processors is as below: Slice Logic Utilization: Number of Slice Registers 1047 out of % Number of Slice LUTs 1416 out of % Number used as Logic 1416 out of % Slice Logic Distribution: Number of LUT Flip Flop pairs used 1500 Number with an unused Flip Flop 453 out of % Number with an unused LUT 84 out of % Number of fully used LUT-FF pairs 963 out of % Specific Feature Utilization: Number of Block RAM/FIFO 8 out of 445 1% Number using Block RAM only 8 C. Chipscope Analyzer result: Figure 12 - Timing signals Chipscope Analyzer waveform 14
15 V. CONCLUSION Design and implementation of Application Specific, 2 stage pipelined, processor based control timing signal generator is discussed and explained in detail. Architecture of the processor is discussed with its various instructions and their formats. The main advantage of processor based TSG is its configurability, as it can be used to generate any timing signal which is either free running or in relation to some external sync signals. Moreover any change in timing requirements can be easily implemented on the fly by just changing the instructions instead of changing the hardware. Verification results through simulation waveform shows its effectiveness in generating timing signals. TSG validated in Xilinx Kintex 7 FPGA by capturing and observing the timing signals in the Xilinx Chipscope analyzer confirms the simulation results. Device utilization summary indicates that the implemented processor based TSG is highly hardware efficient consuming only 167 registers and 263 LUTs per processor. Configurable timing signal generation capability, fewer and easy assembly codes, fewer hardware resources, pipelined real time performance, excellent precision and capability of generating timing signal half of clock frequency makes the processor based TSG highly efficient and useful for control timing signals generation for any applications. 15
16 VI. REFERENCES [1] Mrs. Anudeepa S. Kholapure,Dr. Arvind Agarwal, Mrs. Shikha Nema, Design of a Timing Signal Generator (TSG) for RADAR using FPGA, Second International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology, ICETET-09. [2] John L. Hennessy and David A. Patterson, Computer Architecture A Quantitative Approach, 4th ed., Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2011 [3] Petar Borisov Minev, Valentina Stoianova Kukenska, Implementation of Soft-Core Processors In FPGAs, International Scientific Conference, November 2007, GABROVO. [4] Xilinx Kintex 7 Data Sheet, DS182 (v2.9) June 20, [5] Xilinx KC705 Evaluation Board User Guide, UG810 (v1.5) July 11, 2014 VII. Author Profile: Mufaddal Saifee works at einfochips as Senior Engineer. Mufaddal has experience in ASIC and FPGA design cycle. He has worked on complete FPGA system implementation flow covering micro-architecture design, RTL coding, gate level simulation, synthesis, PAR and timing closure. He has designed and implemented various Pipelined Application Specific Processors. He has worked on variety of projects covering applications in domains like video processing, networking, DSP and TMR-Avionics. 16
Digital Blocks Semiconductor IP
Digital Blocks Semiconductor IP General Description The Digital Blocks core is a full function equivalent to the Motorola MC6845 device. The interfaces a microprocessor to a raster-scan CRT display. The
More informationPerformance Evolution of 16 Bit Processor in FPGA using State Encoding Techniques
Performance Evolution of 16 Bit Processor in FPGA using State Encoding Techniques Madhavi Anupoju 1, M. Sunil Prakash 2 1 M.Tech (VLSI) Student, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, MVGR
More informationLFSRs as Functional Blocks in Wireless Applications Author: Stephen Lim and Andy Miller
XAPP22 (v.) January, 2 R Application Note: Virtex Series, Virtex-II Series and Spartan-II family LFSRs as Functional Blocks in Wireless Applications Author: Stephen Lim and Andy Miller Summary Linear Feedback
More informationCounters
Counters A counter is the most versatile and useful subsystems in the digital system. A counter driven by a clock can be used to count the number of clock cycles. Since clock pulses occur at known intervals,
More informationWhy FPGAs? FPGA Overview. Why FPGAs?
Transistor-level Logic Circuits Positive Level-sensitive EECS150 - Digital Design Lecture 3 - Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) January 28, 2003 John Wawrzynek Transistor Level clk clk clk Positive
More informationBUSES IN COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
BUSES IN COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE The processor, main memory, and I/O devices can be interconnected by means of a common bus whose primary function is to provide a communication path for the transfer of data.
More informationLogic Design. Flip Flops, Registers and Counters
Logic Design Flip Flops, Registers and Counters Introduction Combinational circuits: value of each output depends only on the values of inputs Sequential Circuits: values of outputs depend on inputs and
More informationDEDICATED TO EMBEDDED SOLUTIONS
DEDICATED TO EMBEDDED SOLUTIONS DESIGN SAFE FPGA INTERNAL CLOCK DOMAIN CROSSINGS ESPEN TALLAKSEN DATA RESPONS SCOPE Clock domain crossings (CDC) is probably the worst source for serious FPGA-bugs that
More informationModeling Latches and Flip-flops
Lab Workbook Introduction Sequential circuits are digital circuits in which the output depends not only on the present input (like combinatorial circuits), but also on the past sequence of inputs. In effect,
More informationC6845 CRT Controller Megafunction
查询 C6845 供应商 捷多邦, 专业 PCB 打样工厂,24 小时加急出货 C6845 CRT ler Megafunction General Description The C6845 Cathode Ray Tube ler (CRTC) interfaces a microprocessor to a raster-scan CRT display. The C6845 is a synchronous,
More informationIT T35 Digital system desigm y - ii /s - iii
UNIT - III Sequential Logic I Sequential circuits: latches flip flops analysis of clocked sequential circuits state reduction and assignments Registers and Counters: Registers shift registers ripple counters
More informationObjectives. Combinational logics Sequential logics Finite state machine Arithmetic circuits Datapath
Objectives Combinational logics Sequential logics Finite state machine Arithmetic circuits Datapath In the previous chapters we have studied how to develop a specification from a given application, and
More informationBlock Diagram. dw*3 pixin (RGB) pixin_vsync pixin_hsync pixin_val pixin_rdy. clk_a. clk_b. h_s, h_bp, h_fp, h_disp, h_line
Key Design Features Block Diagram Synthesizable, technology independent IP Core for FPGA, ASIC and SoC reset underflow Supplied as human readable VHDL (or Verilog) source code Simple FIFO input interface
More informationLogiCORE IP Video Timing Controller v3.0
LogiCORE IP Video Timing Controller v3.0 Product Guide Table of Contents Chapter 1: Overview Standards Compliance....................................................... 6 Feature Summary............................................................
More informationChapter 3 Unit Combinational
EE 200: Digital Logic Circuit Design Dr Radwan E Abdel-Aal, COE Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals Chapter 3 Unit Combinational 5 Registers Logic and Design Counters Part Implementation Technology
More informationRead-only memory (ROM) Digital logic: ALUs Sequential logic circuits. Don't cares. Bus
Digital logic: ALUs Sequential logic circuits CS207, Fall 2004 October 11, 13, and 15, 2004 1 Read-only memory (ROM) A form of memory Contents fixed when circuit is created n input lines for 2 n addressable
More informationSingle Channel LVDS Tx
April 2013 Introduction Reference esign R1162 Low Voltage ifferential Signaling (LVS) is an electrical signaling system that can run at very high speeds over inexpensive twisted-pair copper cables. It
More informationCSE140L: Components and Design Techniques for Digital Systems Lab. CPU design and PLDs. Tajana Simunic Rosing. Source: Vahid, Katz
CSE140L: Components and Design Techniques for Digital Systems Lab CPU design and PLDs Tajana Simunic Rosing Source: Vahid, Katz 1 Lab #3 due Lab #4 CPU design Today: CPU design - lab overview PLDs Updates
More informationCombinational vs Sequential
Combinational vs Sequential inputs X Combinational Circuits outputs Z A combinational circuit: At any time, outputs depends only on inputs Changing inputs changes outputs No regard for previous inputs
More informationThe basic logic gates are the inverter (or NOT gate), the AND gate, the OR gate and the exclusive-or gate (XOR). If you put an inverter in front of
1 The basic logic gates are the inverter (or NOT gate), the AND gate, the OR gate and the exclusive-or gate (XOR). If you put an inverter in front of the AND gate, you get the NAND gate etc. 2 One of the
More informationLaboratory Exercise 7
Laboratory Exercise 7 Finite State Machines This is an exercise in using finite state machines. Part I We wish to implement a finite state machine (FSM) that recognizes two specific sequences of applied
More informationVID_OVERLAY. Digital Video Overlay Module Rev Key Design Features. Block Diagram. Applications. Pin-out Description
Key Design Features Block Diagram Synthesizable, technology independent VHDL IP Core Video overlays on 24-bit RGB or YCbCr 4:4:4 video Supports all video resolutions up to 2 16 x 2 16 pixels Supports any
More informationEECS150 - Digital Design Lecture 3 Synchronous Digital Systems Review. Announcements
EECS150 - Digital Design Lecture 3 Synchronous Digital Systems Review September 1, 2011 Elad Alon Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California, Berkeley http://www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs150
More informationFPGA Design. Part I - Hardware Components. Thomas Lenzi
FPGA Design Part I - Hardware Components Thomas Lenzi Approach We believe that having knowledge of the hardware components that compose an FPGA allow for better firmware design. Being able to visualise
More informationRadar Signal Processing Final Report Spring Semester 2017
Radar Signal Processing Final Report Spring Semester 2017 Full report report by Brian Larson Other team members, Grad Students: Mohit Kumar, Shashank Joshil Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
More informationVHDL Design and Implementation of FPGA Based Logic Analyzer: Work in Progress
VHDL Design and Implementation of FPGA Based Logic Analyzer: Work in Progress Nor Zaidi Haron Ayer Keroh +606-5552086 zaidi@utem.edu.my Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim Ayer Keroh +606-5552081 masrullizam@utem.edu.my
More informationCS3350B Computer Architecture Winter 2015
CS3350B Computer Architecture Winter 2015 Lecture 5.2: State Circuits: Circuits that Remember Marc Moreno Maza www.csd.uwo.ca/courses/cs3350b [Adapted from lectures on Computer Organization and Design,
More informationKeywords Xilinx ISE, LUT, FIR System, SDR, Spectrum- Sensing, FPGA, Memory- optimization, A-OMS LUT.
An Advanced and Area Optimized L.U.T Design using A.P.C. and O.M.S K.Sreelakshmi, A.Srinivasa Rao Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Nimra College of Engineering and Technology Krishna
More informationFPGA Based Implementation of Convolutional Encoder- Viterbi Decoder Using Multiple Booting Technique
FPGA Based Implementation of Convolutional Encoder- Viterbi Decoder Using Multiple Booting Technique Dr. Dhafir A. Alneema (1) Yahya Taher Qassim (2) Lecturer Assistant Lecturer Computer Engineering Dept.
More informationEITF35: Introduction to Structured VLSI Design
EITF35: Introduction to Structured VLSI Design Part 4.2.1: Learn More Liang Liu liang.liu@eit.lth.se 1 Outline Crossing clock domain Reset, synchronous or asynchronous? 2 Why two DFFs? 3 Crossing clock
More informationFPGA Design with VHDL
FPGA Design with VHDL Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, II. Physikalisches Institut Ming Liu Dr. Sören Lange Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Kühn ming.liu@physik.uni-giessen.de Lecture Digital design basics Basic logic
More informationMicroprocessor Design
Microprocessor Design Principles and Practices With VHDL Enoch O. Hwang Brooks / Cole 2004 To my wife and children Windy, Jonathan and Michelle Contents 1. Designing a Microprocessor... 2 1.1 Overview
More informationClock Gating Aware Low Power ALU Design and Implementation on FPGA
Clock Gating Aware Low ALU Design and Implementation on FPGA Bishwajeet Pandey and Manisha Pattanaik Abstract This paper deals with the design and implementation of a Clock Gating Aware Low Arithmetic
More informationLogic Analysis Basics
Logic Analysis Basics September 27, 2006 presented by: Alex Dickson Copyright 2003 Agilent Technologies, Inc. Introduction If you have ever asked yourself these questions: What is a logic analyzer? What
More informationLogic Analysis Basics
Logic Analysis Basics September 27, 2006 presented by: Alex Dickson Copyright 2003 Agilent Technologies, Inc. Introduction If you have ever asked yourself these questions: What is a logic analyzer? What
More informationCSCB58 - Lab 4. Prelab /3 Part I (in-lab) /1 Part II (in-lab) /1 Part III (in-lab) /2 TOTAL /8
CSCB58 - Lab 4 Clocks and Counters Learning Objectives The purpose of this lab is to learn how to create counters and to be able to control when operations occur when the actual clock rate is much faster.
More informationMemory Interfaces Data Capture Using Direct Clocking Technique Author: Maria George
Application Note: Virtex-4 Family R XAPP701 (v1.4) October 2, 2006 Memory Interfaces Data Capture Using Direct Clocking Technique Author: Maria George Summary This application note describes the direct-clocking
More informationSequential Logic Design CS 64: Computer Organization and Design Logic Lecture #14
Sequential Logic Design CS 64: Computer Organization and Design Logic Lecture #14 Ziad Matni Dept. of Computer Science, UCSB Administrative Only 2.5 weeks left!!!!!!!! OMG!!!!! Th. 5/24 Sequential Logic
More informationCHAPTER 4: Logic Circuits
CHAPTER 4: Logic Circuits II. Sequential Circuits Combinational circuits o The outputs depend only on the current input values o It uses only logic gates, decoders, multiplexers, ALUs Sequential circuits
More informationAbhijeetKhandale. H R Bhagyalakshmi
Sobel Edge Detection Using FPGA AbhijeetKhandale M.Tech Student Dept. of ECE BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore INDIA abhijeet.khandale@gmail.com H R Bhagyalakshmi Associate professor Dept. of ECE BMS
More informationModeling Latches and Flip-flops
Lab Workbook Introduction Sequential circuits are the digital circuits in which the output depends not only on the present input (like combinatorial circuits), but also on the past sequence of inputs.
More informationVARIABLE FREQUENCY CLOCKING HARDWARE
VARIABLE FREQUENCY CLOCKING HARDWARE Variable-Frequency Clocking Hardware Many complex digital systems have components clocked at different frequencies Reason 1: to reduce power dissipation The active
More informationImplementation of Dynamic RAMs with clock gating circuits using Verilog HDL
Implementation of Dynamic RAMs with clock gating circuits using Verilog HDL B.Sanjay 1 SK.M.Javid 2 K.V.VenkateswaraRao 3 Asst.Professor B.E Student B.E Student SRKR Engg. College SRKR Engg. College SRKR
More informationRegisters and Counters
Registers and Counters Clocked sequential circuit = F/Fs and combinational gates Register Group of flip-flops (share a common clock and capable of storing one bit of information) Consist of a group of
More informationPolar Decoder PD-MS 1.1
Product Brief Polar Decoder PD-MS 1.1 Main Features Implements multi-stage polar successive cancellation decoder Supports multi-stage successive cancellation decoding for 16, 64, 256, 1024, 4096 and 16384
More informationSEQUENTIAL LOGIC. Satish Chandra Assistant Professor Department of Physics P P N College, Kanpur
SEQUENTIAL LOGIC Satish Chandra Assistant Professor Department of Physics P P N College, Kanpur www.satish0402.weebly.com OSCILLATORS Oscillators is an amplifier which derives its input from output. Oscillators
More informationDesign and Implementation of Timer, GPIO, and 7-segment Peripherals
Design and Implementation of Timer, GPIO, and 7-segment Peripherals 1 Module Overview Learn about timers, GPIO and 7-segment display; Design and implement an AHB timer, a GPIO peripheral, and a 7-segment
More informationKW11-L line time clock manual
DEC-ll HKWB-D KW11-L line time clock manual DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION MAYNARD, MASSACHUSETTS 1st Edition February 1971 2nd Printing (Rev) December 1971 3rd Printing July 1972 4th Printing October 1972
More information2.6 Reset Design Strategy
2.6 Reset esign Strategy Many design issues must be considered before choosing a reset strategy for an ASIC design, such as whether to use synchronous or asynchronous resets, will every flipflop receive
More informationAsynchronous (Ripple) Counters
Circuits for counting events are frequently used in computers and other digital systems. Since a counter circuit must remember its past states, it has to possess memory. The chapter about flip-flops introduced
More informationTask 4_B. Decoder for DCF-77 Radio Clock Receiver
Embedded Processor Lab (EIT-EMS-546-L-4) Task 4_B FB Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Wehn Dozent: Uwe Wasenmüller Raum 12-213, wa@eit.uni-kl.de Task 4_B Decoder for DCF-77
More informationT 2 : WR = 0, AD 7 -AD 0 (μp Internal Reg.) T 3 : WR = 1,, M(AB) AD 7 -AD 0 or BDB
Lecture-17 Memory WRITE Machine Cycle: It also requires only T 1 to T 3 states. The purpose of memory write machine cycle is to store the contents of any of the 8085A register such as the accumulator into
More informationLogic and Computer Design Fundamentals. Chapter 7. Registers and Counters
Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals Chapter 7 Registers and Counters Registers Register a collection of binary storage elements In theory, a register is sequential logic which can be defined by a state
More informationTSIU03, SYSTEM DESIGN. How to Describe a HW Circuit
TSIU03 TSIU03, SYSTEM DESIGN How to Describe a HW Circuit Sometimes it is difficult for students to describe a hardware circuit. This document shows how to do it in order to present all the relevant information
More informationChapter 6. Flip-Flops and Simple Flip-Flop Applications
Chapter 6 Flip-Flops and Simple Flip-Flop Applications Basic bistable element It is a circuit having two stable conditions (states). It can be used to store binary symbols. J. C. Huang, 2004 Digital Logic
More informationCMS Conference Report
Available on CMS information server CMS CR 1997/017 CMS Conference Report 22 October 1997 Updated in 30 March 1998 Trigger synchronisation circuits in CMS J. Varela * 1, L. Berger 2, R. Nóbrega 3, A. Pierce
More informationLong and Fast Up/Down Counters Pushpinder Kaur CHOUHAN 6 th Jan, 2003
1 Introduction Long and Fast Up/Down Counters Pushpinder Kaur CHOUHAN 6 th Jan, 2003 Circuits for counting both forward and backward events are frequently used in computers and other digital systems. Digital
More informationReconfigurable FPGA Implementation of FIR Filter using Modified DA Method
Reconfigurable FPGA Implementation of FIR Filter using Modified DA Method M. Backia Lakshmi 1, D. Sellathambi 2 1 PG Student, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Parisutham Institute
More information3/5/2017. A Register Stores a Set of Bits. ECE 120: Introduction to Computing. Add an Input to Control Changing a Register s Bits
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering ECE 120: Introduction to Computing Registers A Register Stores a Set of Bits Most of our representations use sets
More informationCOMP2611: Computer Organization. Introduction to Digital Logic
1 COMP2611: Computer Organization Sequential Logic Time 2 Till now, we have essentially ignored the issue of time. We assume digital circuits: Perform their computations instantaneously Stateless: once
More informationSequential Logic. Introduction to Computer Yung-Yu Chuang
Sequential Logic Introduction to Computer Yung-Yu Chuang with slides by Sedgewick & Wayne (introcs.cs.princeton.edu), Nisan & Schocken (www.nand2tetris.org) and Harris & Harris (DDCA) Review of Combinational
More informationName Of The Experiment: Sequential circuit design Latch, Flip-flop and Registers
EEE 304 Experiment No. 07 Name Of The Experiment: Sequential circuit design Latch, Flip-flop and Registers Important: Submit your Prelab at the beginning of the lab. Prelab 1: Construct a S-R Latch and
More informationDT3162. Ideal Applications Machine Vision Medical Imaging/Diagnostics Scientific Imaging
Compatible Windows Software GLOBAL LAB Image/2 DT Vision Foundry DT3162 Variable-Scan Monochrome Frame Grabber for the PCI Bus Key Features High-speed acquisition up to 40 MHz pixel acquire rate allows
More informationMassachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Introductory Digital Systems Laboratory
Problem Set Issued: March 2, 2007 Problem Set Due: March 14, 2007 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6.111 Introductory Digital Systems Laboratory
More informationSynchronous Sequential Logic
Synchronous Sequential Logic Ranga Rodrigo August 2, 2009 1 Behavioral Modeling Behavioral modeling represents digital circuits at a functional and algorithmic level. It is used mostly to describe sequential
More informationChapter 4. Logic Design
Chapter 4 Logic Design 4.1 Introduction. In previous Chapter we studied gates and combinational circuits, which made by gates (AND, OR, NOT etc.). That can be represented by circuit diagram, truth table
More informationHDL & High Level Synthesize (EEET 2035) Laboratory II Sequential Circuits with VHDL: DFF, Counter, TFF and Timer
1 P a g e HDL & High Level Synthesize (EEET 2035) Laboratory II Sequential Circuits with VHDL: DFF, Counter, TFF and Timer Objectives: Develop the behavioural style VHDL code for D-Flip Flop using gated,
More informationFPGA Development for Radar, Radio-Astronomy and Communications
John-Philip Taylor Room 7.03, Department of Electrical Engineering, Menzies Building, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa 7701 Tel: +27 82 354 6741 email: tyljoh010@myuct.ac.za Internet: http://www.uct.ac.za
More informationDesign and Implementation of SOC VGA Controller Using Spartan-3E FPGA
Design and Implementation of SOC VGA Controller Using Spartan-3E FPGA 1 ARJUNA RAO UDATHA, 2 B.SUDHAKARA RAO, 3 SUDHAKAR.B. 1 Dept of ECE, PG Scholar, 2 Dept of ECE, Associate Professor, 3 Electronics,
More informationDigital Systems Laboratory 3 Counters & Registers Time 4 hours
Digital Systems Laboratory 3 Counters & Registers Time 4 hours Aim: To investigate the counters and registers constructed from flip-flops. Introduction: In the previous module, you have learnt D, S-R,
More informationMassachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Introductory Digital Systems Laboratory
Problem Set Issued: March 3, 2006 Problem Set Due: March 15, 2006 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6.111 Introductory Digital Systems Laboratory
More informationAdvanced Devices. Registers Counters Multiplexers Decoders Adders. CSC258 Lecture Slides Steve Engels, 2006 Slide 1 of 20
Advanced Devices Using a combination of gates and flip-flops, we can construct more sophisticated logical devices. These devices, while more complex, are still considered fundamental to basic logic design.
More informationEEM Digital Systems II
ANADOLU UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING EEM 334 - Digital Systems II LAB 3 FPGA HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION Purpose In the first experiment, four bit adder design was prepared
More informationDigital Systems Based on Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering/Rizzoni (McGraw Hill
Digital Systems Based on Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering/Rizzoni (McGraw Hill Objectives: Analyze the operation of sequential logic circuits. Understand the operation of digital counters.
More informationGeneration and Measurement of Burst Digital Audio Signals with Audio Analyzer UPD
Generation and Measurement of Burst Digital Audio Signals with Audio Analyzer UPD Application Note GA8_0L Klaus Schiffner, Tilman Betz, 7/97 Subject to change Product: Audio Analyzer UPD . Introduction
More informationLogic Design ( Part 3) Sequential Logic- Finite State Machines (Chapter 3)
Logic esign ( Part ) Sequential Logic- Finite State Machines (Chapter ) Based on slides McGraw-Hill Additional material 00/00/006 Lewis/Martin Additional material 008 Roth Additional material 00 Taylor
More informationCHAPTER 4: Logic Circuits
CHAPTER 4: Logic Circuits II. Sequential Circuits Combinational circuits o The outputs depend only on the current input values o It uses only logic gates, decoders, multiplexers, ALUs Sequential circuits
More informationInside Digital Design Accompany Lab Manual
1 Inside Digital Design, Accompany Lab Manual Inside Digital Design Accompany Lab Manual Simulation Prototyping Synthesis and Post Synthesis Name- Roll Number- Total/Obtained Marks- Instructor Signature-
More informationLow Power VLSI Circuits and Systems Prof. Ajit Pal Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Low Power VLSI Circuits and Systems Prof. Ajit Pal Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture No. # 29 Minimizing Switched Capacitance-III. (Refer
More informationL12: Reconfigurable Logic Architectures
L12: Reconfigurable Logic Architectures Acknowledgements: Materials in this lecture are courtesy of the following sources and are used with permission. Frank Honore Prof. Randy Katz (Unified Microelectronics
More informationFigure 30.1a Timing diagram of the divide by 60 minutes/seconds counter
Digital Clock The timing diagram figure 30.1a shows the time interval t 6 to t 11 and t 19 to t 21. At time interval t 9 the units counter counts to 1001 (9) which is the terminal count of the 74x160 decade
More informationSequential Circuit Design: Principle
Sequential Circuit Design: Principle modified by L.Aamodt 1 Outline 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Overview on sequential circuits Synchronous circuits Danger of synthesizing asynchronous circuit Inference of
More informationASYNCHRONOUS COUNTER CIRCUITS
ASYNCHRONOUS COUNTER CIRCUITS Asynchronous counters do not have a common clock that controls all the Hipflop stages. The control clock is input into the first stage, or the LSB stage of the counter. The
More informationFSM Implementations. TIE Logic Synthesis Arto Perttula Tampere University of Technology Fall Output. Input. Next. State.
FSM Implementations TIE-50206 Logic Synthesis Arto Perttula Tampere University of Technology Fall 2016 Input Next State Current state Output Moore Acknowledgements Prof. Pong P. Chu provided official slides
More informationSmart Night Light. Figure 1: The state diagram for the FSM of the ALS.
Smart Night Light Matt Ball, Aidan Faraji-Tajrishi, Thomas Goold, James Wallace Electrical and Computer Engineering Department School of Engineering and Computer Science Oakland University, Rochester,
More informationLast time, we saw how latches can be used as memory in a circuit
Flip-Flops Last time, we saw how latches can be used as memory in a circuit Latches introduce new problems: We need to know when to enable a latch We also need to quickly disable a latch In other words,
More informationCPE300: Digital System Architecture and Design
CPE300: Digital System Architecture and Design Fall 2011 MW 17:30-18:45 CBC C316 1-Bus Architecture and Datapath 10262011 http://www.egr.unlv.edu/~b1morris/cpe300/ 2 Outline 1-Bus Microarchitecture and
More informationL11/12: Reconfigurable Logic Architectures
L11/12: Reconfigurable Logic Architectures Acknowledgements: Materials in this lecture are courtesy of the following people and used with permission. - Randy H. Katz (University of California, Berkeley,
More informationSelf-Test and Adaptation for Random Variations in Reliability
Self-Test and Adaptation for Random Variations in Reliability Kenneth M. Zick and John P. Hayes University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA August 31, 2010 Motivation Physical variation is increasing dramatically
More informationTutorial 11 ChipscopePro, ISE 10.1 and Xilinx Simulator on the Digilent Spartan-3E board
Tutorial 11 ChipscopePro, ISE 10.1 and Xilinx Simulator on the Digilent Spartan-3E board Introduction This lab will be an introduction on how to use ChipScope for the verification of the designs done on
More informationFPGA Laboratory Assignment 4. Due Date: 06/11/2012
FPGA Laboratory Assignment 4 Due Date: 06/11/2012 Aim The purpose of this lab is to help you understanding the fundamentals of designing and testing memory-based processing systems. In this lab, you will
More informationField Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) Based Trigger System for the Klystron Department. Darius Gray
SLAC-TN-10-007 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) Based Trigger System for the Klystron Department Darius Gray Office of Science, Science Undergraduate Laboratory Internship Program Texas A&M University,
More informationELCT201: DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN
ELCT201: DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN Dr. Eng. Haitham Omran, haitham.omran@guc.edu.eg Dr. Eng. Wassim Alexan, wassim.joseph@guc.edu.eg Lecture 7 Following the slides of Dr. Ahmed H. Madian محرم 1439 ه Winter
More informationCHAPTER 6 DESIGN OF HIGH SPEED COUNTER USING PIPELINING
149 CHAPTER 6 DESIGN OF HIGH SPEED COUNTER USING PIPELINING 6.1 INTRODUCTION Counters act as important building blocks of fast arithmetic circuits used for frequency division, shifting operation, digital
More informationFlip-flop and Registers
ECE 322 Digital Design with VHDL Flip-flop and Registers Lecture Textbook References n Sequential Logic Review Stephen Brown and Zvonko Vranesic, Fundamentals of Digital Logic with VHDL Design, 2 nd or
More informationEE178 Spring 2018 Lecture Module 5. Eric Crabill
EE178 Spring 2018 Lecture Module 5 Eric Crabill Goals Considerations for synchronizing signals Clocks Resets Considerations for asynchronous inputs Methods for crossing clock domains Clocks The academic
More informationLFSR Counter Implementation in CMOS VLSI
LFSR Counter Implementation in CMOS VLSI Doshi N. A., Dhobale S. B., and Kakade S. R. Abstract As chip manufacturing technology is suddenly on the threshold of major evaluation, which shrinks chip in size
More informationMemory Interfaces Data Capture Using Direct Clocking Technique Author: Maria George
Application Note: Virtex-4 Family XAPP701 (v1.3) September 13, 2005 Memory Interfaces Data Capture Using Direct Clocking Technique Author: Maria George Summary This application note describes the direct-clocking
More informationEECS150 - Digital Design Lecture 10 - Interfacing. Recap and Topics
EECS150 - Digital Design Lecture 10 - Interfacing Oct. 1, 2013 Prof. Ronald Fearing Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California, Berkeley (slides courtesy of Prof. John Wawrzynek)
More informationLaboratory 4. Figure 1: Serdes Transceiver
Laboratory 4 The purpose of this laboratory exercise is to design a digital Serdes In the first part of the lab, you will design all the required subblocks for the digital Serdes and simulate them In part
More information